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Svoboda L, Sperrhake J, Nisser M, Taphorn L, Proquitté H. Contactless assessment of heart rate in neonates within a clinical environment using imaging photoplethysmography. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1383120. [PMID: 38681773 PMCID: PMC11045999 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1383120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In neonatology, the accurate determination of vital parameters plays a pivotal role in monitoring critically ill newborns and premature infants, as well as aiding in disease diagnosis. In response to the limitations associated with contact-based measurement methods, substantial efforts have been directed toward developing contactless measurement techniques, particularly over the past decade. Methods Building upon the insights gained from our pilot study, we realized a new investigation to assess the precision of our imaging photoplethysmography-based system within a clinical environment of the neonatal intermediate care unit. We conducted measurements in 20 preterm infants or newborns requiring therapeutic interventions. As a point of reference, we employed a conventional pulse oximeter. To analytically predict measurement artifacts, we analyzed the potential influence of confounding factors, such as motion artifacts, illumination fluctuations (under- and overexposure), and loss of region of interest prior to heart rate evaluation. This reduced the amount of data we evaluated for heart rate to 56.1% of its original volume. Results In artifact-free time segments, the mean difference between the pulse oximetry and the imaging photoplethysmography-based system for 1 s sampling intervals resulted in -0.2 bpm (95% CI -0.8 to 0.4, LOA ± 12.2). For the clinical standard of 8 s averaging time, the mean difference resulted in -0.09 bpm (95% CI -0.7 to 0.6, LOA ± 10.1). These results match the medical standards. Discussion While further research is needed to increase the range of measurable vital parameters and more diverse patient collectives need to be considered in the future, we could demonstrate very high accuracy for non-contact heart rate measurement in newborn infants in the clinical setting, provided artifacts are excluded. In particular, performing a priori signal assessment helps make clinical measurements safer by identifying unreliable readings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libor Svoboda
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | - Luca Taphorn
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Hans Proquitté
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
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Liebetruth M, Kehe K, Steinritz D, Sammito S. Systematic Literature Review Regarding Heart Rate and Respiratory Rate Measurement by Means of Radar Technology. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1003. [PMID: 38339721 PMCID: PMC10857015 DOI: 10.3390/s24031003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The use of radar technology for non-contact measurement of vital parameters is increasingly being examined in scientific studies. Based on a systematic literature search in the PubMed, German National Library, Austrian Library Network (Union Catalog), Swiss National Library and Common Library Network databases, the accuracy of heart rate and/or respiratory rate measurements by means of radar technology was analyzed. In 37% of the included studies on the measurement of the respiratory rate and in 48% of those on the measurement of the heart rate, the maximum deviation was 5%. For a tolerated deviation of 10%, the corresponding percentages were 85% and 87%, respectively. However, the quantitative comparability of the results available in the current literature is very limited due to a variety of variables. The elimination of the problem of confounding variables and the continuation of the tendency to focus on the algorithm applied will continue to constitute a central topic of radar-based vital parameter measurement. Promising fields of application of research can be found in particular in areas that require non-contact measurements. This includes infection events, emergency medicine, disaster situations and major catastrophic incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Liebetruth
- German Air Force Centre of Aerospace Medicine, 51147 Cologne, Germany
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kai Kehe
- Bundeswehr Medical Service Headquarter, Department A-VI Public Health, 56072 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Dirk Steinritz
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Sammito
- German Air Force Centre of Aerospace Medicine, 51147 Cologne, Germany
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Ye Y, Pan L, Yu D, Gu D, Lu H, Wang W. Notch RGB-camera based SpO 2 estimation: a clinical trial in a neonatal intensive care unit. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:428-445. [PMID: 38223168 PMCID: PMC10783908 DOI: 10.1364/boe.510925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Regular and narrow-band RGB cameras are recently explored for contactless SpO2 monitoring. Regular RGB cameras with cross-band overlap provide a high signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) in measuring the photoplethysmographic signals but possess high dependency on the spectra of incident light, whereas narrow-band RGB cameras have better spectral independence but lower SNR especially in dim lighting conditions, such as in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). This paper proposes a notch RGB camera based SpO2 measurement approach that uses an optical notch filter to attenuate the wavelengths of 580-605 nm of a regular RGB camera to improve the spectral independence while maintaining high SNR in signal measurement. The proposed setup was validated in the lab condition (e.g. dark chamber) against the existing solutions for visible-light based camera-SpO2 measurement and further verified in the NICU on preterm infants. The clinical trial conducted in the NICU with 22 preterm infants shows that the notch RGB camera can achieve a mean absolute error (MAE) less than 4% for SpO2 measurement. This is the first showcase of continuous monitoring of absolute camera-SpO2 values in the NICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglong Ye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Liping Pan
- The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongfang Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Dongfeng Gu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenjin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, China
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Huang B, Hu S, Liu Z, Lin CL, Su J, Zhao C, Wang L, Wang W. Challenges and prospects of visual contactless physiological monitoring in clinical study. NPJ Digit Med 2023; 6:231. [PMID: 38097771 PMCID: PMC10721846 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00973-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The monitoring of physiological parameters is a crucial topic in promoting human health and an indispensable approach for assessing physiological status and diagnosing diseases. Particularly, it holds significant value for patients who require long-term monitoring or with underlying cardiovascular disease. To this end, Visual Contactless Physiological Monitoring (VCPM) is capable of using videos recorded by a consumer camera to monitor blood volume pulse (BVP) signal, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), oxygen saturation (SpO2) and blood pressure (BP). Recently, deep learning-based pipelines have attracted numerous scholars and achieved unprecedented development. Although VCPM is still an emerging digital medical technology and presents many challenges and opportunities, it has the potential to revolutionize clinical medicine, digital health, telemedicine as well as other areas. The VCPM technology presents a viable solution that can be integrated into these systems for measuring vital parameters during video consultation, owing to its merits of contactless measurement, cost-effectiveness, user-friendly passive monitoring and the sole requirement of an off-the-shelf camera. In fact, the studies of VCPM technologies have been rocketing recently, particularly AI-based approaches, but few are employed in clinical settings. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the applications, challenges, and prospects of VCPM from the perspective of clinical settings and AI technologies for the first time. The thorough exploration and analysis of clinical scenarios will provide profound guidance for the research and development of VCPM technologies in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Huang
- AI Research Center, Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, 99 Juhang Rd., Binjiang Dist., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
| | - Shen Hu
- Department of Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Epidemiology, The Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zimeng Liu
- School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Liang Lin
- College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Junfeng Su
- Department of General Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Warning and Intervention of Multiple Organ Failure, China National Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Changchen Zhao
- AI Research Center, Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, 99 Juhang Rd., Binjiang Dist., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenjin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Ave, Nanshan Dist., Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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Anastasi G, Bambi S. Utilization and effects of security technologies in mental health: A scoping review. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2023; 32:1561-1582. [PMID: 37449535 DOI: 10.1111/inm.13193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Violence in healthcare is an urgent and increasing issue. Mental health settings are particularly affected, with severe negative impacts on staff, patients, and organizations. Security technologies could help maintain and improve safety in this field. However, knowledge of their utilization and effectiveness in mental health is lacking. A scoping review was conducted using the methodology recommended by the Joanna Briggs Institute to map research on the utilization and effects of security technologies in mental health, identify how research is currently performed, and highlight gaps in the existing knowledge. Literature search for peer-reviewed publications was performed on PubMed, CINAHL, PsycInfo, Embase, and Scopus. Following the screening process and the eligibility criteria, 22 articles were included in this review. The publication range was 2002-2020, many studies were surveys, and European countries were the most investigated, especially the United Kingdom. Overall, the use of 10 different technologies was reported 46 times. The most represented category was alarms, followed by video cameras, other technologies (such as wearable sensors), and metal detectors. More than half of the included papers reported positive effects of these measures on safety. This review indicates that several security technologies are available in mental health settings, with encouraging positive safety outcomes for both patients and healthcare professionals, especially nurses. However, research on the topic is still emerging, with a limited number of sources and a few high-quality designed studies. Therefore, future research should focus on producing evidence on the availability and effectiveness of these measures in mental health settings across countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Anastasi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Bambi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Arasteh E, Veldhoen ES, Long X, van Poppel M, van der Linden M, Alderliesten T, Nijman J, de Goederen R, Dudink J. Ultra-Wideband Radar for Simultaneous and Unobtrusive Monitoring of Respiratory and Heart Rates in Early Childhood: A Deep Transfer Learning Approach. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7665. [PMID: 37765721 PMCID: PMC10535330 DOI: 10.3390/s23187665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Unobtrusive monitoring of children's heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) can be valuable for promoting the early detection of potential health issues, improving communication with healthcare providers and reducing unnecessary hospital visits. A promising solution for wireless vital sign monitoring is radar technology. This paper presents a novel approach for the simultaneous estimation of children's RR and HR utilizing ultra-wideband (UWB) radar using a deep transfer learning algorithm in a cohort of 55 children. The HR and RR are calculated by processing radar signals via spectrogram from time epochs of 10 s (25 sample length of hamming window with 90% overlap) and then transforming the resultant representation into 2-dimensional images. These images were fed into a pre-trained Visual Geometry Group-16 (VGG-16) model (trained on ImageNet dataset), with weights of five added layers fine-tuned using the proposed data. The prediction on the test data achieved a mean absolute error (MAE) of 7.3 beats per minute (BPM < 6.5% of average HR) and 2.63 breaths per minute (BPM < 7% of average RR). We also achieved a significant Pearson's correlation of 77% and 81% between true and extracted for HR and RR, respectively. HR and RR samples are extracted every 10 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Arasteh
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, 3508 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (E.A.); (M.v.d.L.); (T.A.); (R.d.G.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), STADIUS Center for Dynamical Systems, Signal Processing and Data Analytics, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Esther S. Veldhoen
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit and Center of Home Mechanical Ventilation, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, 3508 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (E.S.V.); (M.v.P.); (J.N.)
| | - Xi Long
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Maartje van Poppel
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit and Center of Home Mechanical Ventilation, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, 3508 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (E.S.V.); (M.v.P.); (J.N.)
| | - Marjolein van der Linden
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, 3508 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (E.A.); (M.v.d.L.); (T.A.); (R.d.G.)
| | - Thomas Alderliesten
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, 3508 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (E.A.); (M.v.d.L.); (T.A.); (R.d.G.)
| | - Joppe Nijman
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit and Center of Home Mechanical Ventilation, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, 3508 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (E.S.V.); (M.v.P.); (J.N.)
| | - Robbin de Goederen
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, 3508 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (E.A.); (M.v.d.L.); (T.A.); (R.d.G.)
| | - Jeroen Dudink
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, 3508 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (E.A.); (M.v.d.L.); (T.A.); (R.d.G.)
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Wang H, Zhang S. Non-contact human respiratory rate measurement under dark environments by low-light video enhancement. Biomed Signal Process Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2023.104874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Ruiz-Zafra A, Precioso D, Salvador B, Lubian-Lopez SP, Jimenez J, Benavente-Fernandez I, Pigueiras J, Gomez-Ullate D, Gontard LC. NeoCam: An Edge-Cloud Platform for Non-Invasive Real-Time Monitoring in Neonatal Intensive Care Units. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2023; 27:2614-2624. [PMID: 37819832 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2023.3240245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work we introduce NeoCam, an open source hardware-software platform for video-based monitoring of preterms infants in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs). NeoCam includes an edge computing device that performs video acquisition and processing in real-time. Compared to other proposed solutions, it has the advantage of handling data more efficiently by performing most of the processing on the device, including proper anonymisation for better compliance with privacy regulations. In addition, it allows to perform various video analysis tasks of clinical interest in parallel at speeds of between 20 and 30 frames-per-second. We introduce algorithms to measure without contact the breathing rate, motor activity, body pose and emotional status of the infants. For breathing rate, our system shows good agreement with existing methods provided there is sufficient light and proper imaging conditions. Models for motor activity and stress detection are new to the best of our knowledge. NeoCam has been tested on preterms in the NICU of the University Hospital Puerta del Mar (Cádiz, Spain), and we report the lessons learned from this trial.
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Mingle S, Kampouridou D, Feresidis A. Multi-Layer Beam Scanning Leaky Wave Antenna for Remote Vital Signs Detection at 60 GHz. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:4059. [PMID: 37112399 PMCID: PMC10146583 DOI: 10.3390/s23084059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A multi-layer beam-scanning leaky wave antenna (LWA) for remote vital sign monitoring (RVSM) at 60 GHz using a single-tone continuous-wave (CW) Doppler radar has been developed in a typical dynamic environment. The antenna's components are: a partially reflecting surface (PRS), high-impedance surfaces (HISs), and a plain dielectric slab. A dipole antenna works as a source together with these elements to produce a gain of 24 dBi, a frequency beam scanning range of 30°, and precise remote vital sign monitoring (RVSM) up to 4 m across the operating frequency range (58-66 GHz). The antenna requirements for the DR are summarised in a typical dynamic scenario where a patient is to have continuous monitoring remotely, while sleeping. During the continuous health monitoring process, the patient has the freedom to move up to one meter away from the fixed sensor position.The proposed multi-layer LWA system was placed at a distance of 2 m and 4 m from the test subject to confirm the suitability of the developed antenna for dynamic RVSM applications. A proper setting of the operating frequency range (58 to 66 GHz) enabled the detection of both heart beats and respiration rates of the subject within a 30° angular range.
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Nemomssa HD, Alemneh TB. Device for remote and realtime monitoring of neonatal vital signs in neonatal intensive care unit using internet of things: proof-of-concept study. J Clin Monit Comput 2023; 37:585-592. [PMID: 36348160 DOI: 10.1007/s10877-022-00929-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Realtime and remote monitoring of neonatal vital signs is a crucial part of providing appropriate care in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) to reduce mortality and morbidity of newborns. In this study, a new approach, a device for remote and real-time monitoring of neonatal vital signs (DRRMNVS) in the neonatal intensive care unit using the internet of things (IoT), was proposed. The system integrates four vital signs: oxygen saturation, pulse rate, body temperature and respiration rate for continuous monitoring using the Blynk app and ThingSpeak IoT platforms. METHODS The Wemos D1 mini, a Wi-Fi microcontroller, was used to acquire the four biological biomarkers from sensors, process them and display the result on an OLED display for point of care monitoring and on the Blynk app and ThingSpeak for remote and continuous monitoring of vital signs. The Bland-Altman test was employed to test the agreement of DRRMNVS measurement with reference standards by taking measurements from ten healthy adults. RESULTS The prototype of the proposed device was successfully developed and tested. Bias [limits of agreement] were: Oxygen saturation (SpO2): -0.1 [- 1.546 to + 1.346] %; pulse rate: -0.3 [- 2.159 to + 1.559] bpm; respiratory rate: -0.7 [- 0.247 to + 1.647] breaths/min; temperature: 0.21 [+ 0.015˚C to + 0.405˚C] ˚C. The proof-of-concept prototype was developed for $33.19. CONCLUSION The developed DRRMNVS device was cheap and had acceptable measurement accuracy of vital signs in a controlled environment. The system has the potential to advance healthcare service delivery for neonates with further development from this proof-of-concept level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hundessa Daba Nemomssa
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia.
| | - Tewodros Belay Alemneh
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromia, Ethiopia
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Volkov IY, Sagaidachnyi AA, Fomin AV. Photoplethysmographic Imaging of Hemodynamics and Two-Dimensional Oximetry. OPTICS AND SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 130:452-469. [PMID: 36466081 PMCID: PMC9708136 DOI: 10.1134/s0030400x22080057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The review of recent papers devoted to actively developing methods of photoplethysmographic imaging (the PPGI) of blood volume pulsations in vessels and non-contact two-dimensional oximetry on the surface of a human body has been carried out. The physical fundamentals and technical aspects of the PPGI and oximetry have been considered. The manifold of the physiological parameters available for the analysis by the PPGI method has been shown. The prospects of the PPGI technology have been discussed. The possibilities of non-contact determination of blood oxygen saturation SpO2 (pulse saturation O2) have been described. The relevance of remote determination of the level of oxygenation in connection with the spread of a new coronavirus infection SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has been emphasized. Most of the works under consideration cover the period 2010-2021.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A. V. Fomin
- Saratov State University, 410012 Saratov, Russia
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Anton O, Dore H, Rendon-Morales E, Aviles-Espinosa R, Seddon P, Wertheim D, Fernandez R, Rabe H. Non-invasive sensor methods used in monitoring newborn babies after birth, a clinical perspective. Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol 2022; 8:9. [DOI: 10.1186/s40748-022-00144-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Reducing the global new-born mortality is a paramount challenge for humanity. There are approximately 786,323 live births in the UK each year according to the office for National Statistics; around 10% of these newborn infants require assistance during this transition after birth. Each year around, globally around 2.5 million newborns die within their first month. The main causes are complications due to prematurity and during delivery. To act in a timely manner and prevent further damage, health professionals should rely on accurate monitoring of the main vital signs heart rate and respiratory rate.
Aims
To present a clinical perspective on innovative, non-invasive methods to monitor heart rate and respiratory rate in babies highlighting their advantages and limitations in comparison with well-established methods.
Methods
Using the data collected in our recently published systematic review we highlight the barriers and facilitators for the novel sensor devices in obtaining reliable heart rate measurements. Details about difficulties related to the application of sensors and interfaces, time to display, and user feedback are explored. We also provide a unique overview of using a non-invasive respiratory rate monitoring method by extracting RR from the pulse oximetry trace of newborn babies.
Results
Novel sensors to monitor heart rate offer the advantages of minimally obtrusive technologies but have limitations due to movement artefact, bad sensor coupling, intermittent measurement, and poor-quality recordings compared to gold standard well established methods. Respiratory rate can be derived accurately from pleth recordings in infants.
Conclusion
Some limitations have been identified in current methods to monitor heart rate and respiratory rate in newborn babies. Novel minimally invasive sensors have advantages that may help clinical practice. Further research studies are needed to assess whether they are sufficiently accurate, practical, and reliable to be suitable for clinical use.
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Edanami K, Kurosawa M, Yen HT, Kanazawa T, Abe Y, Kirimoto T, Yao Y, Matsui T, Sun G. Remote sensing of vital signs by medical radar time-series signal using cardiac peak extraction and adaptive peak detection algorithm: Performance validation on healthy adults and application to neonatal monitoring at an NICU. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 226:107163. [PMID: 36191355 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.107163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Continuous monitoring of vital signs plays a pivotal role in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). In this paper, we present a system for monitoring fully non-contact medical radar-based vital signs to measure the respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), I:E ratio, and heart rate variability (HRV). In addition, we evaluated its performance in a physiological laboratory and examined its adaptability in an NICU. METHODS A non-contact medical radar-based vital sign monitoring system that includes 24 GHz radar installed in an incubator was developed. To enable reliable monitoring, an advanced signal processing algorithm (i.e., a nonlinear filter to separate respiration and heartbeat signals from the output of radar), template matching to extract cardiac peaks, and an adaptive peak detection algorithm to estimate cardiac peaks in time-series were proposed and implemented in the system. Nine healthy subjects comprising five males and four females (24 ± 5 years) participated in the laboratory test. To evaluate the adaptability of the system in an NICU setting, we tested it with three hospitalized infants, including two neonates. RESULTS The results indicate strong agreement in healthy subjects between the non-contact system and reference contact devices for RR, HR, and inter-beat interval (IBI) measurement, with correlation coefficients of 0.83, 0.96, and 0.94, respectively. As anticipated, the template matching and adaptive peak detection algorithms outperformed the conventional approach. These showed a more accurate IBI close to the reference Bland-Altman analysis (proposed: bias of -3 ms, and 95% limits of agreement ranging from -73 to 67 ms; conventional: bias of -11 ms, and 95% limits of agreement ranging from -229 to 207 ms). Moreover, in the NICU clinical setting, the IBI correlation coefficient and 95% limit of agreement in the conventional method are 0.31 and 91 ms. The corresponding values obtained using the proposed method are 0.93 and 21 ms. CONCLUSION The proposed system introduces a novel approach for NICU monitoring using a non-contact medical radar sensor. The signal processing method combining cardiac peak extraction algorithm with the adaptive peak detection algorithm shows high adaptability in detecting IBI the time series in various application settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Edanami
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Denki Tsushin Daigaku, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Masaki Kurosawa
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Denki Tsushin Daigaku, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Hoang Thi Yen
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Denki Tsushin Daigaku, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Takeru Kanazawa
- Children's Medical Center, Showa University Koto Toyosu Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshifusa Abe
- Children's Medical Center, Showa University Koto Toyosu Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kirimoto
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Denki Tsushin Daigaku, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Yu Yao
- Bosch Center for Artificial Intelligence, Renningen, Germany
| | - Takemi Matsui
- Graduate School of System Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Guanghao Sun
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Denki Tsushin Daigaku, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan.
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14
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Chan PY, Ryan NP, Chen D, McNeil J, Hopper I. Novel wearable and contactless heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation monitoring devices: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anaesthesia 2022; 77:1268-1280. [PMID: 35947876 DOI: 10.1111/anae.15834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify, classify and evaluate the body of evidence on novel wearable and contactless devices that measure heart rate, respiratory rate and oxygen saturations in the clinical setting. We included any studies of hospital inpatients, including sleep study clinics. Eighty-four studies were included in the final review. There were 56 studies of wearable devices and 29 of contactless devices. One study assessed both types of device. A high risk of patient selection and rater bias was present in proportionally more studies assessing contactless devices compared with studies assessing wearable devices (p = 0.023 and p < 0.0001, respectively). There was high but equivalent likelihood of blinding bias between the two types of studies (p = 0.076). Wearable device studies were commercially available devices validated in acute clinical settings by clinical staff and had more real-time data analysis (p = 0.04). Contactless devices were more experimental, and data were analysed post-hoc. Pooled estimates of mean (95%CI) heart rate and respiratory rate bias in wearable devices were 1.25 (-0.31-2.82) beats.min-1 (pooled 95% limits of agreement -9.36-10.08) and 0.68 (0.05-1.32) breaths.min-1 (pooled 95% limits of agreement -5.65-6.85). The pooled estimate for mean (95%CI) heart rate and respiratory rate bias in contactless devices was 2.18 (3.31-7.66) beats.min-1 (pooled limits of agreement -6.71-10.88) and 0.30 (-0.26-0.87) breaths.min-1 (pooled 95% limits of agreement -3.94-4.29). Only two studies of wearable devices measured Sp O2 ; these reported mean measurement biases of 3.54% (limits of agreement -5.65-11.45%) and 2.9% (-7.4-1.7%). Heterogeneity was observed across studies, but absent when devices were grouped by measurement modality and reference standard. We conclude that, while studies of wearable devices were of slightly better quality than contactless devices, in general all studies of novel devices were of low quality, with small (< 100) patient datasets, typically not blinded and often using inappropriate statistical techniques. Both types of devices were statistically equivalent in accuracy and precision, but wearable devices demonstrated less measurement bias and more precision at extreme vital signs. The statistical variability in precision and accuracy between studies is partially explained by differences in reference standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Y Chan
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - N P Ryan
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - D Chen
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - J McNeil
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - I Hopper
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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15
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Capraro GA, Balmaekers B, den Brinker AC, Rocque M, DePina Y, Schiavo MW, Brennan K, Kobayashi L. Contactless Vital Signs Acquisition Using Video Photoplethysmography, Motion Analysis and Passive Infrared Thermography Devices During Emergency Department Walk-In Triage in Pandemic Conditions. J Emerg Med 2022; 63:115-129. [PMID: 35940984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contactless vital signs (VS) measurement with video photoplethysmography (vPPG), motion analysis (MA), and passive infrared thermometry (pIR) has shown promise. OBJECTIVES To compare conventional (contact-based) and experimental contactless VS measurement approaches for emergency department (ED) walk-in triage in pandemic conditions. METHODS Patients' heart rates (HR), respiratory rates (RR), and temperatures were measured with cardiorespiratory monitor and vPPG, manual count and MA, and contact thermometers and pIR, respectively. RESULTS There were 475 walk-in ED patients studied (95% of eligible). Subjects were 35.2 ± 20.8 years old (range 4 days‒95 years); 52% female, 0.2% transgender; had Fitzpatrick skin type of 2.3 ± 1.4 (range 1‒6), Emergency Severity Index of 3.0 ± 0.6 (range 2‒5), and contact temperature of 36.83°C (range 35.89-39.4°C) (98.3°F [96.6‒103°F]). Pediatric HR and RR data were excluded from analysis due to research challenges associated with pandemic workflow. For a 30-s, unprimed "Triage" window in 377 adult patients, vPPG-MA acquired 377 (100%) HR measurements featuring a mean difference with cardiorespiratory monitor HR of 5.9 ± 12.8 beats/min (R = 0.6833) and 252 (66.8%) RR measurements featuring a mean difference with manual RR of -0.4 ± 2.6 beats/min (R = 0.8128). Subjects' Emergency Severity Index components based on conventional VS and contactless VS matched for 83.8% (HR) and 89.3% (RR). Filtering out vPPG-MA measurements with low algorithmic confidence reduced VS acquired while improving correlation with conventional measurements. The mean difference between contact and pIR temperatures was 0.83 ± 0.67°C (range -1.16-3.5°C) (1.5 ± 1.2°F [range -2.1-6.3°F]); pIR fever detection improved with post hoc adjustment for mean bias. CONCLUSION Contactless VS acquisition demonstrated good agreement with contact methods during adult walk-in ED patient triage in pandemic conditions; clinical applications will need further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A Capraro
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | | | - Mukul Rocque
- Philips Research Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Leo Kobayashi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
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Khanam FTZ, Al-Naji A, Perera AG, Gibson K, Chahl J. Non-contact automatic vital signs monitoring of neonates in NICU using video camera imaging. COMPUTER METHODS IN BIOMECHANICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING: IMAGING & VISUALIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/21681163.2022.2069598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Al-Naji
- UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Electrical Engineering Technical College, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | - Kim Gibson
- Clinical and Health Sciences, Rosemary Bryant AO Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Javaan Chahl
- UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Joint and Operations Analysis Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Melbourne, Australia
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Iyer S, Zhao L, Mohan MP, Jimeno J, Siyal MY, Alphones A, Karim MF. mm-Wave Radar-Based Vital Signs Monitoring and Arrhythmia Detection Using Machine Learning. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22093106. [PMID: 35590796 PMCID: PMC9104941 DOI: 10.3390/s22093106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A non-contact, non-invasive monitoring system to measure and estimate the heart and breathing rate of humans using a frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) mm-wave radar at 77 GHz is presented. A novel diagnostic system is proposed which extracts heartbeat phase signals from the FMCW radar (reconstructed using Fourier series analysis) to test a three-layer artificial neural network model to predict the presence of arrhythmia in individuals. The effect of person orientation, distance of measurement and movement was analyzed with respect to a reference device based on statistical measures that include number of outliers, mean, mean squared error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE), median absolute error (medAE), skewness, standard deviation (SD) and R-squared values. The individual oriented in front of the radar outperformed almost all other orientations for most distances with an expected d = 90 cm and d = 120 cm. Furthermore, it was found that the heart rate that was measured while walking and the breathing rate which was measured for a motionless individual generated results with the lowest SD and MSE. An artificial neural network (ANN) was trained using the MIT-BIH database with a training accuracy of 93.9 % and an R2 value = 0.876. The diagnostic tool was tested on 15 subjects and achieved a mean test accuracy of 75%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikrishna Iyer
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (S.I.); (M.P.M.); (M.Y.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Leo Zhao
- SCALE @ NTU Corp Lab, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (L.Z.); (J.J.)
- NCS Group, Singapore 469272, Singapore
| | - Manoj Prabhakar Mohan
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (S.I.); (M.P.M.); (M.Y.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Joe Jimeno
- SCALE @ NTU Corp Lab, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (L.Z.); (J.J.)
- NCS Group, Singapore 469272, Singapore
| | - Mohammed Yakoob Siyal
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (S.I.); (M.P.M.); (M.Y.S.); (A.A.)
- SCALE @ NTU Corp Lab, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (L.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Arokiaswami Alphones
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (S.I.); (M.P.M.); (M.Y.S.); (A.A.)
- SCALE @ NTU Corp Lab, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (L.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Muhammad Faeyz Karim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (S.I.); (M.P.M.); (M.Y.S.); (A.A.)
- SCALE @ NTU Corp Lab, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; (L.Z.); (J.J.)
- Correspondence:
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Bürgin C, Simmen P, Gupta N, Suter L, Kreuzer S, Haeberlin A, Schulzke SM, Trachsel D, Niederhauser T, Jost K. Multichannel esophageal signals to monitor respiratory rate in preterm infants. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:572-580. [PMID: 34601494 PMCID: PMC8487228 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01748-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apnea of prematurity cannot be reliably measured with current monitoring techniques. Instead, indirect parameters such as oxygen desaturation or bradycardia are captured. We propose a Kalman filter-based detection of respiration activity and hence apnea using multichannel esophageal signals in neonatal intensive care unit patients. METHODS We performed a single-center observational study with moderately preterm infants. Commercially available nasogastric feeding tubes containing multiple electrodes were used to capture signals with customized software. Multichannel esophageal raw signals were manually annotated, processed using extended Kalman filter, and compared with standard monitoring data including chest impedance to measure respiration activity. RESULTS Out of a total of 405.4 h captured signals in 13 infants, 100 episodes of drop in oxygen saturation or heart rate were examined. Median (interquartile range) difference in respiratory rate was 0.04 (-2.45 to 1.48)/min between esophageal measurements annotated manually and with Kalman filter and -3.51 (-7.05 to -1.33)/min when compared to standard monitoring, suggesting an underestimation of respiratory rate when using the latter. CONCLUSIONS Kalman filter-based estimation of respiratory activity using multichannel esophageal signals is safe and feasible and results in respiratory rate closer to visual annotation than that derived from chest impedance of standard monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corine Bürgin
- Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Basel UKBB, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrizia Simmen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Basel UKBB, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nishant Gupta
- Institute for Human Centered Engineering HuCE, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Biel, Switzerland
| | - Lilian Suter
- Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Basel UKBB, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Kreuzer
- Institute for Human Centered Engineering HuCE, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Biel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Haeberlin
- Department of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- sitem Center for Translational Medicine and Biomedical Entrepreneurship, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sven M Schulzke
- Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Basel UKBB, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Trachsel
- Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Basel UKBB, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Niederhauser
- Institute for Human Centered Engineering HuCE, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Biel, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Jost
- Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Basel UKBB, Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Svoboda L, Sperrhake J, Nisser M, Zhang C, Notni G, Proquitté H. Contactless heart rate measurement in newborn infants using a multimodal 3D camera system. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:897961. [PMID: 36016880 PMCID: PMC9395962 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.897961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborns and preterm infants require accurate and continuous monitoring of their vital parameters. Contact-based methods of monitoring have several disadvantages, thus, contactless systems have increasingly attracted the neonatal communities' attention. Camera-based photoplethysmography is an emerging method of contactless heart rate monitoring. We conducted a pilot study in 42 healthy newborn and near-term preterm infants for assessing the feasibility and accuracy of a multimodal 3D camera system on heart rates (HR) in beats per min (bpm) compared to conventional pulse oximetry. Simultaneously, we compared the accuracy of 2D and 3D vision on HR measurements. The mean difference in HR between pulse oximetry and 2D-technique added up to + 3.0 bpm [CI-3.7 - 9.7; p = 0.359, limits of agreement (LOA) ± 36.6]. In contrast, 3D-technique represented a mean difference in HR of + 8.6 bpm (CI 2.0-14.9; p = 0.010, LOA ± 44.7) compared to pulse oximetry HR. Both, intra- and interindividual variance of patient characteristics could be eliminated as a source for the results and the measuring accuracy achieved. Additionally, we proved the feasibility of this emerging method. Camera-based photoplethysmography seems to be a promising approach for HR measurement of newborns with adequate precision; however, further research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libor Svoboda
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Sperrhake
- Abbe Center of Photonics, Institute of Applied Physics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Nisser
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Chen Zhang
- Group for Quality Assurance and Industrial Image Processing, Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Gunter Notni
- Group for Quality Assurance and Industrial Image Processing, Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, Jena, Germany
| | - Hans Proquitté
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
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20
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李 世, 王 海, 刘 裔. [Research on non-contact respiratory rate measurement method based on video information]. SHENG WU YI XUE GONG CHENG XUE ZA ZHI = JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING = SHENGWU YIXUE GONGCHENGXUE ZAZHI 2021; 38:1173-1180. [PMID: 34970901 PMCID: PMC9927111 DOI: 10.7507/1001-5515.202011029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Traditional methods of non-contact human respiratory rate measurement usually require complex devices or algorithms. Aiming at this problem, a non-contact respiratory rate measurement method based on only the RGB video information was proposed in this paper. The method consisted of four steps. Firstly, spatial filtering was applied to each frame of the input video. Secondly, a gray compensation algorithm was used to compensate for the gray level change caused by the environmental light. Thirdly, the gray levels of each pixel over time were filtered separately by a low-pass filter. Finally, the region of interest was determined based on the filtering results, and the respiration rate of the human is measured. The physical measurement experiments were designed, and the measurement accuracy was compared with that of the biological radar. The error of the proposed method was between - 5.5% and 3% in different detection directions. The results show that the non-contact respiration rate measurement method can effectively measure the human respiration rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- 世其 李
- 华中科技大学 机械科学与工程学院(武汉 430074)School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P.R.China
| | - 海鹏 王
- 华中科技大学 机械科学与工程学院(武汉 430074)School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P.R.China
| | - 裔斌 刘
- 华中科技大学 机械科学与工程学院(武汉 430074)School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P.R.China
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21
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Cheng CH, Wong KL, Chin JW, Chan TT, So RHY. Deep Learning Methods for Remote Heart Rate Measurement: A Review and Future Research Agenda. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:6296. [PMID: 34577503 PMCID: PMC8473186 DOI: 10.3390/s21186296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Heart rate (HR) is one of the essential vital signs used to indicate the physiological health of the human body. While traditional HR monitors usually require contact with skin, remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) enables contactless HR monitoring by capturing subtle light changes of skin through a video camera. Given the vast potential of this technology in the future of digital healthcare, remote monitoring of physiological signals has gained significant traction in the research community. In recent years, the success of deep learning (DL) methods for image and video analysis has inspired researchers to apply such techniques to various parts of the remote physiological signal extraction pipeline. In this paper, we discuss several recent advances of DL-based methods specifically for remote HR measurement, categorizing them based on model architecture and application. We further detail relevant real-world applications of remote physiological monitoring and summarize various common resources used to accelerate related research progress. Lastly, we analyze the implications of research findings and discuss research gaps to guide future explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hong Cheng
- Department of Computer Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China;
- PanopticAI, Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; (J.-W.C.); (T.-T.C.); (R.H.Y.S.)
| | - Kwan-Long Wong
- PanopticAI, Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; (J.-W.C.); (T.-T.C.); (R.H.Y.S.)
- Department of Bioengineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing-Wei Chin
- PanopticAI, Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; (J.-W.C.); (T.-T.C.); (R.H.Y.S.)
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Decision Analytics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tsz-Tai Chan
- PanopticAI, Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; (J.-W.C.); (T.-T.C.); (R.H.Y.S.)
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Decision Analytics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Richard H. Y. So
- PanopticAI, Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; (J.-W.C.); (T.-T.C.); (R.H.Y.S.)
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Decision Analytics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Khanam FTZ, Perera AG, Al-Naji A, Gibson K, Chahl J. Non-Contact Automatic Vital Signs Monitoring of Infants in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Based on Neural Networks. J Imaging 2021; 7:122. [PMID: 34460758 PMCID: PMC8404938 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging7080122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants with fragile skin are patients who would benefit from non-contact vital sign monitoring due to the avoidance of potentially harmful adhesive electrodes and cables. Non-contact vital signs monitoring has been studied in clinical settings in recent decades. However, studies on infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) are still limited. Therefore, we conducted a single-center study to remotely monitor the heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) of seven infants in NICU using a digital camera. The region of interest (ROI) was automatically selected using a convolutional neural network and signal decomposition was used to minimize the noise artefacts. The experimental results have been validated with the reference data obtained from an ECG monitor. They showed a strong correlation using the Pearson correlation coefficients (PCC) of 0.9864 and 0.9453 for HR and RR, respectively, and a lower error rate with RMSE 2.23 beats/min and 2.69 breaths/min between measured data and reference data. A Bland-Altman analysis of the data also presented a close correlation between measured data and reference data for both HR and RR. Therefore, this technique may be applicable in clinical environments as an economical, non-contact, and easily deployable monitoring system, and it also represents a potential application in home health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema-Tuz-Zohra Khanam
- UniSA STEM, Mawson Lakes Campus, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; (A.G.P.); (A.A.-N.); (J.C.)
| | - Asanka G. Perera
- UniSA STEM, Mawson Lakes Campus, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; (A.G.P.); (A.A.-N.); (J.C.)
| | - Ali Al-Naji
- UniSA STEM, Mawson Lakes Campus, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; (A.G.P.); (A.A.-N.); (J.C.)
- Electrical Engineering Technical College, Middle Technical University, Baghdad 10022, Iraq
| | - Kim Gibson
- Clinical and Health Sciences, City East Campus, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
| | - Javaan Chahl
- UniSA STEM, Mawson Lakes Campus, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; (A.G.P.); (A.A.-N.); (J.C.)
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Abstract
Patients with the COVID-19 condition require frequent and accurate blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) monitoring. The existing pulse oximeters, however, require contact-based measurement using clips or otherwise fixed sensor units or need dedicated hardware which may cause inconvenience and involve additional appointments with the patient. This study proposes a computer vision-based system using a digital camera to measure SpO2 on the basis of the imaging photoplethysmography (iPPG) signal extracted from the human’s forehead without the need for restricting the subject or physical contact. The proposed camera-based system decomposes the iPPG obtained from the red and green channels into different signals with different frequencies using a signal decomposition technique based on a complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) technique and Independent Component Analysis (ICA) technique to obtain the optical properties from these wavelengths and frequency channels. The proposed system is convenient, contactless, safe and cost-effective. The preliminary results for 70 videos obtained from 14 subjects of different ages and with different skin tones showed that the red and green wavelengths could be used to estimate SpO2 with good agreement and low error ratio compared to the gold standard of pulse oximetry (SA210) with a fixed measurement position.
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24
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Piezoelectric Sensor-Based Continuous Monitoring of Respiratory Rate During Sleep. J Med Biol Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40846-021-00602-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Maurya L, Kaur P, Chawla D, Mahapatra P. Non-contact breathing rate monitoring in newborns: A review. Comput Biol Med 2021; 132:104321. [PMID: 33773194 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The neonatal period - the first 4 weeks of life - is the most critical time for a child's survival. Breathing rate is a vital indicator of the health condition and requires continuous monitoring in case of sickness or preterm birth. Breathing movements can be counted by contact and non-contact methods. In the case of newborn infants, the non-contact breathing rate monitoring need is high, as a contact-based approach may interfere while providing care and is subject to interference by non-breathing movements. This review article delivers a factual summary, and describes the methods and processing involved in non-contact based breathing rate monitoring. The article also provides the advantages, limitations, and clinical applications of these methods. Additionally, signal processing, feasibility, and future direction of different non-contact neonatal breathing rate monitoring are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Maurya
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIR-CSIO), Sector 30-C, Chandigarh, 160030, India.
| | - Pavleen Kaur
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIR-CSIO), Sector 30-C, Chandigarh, 160030, India; Department of Biomedical Engineering, SRM University Delhi NCR, Sonepat, Haryana, India.
| | - Deepak Chawla
- Department of Neonatology, Government Medical College & Hospital (GMCH), Chandigarh, 160030, India.
| | - Prasant Mahapatra
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIR-CSIO), Sector 30-C, Chandigarh, 160030, India.
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Shao D, Liu C, Tsow F. Noncontact Physiological Measurement Using a Camera: A Technical Review and Future Directions. ACS Sens 2021; 6:321-334. [PMID: 33434004 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Using a camera as an optical sensor to monitor physiological parameters has garnered considerable research interest in biomedical engineering in recent decades. Researchers have explored the use of a camera for monitoring a variety of physiological waveforms, together with the vital signs carried by these waveforms. Most of the obtained waveforms are related to the human respiratory and cardiovascular systems, and in addition of being indicative of overall health, they can also detect early signs of certain diseases. While using a camera for noncontact physiological signal monitoring offers the advantages of low cost and operational ease, it also has the disadvantages such as vulnerability to motion and lack of burden-free calibration solutions in some use cases. This study presents an overview of the existing camera-based methods that have been reported in recent years. It introduces the physiological principles behind these methods, signal acquisition approaches, various types of acquired signals, data processing algorithms, and application scenarios of these methods. It also discusses the technological gaps between the camera-based methods and traditional medical techniques, which are mostly contact-based. Furthermore, we present the manner in which noncontact physiological signal monitoring use has been extended, particularly over the recent years, to more day-to-day aspects of individuals' lives, so as to go beyond the more conventional use case scenarios. We also report on the development of novel approaches that facilitate easier measurement of less often monitored and recorded physiological signals. These have the potential of ushering a host of new medical and lifestyle applications. We hope this study can provide useful information to the researchers in the noncontact physiological signal measurement community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dangdang Shao
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Chenbin Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518116, China
| | - Francis Tsow
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 518116, United States
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Barrera A, Gee C, Wood A, Gibson O, Bayley D, Geddes J. Introducing artificial intelligence in acute psychiatric inpatient care: qualitative study of its use to conduct nursing observations. EVIDENCE-BASED MENTAL HEALTH 2021; 23:34-38. [PMID: 32046991 PMCID: PMC7034347 DOI: 10.1136/ebmental-2019-300136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background All patients admitted to an acute inpatient mental health unit must have nursing observations carried out at night either hourly or every 15 minutes, to ascertain that they are safe and breathing. However, while this practice ensures patient safety, it can also disturb patients’ sleep, which in turn can impact negatively on their recovery. Objective This article describes the process of introducing artificial intelligence (‘digitally assisted nursing observations’) in an acute mental health inpatient ward, to enable staff to carry out the hourly and the 15 minutes observations, minimising disruption of patients’ sleep while maintaining their safety. Findings The preliminary data obtained indicate that the digitally assisted nursing observations agreed with the observations without sensors when both were carried out in parallel and that over an estimated 755 patient nights, the new system has not been associated with any untoward incidents. Preliminary qualitative data suggest that the new technology improves patients’ and staff’s experience at night. Discussion This project suggests that the digitally assisted nursing observations could maintain patients’ safety while potentially improving patients’ and staff’s experience in an acute psychiatric ward. The limitations of this study, namely, its narrative character and the fact that patients were not randomised to the new technology, suggest taking the reported findings as qualitative and preliminary. Clinical implications These results suggest that the care provided at night in acute inpatient psychiatric units could be substantially improved with this technology. This warrants a more thorough and stringent evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Barrera
- University of Oxford, Oxford, UK .,Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Carol Gee
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Andrew Wood
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | | | | | - John Geddes
- University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
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Ede J, Vollam S, Darbyshire JL, Gibson O, Tarassenko L, Watkinson P. Non-contact vital sign monitoring of patients in an intensive care unit: A human factors analysis of staff expectations. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2021; 90:103149. [PMID: 32866689 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infra-red and thermal imaging enable wireless systems to monitor patients' vital signs and absence of wires may improve patient experiences. No studies have explored staff perceptions of the concept of this specific type of technology in the adult population. Understanding existing working systems before introducing technology could improve adoption. METHODS We conducted semi-structured interviews with Intensive Care Unit (ICU) staff exploring perceptions of wireless patient monitoring. We used the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) model to guide thematic analysis. RESULTS We identified usability themes relating to staff perceptions of current patient monitoring experiences, staff perceptions of patient/relative expectations of ICU care, troubleshooting, hierarchy of monitoring, and consensus of trust. CONCLUSION The concept of wireless monitoring has perceived benefits for patients and staff. The Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety model guided a systems-based exploratory evaluation. Results highlight the social and environmental factors which may influence usability, adoption, or abandonment of wireless technology in the ICU.
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Feasibility of non-contact cardiorespiratory monitoring using impulse-radio ultra-wideband radar in the neonatal intensive care unit. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243939. [PMID: 33370375 PMCID: PMC7769476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current cardiorespiratory monitoring equipment can cause injuries and infections in neonates with fragile skin. Impulse-radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) radar was recently demonstrated to be an effective contactless vital sign monitor in adults. The purpose of this study was to assess heart rates (HRs) and respiratory rates (RRs) in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) using IR-UWB radar and to evaluate its accuracy and reliability compared to conventional electrocardiography (ECG)/impedance pneumography (IPG). Methods The HR and RR were recorded in 34 neonates between 3 and 72 days of age during minimal movement (51 measurements in total) using IR-UWB radar (HRRd, RRRd) and ECG/IPG (HRECG, RRIPG) simultaneously. The radar signals were processed in real time using algorithms for neonates. Radar and ECG/IPG measurements were compared using concordance correlation coefficients (CCCs) and Bland-Altman plots. Results From the 34 neonates, 12,530 HR samples and 3,504 RR samples were measured. Both the HR and RR measured using the two methods were highly concordant when the neonates had minimal movements (CCC = 0.95 between the RRRd and RRIPG, CCC = 0.97 between the HRRd and HRECG). In the Bland-Altman plot, the mean biases were 0.17 breaths/min (95% limit of agreement [LOA] -7.0–7.3) between the RRRd and RRIPG and -0.23 bpm (95% LOA -5.3–4.8) between the HRRd and HRECG. Moreover, the agreement for the HR and RR measurements between the two modalities was consistently high regardless of neonate weight. Conclusions A cardiorespiratory monitor using IR-UWB radar may provide accurate non-contact HR and RR estimates without wires and electrodes for neonates in the NICU.
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Antink CH, Ferreira JCM, Paul M, Lyra S, Heimann K, Karthik S, Joseph J, Jayaraman K, Orlikowsky T, Sivaprakasam M, Leonhardt S. Fast body part segmentation and tracking of neonatal video data using deep learning. Med Biol Eng Comput 2020; 58:3049-3061. [PMID: 33094430 PMCID: PMC7679364 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-020-02251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Photoplethysmography imaging (PPGI) for non-contact monitoring of preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is a promising technology, as it could reduce medical adhesive-related skin injuries and associated complications. For practical implementations of PPGI, a region of interest has to be detected automatically in real time. As the neonates' body proportions differ significantly from adults, existing approaches may not be used in a straightforward way, and color-based skin detection requires RGB data, thus prohibiting the use of less-intrusive near-infrared (NIR) acquisition. In this paper, we present a deep learning-based method for segmentation of neonatal video data. We augmented an existing encoder-decoder semantic segmentation method with a modified version of the ResNet-50 encoder. This reduced the computational time by a factor of 7.5, so that 30 frames per second can be processed at 960 × 576 pixels. The method was developed and optimized on publicly available databases with segmentation data from adults. For evaluation, a comprehensive dataset consisting of RGB and NIR video recordings from 29 neonates with various skin tones recorded in two NICUs in Germany and India was used. From all recordings, 643 frames were manually segmented. After pre-training the model on the public adult data, parts of the neonatal data were used for additional learning and left-out neonates are used for cross-validated evaluation. On the RGB data, the head is segmented well (82% intersection over union, 88% accuracy), and performance is comparable with those achieved on large, public, non-neonatal datasets. On the other hand, performance on the NIR data was inferior. By employing data augmentation to generate additional virtual NIR data for training, results could be improved and the head could be segmented with 62% intersection over union and 65% accuracy. The method is in theory capable of performing segmentation in real time and thus it may provide a useful tool for future PPGI applications. Graphical Abstract This work presents the development of a customized, real-time capable Deep Learning architecture for segmenting of neonatal videos recorded in the intensive care unit. In addition to hand-annotated data, transfer learning is exploited to improve performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hoog Antink
- Medical Information Technology (MedIT), Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Joana Carlos Mesquita Ferreira
- Medical Information Technology (MedIT), Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Paul
- Medical Information Technology (MedIT), Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Simon Lyra
- Medical Information Technology (MedIT), Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Konrad Heimann
- Section of Neonatology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Srinivasa Karthik
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jayaraj Joseph
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kumutha Jayaraman
- Saveetha Medical College, Kanchipuram, Saveetha Nagar, Chennai, 602 105, India
| | - Thorsten Orlikowsky
- Section of Neonatology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mohanasankar Sivaprakasam
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Steffen Leonhardt
- Medical Information Technology (MedIT), Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Gleichauf J, Niebler C, Koelpin A. Automatic non-contact monitoring of the respiratory rate of neonates using a structured light camera. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:4118-4121. [PMID: 33018904 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This paper introduces an automatic non-contact monitoring method for measuring the respiratory rate of neonates using a structured light camera. The current monitoring bears several issues causing pressure marks, skin irritations and eczema. A structured light camera provides distance data. Our non-contact approach detects the thorax area automatically using a plane segmentation and calculates the respiratory rate from the movement of the thorax. Our method was tested and validated using the baby simulator SimBaby by Laerdal. We used different breathing rates corresponding to preterm neonates, mature neonates and babies aged up to nine months as well as two different breathing modes with differing breathing strokes. Furthermore, measurements were taken of two positions: the baby lying on its back and on its stomach.
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Chiera M, Cerritelli F, Casini A, Barsotti N, Boschiero D, Cavigioli F, Corti CG, Manzotti A. Heart Rate Variability in the Perinatal Period: A Critical and Conceptual Review. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:561186. [PMID: 33071738 PMCID: PMC7544983 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.561186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) greatly expand the use of technology. There is a need to accurately diagnose discomfort, pain, and complications, such as sepsis, mainly before they occur. While specific treatments are possible, they are often time-consuming, invasive, or painful, with detrimental effects for the development of the infant. In the last 40 years, heart rate variability (HRV) has emerged as a non-invasive measurement to monitor newborns and infants, but it still is underused. Hence, the present paper aims to review the utility of HRV in neonatology and the instruments available to assess it, showing how HRV could be an innovative tool in the years to come. When continuously monitored, HRV could help assess the baby’s overall wellbeing and neurological development to detect stress-/pain-related behaviors or pathological conditions, such as respiratory distress syndrome and hyperbilirubinemia, to address when to perform procedures to reduce the baby’s stress/pain and interventions, such as therapeutic hypothermia, and to avoid severe complications, such as sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis, thus reducing mortality. Based on literature and previous experiences, the first step to efficiently introduce HRV in the NICUs could consist in a monitoring system that uses photoplethysmography, which is low-cost and non-invasive, and displays one or a few metrics with good clinical utility. However, to fully harness HRV clinical potential and to greatly improve neonatal care, the monitoring systems will have to rely on modern bioinformatics (machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms), which could easily integrate infant’s HRV metrics, vital signs, and especially past history, thus elaborating models capable to efficiently monitor and predict the infant’s clinical conditions. For this reason, hospitals and institutions will have to establish tight collaborations between the obstetric, neonatal, and pediatric departments: this way, healthcare would truly improve in every stage of the perinatal period (from conception to the first years of life), since information about patients’ health would flow freely among different professionals, and high-quality research could be performed integrating the data recorded in those departments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Chiera
- Research and Assistance for Infants to Support Experience Lab, Foundation Center for Osteopathic Medicine Collaboration, Pescara, Italy.,Research Commission on Manual Therapies and Mind-Body Disciplines, Societ Italiana di Psico Neuro Endocrino Immunologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cerritelli
- Research and Assistance for Infants to Support Experience Lab, Foundation Center for Osteopathic Medicine Collaboration, Pescara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Casini
- Research and Assistance for Infants to Support Experience Lab, Foundation Center for Osteopathic Medicine Collaboration, Pescara, Italy
| | - Nicola Barsotti
- Research and Assistance for Infants to Support Experience Lab, Foundation Center for Osteopathic Medicine Collaboration, Pescara, Italy.,Research Commission on Manual Therapies and Mind-Body Disciplines, Societ Italiana di Psico Neuro Endocrino Immunologia, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Cavigioli
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "V. Buzzi" Children's Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Carla G Corti
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit-Pediatric Department, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Manzotti
- Research and Assistance for Infants to Support Experience Lab, Foundation Center for Osteopathic Medicine Collaboration, Pescara, Italy.,Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "V. Buzzi" Children's Hospital, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy.,Research Department, SOMA, Istituto Osteopatia Milano, Milan, Italy
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Lorato I, Stuijk S, Meftah M, Kommers D, Andriessen P, van Pul C, de Haan G. Multi-camera infrared thermography for infant respiration monitoring. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:4848-4861. [PMID: 33014585 PMCID: PMC7510882 DOI: 10.1364/boe.397188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Respiration is monitored in neonatal wards using chest impedance (CI), which is obtrusive and can cause skin damage to the infants. Therefore, unobtrusive solutions based on infrared thermography are being investigated. This work proposes an algorithm to merge multiple thermal camera views and automatically detect the pixels containing respiration motion or flow using three features. The method was tested on 152 minutes of recordings acquired on seven infants. We performed a comparison with the CI respiration rate yielding a mean absolute error equal to 2.07 breaths/min. Merging the three features resulted in reducing the dependency on the window size typical of spectrum-based features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilde Lorato
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Stuijk
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammed Meftah
- Department of Family Care Solutions, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Deedee Kommers
- Department of Neonatology, Maxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Andriessen
- Department of Neonatology, Maxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Carola van Pul
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Physics, Maxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard de Haan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Sun Y, de With PHN, Kommers D, Wang W, Joshi R, Shan C, Tan T, Aarts RM, van Pul C, Andriessen P. Automatic and Continuous Discomfort Detection for Premature Infants in a NICU Using Video-Based Motion Analysis. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2019:5995-5999. [PMID: 31947213 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2019.8857597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Frequent pain and discomfort in premature infants can lead to long-term adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Video-based monitoring is considered to be a promising contactless method for identification of discomfort moments. In this study, we propose a video-based method for automated detection of infant discomfort. The method is based on analyzing facial and body motion. Therefore, motion trajectories are estimated from frame to frame using optical flow. For each video segment, we further calculate the motion acceleration rate and extract 18 time- and frequency-domain features characterizing motion patterns. A support vector machine (SVM) classifier is then applied to video sequences to recognize infant status of comfort or discomfort. The method is evaluated using 183 video segments for 11 infants from 17 heel prick events. Experimental results show an AUC of 0.94 for discomfort detection and the average accuracy of 0.86 when combining all proposed features, which is promising for clinical use.
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Nie L, Berckmans D, Wang C, Li B. Is Continuous Heart Rate Monitoring of Livestock a Dream or Is It Realistic? A Review. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20082291. [PMID: 32316511 PMCID: PMC7219037 DOI: 10.3390/s20082291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For all homoeothermic living organisms, heart rate (HR) is a core variable to control the metabolic energy production in the body, which is crucial to realize essential bodily functions. Consequently, HR monitoring is becoming increasingly important in research of farm animals, not only for production efficiency, but also for animal welfare. Real-time HR monitoring for humans has become feasible though there are still shortcomings for continuously accurate measuring. This paper is an effort to estimate whether it is realistic to get a continuous HR sensor for livestock that can be used for long term monitoring. The review provides the reported techniques to monitor HR of living organisms by emphasizing their principles, advantages, and drawbacks. Various properties and capabilities of these techniques are compared to check the potential to transfer the mostly adequate sensor technology of humans to livestock in term of application. Based upon this review, we conclude that the photoplethysmographic (PPG) technique seems feasible for implementation in livestock. Therefore, we present the contributions to overcome challenges to evolve to better solutions. Our study indicates that it is realistic today to develop a PPG sensor able to be integrated into an ear tag for mid-sized and larger farm animals for continuously and accurately monitoring their HRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luwei Nie
- Department of Agricultural Structure and Bioenvironmental Engineering, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (L.N.); (B.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Daniel Berckmans
- M3-BIORES KU Leuven, Department BioSystems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Chaoyuan Wang
- Department of Agricultural Structure and Bioenvironmental Engineering, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (L.N.); (B.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6273-8635
| | - Baoming Li
- Department of Agricultural Structure and Bioenvironmental Engineering, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (L.N.); (B.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
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Mora N, Cocconcelli F, Matrella G, Ciampolini P. Detection and Analysis of Heartbeats in Seismocardiogram Signals. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E1670. [PMID: 32192162 PMCID: PMC7146295 DOI: 10.3390/s20061670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an unsupervised methodology to analyze SeismoCardioGram (SCG) signals. Starting from raw accelerometric data, heartbeat complexes are extracted and annotated, using a two-step procedure. An unsupervised calibration procedure is added to better adapt to different user patterns. Results show that the performance scores achieved by the proposed methodology improve over related literature: on average, 98.5% sensitivity and 98.6% precision are achieved in beat detection, whereas RMS (Root Mean Square) error in heartbeat interval estimation is as low as 4.6 ms. This allows SCG heartbeat complexes to be reliably extracted. Then, the morphological information of such waveforms is further processed by means of a modular Convolutional Variational AutoEncoder network, aiming at extracting compressed, meaningful representation. After unsupervised training, the VAE network is able to recognize different signal morphologies, associating each user to its specific patterns with high accuracy, as indicated by specific performance metrics (including adjusted random and mutual information score, completeness, and homogeneity). Finally, a Linear Model is used to interpret the results of clustering in the learned latent space, highlighting the impact of different VAE architectural parameters (i.e., number of stacked convolutional units and dimension of latent space).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paolo Ciampolini
- Dip. Ingegneria e Architettura, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 181/A, 43124 Parma (PR), Italy; (N.M.); (F.C.); (G.M.)
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Paul M, Karthik S, Joseph J, Sivaprakasam M, Kumutha J, Leonhardt S, Hoog Antink C. Non-contact sensing of neonatal pulse rate using camera-based imaging: a clinical feasibility study. Physiol Meas 2020; 41:024001. [PMID: 32148333 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ab755c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neonates and infants are patients who would benefit from less invasive vital sign sensing, especially from fewer cables and the avoidance of adhesive electrodes. Photoplethysmography imaging (PPGI) has been studied for medical applications in recent years: it is possible to assess various vital signs remotely, non-invasively, and without contact by using video cameras and light. However, studies on infants and especially on neonates in clinical settings are still rare. Hence, we conducted a single-center study to assess heart activity by estimating the pulse rate (PR) of 19 neonates. APPROACH Time series were generated from tracked regions of interest (ROIs) and PR was estimated via a joint time-frequency analysis using a short-time Fourier transform. Artifacts, for example, induced by movement, were detected and flagged by applying a signal quality index in the frequency domain. MAIN RESULTS The feasibility of PR estimation was demonstrated using visible light and near-infrared light at 850 nm and 940 nm, respectively: the estimated PR was as close as 3 heartbeats per minute in artifact-free time segments. Furthermore, an improvement could be shown when selecting the best performing ROI compared to the ROI containing the whole body. The main challenges are artifacts from motion, light sources, medical devices, and the detection and tracking of suitable regions for signal retrieval. Nonetheless, the PR extracted was found to be comparable to the contact-based photoplethysmography reference and is, therefore, a viable replacement if robust signal retrieval is ensured. SIGNIFICANCE Neonates are seldom measured by PPGI and studies reporting measurements on darker skin tones are rare. In this work, not only a single camera was used, but a synchronized camera setup using multiple wavelengths. Various ROIs were used for signal extraction to examine the capabilities of PPGI. In addition, qualitative observations regarding camera parameters and noise sources were reported and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paul
- Medical Information Technology (MedIT), Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 20, Aachen, 52074, Germany
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Herrmann C, Metzler J. Distant Pulse Oximetry. Bioanalysis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-46691-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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39
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Villarroel M, Chaichulee S, Jorge J, Davis S, Green G, Arteta C, Zisserman A, McCormick K, Watkinson P, Tarassenko L. Non-contact physiological monitoring of preterm infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. NPJ Digit Med 2019; 2:128. [PMID: 31872068 PMCID: PMC6908711 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-019-0199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The implementation of video-based non-contact technologies to monitor the vital signs of preterm infants in the hospital presents several challenges, such as the detection of the presence or the absence of a patient in the video frame, robustness to changes in lighting conditions, automated identification of suitable time periods and regions of interest from which vital signs can be estimated. We carried out a clinical study to evaluate the accuracy and the proportion of time that heart rate and respiratory rate can be estimated from preterm infants using only a video camera in a clinical environment, without interfering with regular patient care. A total of 426.6 h of video and reference vital signs were recorded for 90 sessions from 30 preterm infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford. Each preterm infant was recorded under regular ambient light during daytime for up to four consecutive days. We developed multi-task deep learning algorithms to automatically segment skin areas and to estimate vital signs only when the infant was present in the field of view of the video camera and no clinical interventions were undertaken. We propose signal quality assessment algorithms for both heart rate and respiratory rate to discriminate between clinically acceptable and noisy signals. The mean absolute error between the reference and camera-derived heart rates was 2.3 beats/min for over 76% of the time for which the reference and camera data were valid. The mean absolute error between the reference and camera-derived respiratory rate was 3.5 breaths/min for over 82% of the time. Accurate estimates of heart rate and respiratory rate could be derived for at least 90% of the time, if gaps of up to 30 seconds with no estimates were allowed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Villarroel
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sitthichok Chaichulee
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - João Jorge
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sara Davis
- Neonatal Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Gabrielle Green
- Neonatal Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Carlos Arteta
- Visual Geometry Group, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew Zisserman
- Visual Geometry Group, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kenny McCormick
- Neonatal Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Watkinson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lionel Tarassenko
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Chaichulee S, Villarroel M, Jorge J, Arteta C, McCormick K, Zisserman A, Tarassenko L. Cardio-respiratory signal extraction from video camera data for continuous non-contact vital sign monitoring using deep learning. Physiol Meas 2019; 40:115001. [PMID: 31661680 PMCID: PMC7655150 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ab525c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Non-contact vital sign monitoring enables the estimation of vital signs, such as heart rate, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation (SpO2), by measuring subtle color changes on the skin surface using a video camera. For patients in a hospital ward, the main challenges in the development of continuous and robust non-contact monitoring techniques are the identification of time periods and the segmentation of skin regions of interest (ROIs) from which vital signs can be estimated. We propose a deep learning framework to tackle these challenges. APPROACH This paper presents two convolutional neural network (CNN) models. The first network was designed for detecting the presence of a patient and segmenting the patient's skin area. The second network combined the output from the first network with optical flow for identifying time periods of clinical intervention so that these periods can be excluded from the estimation of vital signs. Both networks were trained using video recordings from a clinical study involving 15 pre-term infants conducted in the high dependency area of the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford, UK. MAIN RESULTS Our proposed methods achieved an accuracy of 98.8% for patient detection, a mean intersection-over-union (IOU) score of 88.6% for skin segmentation and an accuracy of 94.5% for clinical intervention detection using two-fold cross validation. Our deep learning models produced accurate results and were robust to different skin tones, changes in light conditions, pose variations and different clinical interventions by medical staff and family visitors. SIGNIFICANCE Our approach allows cardio-respiratory signals to be continuously derived from the patient's skin during which the patient is present and no clinical intervention is undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitthichok Chaichulee
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering,
Department of Engineering Science, University
of Oxford, United Kingdom
- Author to whom any correspndence should be
addressed
| | - Mauricio Villarroel
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering,
Department of Engineering Science, University
of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - João Jorge
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering,
Department of Engineering Science, University
of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Arteta
- Visual Geometry Group, Department of
Engineering Science, University of
Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kenny McCormick
- Neonatal
Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United
Kingdom
| | - Andrew Zisserman
- Visual Geometry Group, Department of
Engineering Science, University of
Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lionel Tarassenko
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering,
Department of Engineering Science, University
of Oxford, United Kingdom
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Non-contact heart and respiratory rate monitoring of preterm infants based on a computer vision system: a method comparison study. Pediatr Res 2019; 86:738-741. [PMID: 31351437 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0506-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-contact heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) monitoring is necessary for preterm infants due to the potential for the adhesive electrodes of conventional electrocardiogram (ECG) to cause damage to the epidermis. This study was performed to evaluate the agreement between HR and RR measurements of preterm infants using a non-contact computer vision system with comparison to measurements obtained by the ECG. METHODS A single-centre, cross-sectional observational study was conducted in a Neonatal Unit. Ten infants and their ECG monitors were videoed using two Nikon cameras for 10 min. HR and RR measurements obtained from the non-contact system were extracted using advanced signal processing techniques and later compared to the ECG readings using Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS The non-contact system was able to detect an apnoea when the ECG determined movement as respirations. Although the mean bias between both methods was relatively low, the limits of agreement for HR were -8.3 to 17.4 beats per minute (b.p.m.) and for RR, -22 to 23.6 respirations per minute (r.p.m.). CONCLUSIONS This study provides necessary data for improving algorithms to address confounding variables common to the neonatal population. Further studies investigating the robustness of the proposed system for premature infants are therefore required.
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Remote Monitoring of Vital Signs in Diverse Non-Clinical and Clinical Scenarios Using Computer Vision Systems: A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9204474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Techniques for noncontact measurement of vital signs using camera imaging technologies have been attracting increasing attention. For noncontact physiological assessments, computer vision-based methods appear to be an advantageous approach that could be robust, hygienic, reliable, safe, cost effective and suitable for long distance and long-term monitoring. In addition, video techniques allow measurements from multiple individuals opportunistically and simultaneously in groups. This paper aims to explore the progress of the technology from controlled clinical scenarios with fixed monitoring installations and controlled lighting, towards uncontrolled environments, crowds and moving sensor platforms. We focus on the diversity of applications and scenarios being studied in this topic. From this review it emerges that automatic multiple regions of interest (ROIs) selection, removal of noise artefacts caused by both illumination variations and motion artefacts, simultaneous multiple person monitoring, long distance detection, multi-camera fusion and accepted publicly available datasets are topics that still require research to enable the technology to mature into many real-world applications.
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3D Convolutional Neural Networks for Remote Pulse Rate Measurement and Mapping from Facial Video. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9204364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Remote pulse rate measurement from facial video has gained particular attention over the last few years. Research exhibits significant advancements and demonstrates that common video cameras correspond to reliable devices that can be employed to measure a large set of biomedical parameters without any contact with the subject. A new framework for measuring and mapping pulse rate from video is presented in this pilot study. The method, which relies on convolutional 3D networks, is fully automatic and does not require any special image preprocessing. In addition, the network ensures concurrent mapping by producing a prediction for each local group of pixels. A particular training procedure that employs only synthetic data is proposed. Preliminary results demonstrate that this convolutional 3D network can effectively extract pulse rate from video without the need for any processing of frames. The trained model was compared with other state-of-the-art methods on public data. Results exhibit significant agreement between estimated and ground-truth measurements: the root mean square error computed from pulse rate values assessed with the convolutional 3D network is equal to 8.64 bpm, which is superior to 10 bpm for the other state-of-the-art methods. The robustness of the method to natural motion and increases in performance correspond to the two main avenues that will be considered in future works.
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Iozza L, Lázaro J, Cerina L, Silvestri D, Mainardi L, Laguna P, Gil E. Monitoring breathing rate by fusing the physiological impact of respiration on video-photoplethysmogram with head movements. Physiol Meas 2019; 40:094002. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ab4102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Gibson K, Al-Naji A, Fleet JA, Steen M, Chahl J, Huynh J, Morris S. Noncontact Heart and Respiratory Rate Monitoring of Preterm Infants Based on a Computer Vision System: Protocol for a Method Comparison Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2019; 8:e13400. [PMID: 31469077 PMCID: PMC6786848 DOI: 10.2196/13400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomedical research in the application of noncontact methods to measure heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) in the neonatal population has produced mixed results. This paper describes and discusses a protocol for conducting a method comparison study, which aims to determine the accuracy of a proposed noncontact computer vision system to detect HR and RR relative to the HR and RR obtained by 3-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) in preterm infants in the neonatal unit. OBJECTIVE The aim of this preliminary study is to determine the accuracy of a proposed noncontact computer vision system to detect HR and RR relative to the HR and RR obtained by 3-lead ECG in preterm infants in the neonatal unit. METHODS A single-center cross-sectional study was planned to be conducted in the neonatal unit at Flinders Medical Centre, South Australia, in May 2018. A total of 10 neonates and their ECG monitors will be filmed concurrently for 10 min using digital cameras. Advanced image processing techniques are to be applied later to determine their physiological data at 3 intervals. These data will then be compared with the ECG readings at the same points in time. RESULTS Study enrolment began in May 2018. Results of this study were published in July 2019. CONCLUSIONS The study will analyze the data obtained by the noncontact system in comparison to data obtained by ECG, identify factors that may influence data extraction and accuracy when filming infants, and provide recommendations for how this noncontact system may be implemented into clinical applications. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) RR1-10.2196/13400.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Gibson
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ali Al-Naji
- Electrical Engineering Technical College, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Julie-Anne Fleet
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mary Steen
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Javaan Chahl
- School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jasmine Huynh
- School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Scott Morris
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.,Neonatal Unit, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
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Park JY, Lee Y, Choi YW, Heo R, Park HK, Cho SH, Cho SH, Lim YH. Preclinical Evaluation of a Noncontact Simultaneous Monitoring Method for Respiration and Carotid Pulsation Using Impulse-Radio Ultra-Wideband Radar. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11892. [PMID: 31417149 PMCID: PMC6695386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been the possibility for respiration and carotid pulsation to be simultaneously monitored from a distance using impulse-radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) radar. Therefore, we investigated the validity of simultaneous respiratory rates (RR), pulse rates (PR) and R-R interval measurement using IR-UWB radar. We included 19 patients with a normal sinus rhythm (NSR) and 14 patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (PeAF). The RR, PR, R-R interval and rhythm were obtained simultaneously from the right carotid artery area in a supine position and under normal breathing conditions using IR-UWB radar. There was excellent agreement between the RR obtained by IR-UWB radar and that manually counted by a physician (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] 0.852). In the NSR group, there was excellent agreement between the PR (ICC 0.985), average R-R interval (ICC 0.999), and individual R-R interval (ICC 0.910) measured by IR-UWB radar and electrocardiography. In the PeAF group, PR (ICC 0.930), average R-R interval (ICC 0.957) and individual R-R interval (ICC 0.701) also agreed well between the two methods. These results demonstrate that IR-UWB radar can simultaneously monitor respiration, carotid pulse and heart rhythm with high precision and may thus be utilized as a noncontact continuous vital sign monitoring in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Young Park
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggu Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Woo Choi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ran Heo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Park
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hyun Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Cho
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Hyo Lim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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Harford M, Catherall J, Gerry S, Young JD, Watkinson P. Availability and performance of image-based, non-contact methods of monitoring heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation: a systematic review. Physiol Meas 2019; 40:06TR01. [PMID: 31051494 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ab1f1d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Over the last 15 years, developments in camera technology have coincided with increased availability and affordability. This has led to an increasing interest in using these technologies in healthcare settings. Image-based monitoring methods potentially allow multiple vital signs to be measured concurrently using a non-contact sensor. We have undertaken a systematic review of the current availability and performance of these monitoring methods. APPROACH A multiple database search was conducted using MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, OpenGrey, IEEE Xplore Library and ACM Digital Library to July 2018. We included studies comparing image-based heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation and blood pressure monitoring methods against one or more validated reference device(s). Each included study was assessed using the modified GRRAS criteria for reporting bias. MAIN RESULTS Of 30 279 identified studies, 161 were included in the final analysis. Twenty studies (20/161, 12%) were carried out on patients in clinical settings, while the remainder were conducted in academic settings using healthy volunteer populations. The 18-40 age group was best represented across the identified studies. One hundred and twenty studies (120/161, 75%) estimated heart rate, followed by 62 studies (62/161, 39%) estimating respiratory rate. Fewer studies focused on oxygen saturation (11/161, 7%) or blood pressure (6/161, 4%) estimation. Fifty-one heart rate studies (51/120, 43%) and 24 respiratory rate studies (24/62, 39%) used Bland-Altman analysis to report their results. Of the heart rate studies, 28 studies (28/51, 55%) showed agreement within industry standards of [Formula: see text]5 beats per minute. Only two studies achieved this within clinical settings. Of the respiratory rate studies, 13 studies (13/24, 54%) showed agreement within industry standards of [Formula: see text]3 breaths per minute, but only one study achieved this in a clinical setting. Statistical analysis was heterogeneous across studies with frequent inappropriate use of correlation. The majority of studies (99/161, 61%) monitored subjects for under 5 min. Three studies (3/161, 2%) monitored subjects for over 60 min, all of which were conducted in hospital settings. SIGNIFICANCE Heart rate and respiratory rate monitoring using video images is currently possible and performs within clinically acceptable limits under experimental conditions. Camera-derived estimates were less accurate in the proportion of studies conducted in clinical settings. We would encourage thorough reporting of the population studied, details of clinically relevant aspects of methodology, and the use of appropriate statistical methods in future studies. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42016029167 Protocol: https://systematicreviewsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13643-017-0615-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Harford
- Kadoorie Centre for Critical Care Research and Education, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Zaunseder S, Trumpp A, Wedekind D, Malberg H. Cardiovascular assessment by imaging photoplethysmography - a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 63:617-634. [PMID: 29897880 DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2017-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years, the contactless acquisition of cardiovascular parameters using cameras has gained immense attention. The technique provides an optical means to acquire cardiovascular information in a very convenient way. This review provides an overview on the technique's background and current realizations. Besides giving detailed information on the most widespread application of the technique, namely the contactless acquisition of heart rate, we outline further concepts and we critically discuss the current state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Zaunseder
- TU Dresden, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Helmholtzstraße 18, Dresden, 01069 Saxony, Germany
| | - Alexander Trumpp
- TU Dresden, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Helmholtzstraße 18, Dresden, 01069 Saxony, Germany
| | - Daniel Wedekind
- TU Dresden, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Helmholtzstraße 18, Dresden, 01069 Saxony, Germany
| | - Hagen Malberg
- TU Dresden, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Helmholtzstraße 18, Dresden, 01069 Saxony, Germany
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Kim JD, Lee WH, Lee Y, Lee HJ, Cha T, Kim SH, Song KM, Lim YH, Cho SH, Cho SH, Park HK. Non-contact respiration monitoring using impulse radio ultrawideband radar in neonates. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190149. [PMID: 31312485 PMCID: PMC6599793 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Vital sign monitoring in neonates requires adhesive electrodes, which often damage fragile newborn skin. Because impulse radio ultrawideband (IR-UWB) radar has been reported to recognize chest movement without contact in adult humans, IR-UWB may be used to measure respiratory rates (RRs) in a non-contact fashion. We investigated the feasibility of radar sensors for respiration monitoring in neonates without any respiratory support to compare the accuracy and reliability of radar measurements with those of conventional impedance pneumography measurements. In the neonatal intensive care unit, RRs were measured using radar (RRRd) and impedance pneumography (RRIP) simultaneously. The neonatal voluntary movements were measured using the radar sensor and categorized into three levels (low [M0], intermediate [M1] and high [M2]). RRRd highly agreed with RRIP (r = 0.90; intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.846 [0.835-0.856]). For the M0 movement, there was good agreement between RRRd and RRIP (ICC = 0.893; mean bias -0.15 [limits of agreement (LOA) -9.6 to 10.0]). However, the agreement was slightly lower for the M1 (ICC = 0.833; mean bias = 0.95 [LOA -11.4 to 13.3]) and M2 (ICC = 0.749; mean bias = 3.04 [LOA -9.30 to 15.4]) movements than for the M0 movement. In conclusion, IR-UWB radar can provide accurate and reliable estimates of RR in neonates in a non-contact fashion. The performance of radar measurements could be affected by neonate movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Deok Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hyuk Lee
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggu Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Lee
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Teahyen Cha
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Min Song
- Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hyo Lim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Hyun Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Cho
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Park
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Moço A, Stuijk S, de Haan G. Posture effects on the calibratability of remote pulse oximetry in visible light. Physiol Meas 2019; 40:035005. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ab051a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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