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Royall DR, Palmer RF. Statin use moderates APOE's and CRP's associations with dementia and is associated with lesser dementia severity in ε4 carriers. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:1627-1636. [PMID: 38055626 PMCID: PMC10984456 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We tested the effect of statins on C-reactive protein (CRP) and apolipoprotein E (APOE)'s associations with dementia severity. METHODS A total of 1725 participants of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) were assigned from 12-month follow-up data into the following groups: (1) ε4 (-)/statin (-), (2) ε4 (-)/statin (+), (3) ε4 (+)/statin (-), and (4) ε4 (+)/statin (+). Dementia severity was assessed by a δ homolog: "dHABS." A mediation model was stratified on statin use and moderation effects tested by a chi-square difference. RESULTS Plasma CRP level decreased with ε4 allelic dose. Statins had no effect on the dHABS d-score in non-carriers but were associated with better scores in carriers. Treated carriers did not have more severe dementia than non-carriers. Statin use moderated the mutual adjusted effects of APOE and CRP. CRP was not a mediator of APOE's effect. DISCUSSION Statins may provide a protective effect on the dementia severity of ε4 carriers. HIGHLIGHTS δ is a dementia-specific phenotype related to general intelligence "g" and is assessed via a "d-score." Apolipoprotein E (APOE) and plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) are independently associated with δ. Plasma CRP decreases with ε4 allelic dose. Statins were associated with better (less demented) d-scores in ε4 carriers but had no effect in non-ε4 carriers. Treated ε4 carriers did not have more severe dementia than non-carriers. Statin use moderated the effects of APOE and CRP on δ. CRP was not a mediator of APOE's effect on δ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R. Royall
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterSan AntonioTexasUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterSan AntonioTexasUSA
- Department of Family and Community MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterSan AntonioTexasUSA
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative DisordersSan AntonioUSA
| | - Raymond F. Palmer
- Department of Family and Community MedicineUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterSan AntonioTexasUSA
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2
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Jiang MZ, Gaynor SM, Li X, Van Buren E, Stilp A, Buth E, Wang FF, Manansala R, Gogarten SM, Li Z, Polfus LM, Salimi S, Bis JC, Pankratz N, Yanek LR, Durda P, Tracy RP, Rich SS, Rotter JI, Mitchell BD, Lewis JP, Psaty BM, Pratte KA, Silverman EK, Kaplan RC, Avery C, North K, Mathias RA, Faraday N, Lin H, Wang B, Carson AP, Norwood AF, Gibbs RA, Kooperberg C, Lundin J, Peters U, Dupuis J, Hou L, Fornage M, Benjamin EJ, Reiner AP, Bowler RP, Lin X, Auer PL, Raffield LM. Whole Genome Sequencing Based Analysis of Inflammation Biomarkers in the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Consortium. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.10.555215. [PMID: 37745480 PMCID: PMC10515765 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.10.555215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation biomarkers can provide valuable insight into the role of inflammatory processes in many diseases and conditions. Sequencing based analyses of such biomarkers can also serve as an exemplar of the genetic architecture of quantitative traits. To evaluate the biological insight, which can be provided by a multi-ancestry, whole-genome based association study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of 21 inflammation biomarkers from up to 38,465 individuals with whole-genome sequencing from the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program. We identified 22 distinct single-variant associations across 6 traits - E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, interleukin-6, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity and mass, and P-selectin - that remained significant after conditioning on previously identified associations for these inflammatory biomarkers. We further expanded upon known biomarker associations by pairing the single-variant analysis with a rare variant set-based analysis that further identified 19 significant rare variant set-based associations with 5 traits. These signals were distinct from both significant single variant association signals within TOPMed and genetic signals observed in prior studies, demonstrating the complementary value of performing both single and rare variant analyses when analyzing quantitative traits. We also confirm several previously reported signals from semi-quantitative proteomics platforms. Many of these signals demonstrate the extensive allelic heterogeneity and ancestry-differentiated variant-trait associations common for inflammation biomarkers, a characteristic we hypothesize will be increasingly observed with well-powered, large-scale analyses of complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Zhi Jiang
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Sheila M. Gaynor
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - Xihao Li
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Eric Van Buren
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Adrienne Stilp
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Erin Buth
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Fei Fei Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Regina Manansala
- Centre for Health Economics Research & Modelling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO) WHO Collaborating Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, BE
| | | | - Zilin Li
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130024, China
| | - Linda M. Polfus
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Center for Genetic Epidemiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Shabnam Salimi
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Gerontology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Joshua C. Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 4333 Brooklyn Ave NE, Box 359458, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Nathan Pankratz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Lisa R. Yanek
- Department of Medicine, General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 E Monument St Rm 8024, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Peter Durda
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, 360 South Park Drive, Colchester, VT, 05446, USA
| | - Russell P. Tracy
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, 360 South Park Drive, Colchester, VT, 05446, USA
| | - Stephen S. Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 200 Jeanette Lancaster Way, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
| | - Braxton D. Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 670 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Joshua P. Lewis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 670 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 4333 Brooklyn Ave NE, Box 359458, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology and Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, 4333 Brooklyn Ave NE, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Katherine A. Pratte
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Edwin K. Silverman
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Robert C. Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Christy Avery
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Kari North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Rasika A. Mathias
- Department of Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Cir JHAAC Room 3B53, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Nauder Faraday
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Honghuang Lin
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 55 Lake Ave North, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Biqi Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 55 Lake Ave North, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - April P. Carson
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 350 W. Woodrow Wilson Avenue, Suite 701, Jackson, MS, 39213, USA
| | - Arnita F. Norwood
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 350 W. Woodrow Wilson Avenue, Suite 701, Jackson, MS, 39213, USA
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Jessica Lundin
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Josée Dupuis
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, H3A 1G1, Canada
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Lifang Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Emelia J. Benjamin
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Boston University and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, 01702, USA
| | - Alexander P. Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Russell P. Bowler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | - Xihong Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Paul L. Auer
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health and Equity, and Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Laura M. Raffield
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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Mamtani M, Jaisinghani MT, Jaiswal SG, Pipal KV, Patel AA, Kulkarni H. Genetic association of anthropometric traits with type 2 diabetes in ethnically endogamous Sindhi families. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257390. [PMID: 34506595 PMCID: PMC8432747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ethnically endogamous populations can shed light on the genetics of type 2 diabetes. Such studies are lacking in India. We conducted this study to determine the genetic and environmental contributions of anthropometric traits to type 2 diabetes risk in the Sindhi families in central India. Methods We conducted a family study in Indian Sindhi families with at least one case of type 2 diabetes. Variance components methods were used to quantify the genetic association of 18 anthropometric traits with eight type 2 diabetes related traits. Univariate and bivariate polygenic models were used to determine the heritability, genetic and environmental correlation of anthropometric traits with type 2 diabetes related traits. Results We included 1,152 individuals from 112 phenotyped families. The ascertainment-bias corrected prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 35%. Waist circumference, hip circumference and the biceps, triceps, subscapular and medial calf skinfold thicknesses were polygenically and significantly associated with type 2 diabetes. The range of heritability of the anthropometric traits and type 2 diabetes related traits was 0.27–0.73 and 0.00–0.39, respectively. Heritability of type 2 diabetes as a discrete trait was 0.35. Heritability curves demonstrated a substantial local influence of type 2 diabetes related traits. Bivariate trait analyses showed that biceps and abdominal skinfold thickness and all waist-containing indexes were strongly genetically correlated with type 2 diabetes. Conclusions In this first study of Sindhi families, we found evidence for genetic and environmental concordance of anthropometric traits with type 2 diabetes. Future studies need to probe into the genetics of type 2 diabetes in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Mamtani
- Lata Medical Research Foundation, Nagpur, India
- M&H Research, LLC, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | - Hemant Kulkarni
- Lata Medical Research Foundation, Nagpur, India
- M&H Research, LLC, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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4
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Raffield LM, Iyengar AK, Wang B, Gaynor SM, Spracklen CN, Zhong X, Kowalski MH, Salimi S, Polfus LM, Benjamin EJ, Bis JC, Bowler R, Cade BE, Choi WJ, Comellas AP, Correa A, Cruz P, Doddapaneni H, Durda P, Gogarten SM, Jain D, Kim RW, Kral BG, Lange LA, Larson MG, Laurie C, Lee J, Lee S, Lewis JP, Metcalf GA, Mitchell BD, Momin Z, Muzny DM, Pankratz N, Park CJ, Rich SS, Rotter JI, Ryan K, Seo D, Tracy RP, Viaud-Martinez KA, Yanek LR, Zhao LP, Lin X, Li B, Li Y, Dupuis J, Reiner AP, Mohlke KL, Auer PL. Allelic Heterogeneity at the CRP Locus Identified by Whole-Genome Sequencing in Multi-ancestry Cohorts. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 106:112-120. [PMID: 31883642 PMCID: PMC7042494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) can improve assessment of low-frequency and rare variants, particularly in non-European populations that have been underrepresented in existing genomic studies. The genetic determinants of C-reactive protein (CRP), a biomarker of chronic inflammation, have been extensively studied, with existing genome-wide association studies (GWASs) conducted in >200,000 individuals of European ancestry. In order to discover novel loci associated with CRP levels, we examined a multi-ancestry population (n = 23,279) with WGS (∼38× coverage) from the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program. We found evidence for eight distinct associations at the CRP locus, including two variants that have not been identified previously (rs11265259 and rs181704186), both of which are non-coding and more common in individuals of African ancestry (∼10% and ∼1% minor allele frequency, respectively, and rare or monomorphic in 1000 Genomes populations of East Asian, South Asian, and European ancestry). We show that the minor (G) allele of rs181704186 is associated with lower CRP levels and decreased transcriptional activity and protein binding in vitro, providing a plausible molecular mechanism for this African ancestry-specific signal. The individuals homozygous for rs181704186-G have a mean CRP level of 0.23 mg/L, in contrast to individuals heterozygous for rs181704186 with mean CRP of 2.97 mg/L and major allele homozygotes with mean CRP of 4.11 mg/L. This study demonstrates the utility of WGS in multi-ethnic populations to drive discovery of complex trait associations of large effect and to identify functional alleles in noncoding regulatory regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Raffield
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Apoorva K Iyengar
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Biqi Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Sheila M Gaynor
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Xue Zhong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Madeline H Kowalski
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shabnam Salimi
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Linda M Polfus
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Center for Genetic Epidemiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Emelia J Benjamin
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Russell Bowler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Brian E Cade
- Department of Medicine, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Alejandro P Comellas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Adolfo Correa
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Pedro Cruz
- Illumina Laboratory Services, Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA 92122, USA
| | - Harsha Doddapaneni
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Peter Durda
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05446, USA
| | | | - Deepti Jain
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Brian G Kral
- GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Leslie A Lange
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Martin G Larson
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
| | - Cecelia Laurie
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Joshua P Lewis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ginger A Metcalf
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Braxton D Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Zeineen Momin
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nathan Pankratz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Stephen S Rich
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Kathleen Ryan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | - Russell P Tracy
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05446, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05446, USA
| | | | - Lisa R Yanek
- GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lue Ping Zhao
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Xihong Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Bingshan Li
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Josée Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
| | - Alexander P Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Paul L Auer
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53205, USA.
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Impact of the Apolipoprotein E (epsilon) Genotype on Cardiometabolic Risk Markers and Responsiveness to Acute and Chronic Dietary Fat Manipulation. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092044. [PMID: 31480637 PMCID: PMC6770634 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (APO) E (ε) genotype is considered to play an important role in lipid responses to dietary fat manipulation but the impact on novel cardiometabolic risk markers is unclear. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated the relationship between the APOE genotype and cardiometabolic risk markers in response to acute and chronic dietary fat intakes. Associations with fasting (baseline) outcome measures (n = 218) were determined using data from the chronic DIVAS (n = 191/195 adults at moderate cardiovascular disease risk) and acute DIVAS-2 (n = 27/32 postmenopausal women) studies examining the effects of diets/meals varying in saturated, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated (MUFA) fatty acid composition. Participants were retrospectively genotyped for APOE (rs429358, rs7412). For baseline cardiometabolic outcomes, E4 carriers had higher fasting total and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and LDL-C: HDL-C ratios, but lower C-reactive protein (CRP) than E3/E3 and E2 carriers (p ≤ 0.003). Digital volume pulse stiffness index was higher in E2 carriers than the E3/E3 group (p = 0.011). Following chronic dietary fat intake, the significant diet × genotype interaction was found for fasting triacylglycerol (p = 0.010), with indication of a differential responsiveness to MUFA intake between the E3/E3 and E4 carriers (p = 0.006). Test fat × genotype interactions were observed for the incremental area under the curve for the postprandial apolipoprotein B (apoB; p = 0.022) and digital volume pulse reflection index (DVP-RI; p = 0.030) responses after the MUFA-rich meals, with a reduction in E4 carriers and increase in the E3/E3 group for the apoB response, but an increase in E4 carriers and decrease in the E3/E3 group for the DVP-RI response. In conclusion, baseline associations between the APOE genotype and fasting lipids and CRP confirm previous findings, although a novel interaction with digital volume pulse arterial stiffness was observed in the fasted state and differential postprandial apoB and DVP-RI responses after the MUFA-rich meals. The reported differential impact of the APOE genotype on cardiometabolic markers in the acute and chronic state requires confirmation.
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Sas AA, Vaez A, Jamshidi Y, Nolte IM, Kamali Z, D. Spector T, Riese H, Snieder H. Genetic and environmental influences on stability and change in baseline levels of C-reactive protein: A longitudinal twin study. Atherosclerosis 2017; 265:172-178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Royall DR, Al-Rubaye S, Bishnoi R, Palmer RF. Few serum proteins mediate APOE's association with dementia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172268. [PMID: 28291794 PMCID: PMC5349443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The latent variable "δ" (for "dementia") appears to be uniquely responsible for the dementing aspects of cognitive impairment. Age, depression, gender and the apolipoprotein E (APOE) e4 allele are independently associated with δ. In this analysis, we explore serum proteins as potential mediators of APOE's specific association with δ in a large, ethnically diverse longitudinal cohort, the Texas Alzheimer's Research and Care Consortium (TARCC). APOE was associated only with C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Adiponectin (APN) and Amphiregulin (AREG), although the latter two's associations did not survive Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. All three proteins were associated with δ and had weak potential mediation effects on APOE's association with that construct. Our findings suggest that APOE's association with cognitive performance is specific to δ and partially mediated by serum inflammatory proteins. The majority of APOE's significant unadjusted effect on δ is unexplained. It may instead arise from direct central nervous system effects, possibly on native intelligence. If so, then APOE may exert a life-long influence over δ and therefore all-cause dementia risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R. Royall
- Department of Psychiatry, the University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, the University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, the University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- South Texas Veterans’ Health System Audie L. Murphy Division Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Care Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Safa Al-Rubaye
- Department of Psychiatry, the University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ram Bishnoi
- Department of Psychiatry, the Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Raymond F. Palmer
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, the University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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Al-Rayes H, Huraib G, Julkhuf S, Arfin M, Tariq M, Al-Asmari A. Apolipoprotein E Gene Polymorphisms in Saudi Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ARTHRITIS AND MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS 2016; 9:81-7. [PMID: 27257397 PMCID: PMC4877081 DOI: 10.4137/cmamd.s38090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a glycosylated protein with multiple biological properties. APOE gene polymorphism plays a central role in lipid metabolism and has recently been suggested to regulate inflammation. Our objective is to evaluate whether APOE polymorphism affects susceptibility to SLE. APOE genotyping was performed using ApoE StripAssay™ kit. Results indicated significantly higher frequencies of allele ε4 and genotype ε3/ε4 and lower frequencies of allele ε3 and genotype ε3/ε3 in SLE patients than controls. APOE ε2 allele was found in three patients, whereas it was absent in controls. The frequencies of allele ε4 and genotype ε3/ε4 were significantly higher in SLE patients with renal involvement and those of alleles ε2, ε4 and genotypes ε2/ε3, ε3/ε4 were higher in patients with neuropsychiatric symptoms. It is concluded that APOE allele ε4 is associated with susceptibility risk/clinical manifestations of SLE and ε2 may increase its severity while ε3 is protective for SLE in Saudis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannan Al-Rayes
- Department of Medicine, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghaleb Huraib
- Medical Services Department, Ministry of Defence, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Julkhuf
- Medical Services Department, Ministry of Defence, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Misbahul Arfin
- Research Centre, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Tariq
- Research Centre, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Lee YM, Ha JK, Park JM, Lee BD, Moon E, Chung YI, Kim JH, Kim HJ, Mun CW, Kim TH, Kim YH. Apolipoprotein E genotype modulates effects of vitamin B12 and homocysteine on grey matter volume in Alzheimer's disease. Psychogeriatrics 2016; 16:3-11. [PMID: 25919635 DOI: 10.1111/psyg.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the effects of vitamin B12 and homocysteine on brain volume are influenced by apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. We examined the effects in each subgroup (APOE ε4 carriers and non-carriers) of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and healthy normal controls. METHODS Forty participants with AD and 20 healthy normal controls were recruited from memory impairment clinics at Pusan National University Hospital in Korea. All participants were APOE genotyped and underwent magnetic resonance imaging, including 3-D volumetric images for grey matter (GM) volume. A multiple regression model integrated into statistical parametric mapping was used to see if there was any correlation between vitamin B12 or homocysteine and GM volume in each subgroup (APOE ε4 carriers and non-carriers) of AD patients and healthy normal controls. RESULTS There was a significant positive correlation between serum concentrations of vitamin B12 and regional GM volume in APOE ε4 carriers with AD but not in non-carriers. We also found that there was a significant negative correlation between serum concentrations of homocysteine and regional GM volume in APOE ε4 non-carriers with AD but not in carriers (P < 0.001, uncorrected for multiple comparisons; extent threshold = 100 voxel). CONCLUSION The present findings suggest that the effects of vitamin B12 and homocysteine on GM volume might be influenced by APOE genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Min Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Ji-Kyung Ha
- Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Je-Min Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Byung-Dae Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - EunSoo Moon
- Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Young-In Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Hak-Jin Kim
- Department of Radiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Chi-Woong Mun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and FIRST, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Tae-Hyung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and FIRST, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University, Busan, Korea
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Yun YW, Kweon SS, Choi JS, Rhee JA, Lee YH, Nam HS, Jeong SK, Park KS, Ryu SY, Choi SW, Kim HN, Cauley JA, Shin MH. APOE Polymorphism Is Associated with C-reactive Protein Levels but Not with White Blood Cell Count: Dong-gu Study and Namwon Study. J Korean Med Sci 2015; 30:860-5. [PMID: 26130946 PMCID: PMC4479937 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.7.860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the association of the APOE polymorphism with serum C-reactive protein levels and white blood cell count in two large population-based studies in Korean. The datasets included the Dong-gu study (n = 8,893) and the Namwon Study (n = 10,032). APOE genotypes were identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Multivariable linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship of APOE genotypes with C-reactive protein levels and white blood cell count with adjustments for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and serum lipids. In the multivariate model, carriers of E3E4 or E4E4 genotype had significantly lower C-reactive protein levels compared with carriers of E3E3 genotype group (0.50 mg/L vs. 0.67 mg/L; 0.37 mg/L vs. 0.67 mg/L, respectively, for the Dong-gu Study and 0.47 mg/L vs. 0.66 mg/L; 0.45 mg/L vs. 0.66 mg/L, respectively, for the Namwon Study). However, there was no difference in white blood cell count among APOE genotypes. We found that the APOE E4 allele is associated with lower C-reactive protein levels, but not white blood cell count. Our results suggest that APOE genotype may influence C-reactive protein levels through non-inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Woon Yun
- Gwangju-Jeonnam Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sun-Seog Kweon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- Jeonnam Regional Cancer Center, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Jin-Su Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jung-Ae Rhee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University College of Medicine, Iksan, Korea
| | - Hae-Sung Nam
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chungnam National University Medical School, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seul-Ki Jeong
- Department of Neurology & Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Kyeong-Soo Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seonam University College of Medicine, Namwon, Korea
| | - So-Yeon Ryu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chosun University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seong-Woo Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chosun University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hee Nam Kim
- Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jane A. Cauley
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Min-Ho Shin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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Rankinen T, Sarzynski MA, Ghosh S, Bouchard C. Are there genetic paths common to obesity, cardiovascular disease outcomes, and cardiovascular risk factors? Circ Res 2015; 116:909-22. [PMID: 25722444 PMCID: PMC4416656 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.302888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Clustering of obesity, coronary artery disease, and cardiovascular disease risk factors is observed in epidemiological studies and clinical settings. Twin and family studies have provided some supporting evidence for the clustering hypothesis. Loci nearest a lead single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) showing genome-wide significant associations with coronary artery disease, body mass index, C-reactive protein, blood pressure, lipids, and type 2 diabetes mellitus were selected for pathway and network analyses. Eighty-seven autosomal regions (181 SNPs), mapping to 56 genes, were found to be pleiotropic. Most pleiotropic regions contained genes associated with coronary artery disease and plasma lipids, whereas some exhibited coaggregation between obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors. We observed enrichment for liver X receptor (LXR)/retinoid X receptor (RXR) and farnesoid X receptor/RXR nuclear receptor signaling among pleiotropic genes and for signatures of coronary artery disease and hepatic steatosis. In the search for functionally interacting networks, we found that 43 pleiotropic genes were interacting in a network with an additional 24 linker genes. ENCODE (Encyclopedia of DNA Elements) data were queried for distribution of pleiotropic SNPs among regulatory elements and coding sequence variations. Of the 181 SNPs, 136 were annotated to ≥ 1 regulatory feature. An enrichment analysis found over-representation of enhancers and DNAse hypersensitive regions when compared against all SNPs of the 1000 Genomes pilot project. In summary, there are genomic regions exerting pleiotropic effects on cardiovascular disease risk factors, although only a few included obesity. Further studies are needed to resolve the clustering in terms of DNA variants, genes, pathways, and actionable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Rankinen
- From the Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (T.R., M.A.S., S.G., C.B.); and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program (S.G.) and Center for Computational Biology (S.G.), Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark A Sarzynski
- From the Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (T.R., M.A.S., S.G., C.B.); and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program (S.G.) and Center for Computational Biology (S.G.), Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- From the Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (T.R., M.A.S., S.G., C.B.); and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program (S.G.) and Center for Computational Biology (S.G.), Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Claude Bouchard
- From the Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (T.R., M.A.S., S.G., C.B.); and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program (S.G.) and Center for Computational Biology (S.G.), Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
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12
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Wu J, Qiu L, Guo XZ, Xu T, Cheng XQ, Zhang L, Li PC, Di Q, Wang Q, Ni L, Zhu GJ. Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphisms are associated with primary hyperuricemia in a Chinese population. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110864. [PMID: 25356596 PMCID: PMC4214707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Primary hyperuricemia, an excess of uric acid in the blood, is a major public health problem. In addition to the morbidity that is attributable to gout, hyperuricemia is also associated with metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. This study aims to assess the genetic associations between Apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphisms and hyperuricemia in a Chinese population. Methods A total of 770 subjects (356 hyperuricemic cases and 414 normouricemic controls) were recruited from the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China. A physical examination was performed and fasting blood was collected for biochemical tests, including determination of the levels of serum lipid, creatinine, and uric acid. Multi-ARMS PCR was applied to determine the APOE genotypes, followed by an investigation of the distribution of APOE genotypes and alleles frequencies in the controls and cases. Results The frequencies of the APOE-ε2ε3 genotype (17.70% vs. 10.39%, P = 0.003) and the APOE-ε2 allele (10.53% vs. 5.80%, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in the hyperuricemic group than in the normouricemic group. Furthermore, male cases were more likely to have the APOE-ε2ε3 genotype and APOE-ε2 allele, compared with male controls. In both Han and Hui subjects, cases were more likely to have the APOE-ε2ε3 genotype and the APOE-ε2 allele compared with controls. Furthermore, multivariate logistic regression showed that carriers of the APOE-ε2ε3 genotype (P = 0.001, OR = 2.194) and the ε2 allele (P = 0.001, OR = 2.099) were significantly more likely to experience hyperuricemia than carriers of the ε3/ε3 genotype and the ε3 allele after adjustment for sex, body mass index (BMI), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), creatinine (Cr) and fasting blood glucose(FBG). Conclusions The APOE-ε2ε3 genotype and the APOE-ε2 allele are associated with serum uric acid levels in Chinese subjects, indicating that individuals carrying the APOE-ε2 allele have a higher risk of hyperuricemia than non-carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Qiu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Xiu-zhi Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-qi Cheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Peng-chang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Di
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Medical Experimental Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Lan Ni
- Medical Experimental Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Guang-jin Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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13
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ApoE genotype: from geographic distribution to function and responsiveness to dietary factors. Proc Nutr Soc 2012; 71:410-24. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665112000249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
ApoE is a key protein in lipid metabolism with three major isoforms.ApoEallele frequencies show non-random global distribution especially in Europe with highapoEε3frequency in the Mediterranean area, whereas theapoEε4genotype is enriched in Northern Europe. TheapoEε4genotype is one of the most important genetic risk factors for age-dependent chronic diseases, including CVD and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The apoE polymorphism has been shown to impact on blood lipids, biomarkers of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, which all may contribute to the isoform-dependent disease risk. Studies in mice and human subjects indicate that theapoEε3but not theapoEε4genotype may significantly benefit from dietary flavonoids (e.g. quercetin) andn-3 fatty acids. Metabolism of lipid soluble vitamins E and D is likewise differentially affected by theapoEgenotype. Epidemiological and experimental evidence suggest a better vitamin D status inapoEε4than ε3subjects indicating a certain advantage of ε4over ε3. The present review aims at evaluation of current data available on interactions between apoE polymorphism and dietary responsiveness to flavonoids, fat soluble vitamins andn-3 fatty acids. Likewise, distinct geographic distribution and chronic disease risk of the different apoE isoforms are addressed.
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14
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Ehara H, Yamamoto-Honda R, Kitazato H, Takahashi Y, Kawazu S, Akanuma Y, Noda M. ApoE isoforms, treatment of diabetes and the risk of coronary heart disease. World J Diabetes 2012; 3:54-9. [PMID: 22442750 PMCID: PMC3310005 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v3.i3.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To analyze the risk of coronary heart disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) receiving standard medical treatment. METHODS We performed a retrospective chart analysis of 269 middle-aged patients (age 45-64 years, mean age, 53.9 ± 5.5 years) with T2DM and without atherosclerotic cardiovascular events who underwent typing to determine their apolipoprotein E (apoE) isoforms. The apoE isoforms were determined using isoelectric focusing, followed by immunoblotting. We retrospectively evaluated the charts of the 269 patients, recorded between their first visit to the hospital (the study's start point, between 1987 and 1992) and the occurrence of an atherosclerotic cardiovascular event (the study's endpoint) or January 2004, whichever came first. The age-adjusted mean values and the prevalences of covariates were calculated to compare the laboratory data among the apoE phenotypes. To investigate the association of risk factors with the incidence of coronary heart disease during the follow-up period, monovariate and multivariate Cox regression models were used. RESULTS At enrollment, the mean serum low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels were lowest (2.92 ± 0.89 mmol/L) among the subjects with apoE2 (apoE2/2 or apoE2/3) and highest (3.52 ± 0.77 mmol/L) among the subjects with apoE4 (apoE3/4 or apoE4/4). No significant differences in mean age or the percentage of smokers were observed among the three groups. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in the systolic and diastolic blood pressures, body mass index, HbA1c level or serum triglyceride levels among the three groups. There were 47 cases of coronary heart disease over 3285 person-years of follow-up. An age-adjusted multivariate Cox proportional model identified diabetic retinopathy (hazard ratio, 2.38, 95% CI: 1.28-4.43, P = 0.006), a high systolic blood pressure (hazard ratio, 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02-1.06, P < 0.001) and high HbA1c values (hazard ratio, 1.19, 95% CI: 1.02-1.38, P = 0.0029), but not the LDL cholesterol value at enrollment (hazard ratio, 1.01, 95% CI: 0.97-1.05, P = 0.77) nor the specific apoE isoform, as significant predictors of coronary heart disease. CONCLUSION Under standard medical treatment of diabetes, including the control of LDL cholesterol levels, the apoE4 isoform was not associated with coronary heart disease among T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Ehara
- Hideki Ehara, Hiroji Kitazato, Shoji Kawazu, Yasuo Akanuma, the Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, 2-2-6, Nihonbashi-bakurocho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0002, Japan
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Vasunilashorn S, Glei DA, Lan CY, Brookmeyer R, Weinstein M, Goldman N. Apolipoprotein E is associated with blood lipids and inflammation in Taiwanese older adults. Atherosclerosis 2011; 219:349-54. [PMID: 21840004 PMCID: PMC3225086 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.07.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms of the apolipoprotein E gene (ApoE) have been associated with health and longevity. Numerous studies have linked ApoE to health outcomes including cardiovascular disease and mortality, but far fewer studies have examined the relationship of ApoE to other biological markers of health. This study investigates the relationship between ApoE and mortality, as well as ApoE and a set of biomarkers related to cardiovascular and immune function, in a population-based sample of Taiwanese adults ages 54+. ApoE £2 carriers were less likely to have at-risk levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and total cholesterol (total-C) than non-carriers (odds ratio [OR] 0.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.25-0.83 and OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.29-0.71, respectively). ApoE £4 carriers were less likely to have elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) than non-carriers (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.39-0.96). ApoE genotype was not, however, associated with mortality after 8 years of follow-up. Our findings confirm the association between ApoE £2and cholesterol levels, suggesting a potential protective effect of ApoE £2 on blood lipids. They also contribute to reports on the relationship between ApoE £4 carrier status and lower CRP levels.
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Wickremasinghe SS, Xie J, Lim J, Chauhan DS, Robman L, Richardson AJ, Hageman G, Baird PN, Guymer R. Variants in the APOE gene are associated with improved outcome after anti-VEGF treatment for neovascular AMD. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:4072-9. [PMID: 21245410 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) drugs have dramatically improved the treatment of neovascular AMD. In pivotal studies, almost 90% of patients maintain vision, with approximately 30% showing significant improvement. Despite these successes, 10% to 15% of patients continue to lose vision, even with treatment. It has been reported that variants in some AMD-associated genes influence treatment outcome. This study showed an association of treatment outcome with variants in the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene. METHODS One hundred ninety-two patients receiving anti-VEGF treatment for subfoveal choroidal neovascularization secondary to AMD were enrolled. Information on demographics, lesion characteristics, delay until treatment, visual acuity (VA), and number of treatments was collected, and variants of APOE were assessed in all patients at baseline. Best corrected logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) VA was recorded in all patients. RESULTS The presence of the APOE ε4 allele was associated with improved treatment outcome at 3 (P = 0.02) and 12 (P = 0.06) months, compared with the presence of the ε2 allele, after adjustment for baseline acuity, treatment delay after first symptoms, age, and sex. Patients with an APOE ε4 allele had an odds ratio (OR) of 4.04 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-14.70) for a 2-line gain in vision from baseline at 3 months (P = 0.03) and an OR of 2.54 (95% CI, 0.61-10.52; P = 0.20) at 12 months after treatment, based on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS In patients with neovascular AMD, the presence of the APOE ε4 allele conferred significantly better visual outcomes after anti-VEGF treatment than did the ε2 allele. These findings suggest a possible role for a personalized approach to treatment with anti-VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeewa S Wickremasinghe
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Vasunilashorn S, Finch CE, Crimmins EM, Vikman SA, Stieglitz J, Gurven M, Kaplan H, Allayee H. Inflammatory gene variants in the Tsimane, an indigenous Bolivian population with a high infectious load. BIODEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY 2011; 57:33-52. [PMID: 21845926 PMCID: PMC3529658 DOI: 10.1080/19485565.2011.564475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The Tsimane of lowland Bolivia are an indigenous forager-farmer population living under conditions resembling pre-industrial European populations, with high infectious morbidity, high infection and inflammation, and shortened life expectancy. Analysis of 917 persons ages 5 to 60+ showed that allele frequencies of 9 SNPs examined in the apolipoprotein E (apoE), C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) genes differed from some European, African, and north Asian-derived populations. The apoE2 allele was absent, whereas four SNPs related to CRP and IL-6 were monomorphic: CRP (rs1800947, rs3093061, and rs3093062) and IL-6 (rs1800795). No significant differences in apoE, CRP, and IL-6 variants across age were found CRP levels were higher in carriers of two CRP proinflammatory SNPs, whereas they were lower in carriers of apoE4. Taken together the evidence for (1) different allele frequencies between the Tsimane and other populations and (2) the correlations of CRP and apoE alleles with blood CRP may suggest that these variants are under selection in response to a high infection environment.
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Apolipoprotein A-I positively associated with diabetes in women independently of apolipoprotein E genotype and apolipoprotein B levels. Nutrition 2010; 26:975-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hubacek JA, Peasey A, Pikhart H, Stavek P, Kubinova R, Marmot M, Bobak M. APOE polymorphism and its effect on plasma C-reactive protein levels in a large general population sample. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:304-8. [PMID: 20074603 PMCID: PMC2837141 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The published data remain inconsistent on association between apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene variations and plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), mainly because of low statistical power of previous studies. To clarify this question, we analyzed data from large population sample of randomly selected individuals from seven Czech towns (2,886 males and 3,344 females, the HAPIEE [Health, Alcohol, and Psychosocial factors In Eastern Europe] study). In both males and females, the lowest levels of plasma hsCRP were observed in the carriers of the APOE epsilon 4 epsilon 4 and epsilon 4 epsilon 3 genotypes. The median (interquartile range, IQR) concentration of hsCRP in carriers of the most common APOE epsilon 3 epsilon 3 genotype (two-thirds of participants) was 1.13 mg/l (IQR, 0.56-2.33) in men and 1.23 mg/l (IQR, 0.61-2.65) in women, compared with 0.72 mg/l (IQR, 0.61-0.86) in male and 0.72 mg/l (IQR, 0.61-0.85) in female carriers of APOE epsilon 4 epsilon 3/epsilon 4 epsilon 4 genotypes; the differences were statistically significant (p < 0.001). The association between APOE and CRP was not materially affected by adjustment for age, sex, history of cardiovascular disease, or cardiovascular risk factors. This study, the largest to date, provides robust evidence of an association between plasma hsCRP and the APOE genotype, an association not explained by history of cardiovascular disease nor its risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav A. Hubacek
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Prague, Czech Republic
- South Bohemia University, Faculty of Public Health and Social Studies, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Anne Peasey
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hynek Pikhart
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Petr Stavek
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Michael Marmot
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Martin Bobak
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
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Azuma K, Kadowaki T, Cetinel C, Kadota A, El-Saed A, Kadowaki S, Edmundowicz D, Nishio Y, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Okamura T, Evans RW, Takamiya T, Ueshima H, Curb JD, Abbott RD, Kuller LH, Kelley DE, Sekikawa A. Higher liver fat content among Japanese in Japan compared with non-Hispanic whites in the United States. Metabolism 2009; 58:1200-7. [PMID: 19428036 PMCID: PMC2714590 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Among Asians, including Japanese, obesity is related to dyslipidemia and insulin resistance at a lower level of body mass index (BMI) compared with non-Hispanic whites (NHW). We hypothesize that this ethnic difference in the relationship between BMI and metabolic risks is partly associated with the ethnic difference in fat distribution, namely, liver fat as well as visceral adipose tissue. To compare liver fat content among Japanese vs NHW men, regional computed tomographic images were taken to measure liver computed tomographic density in population-based samples of 313 Japanese and 288 NHW men aged 40 to 49 years, along with the assessment of metabolic parameters. Liver fat content was higher in Japanese than NHW men (liver to spleen attenuation ratio [lower value means higher liver fat content]: 1.01 +/- 0.16 vs 1.07 +/- 0.15, respectively; P < .01), despite a lower mean BMI in Japanese men (BMI: 23.6 +/- 2.9 vs 27.8 +/- 4.2 kg/m(2), P < .01). Moreover, Japanese men had a greater disposition for fatty liver with a small increase in BMI than NHW (P < .01), whereas both groups had a similar relationship between visceral adipose tissue and BMI. In both groups, liver fat content correlated with triglycerides, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and C-reactive protein. Liver fat content is higher among Japanese than NHW; and this ethnic difference becomes more robust with a small increase in BMI, suggesting that fatty liver is a sensitive marker for the failure of the adipose tissue to expand to accommodate an increased energy influx, and is associated with similar metabolic risk in Japanese despite lower BMI compared with NHW men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Azuma
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Takashi Kadowaki
- Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Cemal Cetinel
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Aya Kadota
- Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Aiman El-Saed
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sayaka Kadowaki
- Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Daniel Edmundowicz
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yoshihiko Nishio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Kim Sutton-Tyrrell
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Tomonori Okamura
- Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rhobert W. Evans
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Tomoko Takamiya
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Hirotsugu Ueshima
- Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - J. David Curb
- Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
- Pacific Research Health Institute, Honolulu, HI
| | - Robert D Abbott
- Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
- Pacific Research Health Institute, Honolulu, HI
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Lewis H. Kuller
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - David E Kelley
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Akira Sekikawa
- Department of Health Science, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA
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21
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Mennander A, Kuukasjärvi P, Laurikka J, Nikus K, Karhunen PJ, Tarkka M, Lehtimäki T. Diagnostic performance of plasma high sensitive C‐reactive protein in detecting three‐vessel coronary artery disease: modification by apolipoprotein E genotype. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009; 68:714-9. [DOI: 10.1080/00365510802172145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ari Mennander
- Heart Center, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University Medical School, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pekka Kuukasjärvi
- Heart Center, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University Medical School, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jari Laurikka
- Heart Center, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University Medical School, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kjell Nikus
- Heart Center, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University Medical School, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pekka J. Karhunen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tampere University Medical School and Research Unit of Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Matti Tarkka
- Heart Center, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University Medical School, Tampere, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Laboratory of Atherosclerosis Genetics, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Tampere University Hospital and Tampere University Medical School, Tampere, Finland
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Increased plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a hepatic acute phase reactant, predict risk for coronary heart disease. There has been interest in identifying genetic determinants of CRP as a means of better understanding its regulation and its relation to coronary heart disease. We here review recent findings that have linked plasma CRP levels to single nucleotide polymorphisms in hepatic nuclear factor (HNF) 1-alpha, a transcription factor with a wide range of functions, including many involved in cholesterol, bile acid, and lipoprotein metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS Two genome-wide association studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms in several genes that are strongly related to plasma CRP levels, including several on chromosome 12 in the vicinity of the HNF1A gene. The CRP gene promoter has two HNF1-alpha-binding sites. Recently, it has been demonstrated that HNF1-alpha is required for cytokine-driven CRP expression and that this involves formation of a complex with STAT3 and c-Fos. SUMMARY Based on the recent genetic findings as well as delineation of the role of HNF1-alpha in regulating the expression of the CRP gene, it appears that this transcription factor may play a key role in linking metabolic and inflammatory pathways underlying the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease.
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Angelopoulos TJ, Miles MP, Lowndes J, Sivo SA, Seip RL, Pescatello LS, Zoeller RF, Visich PS, Gordon PM, Moyna NM, Thompson PD. Apolipoprotein E genotype and sex influence C-reactive protein levels regardless of exercise training status. Metabolism 2008; 57:1204-10. [PMID: 18702945 PMCID: PMC2603605 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2008.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker for systemic inflammation and increased cardiovascular disease risk. Regular exercise may decrease CRP. Apolipoprotein E (apo E) has 3 common genotype variants--E2/3, 3/3, and 3/4--that modulate lipid metabolism and may have other metabolic physiologic roles, including some evidence that the genotype affects CRP levels. We assessed fasting serum CRP in 117 (male = 51, female = 66) healthy adults who volunteered for a 6-month aerobic exercise program. Both pre- and posttraining measurements were available in 71 (male = 31, female = 40) subjects. At baseline and follow-up, the numbers of subjects in the 3 groups were approximately equal: 2/3, n = 33 and 20; 3/3, n = 41 and 26; and 3/4, n = 43 and 25. At baseline, CRP levels differed by apo E genotype: means +/- SD were 2.84 +/- 2.18, 2.59 +/- 2.34, and 1.90 +/- 2.13 mg/L for E2/3, 3/3, and 3/4 subjects, respectively (3/4 vs 2/3, P < .05). In women, CRP was higher than that in men (3.14 +/- 2.49 vs 2.12 +/- 2.13 mg/L, P < .006). Exercise failed to affect CRP in the entire cohort (2.68 +/- 2.38 vs 2.52 +/- 2.48 mg/L) or in any apo E genotype group, and the apo E genotype effect observed at baseline persisted after training. In a largely white study cohort, CRP is higher in apo E3/3 than in 3/4 subjects and in women compared with men, but remains unchanged by 6 months of standard aerobic exercise training of the volume and higher intensity promoted by national organizations to reduce cardiovascular disease risk. How apo E genotype affects CRP is not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore J Angelopoulos
- Center for Lifestyle Medicine and Department of Health Professions, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
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Wander K, Brindle E, O'Connor KA. C-reactive protein across the menstrual cycle. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2008; 136:138-46. [PMID: 18257023 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a widely used, sensitive biomarker of inflammation. Studies conducted among users of exogenous hormones suggest that estrogen increases CRP, whereas progesterone decreases CRP. Examinations of CRP in normally cycling women suggest the opposite: CRP is negatively associated with endogenous estrogen and positively associated with endogenous progesterone. This work evaluates the association between menstrual cycle-related hormone changes and events (menstruation and ovulation) and CRP. Eight female subjects gave urine and blood samples from twelve days across the menstrual cycle, for a total of eleven cycles. Blood samples were assayed for CRP; urine samples for beta-follicle stimulating hormone (betaFSH), pregnanediol 3-glucuronide (PDG), and estrone glucuronide (E1G). Ovulation day was estimated using hormone levels. Presence or absence of menses was reported by subjects. Analyses were conducted with random-effects linear regression. All cycles were ovulatory; day of ovulation was identified for nine cycles. A ten-fold increase in progesterone was associated with a 23% increase in CRP (P = 0.01), a ten-fold increase in estrogen was associated with a 29% decrease in CRP (P = 0.05), and menses was associated with a 17% increase in CRP (P = 0.18); no association between ovulation or FSH and CRP was found. Hormone changes across the menstrual cycle should be controlled for in future studies of inflammation in reproductive-age women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Wander
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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25
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Grönroos P, Raitakari OT, Kähönen M, Hutri-Kähönen N, Marniemi J, Viikari J, Lehtimäki T. Association of high sensitive C-reactive protein with apolipoprotein E polymorphism in children and young adults: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Clin Chem Lab Med 2008; 46:179-86. [PMID: 18324906 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2008.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A relation between apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) has been observed in some studies with elderly subjects and different patient groups. We studied whether serum hsCRP levels are linked with common APOE (epsilon 2, epsilon 3, epsilon 4) polymorphism already in children and young adults. METHODS The study cohort included 1221 subjects participating in the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study at age 3-18 years at baseline in 1980. These subjects were reexamined at the 21-year follow-up at age 24-39 years in 2001. APOE phenotypes were examined in 1986, serum hsCRP was measured from fresh samples in 2001 and baseline hsCRP (in 1980) was measured from frozen samples in 2005. RESULTS Serum hsCRP was significantly associated with APOE phenotypes in children and young adults using multivariate analysis adjusted for age, body mass index, smoking, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Male epsilon 4 carriers had significantly lower hsCRP levels both in childhood (p=0.003) and in adulthood (p=0.013). hsCRP increased in both phenotype classes (epsilon 4+ and epsilon 4-) during the 21-year follow-up. Female epsilon 4 carriers had lower hsCRP levels in childhood (p=0.032) but not in adulthood (p=0.995). An interaction effect between time and APOE phenotype (p=0.045) in relation to hsCRP was observed in females during the 21-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Common APOE polymorphism affects the level of circulating hsCRP already in children and young adults. Male APOE epsilon 4 carriers have consistently lower hsCRP levels. In females, APOE epsilon 4 carriers had lower hsCRP levels in childhood but not in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Grönroos
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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26
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Reiner AP, Barber MJ, Guan Y, Ridker PM, Lange LA, Chasman DI, Walston JD, Cooper GM, Jenny NS, Rieder MJ, Durda JP, Smith JD, Novembre J, Tracy RP, Rotter JI, Stephens M, Nickerson DA, Krauss RM. Polymorphisms of the HNF1A gene encoding hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 alpha are associated with C-reactive protein. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82:1193-201. [PMID: 18439552 PMCID: PMC2427318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from the Pharmacogenomics and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease (PARC) study and the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) provide independent and confirmatory evidence for association between common polymorphisms of the HNF1A gene encoding hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 alpha and plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration. Analyses with the use of imputation-based methods to combine genotype data from both studies and to test untyped SNPs from the HapMap database identified several SNPs within a 5 kb region of HNF1A intron 1 with the strongest evidence of association with CRP phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Reiner
- University of Washington, Department of Epidemiology, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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27
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Loci related to metabolic-syndrome pathways including LEPR,HNF1A, IL6R, and GCKR associate with plasma C-reactive protein: the Women's Genome Health Study. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82:1185-92. [PMID: 18439548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) independently predict increased risk of development of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, myocardial infarction, and stroke, comprehensive analysis of the influence of genetic variation on CRP is not available. To address this issue, we performed a genome-wide association study among 6345 apparently healthy women in which we evaluated 336,108 SNPs as potential determinants of plasma CRP concentration. Overall, seven loci that associate with plasma CRP at levels achieving genome-wide statistical significance were found (range of p values for lead SNPs within the seven loci: 1.9 x 10(-)(8) to 6.2 x 10(-)(28)). Two of these loci (GCKR and HNF1A) are suspected or known to be associated with maturity-onset diabetes of the young, one is a gene-desert region on 12q23.2, and the remaining four loci are in or near the leptin receptor protein gene, the apolipoprotein E gene, the interleukin-6 receptor protein gene, or the CRP gene itself. The protein products of six of these seven loci are directly involved in metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, beta cell function, weight homeostasis, and/or premature atherothrombosis. Thus, common variation in several genes involved in metabolic and inflammatory regulation have significant effects on CRP levels, consistent with CRP's identification as a useful biomarker of risk for incident vascular disease and diabetes.
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28
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Rhodes B, Meek J, Whittaker JC, Vyse TJ. Quantification of the genetic component of basal C-reactive protein expression in SLE nuclear families. Ann Hum Genet 2008; 72:611-20. [PMID: 18373721 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a heritable acute-phase plasma protein also expressed at low, basal, levels in healthy individuals. Elevated basal CRP has been associated with increased cardiovascular risk, while CRP dysregulation may be a feature of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this cohort of 496 Caucasian SLE families we estimated basal CRP heritability, h(2)= 27.7%. We typed a dense map of CRP single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and found that seven were associated with basal CRP using both a regression approach and an orthogonal family-based test (P = 0.001-0.011), as were haplotypes carrying the minor allele of these SNPs. SNPs in the interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6 genes were associated with basal CRP. No association was seen between CRP genotype and SLE. Using a variance components approach we estimated that the CRP genotype accounted for only 15% of the total genetic component of basal CRP variation, perhaps explaining the limited evidence of association between CRP and disease. Most of the genetic determinants of basal CRP variation therefore remain unknown. Multiple genes may be involved and identifying them will provide an insight into pathways regulating CRP expression, highlight potential cardiovascular disease and SLE candidates and improve the ability of basal CRP to predict cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rhodes
- Department of Rheumatology, Molecular Genetics and Rheumatology Section, Imperial College London, UK
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29
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Genetic determinants of basal C-reactive protein expression in Filipino systemic lupus erythematosus families. Genes Immun 2008; 9:153-60. [PMID: 18216863 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Basal C-reactive protein (CRP) is a heritable trait associated with long-term cardiovascular disease risk. Existing studies leave ambiguity over the key functional polymorphisms and fail to adjust for trans-acting effects. In a novel cohort of 285 Filipino systemic lupus erythematosus probands and their first-degree relatives, we quantified serum CRP and typed a dense map of CRP single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), along with SNPs in the interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 and apolipoprotein E genes. Ten CRP SNPs demonstrated association with basal CRP in a regression model (P=0.011-0.002). These delineated two haplotypes associated with high and low basal CRP expression (P=0.002). Differences in allele frequency were seen compared with Caucasian populations, enabling us to argue for an independent genetic effect from a phylogenetically distinct haplotype tagged by SNP rs1800947. We demonstrated an association between Apo epsilon 2 and higher basal CRP. Interleukin-6 genotype was associated with basal CRP, highlighting a role for acute-phase cytokines even in basal expression. Identifying these trans-acting variants may improve the use of basal CRP as a predictor cardiovascular risk, and increase our power to detect associations between CRP and disease.
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31
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Berrahmoune H, Herbeth B, Siest G, Visvikis-Siest S. Heritability of serum hs-CRP concentration and 5-year changes in the Stanislas family study: association with apolipoprotein E alleles. Genes Immun 2007; 8:352-9. [PMID: 17460724 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We aimed at estimating additive genetic heritability, household component effect and the influence of common alleles of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) on serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) concentrations and the subsequent changes over 5 years. A sub-sample of 320 nuclear families was randomly selected from the Stanislas Family Study. Serum hs-CRP concentration was measured by immunonephelometry at entrance and after 5 years. APOE alleles were determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism. After adjustment for covariates, the number of the epsilon4 allele was negatively associated with serum concentration of hs-CRP in the whole sample, at entrance and 5 years later, without significant interaction with sex by generation groups (P=0.003 and P=0.0003, respectively). However, no significant association was found between epsilon4 allele and 5-year changes in hs-CRP concentration. Using a variance component analysis, no significant genetic influence was shown in family aggregation of both hs-CRP measurements and 5-year changes; the household common component was between 6.5 and 12.8%. In addition, after adjustment for APOE gene polymorphisms, degrees of resemblance were almost unchanged. In the Stanislas Family Study, epsilon4 allele of the APOE gene was associated with lower hs-CRP concentration, but not with 5-year changes. However, variance component analysis did not evidence a significant polygenic effect.
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32
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Chasman DI, Kozlowski P, Zee RY, Kwiatkowski DJ, Ridker PM. Qualitative and quantitative effects of APOE genetic variation on plasma C-reactive protein, LDL-cholesterol, and apoE protein. Genes Immun 2007; 7:211-9. [PMID: 16511556 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A genetic link between lipid metabolism and inflammation has been suggested by the association between variation in the APOE gene and plasma C-reactive protein (CRP). This association was confirmed among Caucasians and extended to an African-American population, and the well-known associations of APOE variation with LDL-C and apoE protein were also observed. While eight common variants in APOE were examined, the association with CRP involved primarily the two nonsynonymous SNPs that define the major epsilon2, epsilon3, and epsilon4 alleles. In particular, the strongest link involved lower CRP levels among carriers of the APOE epsilon4 allele that also contributes to the risk of cardiovascular and Alzheimer's diseases as well as to higher lipid levels. A lesser effect was characterized by lower CRP levels among carriers of a subtype of the epsilon3 allele. The magnitude of the association with plasma CRP was at least as great as the effect of variation in the CRP gene itself. Quantitative analysis suggested that the effect on CRP is more likely a consequence of intrinsic functional differences among the E2, E3, and E4 apoE proteins than different levels of apoE protein or LDL-C in the plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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33
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Reich D, Patterson N, Ramesh V, De Jager PL, McDonald GJ, Tandon A, Choy E, Hu D, Tamraz B, Pawlikowska L, Wassel-Fyr C, Huntsman S, Waliszewska A, Rossin E, Li R, Garcia M, Reiner A, Ferrell R, Cummings S, Kwok PY, Harris T, Zmuda JM, Ziv E. Admixture mapping of an allele affecting interleukin 6 soluble receptor and interleukin 6 levels. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 80:716-26. [PMID: 17357077 PMCID: PMC1852718 DOI: 10.1086/513206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating levels of inflammatory markers can predict cardiovascular disease risk. To identify genes influencing the levels of these markers, we genotyped 1,343 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 1,184 African Americans from the Health, Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study. Using admixture mapping, we found a significant association of interleukin 6 soluble receptor (IL-6 SR) with European ancestry on chromosome 1 (LOD 4.59), in a region that includes the gene for this receptor (IL-6R). Genotyping 19 SNPs showed that the effect is largely explained by an allele at 4% frequency in West Africans and at 35% frequency in European Americans, first described as associated with IL-6 SR in a Japanese cohort. We replicate this association (P<<1.0x10-12) and also demonstrate a new association with circulating levels of a different molecule, IL-6 (P<3.4x10-5). After replication in 1,674 European Americans from Health ABC, the combined result is even more significant: P<<1.0x10-12 for IL-6 SR, and P<2.0x10-9 for IL-6. These results also serve as an important proof of principle, showing that admixture mapping can not only coarsely localize but can also fine map a phenotypically important variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Reich
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, New Research Building, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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34
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Keenan HA, Poznik GD, Varo N, Schneider J, Almasy L, Warram JH, Duggirala R, Schoenbeck U, Krolewski AS, Doria A. Identification of a locus modulating serum C-reactive protein levels on chromosome 5p15. Atherosclerosis 2007; 196:863-70. [PMID: 17343862 PMCID: PMC2335172 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Revised: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Individual propensity to chronic, low-grade inflammation--a determinant of atherosclerosis-is in part under the control of genetic factors. To identify genes involved in this modulation, we performed a 10cM genome screen for linkage with plasma C-reactive protein in 38 extended families including 317 non-diabetic and 177 type 2 diabetic family members (2547 relative pairs). METHODS AND RESULTS In a variance component analysis, heritability of CRP values was significant (h(2)=0.39, p<0.0001). This effect was independent of BMI and was present in both diabetic (h(2)=0.42, p=0.003) and non-diabetic (h(2)=0.34, p=0.0015) relatives. The strongest evidence of linkage with CRP was on chromosome 5p15, where the LOD score reached genome-wide significance (LOD=3.41, genome-wide p=0.013). Both diabetic and non-diabetic family members contributed to linkage at this location. Smaller linkage peaks were detected on chromosomes 5q35 (LOD=1.35) and 17p11 (LOD=1.33). When the analysis was restricted to diabetic family members, another peak of moderate intensity (LOD=2.17) was evident at 3p21. CONCLUSIONS A major gene influencing CRP levels appears to be located on chromosome 5p15, with an effect that is independent of diabetes. Another gene on 3p21 may control CRP variation but only in the presence of a diabetic or insulin-resistant environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary A. Keenan
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Nerea Varo
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - Jennifer Schneider
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX
| | | | | | - Uwe Schoenbeck
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefiled, CT
| | - Andrzej S. Krolewski
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alessandro Doria
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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35
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Tremblay J. Genetic determinants of C-reactive protein levels in metabolic syndrome: a role for the adrenergic system? J Hypertens 2007; 25:281-3. [PMID: 17211232 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e328013dc13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lange LA, Burdon K, Langefeld CD, Liu Y, Beck SR, Rich SS, Freedman BI, Brosnihan KB, Herrington DM, Wagenknecht LE, Bowden DW. Heritability and expression of C-reactive protein in type 2 diabetes in the Diabetes Heart Study. Ann Hum Genet 2006; 70:717-25. [PMID: 17044846 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2006.00280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are associated with both prevalent and incident cardiovascular disease. In this study, familial aggregation was estimated, and we tested for association between serum CRP levels and polymorphisms within the CRP and APOE genes in sib-ships with type 2 diabetes mellitus, a population at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. CRP levels were determined in 461 diabetes-affected subjects from 224 sibships from the Diabetes Heart Study (DHS). Heritability estimates of CRP levels were obtained using variance component models. Genetic influence on serum CRP levels by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CRP and APOE genes was evaluated by association analysis using mixed models. Subjects were Caucasian American (84%) and African-American (16%), 53% female, and had an average age of 62.2 +/- 9.2 years. The median CRP level was 3.3 mg/L (range 0 to 59.3 mg/L), and estimated heritability for CRP was approximately 40%. Estimates of heritability were significantly greater than zero (P < 0.0001) and relatively constant, despite adjustments for important modifiers (age, sex, ethnicity, diabetes duration, statin-use and anti-inflammatory use) of CRP. There was no significant evidence for association of CRP levels with CRP gene SNPs; however, consistent with previous reports, there was significant evidence of association of CRP levels with polymorphisms within the APOE gene. These data indicate CRP levels are significantly influenced by genetic (and/or environmental) factors that are shared within DHS families. While the APOE locus shows evidence of contributing to CRP levels, no evidence of CRP gene polymorphism association with CRP levels was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Lange
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Vistoropsky Y, Trofimov S, Pantsulaia I, Livshits G. Genetic and environmental determinants of variation of soluble adhesion molecules. Ann Hum Genet 2006; 70:749-58. [PMID: 17044849 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2006.00275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In our research we examined the contribution of putative genetic sources on interindividual variation and cross-sectional correlations of several adhesion molecules, including intracellular (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecules (VCAM-1) and E-selectin, in a population-based sample of ethnically homogeneous families of European origin. The plasma levels of these molecules were measured in 947 apparently healthy individuals from 217 nuclear families. Quantitative statistical-genetic analysis implementing the model fitting technique revealed significant parent/offspring and sibling correlations (p < 0.01) for all three molecules. The putative genetic effects explained 55.2 +/- 7.2% (VCAM-1), 63.3 +/- 7.5% (ICAM) and 63.8 +/- 8.1% (E-selectin) of the variation. Common family environmental factors also significantly influenced the variation of E-selectin (13%) and VCAM-1 (28.6%). The main results of our bivariate analysis showed that the observed phenotypic correlations between ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, and between ICAM-1 and E-selectin, were mostly attributable to shared environmental factors (r(E)= 0.896 and 0.737, respectively; p < 0.01). However, the correlation between VCAM-1 and E-selectin was likely caused by common genetic effects (r(G)= 0.334, p < 0.05). Our results show that familial clustering of adhesion molecules is likely due to strong genetic effects, supplemented with shared environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Vistoropsky
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
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38
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Wang Q, Hunt SC, Xu Q, Chen YE, Province MA, Eckfeldt JH, Pankow JS, Song Q. Association study of CRP gene polymorphisms with serum CRP level and cardiovascular risk in the NHLBI Family Heart Study. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 291:H2752-7. [PMID: 16731635 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01164.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent epidemiological studies have indicated that baseline C-reactive protein (CRP) levels may have value in prediction of cardiovascular risk. Using six tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) selected from our complete list of SNPs on the CRP gene, we investigated the association of CRP genotypes with plasma CRP levels and cardiovascular risk in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Family Heart Study cohort (1,296 Caucasians, 48.5% male, 54.7 ± 12.8 yr old). There was a significant trend toward association of CRP haplotypes with CRP levels ( P = 0.045). SNP analysis indicated a highly significant association of SNP −757 (rs3093059, P = 0.0004) and SNP −286 (rs3091244, P = 0.0065) and a borderline association of SNP −7180 (rs1341665, P = 0.06) with CRP levels. Neither CRP haplotypes nor individual SNP genotypes were associated with intima-media thickness of the common carotid or internal carotid artery or the bifurcation of the carotid arteries. These results indicated a strong impact of local SNPs of the CRP gene on plasma CRP levels, but there was no direct evidence that these genetically controlled CRP elevations by local CRP SNPs contributed to cardiovascular disease phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
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Kozlowski P, Miller DT, Zee RYL, Danik JS, Chasman DI, Lazarus R, Cook NR, Ridker PM, Kwiatkowski DJ. Lack of association between genetic variation in 9 innate immunity genes and baseline CRP levels. Ann Hum Genet 2006; 70:574-586. [PMID: 16907704 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2005.00256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is well-known that baseline levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) are an independent cardiovascular risk factor. We hypothesized that genetic variation with significant influence on CRP levels might be found in genes of the innate immunity system. We performed a candidate gene association study examining common single nucleotide polymorphisms in 9 innate immunity genes (CARD15, IRAK1, IRAK4, LBP, LY86, MEFV, TLR2, TLR4 and NFKB1) in relation to CRP levels. Seven hundred and seventeen subjects from the Women's Health Study population were studied: 359 and 358 samples with extremely low (<0.2 mg/liter) and high (>5 mg/liter) CRP levels, respectively. SNPs were identified from publicly available resequencing data, using a minor allele frequency threshold of >5% and a linkage disequilibrium (LD)-based strategy (r(2) > 0.8) to select 63 LD-independent markers. One non-synonymous SNP in TLR4 and two non-synonymous SNPs in CARD15, previously associated with atherosclerosis and Crohn's disease, respectively, were also studied. Univariate, haplotype and gene-gene interaction analyses all indicated no significant association with CRP levels. Although this work excludes a significant association of common SNPs in these nine genes with CRP levels, it is possible that rarer alleles in these genes, or variation in other innate immunity genes, could be associated with variation in CRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kozlowski
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Bojanowski CM, Shen D, Chew EY, Ning B, Csaky KG, Green WR, Chan CC, Tuo J. An apolipoprotein E variant may protect against age-related macular degeneration through cytokine regulation. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2006; 47:594-602. [PMID: 16823865 PMCID: PMC1899525 DOI: 10.1002/em.20233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of visual impairment and blindness among the elderly in Western countries. Genetic factors, age, cigarette smoking, nutrition, and exposure to light have been identified as AMD risk factors. In this study, we investigated the association between ApoE C112R/R158C single nucleotide polymorphisms (which determine the E2, E3, and E4 isoforms) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and the mechanism underlying the association. Genomic DNA was extracted from 133 clinically screened controls, 94 volunteers with a younger mean age, 120 patients with advanced AMD, and 40 archived ocular AMD slides for single nucleotide polymorphism typing. The effects of recombinant ApoE isoforms on CCL2 (a chemokine), CX3CR1 (a chemokine receptor), and VEGF (a cytokine) expression in cultured human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells were tested and serum cholesterol profiles of the clinically screened subjects were analyzed. ApoE112R (E4) distribution differed significantly between AMD patients and controls. ApoE112R allele frequency was 10.9% in the AMD group when compared with 16.5% in the younger controls and 18.8% in the clinically screened controls. The pathologically diagnosed archived AMD cases had the lowest allele frequency of 5%. No significant differences in ApoE158C (E2) distribution were observed among the groups. A meta-analysis of 8 cohorts including 4,289 subjects showed a strong association between AMD and 112R, but not 158C. In vitro studies found that recombinant ApoE suppresses CCL2 and VEGF expression in RPE cells. However, the E4 isoform showed more suppression than E3 in both cases. These results further confirm the association between ApoE112R and a decreased risk of AMD development. The underlying mechanisms may involve differential regulation of both CCL2 and VEGF by the ApoE isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Bojanowski
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1857, USA
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Kahri J, Soro-Paavonen A, Ehnholm C, Taskinen MR. ApoE polymorphism is associated with C-reactive protein in low-HDL family members and in normolipidemic subjects. Mediators Inflamm 2006; 2006:12587. [PMID: 16951484 PMCID: PMC1592602 DOI: 10.1155/mi/2006/12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The study was aimed to compare inflammatory parameters between carriers of apoE4 isoforms (apoE4/3, apoE4/2, and apoE4/4 phenotypes) and those of carrying apoE3 isoform without apoE4 isoform (apoE3/3 phenotypes and apoE2/3 phenotypes). The concentrations of serum hsCRP, sVCAM-1, sICAM-1, and sE-selectin were measured in 211 subjects from Finnish low-HDL families and in 157 normolipidemic subjects. The subjects with apoE4 isoform had lower concentrations of serum hsCRP both in low-HDL family members (p < 0.05) and in normolipidemic subjects (p < 0.01). The differences in serum CRP values remained significant after adjustment for age, BMI, smoking status, hypertension, gender, lipoprotein variables, and family number. We conclude that apoE phenotype has a strong influence on serum CRP values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhani Kahri
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine,
Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, PO Box 340, 00029 HUS, Finland
- *Juhani Kahri:
| | - Aino Soro-Paavonen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine,
Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, PO Box 340, 00029 HUS, Finland
- Baker Medical Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria,
Australia
| | - Christian Ehnholm
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum, National
Public Health Institute, 00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine,
Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, PO Box 340, 00029 HUS, Finland
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Eiriksdottir G, Aspelund T, Bjarnadottir K, Olafsdottir E, Gudnason V, Launer LJ, Harris TB. Apolipoprotein E genotype and statins affect CRP levels through independent and different mechanisms: AGES-Reykjavik Study. Atherosclerosis 2006; 186:222-4. [PMID: 16445917 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 12/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE C-reactive protein (CRP), an inflammatory marker, was linked to coronary heart disease (CHD) in the Reykjavik study cohort. Recent genetic studies have shown that the apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon4 allele is associated with lower CRP levels. Statin treatment has also been shown to lower CRP levels. In the Age Gene/Environment Susceptibility (AGES)-Reykjavik Study, we examined the association of APOE genotypes with CRP accounting for the effect of statin treatment, previous CHD and a mid-life measurement of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), an inflammatory marker associated with risk in this cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS The first 2296 participants (mean age 76+/-6 years, 42% men) in the AGES-Reykjavik Study were genotyped for APOE CRP concentration was measured with a high sensitivity method. A general linear model was used to evaluate the association of APOE genotype to CRP levels. The frequencies of the APOE alleles are epsilon2=0.06, epsilon3=0.78 and epsilon4=0.16. CRP levels ranged from 0.2 to 56.6 mg/L, median 1.9 mg/L. Participants carrying one or two epsilon4 alleles have significantly lower CRP levels than non-carriers and this effect was observed in a dose-dependent manner. This trend is the same in users and non-users of statin treatment. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the contribution of the epsilon4 allele towards lowering CRP levels is independent and may be by a different mechanism than how statins affect inflammation.
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Kozlowski P, Miller DT, Zee RYL, Danik JS, Chasman DI, Lazarus R, Cook NR, Ridker PM, Kwiatkowski DJ. Lack of Association Between Genetic Variation in 9 Innate Immunity Genes and Baseline CRP Levels. Ann Hum Genet 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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44
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Liberopoulos EN, Miltiadous GA, Athyros VG, Ganotakis M, Cariolou M, Bairaktari E, Elisaf MS. Effect of Apolipoprotein E Polymorphism on Serum Uric Acid Levels in Healthy Subjects. J Investig Med 2005; 53:116-22. [PMID: 15921030 DOI: 10.2310/6650.2005.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that apolipoprotein E (apo E-) polymorphism may affect serum creatinine concentration and predicted glomerular filtration rate in healthy individuals. On the other hand, there are limited data regarding the possible influence of apo E- polymorphism on serum uric acid (SUA) levels. METHODS Two hundred ninety (148 male, 142 female) apparently healthy white individuals were studied. apo E- genotypes, serum lipid parameters including apolipoproteins, insulin resistance using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) as a marker, serum and urine creatinine levels, and serum and urine uric acid concentration were determined in all participants. RESULTS The apo E-2 allele was associated with lower serum levels of total cholesterol, higher levels of triglycerides and apo E-, and increased serum creatinine concentration compared with the apo E-3 and apo E-4 alleles in our population. Furthermore, the apo E-2 allele was associated with higher SUA levels (321.3+/-101.1 micrmol/L [5.4+/-1.7 mg/dL]) compared with the apo E-3 allele (261.8+/-89.2 micromol/L [4.4+/-1.5 mg/dL]; p= .012) and the apo E-4 allele (243.9+/-65.4 micromol/L [4.1+/-1.1 mg/dL]; p= .010), whereas the apo E-2 allele was associated with a nonsignificantdecrease in the fractional renal excretion of uric acid (FEUA) compared with the apo E-3 and apo E-4 alleles (7.9+/-2.2% vs 8.7+/-4.2% vs 8.9+/-5.1%, respectively; p = .53). These observations remained statistically significant when the effect of apo E- polymorphism on SUA levels was adjusted for gender, age, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, serum creatinine, and triglyceride and apo E- levels, as well as for HOMA index and FEUA. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide evidence, for the first time, that the apo E-2 allele is independently associated with increased SUA levels in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evagelos N Liberopoulos
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Dupuis J, Larson MG, Vasan RS, Massaro JM, Wilson PWF, Lipinska I, Corey D, Vita JA, Keaney JF, Benjamin EJ. Genome scan of systemic biomarkers of vascular inflammation in the Framingham Heart Study: evidence for susceptibility loci on 1q. Atherosclerosis 2005; 182:307-14. [PMID: 16159603 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2004] [Revised: 01/13/2005] [Accepted: 02/09/2005] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Vascular inflammation plays a central role in atherosclerosis and inflammatory biomarkers predict risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Thus, finding genes that influence systemic levels of inflammatory biomarkers may provide insights into genetic determinants of vascular inflammation and CVD. We conducted variance-component linkage analyses of blood levels of four biomarkers of vascular inflammation [C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1)] in 304 extended families from the Framingham Heart Study, using data from a 10cM genome scan. We computed p-values by a permutation approach. Heritability estimates ranged from 14% (IL-6) to 44% (MCP-1) after log transforming and adjusting for covariates. Significant linkage to MCP-1 was found on chromosome 1 (LOD=4.27 at 186cM; genome-wide p=0.005), in a region containing inflammatory candidate genes such as SELE, SELP (E- and P-selectin) and CRP. Other linkage peaks with LOD scores >2 were found for MCP-1 on chromosome 1 (LOD=2.04 at 16cM; LOD=2.34 at 70cM) and chromosome 17 (LOD=2.44 at 22cM) and for sICAM-1 on chromosome 1 at 229cM (LOD=2.09) less than 5cM from the interleukin-10 (IL10) gene. Multiple genes on chromosome 1 may influence inflammatory biomarker levels and may have a potential role in development of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josée Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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