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Moll TO, Klemek ML, Farber SA. Directly Measuring Atherogenic Lipoprotein Kinetics in Zebrafish with the Photoconvertible LipoTimer Reporter. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.29.596423. [PMID: 38853962 PMCID: PMC11160697 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.29.596423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Lipoprotein kinetics are a crucial factor in understanding lipoprotein metabolism since a prolonged time in circulation can contribute to the atherogenic character of apolipoprotein-B (ApoB)-containing lipoproteins (B-lps). Here, we report a method to directly measure lipoprotein kinetics in live developing animals. We developed a zebrafish geneticly encoded reporter, LipoTimer, in which endogenous ApoBb.1 is fused to the photoconvertible fluorophore Dendra2 which shift its emission profile from green to red upon UV exposure. By quantifying the red population of ApoB-Dendra2 over time, we found that B-lp turnover in wild-type larvae becomes faster as development proceeds. Mutants with impaired B-lp uptake or lipolysis present with increased B-lp levels and half-life. In contrast, mutants with impaired B-lp triglyceride loading display slightly fewer and smaller-B-lps, which have a significantly shorter B-lp half-life. Further, we showed that chronic high-cholesterol feeding is associated with a longer B-lp half-life in wild-type juveniles but does not lead to changes in B-lp half-life in lipolysis deficient apoC2 mutants. These data support the hypothesis that B-lp lipolysis is suppressed by the flood of intestinal-derived B-lps that follow a high-fat meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea O.C. Moll
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Steven A. Farber
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Wang X, Cao Y, Guo J, Li D, Zhang H, Song Q, Lu J. Association between MTTP genotype (-493G/T) polymorphism and hepatic steatosis in hepatitis C: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:154. [PMID: 37726765 PMCID: PMC10507831 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-023-01916-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C has been associated with the development of hepatic steatosis, which increases the risk of liver cancer. The microsomal triglyceride transporter protein (MTTP), is a lipid transport protein that mediates lipid metabolism and CD1d antigen presentation. The study aimed to explore the association between MTTP genotype (-493G/T) polymorphism and hepatic steatosis in hepatitis C. METHODS The database "Pubmed, Cochrane library, CNKI, Web of science, Embase and CBM" were retrieved to identify the literature. The quality of the selected literature was evaluated using the "the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale" (NOS). Relevant data was extracted and analyzed using the Stata software. Heterogeneity was expressed by "Cochran's Q and I2", with I2 ≥ 50% or P < 0.05 indicating high heterogeneity. A random-effects model and subgroup analysis were conducted to identify the sources of heterogeneity. We also used "Funnel plots", "Egger's tests" and "Begg's tests" to evaluate biases in the literature. RESULTS The study found a significant and positive association between liver steatosis and the HCV genotype 3 with a dominant model of the MTTP genotype (-493G/T) (OR = 11.57, 95%CI: 4.467-29.962, P < 0.001). In contrast, no correlation was found between hepatic steatosis and either the recessive, homozygous or heterozygous models (OR = 1.142, P = 0.5; OR = 1.581, P = 0.081; OR = 1.029, P = 0.86). There was no significant publication biases, as measured by the Funnel plot, and the Egger's and Begg's tests. Finally, sensitivity analysis showed the obtained results are stable. CONCLUSIONS Dominant mutations in the T allele of the MTTP genotype (-493G/T) increase susceptibility to hepatic steatosis in patients presenting with the HCV genotype 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology Research, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dezhao Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingkun Song
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology Research, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Abomughaid M, Tay ESE, Pickford R, Malladi C, Read SA, Coorssen JR, Gloss BS, George J, Douglas MW. PEMT Mediates Hepatitis C Virus-Induced Steatosis, Explains Genotype-Specific Phenotypes and Supports Virus Replication. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108781. [PMID: 37240132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) relies on cellular lipid pathways for virus replication and also induces liver steatosis, but the mechanisms involved are not clear. We performed a quantitative lipidomics analysis of virus-infected cells by combining high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and mass spectrometry, using an established HCV cell culture model and subcellular fractionation. Neutral lipid and phospholipids were increased in the HCV-infected cells; in the endoplasmic reticulum there was an ~four-fold increase in free cholesterol and an ~three-fold increase in phosphatidyl choline (p < 0.05). The increase in phosphatidyl choline was due to the induction of a non-canonical synthesis pathway involving phosphatidyl ethanolamine transferase (PEMT). An HCV infection induced expression of PEMT while knocking down PEMT with siRNA inhibited virus replication. As well as supporting virus replication, PEMT mediates steatosis. Consistently, HCV induced the expression of the pro-lipogenic genes SREBP 1c and DGAT1 while inhibiting the expression of MTP, promoting lipid accumulation. Knocking down PEMT reversed these changes and reduced the lipid content in virus-infected cells. Interestingly, PEMT expression was over 50% higher in liver biopsies from people infected with the HCV genotype 3 than 1, and three times higher than in people with chronic hepatitis B, suggesting that this may account for genotype-dependent differences in the prevalence of hepatic steatosis. PEMT is a key enzyme for promoting the accumulation of lipids in HCV-infected cells and supports virus replication. The induction of PEMT may account for virus genotype specific differences in hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosleh Abomughaid
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Enoch S E Tay
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Russell Pickford
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Chandra Malladi
- Department of Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Scott A Read
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Blacktown Clinical School, Western Sydney University and Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Jens R Coorssen
- Department of Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Brian S Gloss
- Westmead Research Hub, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Mark W Douglas
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, The University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
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Leslie J, Geh D, Elsharkawy AM, Mann DA, Vacca M. Metabolic dysfunction and cancer in HCV: Shared pathways and mutual interactions. J Hepatol 2022; 77:219-236. [PMID: 35157957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
HCV hijacks many host metabolic processes in an effort to aid viral replication. The resulting hepatic metabolic dysfunction underpins many of the hepatic and extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C (CHC). However, the natural history of CHC is also substantially influenced by the host metabolic status: obesity, insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis are major determinants of CHC progression toward hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have transformed the treatment and natural history of CHC. While DAA therapy effectively eradicates the virus, the long-lasting overlapping metabolic disease can persist, especially in the presence of obesity, increasing the risk of liver disease progression. This review covers the mechanisms by which HCV tunes hepatic and systemic metabolism, highlighting how systemic metabolic disturbance, lipotoxicity and chronic inflammation favour disease progression and a precancerous niche. We also highlight the therapeutic implications of sustained metabolic dysfunction following sustained virologic response as well as considerations for patients who develop HCC on the background of metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Leslie
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Daniel Geh
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ahmed M Elsharkawy
- Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Queen Elizabeth Medical Centre, Birmingham, B15 2TH UK; National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre at University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Derek A Mann
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Michele Vacca
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
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Abdelkawy KS, Belal F, Abdelaziz A, Elmekawy HA, Abdelgaied MY, El-Khodary NM. Statins Increase the Bioavailability of Fixed-Dose Combination of Sofosbuvir/Ledipasvir by Inhibition of P-glycoprotein. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2022; 72:319-326. [PMID: 35724670 DOI: 10.1055/a-1835-1690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coadministration of statins and direct acting antiviral agents is frequently used. This study explored the effects of both atorvastatin and lovastatin on pharmacokinetics of a fixed-dose combination of sofosbuvir/ledipasvir "FDCSL". METHODS 12 healthy volunteers participated in a randomized, three-phase crossover trial and were administered a single atorvastatin dose 80 mg plus tablet containing 400/90 mg FDCSL, a single lovastatin dose 40 mg plus tablet containing 400/90 mg FDCSL, or tablets containing 400/90 mg FDCSL alone. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze plasma samples of sofosbuvir, ledipasvir and sofosbuvir metabolite "GS-331007" and their pharmacokinetic parameters were determined. RESULTS Atorvastatin caused a significant rise in sofosbuvir bioavailability as explained by increasing in AUC0-∞ and Cmax by 34.36% and 11.97%, respectively. In addition, AUC0-∞ and Cmax of GS-331007 were increased by 73.73% and 67.86%, respectively after atorvastatin intake. Similarly, co-administration of lovastatin with FDCSL increased the bioavailability of sofosbuvir, its metabolite (AUC0-∞ increase by 17.2%, 17.38%, respectively, and Cmax increase by 12.03%, 22.24%, respectively). However, neither atorvastatin nor lovastatin showed a change in ledipasvir bioavailability. Hepatic elimination was not affected after statin intake with FDCSL. Compared to lovastatin, atorvastatin showed significant increase in AUC0-∞ and Cmax of both sofosbuvir and its metabolite. CONCLUSIONS Both atorvastatin and lovastatin increased AUC of sofosbuvir and its metabolite after concurrent administration with FDCSL. Statins' P-glycoprotein inhibition is the attributed mechanism of interaction. The increase in sofosbuvir bioavailability was more pronounced after atorvastatin intake. Close monitoring is needed after co-administration of atorvastatin and FDCSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Abdelkawy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Fathalla Belal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - AbdelazizE Abdelaziz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - H A Elmekawy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - M Y Abdelgaied
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Egypt
| | - N M El-Khodary
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
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Infection with the hepatitis C virus causes viral genotype-specific differences in cholesterol metabolism and hepatic steatosis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5562. [PMID: 35365728 PMCID: PMC8975940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09588-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids play essential roles in the hepatitis C virus (HCV) life cycle and patients with chronic HCV infection display disordered lipid metabolism which resolves following successful anti-viral therapy. It has been proposed that HCV genotype 3 (HCV-G3) infection is an independent risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma and evidence suggests lipogenic proteins are involved in hepatocarcinogenesis. We aimed to characterise variation in host lipid metabolism between participants chronically infected with HCV genotype 1 (HCV-G1) and HCV-G3 to identify likely genotype-specific differences in lipid metabolism. We combined several lipidomic approaches: analysis was performed between participants infected with HCV-G1 and HCV-G3, both in the fasting and non-fasting states, and after sustained virological response (SVR) to treatment. Sera were obtained from 112 fasting patients (25% with cirrhosis). Serum lipids were measured using standard enzymatic methods. Lathosterol and desmosterol were measured by gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (MS). For further metabolic insight on lipid metabolism, ultra-performance liquid chromatography MS was performed on all samples. A subgroup of 13 participants had whole body fat distribution determined using in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. A second cohort of (non-fasting) sera were obtained from HCV Research UK for comparative analyses: 150 treatment naïve patients and 100 non-viraemic patients post-SVR. HCV-G3 patients had significantly decreased serum apoB, non-HDL cholesterol concentrations, and more hepatic steatosis than those with HCV-G1. HCV-G3 patients also had significantly decreased serum levels of lathosterol, without significant reductions in desmosterol. Lipidomic analysis showed lipid species associated with reverse cholesterol transport pathway in HCV-G3. We demonstrated that compared to HCV-G1, HCV-G3 infection is characterised by low LDL cholesterol levels, with preferential suppression of cholesterol synthesis via lathosterol, associated with increasing hepatic steatosis. The genotype-specific lipid disturbances may shed light on genotypic variations in liver disease progression and promotion of hepatocellular cancer in HCV-G3.
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Lua I, Balog S, Yanagi A, Tateno C, Asahina K. Loss of lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 in hepatocytes reduces steatosis via down-regulation of CD36. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2021; 156:106577. [PMID: 34147666 PMCID: PMC8490298 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2021.106577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is a major public health concern and is characterized by the accumulation of triglyceride in hepatocytes and inflammation in the liver. Steatosis is caused by dysregulation of the influx and efflux of lipids, lipogenesis, and mitochondrial β-oxidation. Extracellular lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) regulates a broad range of cellular processes in development, tissue injury, and cancer. In the present study, we examined the roles of LPA in steatohepatitis induced by a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet in mice. Hepatocytes express LPA receptor (Lpar) 1-3 mRNAs. Steatosis developed in mice fed the MCD diet was reduced by treatment with inhibitors for pan-LPAR or LPAR1. Hepatocyte-specific deletion of the Lpar1 gene also reduced the steatosis in the MCD model. Deletion of the Lpar1 gene in hepatocytes reduced expression of Cd36, a gene encoding a fatty acid transporter. Although LPA/LPAR1 signaling induces expression of Srebp1 mRNA in hepatocytes, LPA does not fully induce expression of SREBP1-target genes involved in lipogenesis. Human hepatocytes repopulated in chimeric mice are known to develop steatosis and treatment with an LPAR1 inhibitor reduces expression of CD36 mRNA and steatosis. Our data indicate that antagonism of LPAR1 reduces steatosis in mouse and human hepatocytes by down-regulation of Cd36.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Lua
- The Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, CA, 90033, United States
| | - Steven Balog
- The Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, CA, 90033, United States
| | - Ami Yanagi
- Department of Research and Development, PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan
| | - Chise Tateno
- Department of Research and Development, PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan
| | - Kinji Asahina
- The Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, CA, 90033, United States.
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Spaziante M, Taliani G, Marchetti G, Tavelli A, Lichtner M, Cingolani A, Cicalini S, Biliotti E, Girardi E, Antinori A, Puoti M, d’Arminio Monforte A, Cozzi-Lepri A. Impact of HCV Eradication on Lipid Metabolism in HIV/HCV Coinfected Patients: Data from ICONA and HepaICONA Foundation Cohort Study. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071402. [PMID: 34372608 PMCID: PMC8310285 DOI: 10.3390/v13071402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES HCV shows complex interactions with lipid metabolism. Our aim was to examine total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) changes in HIV/HCV coinfected patients, after achieving sustained virological response (SVR), according to different HCV genotypes and specific antiretroviral use. METHODS HIV/HCV coinfected patients, enrolled in the ICONA and HepaICONA cohorts, who achieved DAA-driven SVR were included. Paired t-tests were used to examine whether the pre- and post-SVR laboratory value variations were significantly different from zero. ANCOVA regression models were employed to estimate the causal effect of SVR and of PI/r use on lipid changes. The interaction between the effect of eradication and HCV genotype was formally tested. RESULTS six hundred and ninety-nine HIV/HCV coinfected patients were enrolled. After HCV eradication, a significant improvement in liver function occurred, with a significant decrease in AST, ALT, GGT, and total plasmatic bilirubin. TC and LDL-C significantly increased by 21.4 mg/dL and 22.4 mg/dL, respectively (p < 0.001), after SVR, whereas there was no evidence for a change in HDL-C (p = 0.45) and triglycerides (p = 0.49). Notably, the TC and LDL-C increase was higher for participants who were receiving darunavir/ritonavir, and the TC showed a more pronounced increase among HCV genotype 3 patients (interaction-p value = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS complex and rapid changes in TC and LDL-C levels, modulated by HCV genotype and PI/r-based ART combinations, occurred in HIV/HCV coinfected patients after SVR. Further studies are needed to evaluate the clinical impact of these changes on the long-term risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Spaziante
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (M.S.); (E.G.)
| | - Gloria Taliani
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Task Force Anti-COVID, AORN San Giuseppe Moscati, 83100 Avellino, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Giulia Marchetti
- ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.M.); (A.d.M.)
| | | | - Miriam Lichtner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, La Sapienza University, Polo Pontino, 04100 Latina, Italy;
| | - Antonella Cingolani
- Institute of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Policlinico Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Stefania Cicalini
- HIV/AIDS Clinical Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (A.A.)
| | - Elisa Biliotti
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Enrico Girardi
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (M.S.); (E.G.)
| | - Andrea Antinori
- HIV/AIDS Clinical Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (A.A.)
| | - Massimo Puoti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20162 Milan, Italy;
| | - Antonella d’Arminio Monforte
- ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (G.M.); (A.d.M.)
| | - Alessandro Cozzi-Lepri
- Centre for Clinical Research, Epidemiology, Modelling and Evaluation (CREME), Institute for Global Health, UCL, London WC1N 1EH, UK;
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Diagnosis and management of secondary causes of steatohepatitis. J Hepatol 2021; 74:1455-1471. [PMID: 33577920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The term non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was originally coined to describe hepatic fat deposition as part of the metabolic syndrome. However, a variety of rare hereditary liver and metabolic diseases, intestinal diseases, endocrine disorders and drugs may underlie, mimic, or aggravate NAFLD. In contrast to primary NAFLD, therapeutic interventions are available for many secondary causes of NAFLD. Accordingly, secondary causes of fatty liver disease should be considered during the diagnostic workup of patients with fatty liver disease, and treatment of the underlying disease should be started to halt disease progression. Common genetic variants in several genes involved in lipid handling and metabolism modulate the risk of progression from steatosis to fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma development in NAFLD, alcohol-related liver disease and viral hepatitis. Hence, we speculate that genotyping of common risk variants for liver disease progression may be equally useful to gauge the likelihood of developing advanced liver disease in patients with secondary fatty liver disease.
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Hepatitis C Virus Uses Host Lipids to Its Own Advantage. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11050273. [PMID: 33925362 PMCID: PMC8145847 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids and lipoproteins constitute indispensable components for living not only for humans. In the case of hepatitis C virus (HCV), the option of using the products of our lipid metabolism is “to be, or not to be”. On the other hand, HCV infection, which is the main cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, exerts a profound influence on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism of the host. The consequences of this alternation are frequently observed as hypolipidemia and hepatic steatosis in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients. The clinical relevance of these changes reflects the fact that lipids and lipoprotein play a crucial role in all steps of the life cycle of HCV. The virus circulates in the bloodstream as a highly lipidated lipo-viral particle (LVP) that defines HCV hepatotropism. Thus, strict relationships between lipids/lipoproteins and HCV are indispensable for the mechanism of viral entry into hepatocytes, viral replication, viral particles assembly and secretion. The purpose of this review is to summarize the tricks thanks to which HCV utilizes host lipid metabolism to its own advantage.
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11
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Zarębska-Michaluk D. Genotype 3-hepatitis C virus’ last line of defense. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:1006-1021. [PMID: 33776369 PMCID: PMC7985731 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i11.1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the leading causes of liver disease globally, affecting approximately 71 million people. The majority of them are infected with genotype (GT) 1 but infections with GT3 are second in frequency. For many years, GT3 was considered to be less pathogenic compared to other GTs in the HCV family due to its favorable response to interferon (IFN)-based regimen. However, the growing evidence of a higher rate of steatosis, more rapid progression of liver fibrosis, and lower efficacy of antiviral treatment compared to infection with other HCV GTs has changed this conviction. This review presents the specifics of the course of GT3 infection and the development of therapeutic options for GT3-infected patients in the era of direct-acting antivirals (DAA). The way from a standard of care therapy with pegylated IFN-alpha (pegIFNα) and ribavirin (RBV) through a triple combination of pegIFNα + RBV and DAA to the highly potent IFN-free pangenotypic DAA regimens is discussed along with some treatment options which appeared to be dead ends. Although the implementation of highly effective pangenotypic regimens is the most recent stage of revolution in the treatment of GT3 infection, there is still room for improvement, especially in patients with liver cirrhosis and those who fail to respond to DAA therapies, particularly those containing inhibitors of HCV nonstructural protein 5A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Zarębska-Michaluk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce 25-369, Świętokrzyskie, Poland
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12
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Sirinawasatien A, Techasirioangkun T. The Prevalence and Determinants of Hepatic Steatosis Assessed by Controlled Attenuation Parameter in Thai Chronic Hepatitis C Patients. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2020; 2020:8814135. [PMID: 33204256 PMCID: PMC7655258 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8814135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To describe the prevalence of hepatic steatosis using a controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and to identify the determinants associated with steatosis in Thai chronic hepatitis C patients. Patients and Methods. An observational study was conducted among consecutive chronic hepatitis C patients who underwent vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE, FibroScan®) with CAP and followed up at Rajavithi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand, between June 2018 and May 2019. Hepatic steatosis (i.e., steatosis grades S1-3) was defined by the CAP cutoff value of ≥248 (dB/m). VCTE with CAP assessments and medical records were retrospectively reviewed, and the prevalence and determinants of hepatic steatosis were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 197 eligible patients, of whom 127 (64.5%) were male, were included. The mean age was 54.52 years (SD 9.49 years), and 41.1% of subjects had a body mass index ≥ 25. The prevalence of hepatic steatosis was 26.9%. The mean liver stiffness measurement (LSM) was 21.50 kPa (SD 15.58 kPa), and 61.9% of the study population had cirrhosis, which was defined as LSM ≥ 12.5 kPa. Genotype (GT) 3 was predominant at 40.1%, followed by GT1 at 38.1% and GT6 at 21.8%. The median serum hepatitis C virus viral load was 1,100,000 IU/mL (range 5,824-20,436,840). The significant determinants of hepatic steatosis were obesity (aOR 8.58 (95% CI: 3.41-21.54)) and diabetes mellitus (aOR 3.30 (95% CI: 1.24-8.78)). CONCLUSION A large proportion of these Thai chronic hepatitis C patients (26.9%) had hepatic steatosis, which was strongly associated with host metabolic factors, e.g., obesity (BMI ≥ 25) and diabetes mellitus. These cofactors contributed to the progression of liver disease to cirrhosis and required concurrent management with antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sirinawasatien
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Rajavithi Hospital, College of Medicine, Rangsit University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - T Techasirioangkun
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Rajavithi Hospital, College of Medicine, Rangsit University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Lipid Metabolism in Development and Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061419. [PMID: 32486341 PMCID: PMC7352397 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
: Metabolic reprogramming is critically involved in the development and progression of cancer. In particular, lipid metabolism has been investigated as a source of energy, micro-environmental adaptation, and cell signalling in neoplastic cells. However, the specific role of lipid metabolism dysregulation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been widely described yet. Alterations in fatty acid synthesis, β-oxidation, and cellular lipidic composition contribute to initiation and progression of HCC. The aim of this review is to elucidate the mechanisms by which lipid metabolism is involved in hepatocarcinogenesis and tumour adaptation to different conditions, focusing on the transcriptional aberrations with new insights in lipidomics and lipid zonation. This will help detect new putative therapeutic approaches in the second most frequent cause of cancer-related death.
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14
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Hsu CS, Liu WL, Li Q, Lowey B, Hertz L, Chao YC, Liang TJ, Chen DS, Kao JH. Hepatitis C virus genotypes 1-3 infections regulate lipogenic signaling and suppress cholesterol biosynthesis in hepatocytes. J Formos Med Assoc 2020; 119:1382-1395. [PMID: 32284164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with different hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype infections are associated with varying metabolic disorders. Although alteration of lipid metabolism has been confirmed as a virus-induced metabolic derangement in chronic hepatitis C patients, the impact of various HCV genotypes on hepatic cholesterol metabolism remains elusive. In this study, we thus investigated the HCV genotype-specific lipogenic and cholesterol metabolism profiles in an in vitro cell culture system. METHODS We first conducted HCV cell culture system (HCVcc) assays by infecting Huh7.5.1 cells with multiple infection-competent HCV strains, including the genotype 2a JFH1 and JFH1-based intergenotypic recombinants 1b and 3a. We then examined the expression levels of various lipid and cholesterol-related genes. RESULTS The data showed that infection with individual HCV genotypes exerted unique gene expression regulatory effects on lipoproteins and cholesterol metabolism genes. Of note, all HCV strains suppressed cholesterol biosynthesis in hepatocytes through downregulating the expression of HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) and farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase 1 (FDFT1) - two essential enzymes for cholesterol biosynthesis. These HCV-mediated inhibitory effects could be reversed by treatment with sofosbuvir, a pangenotypic NS5B inhibitor. In addition, overexpression of HCV genotype 1b, 2a or 3a core protein significantly suppressed HMGCR mRNA transcription and translation, thus diminished cellular cholesterol biosynthesis. Nonetheless, the core protein had no effect on FDFT1 expression. CONCLUSION Although HCV infection regulates host lipid metabolism in a genotype-specific manner, its inhibition on hepatocellular cholesterogenic gene expression and total cholesterol biosynthesis is a common effect among HCV genotype 1b, 2a and 3a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Sheng Hsu
- Liver Diseases Research Center, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan; School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Liang Liu
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Qisheng Li
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Brianna Lowey
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Laura Hertz
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - You-Chen Chao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - T Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ding-Shinn Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang, 11549, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Horng Kao
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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15
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Chromy D, Mandorfer M, Bucsics T, Schwabl P, Bauer D, Scheiner B, Schmidbauer C, Lang GF, Szekeres T, Ferenci P, Trauner M, Reiberger T. Prevalence and Predictors of Hepatic Steatosis in Patients with HIV/HCV Coinfection and the Impact of HCV Eradication. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2019; 33:197-206. [PMID: 31067123 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2018.0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-induced metabolic abnormalities and antiretroviral therapy (ART), genetic factors, most importantly the rs738409 C > G p.I148M variant in the patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3)-gene, as well as hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection may all cause hepatic steatosis (HS). However, recent studies suggest a protective effect of HCV infection on HS. Thus, we evaluated HS prior and after HCV eradication in an HIV/HCV-coinfected cohort at the Medical University of Vienna between January 2014 and June 2017. Two hundred forty-seven patients underwent liver stiffness measurement and controlled attenuation parameter (CAP)-based steatosis assessment. A subcohort of 138 patients also had follow-up CAP measurement after HCV eradication by direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). A CAP value ≥248 dB/m defined HS and all CAP values were adapted to compensate for body mass index (BMI) and diabetes mellitus. Among all 247 HIV/HCV-coinfected patients, HS was prevalent in 31%, mean age was 43.3 years, 75% were male, the main ethnicity was Caucasian (96%), and mean BMI was 23.33 kg/m2. Independent risk factors for HS were BMI, years exposed to HIV, PNPLA3 G-alleles, and protease inhibitor (PI) intake. Notably, a significant increase in CAP (from 225 ± 52.9 to 235 ± 50.7 dB/m; p = 0.047) was observed after HCV eradication, whereas patients on PI-containing ART experienced a significant decrease in CAP. Overall, one-third of HIV/HCV-coinfected patients are affected by HS with PI-based ART and PNPLA3 impacting on HS prevalence. While HCV eradication by DAAs increased HS, as assessed by CAP, future studies should account for metabolic syndrome and evaluate whether changes in CAP-based steatosis assessments correspond to a clinically relevant outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chromy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna HIV & Liver Study Group, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mattias Mandorfer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna HIV & Liver Study Group, Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresa Bucsics
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna HIV & Liver Study Group, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Schwabl
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna HIV & Liver Study Group, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Bauer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna HIV & Liver Study Group, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Scheiner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna HIV & Liver Study Group, Vienna, Austria
| | - Caroline Schmidbauer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna HIV & Liver Study Group, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerold Felician Lang
- Vienna HIV & Liver Study Group, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Szekeres
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Ferenci
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Reiberger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna HIV & Liver Study Group, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Akgöllü E, Akkız H. Association between hepatic steatosis and MTP gene -493G/T polymorphism in the patients with HCV genotype 1 infection. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 70:101-106. [PMID: 30790698 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Hepatitis C virus (HCV) affects approximately 250 million people worldwide. If patients are untreated, 80% of patients with chronic HCV develop liver failure, liver cirrhosis (LC), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCV genotype 1 is the most prevalent among the infected individuals with HCV. Hepatic steatosis is known as accumulation of lipid molecules in hepatocytes, and its prevalence is approximately 55% in CHC infection. The reason of HCV-related hepatic steatosis in CHC infection is mainly HCV core protein. HCV core protein inhibits activities of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) which is a lipid transfer protein expressed in the liver. The -493G/T polymorphism in the promoter region of MTP gene has been associated with HCV-related hepatic steatosis. This polymorphism in MTP gene influences MTP mRNA expression, therefore which might also affect lipid transfer. We evaluated the association between MTP gene polymorphism and the risk of HCV genotype 1-related hepatic steatosis. METHODS In the current study, MTP gene polymorphism was explored in 144 biopsy-proven chronic HCV genotype 1 patients by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. RESULTS The results showed that there were no any difference between the steatosis and the non-steatosis groups for the allele and genotype frequencies of the -493G/T polymorphism (P > .05). Moreover, MTP genotypes (GG vs. TG + TT) were not associated with BMI, fibrosis stages and the levels of biochemical parameters. Additionally, there were statistically significant differences in the biochemical parameters including triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL levels between the two groups (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the current study demonstrates for the first time that MTP gene -493G/T polymorphism has not a major effect on the risk of HCV genotype 1-related hepatic steatosis in Turkish population. Further studies are imperative to clarify the association of this polymorphism with HCV genotype 1 infection in HCV-related hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersin Akgöllü
- Çukurova University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Adana, Turkey.
| | - Hikmet Akkız
- Çukurova University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Adana, Turkey
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17
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Sun HY, Cheng PN, Tseng CY, Tsai WJ, Chiu YC, Young KC. Favouring modulation of circulating lipoproteins and lipid loading capacity by direct antiviral agents grazoprevir/elbasvir or ledipasvir/sofosbuvir treatment against chronic HCV infection. Gut 2018; 67:1342-1350. [PMID: 28615303 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-313832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lipid homoeostasis is disturbed in patients with HCV infection. Direct-acting antiviral agent (DAA) treatment eradicates chronic HCV viraemia, but the dynamics of lipid components remain elusive. This study investigates the clinical manifestation and mechanistic relevance of plasma triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (Chol), lipoproteins and apolipoproteins (apos) after DAA treatment. DESIGN Twenty-four patients with chronic genotype 1 (GT1) HCV treated with elbasvir/grazoprevir or ledipasvir/sofosbuvir for 12 weeks, and followed-up thereafter, were recruited. Their TG, Chol, apoAI and apoB levels were quantified in plasma samples and individually fractionated lipoprotein of various classes. Liver fibrosis was evaluated using the FIB-4 Score. The TG and Chol loading capacities were calculated with normalisation to apoB, which represents per very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and LDL particle unit RESULTS: DAA treatment achieved a sustained virological response rate of 91.7% and reduced the FIB-4 Score. Relative to the baseline, the plasma TG level was reduced but the Chol level increased gradually. Plasma apoB levels and apoB/apoAI ratio were transiently downregulated as early as the first 4 weeks of treatment. The TG and Chol loading capacities in VLDL were elevated by ~20% during the period of DAA treatment and had steadily increased by 100% at follow-up. Furthermore, the TG-to-Chol ratio in VLDL was increased, while the ratio in LDL was reduced, indicating an efficient catabolism. CONCLUSION The DAA treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C might lead to efficient HCV eradication and hepatic improvement concomitantly evolving with favouring lipoprotein/apo metabolisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yu Sun
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Nan Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Ying Tseng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jen Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Cheng Chiu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Chia Young
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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18
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Do we need to screen for de-novo diabetes mellitus in chronic hepatitis C patients after a sustained virological response? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 29:1004-1009. [PMID: 28749790 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000000929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM There are millions of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) virus-infected patients who have been treated with a combination therapy (interferon and ribavirin) and have achieved a virological response (SVR) worldwide. The aim of this study is to evaluate the risk factors for de-novo diabetes mellitus in CHC patients treated with combination therapy (interferon and ribavirin) and have achieved an SVR. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 214 nondiabetic CHC patients with SVR and baseline homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) less than or equal to 2 were divided into group A, which included 108 patients with a BMI less than 25, and group B, which included 106 patients with a BMI of at least 25 and less than 30. HOMA insulin resistance (IR) and BMI were measured at the baseline, at achievement of an SVR, and 1 year after achievement of an SVR. Leptin levels were assessed at baseline and 1 year after achievement of an SVR in patients with increased BMI. RESULTS One year after SVR, 36 (33.33%) patients from group A developed increasing BMI with no significant changes in HOMA versus that at SVR (P=0.53), but showed a significant reduction versus baseline HOMA (P=0.02). In group B, 68 (64.1%) patients showed increased BMI of at least 25, with a significant increase in HOMA versus that at SVR (P=0.02), and with no significant reduction versus baseline HOMA (P=0.44). In group B, serum leptin showed a significant reduction 12 months after achievement of an SVR versus baseline in patients with increased BMI. Six patients from group B with increased BMI after 1 year developed de-novo IR and type two diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSION In nondiabetic CHC patients with SVR and baseline BMI of at least 25, the post-SVR increase in BMI predisposed to an increase in HOMA-IR and could be considered a predisposing factor for diabetes mellitus.
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The effect of the TM6SF2 E167K variant on liver steatosis and fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9273. [PMID: 28839198 PMCID: PMC5571206 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of Transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) E167K variant, which causes hepatocellular fat retention by altering lipoprotein secretion, on liver damage and metabolic traits in chronic hepatitis C patients is still debated. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to clarify this relationship. Four studies with a total of 4325 patients were included. The risk of histologically-determined advanced steatosis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis (but not of severe inflammation) were increased in carriers of the TM6SF2 variant (P < 0.05). Unlike the inconsistent association with steatosis severity, due to the confounding effect of infection by the genotype-3 hepatitis C virus, the TM6SF2 variant was robustly associated with advanced fibrosis (OR = 1.07; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01–1.14) and in particular with cirrhosis (OR = 2.05; 95% CI = 1.39–3.02). Regarding metabolic features, individuals positive for the TM6SF2 variant exhibited 5.8–12.0% lower levels of circulating triglycerides and non-HDL cholesterol (P < 0.05). Carriers of the variant were leaner, but there was high heterogeneity across studies (I2 = 97.2%). No significant association was observed between the TM6SF2 variant and insulin resistance or hepatitis C viral load (both P > 0.05). In conclusion, the TM6SF2 E167K variant promotes the development of steatosis, fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Conversely, this variant reduces circulating atherogenic lipid fractions.
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Abstract
Metabolic disorders are common in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Epidemiologic and clinical data indicate an overprevalence of lipids abnormalite, steatosis, insuline resistance (IR) and diabetes mellitus in HCV patients, suggesting that HCV itself may interact with glucido-lipidic metabolism. HCV interacts with the host lipid metabolism by several mechanisms leading to hepatic steatosis and hypolipidemia which are reversible after viral eradication. Liver and peripheral IR are HCV genotype/viral load dependent and improved after viral eradication. This article examines examine the relationship between HCV, lipid abnormalities, steatosis, IR, and diabetes and the pathogenic mechanisms accounting for these events in HCV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Serfaty
- Hepatology Department, INSERM UMR_S 938, APHP, Saint-Antoine Hospital, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France.
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21
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Valkov I, Ivanova R, Alexiev A, Antonov K, Mateva L. Association of Serum Lipids with Hepatic Steatosis, Stage of Liver Fibrosis and Viral Load in Chronic Hepatitis C. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:OC15-OC20. [PMID: 28969178 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/28609.10459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) relies on host lipids for its life cycle contributing to lipid abnormalities and hepatic steatosis. Disease progression is influenced by viral factors interacting with host immune and metabolic pathways. The significance of serum lipids for Chronic Hepatitis C (CHC) assessment is not clearly established yet. AIM Our aim was to investigate serum lipids' association with stage of liver fibrosis, steatosis and genotypes in patients with CHC. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 112 CHC patients (54 male, 58 female, aged 48.6±13.7 years) were studied - 98 genotype 1 (G1) and 14 genotype 3 (G3). Liver cirrhosis (F4) was diagnosed in 31 cases. Steatosis was present in 75 of all patients on ultrasound. Liver biopsy was done in 65 patients and histology showed steatosis in 28, stages of fibrosis (F1-F3) in 56 and F4 in 9 patients (METAVIR). Laboratory panel included complete blood count, liver tests and serum lipid levels (mmol/l) with Friedewald equation estimations. Indirect noninvasive fibrosis scores FIB-4, Aspartate aminotransferase to Platelet Ratio Index (APRI) and Forns index were calculated. HCV RNA was quantified by RT-PCR. Statistical analysis included Spearman's rho, Mann-Whitney U test, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS Total Cholesterol (TCh) (p=0.002) and Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) (p=0.003) in G1 patients were higher when steatosis was present. TCh (p<0.001), High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) (p=0.018) and LDL (p=0.003) were lower in G1 F4 compared with F1-F3 patients. Triglyceride (TG) levels correlated with FIB-4 (r=0.364, p=0.029), APRI (r=0.333, p=0.047) and Forns index (r=0.423, p=0.010) in G1 patients without steatosis. TG to LDL ratio (TG/LDL) (p=0.001) was higher in F4 than in F1-F3 patients. TG/LDL ratio predicted the presence of F4 in G1 patients without steatosis by an area under the ROC curve 0.900 (p<0.001). TG/LDL ratio > 0.52 was highly specific for F4 without steatosis. Specificity dropped to 76% when steatosis was present. TG/LDL < 0.32 negatively predicted liver cirrhosis. HCV RNA correlated with TG levels (r=0.330, p=0.009) in G1 patients with steatosis and with histological percent of fatty hepatocytes (r=0.585, p=0.028) in G3 patients. CONCLUSION Lipid levels in CHC G1 patients depend on the presence of steatosis and cirrhosis. HCV RNA is associated with TG levels in G1 patients with steatosis, but not in G3 patients. In cirrhotic CHC G1 patients cholesterol is low with relatively increased TG. TG/LDL ratio is a potential marker of liver cirrhosis in CHC G1 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Valkov
- Resident and PhD Student, Clinic of Gastroenterology, University Hospital "St.Ivan Rilski", Medical University-Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Radina Ivanova
- Associate Professor, Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital "St.Ivan Rilski", Medical University-Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Assen Alexiev
- Professor, Clinic of Gastroenterology, University Hospital "St.Ivan Rilski", Medical University-Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Krasimir Antonov
- Professor, Clinic of Gastroenterology, University Hospital "St.Ivan Rilski", Medical University-Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lyudmila Mateva
- Professor, Head of Clinic of Gastroenterology, University Hospital "St.Ivan Rilski", Medical University-Sofia, Bulgaria
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) represents a significant global disease burden, with an estimated 130-150 million people worldwide living with chronic HCV infection. Within the six major clinical HCV genotypes, genotype 3 represents 22-30% of all infection and is described as a unique entity with higher rates of steatosis, faster progression to cirrhosis, and higher rates of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatic steatosis in the setting of hepatitis C genotype 3 (HCV-3) is driven by viral influence on three major pathways: microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, and peroxisome proliferator-associated receptor-α. Historically with direct-acting antivirals, the rates of cure for HCV-3 therapies lagged behind the other genotypes. As current therapies for HCV-3 continue to close this gap, it is important to be cognizant of common drug interactions such as acid-suppressing medication and amiodarone. In this review, we discuss the rates of steatosis in HCV-3, the mechanisms behind HCV-3-specific steatosis, and current and future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Chan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Infectious Diseases Research, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Keyur Patel
- Toronto Center for Liver Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Susanna Naggie
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Infectious Diseases Research, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
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RNA helicase DDX3 maintains lipid homeostasis through upregulation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein by interacting with HNF4 and SHP. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41452. [PMID: 28128295 PMCID: PMC5269733 DOI: 10.1038/srep41452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional RNA helicase DDX3 participates in HCV infection, one of the major causes of hepatic steatosis. Here, we investigated the role of DDX3 in hepatic lipid metabolism. We found that HCV infection severely reduced DDX3 expression. Analysis of intracellular triglyceride and secreted ApoB indicated that lipid accumulations were increased while ApoB secretion were decreased in DDX3 knockdown HuH7 and HepG2 cell lines. Down-regulation of DDX3 significantly decreased protein and transcript expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), a key regulator of liver lipid homeostasis. Moreover, DDX3 interacted with hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF4) and small heterodimer partner (SHP), and synergistically up-regulated HNF4-mediated transactivation of MTP promoter via its ATPase activity. Further investigation revealed that DDX3 interacted with CBP/p300 and increased the promoter binding affinity of HNF4 by enhancing HNF4 acetylation. Additionally, DDX3 partially relieved the SHP-mediated suppression on MTP promoter by competing with SHP for HNF4 binding which disrupted the inactive HNF4/SHP heterodimer while promoted the formation of the active HNF4 homodimer. Collectively, these results imply that DDX3 regulates MTP gene expression and lipid homeostasis through interplay with HNF4 and SHP, which may also reveal a novel mechanism of HCV-induced steatosis.
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Luo Z, Wei CC, Ye HM, Zhao HP, Song YF, Wu K. Effect of dietary choline levels on growth performance, lipid deposition and metabolism in juvenile yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 202:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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25
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Walsh MT, Hussain MM. Targeting microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and lipoprotein assembly to treat homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2016; 54:26-48. [PMID: 27690713 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2016.1221883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) is a polygenic disease arising from defects in the clearance of plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL), which results in extremely elevated plasma LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and increased risk of atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, and premature death. Conventional lipid-lowering therapies, such as statins and ezetimibe, are ineffective at lowering plasma cholesterol to safe levels in these patients. Other therapeutic options, such as LDL apheresis and liver transplantation, are inconvenient, costly, and not readily available. Recently, lomitapide was approved by the Federal Drug Administration as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of HoFH. Lomitapide inhibits microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), reduces lipoprotein assembly and secretion, and lowers plasma cholesterol levels by over 50%. Here, we explain the steps involved in lipoprotein assembly, summarize the role of MTP in lipoprotein assembly, explore the clinical and molecular basis of HoFH, and review pre-clinical studies and clinical trials with lomitapide and other MTP inhibitors for the treatment of HoFH. In addition, ongoing research and new approaches underway for better treatment modalities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan T Walsh
- a School of Graduate Studies, Molecular and Cell Biology Program, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center , Brooklyn , NY , USA.,b Department of Cell Biology , State University of New York Downstate Medical Center , Brooklyn , NY , USA
| | - M Mahmood Hussain
- b Department of Cell Biology , State University of New York Downstate Medical Center , Brooklyn , NY , USA.,c Department of Pediatrics , SUNY Downstate Medical Center , Brooklyn , NY , USA.,d VA New York Harbor Healthcare System , Brooklyn , NY , USA , and.,e Winthrop University Hospital , Mineola , NY , USA
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26
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Mauss S, Berger F, Wehmeyer MH, Ingiliz P, Hueppe D, Lutz T, Simon KG, Schewe K, Rockstroh JK, Baumgarten A, Christensen S. Effect of antiviral therapy for HCV on lipid levels. Antivir Ther 2016; 21:81-88. [PMID: 27685337 DOI: 10.3851/imp3094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HCV has complex interactions with human lipid metabolism leading to down regulation of cholesterol levels. Interferon (IFN) therapy has been shown to decrease cholesterol even further. With the availability of second-generation direct-acting antiviral agents (DAA) the effect of suppressing and eliminating HCV on lipid metabolism warrants reevaluation. METHODS Prospective German multicentre cohort on HCV- and HIV-HCV-infected patients treated with direct-antiviral agents (GECCO). Lipids were assessed at baseline, during and after therapy. Wilcoxon test corrected for multiple testing was used. RESULTS For the analysis, 520 patients with chronic hepatitis C were available. Patients with chronic hepatitis C were treated as follows: sofosbuvir (SOF)/pegylated IFN (PEG-IFN)/ribavirin (RBV; HCV=34, HIV-HCV=36), SOF/RBV (HCV=47, HIV-HCV=16), SOF/simeprevir (HCV=9, HCV-HIV=2), SOF/daclatasvir +/- RBV (HCV=27, HIV-HCV=47), SOF/ledipasvir +/- RBV (HCV=147, HCV-HIV=100) and ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir +/- dasabuvir +/- RBV (2D, HCV=2, HCV-HIV=6; 3D, HCV=39, HCV-HIV=8). On treatment there was a statistically significant increase in total cholesterol for any IFN-free DAA regimen, which was maintained after end of therapy. Changes of total cholesterol were driven by changes in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol remained unchanged. In contrast, total cholesterol decreased on SOF/PEG-IFN/RBV and increased after end of therapy above baseline levels. Triglycerides increased during treatment with SOF/PEG-IFN/RBV, but not on DAA-only regimens. CONCLUSIONS Suppressing and eliminating HCV with IFN-free DAA regimens increased cholesterol levels, but had no effect on triglycerides. In contrast IFN-based therapy decreased cholesterol and increased triglycerides during treatment and led to increases in cholesterol after achieving sustained virological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mauss
- Center for HIV and Hepatogastroenterology, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Florian Berger
- Center for HIV and Hepatogastroenterology, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Malte H Wehmeyer
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Karl G Simon
- Practice for Gastroenterology, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Knud Schewe
- Infektionsmedizinisches Centrum Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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27
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Vallianou I, Dafou D, Vassilaki N, Mavromara P, Hadzopoulou-Cladaras M. Hepatitis C virus suppresses Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 alpha, a key regulator of hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 78:315-326. [PMID: 27477312 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection presents with a disturbed lipid profile and can evolve to hepatic steatosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 alpha (HNF4α) is the most abundant transcription factor in the liver, a key regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism and a critical determinant of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition and hepatic development. We have previously shown that transient inhibition of HNF4α initiates transformation of immortalized hepatocytes through a feedback loop consisting of miR-24, IL6 receptor (IL6R), STAT3, miR-124 and miR-629, suggesting a central role of HNF4α in HCC. However, the role of HNF4α in Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)-related hepatocarcinoma has not been evaluated and remains controversial. In this study, we provide strong evidence suggesting that HCV downregulates HNF4α expression at both transcriptional and translational levels. The observed decrease of HNF4α expression correlated with the downregulation of its downstream targets, HNF1α and MTP. Ectopic overexpression of HCV proteins also exhibited an inhibitory effect on HNF4α levels. The inhibition of HNF4α expression by HCV appeared to be mediated at transcriptional level as HCV proteins suppressed HNF4α gene promoter activity. HCV also up-regulated IL6R, activated STAT3 protein phosphorylation and altered the expression of acute phase genes. Furthermore, as HCV triggered the loss of HNF4α a consequent change of miR-24, miR-629 or miR-124 was observed. Our findings demonstrated that HCV-related HCC could be mediated through HNF4α-microRNA deregulation implying a possible role of HNF4α in HCV hepatocarcinogenesis. HCV inhibition of HNF4α could be sustained to promote HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Vallianou
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Dafou
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Niki Vassilaki
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Penelope Mavromara
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Margarita Hadzopoulou-Cladaras
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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28
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Khachatoorian R, French SW. Chaperones in hepatitis C virus infection. World J Hepatol 2016; 8:9-35. [PMID: 26783419 PMCID: PMC4705456 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects approximately 3% of the world population or more than 185 million people worldwide. Each year, an estimated 350000-500000 deaths occur worldwide due to HCV-associated diseases including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV is the most common indication for liver transplantation in patients with cirrhosis worldwide. HCV is an enveloped RNA virus classified in the genus Hepacivirus in the Flaviviridae family. The HCV viral life cycle in a cell can be divided into six phases: (1) binding and internalization; (2) cytoplasmic release and uncoating; (3) viral polyprotein translation and processing; (4) RNA genome replication; (5) encapsidation (packaging) and assembly; and (6) virus morphogenesis (maturation) and secretion. Many host factors are involved in the HCV life cycle. Chaperones are an important group of host cytoprotective molecules that coordinate numerous cellular processes including protein folding, multimeric protein assembly, protein trafficking, and protein degradation. All phases of the viral life cycle require chaperone activity and the interaction of viral proteins with chaperones. This review will present our current knowledge and understanding of the role of chaperones in the HCV life cycle. Analysis of chaperones in HCV infection will provide further insights into viral/host interactions and potential therapeutic targets for both HCV and other viruses.
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29
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Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Estep M, Negro F, Clark PJ, Hunt S, Song Q, Paulson M, Stamm LM, Brainard DM, Subramanian GM, McHutchison JG, Patel K. Dysregulation of distal cholesterol biosynthesis in association with relapse and advanced disease in CHC genotype 2 and 3 treated with sofosbuvir and ribavirin. J Hepatol 2016; 64:29-36. [PMID: 26341824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatitis C virus (HCV) modulates host lipid metabolism for its replication and lifecycle. Our aims were to assess changes in the serum lipid and distal (post-squalene) cholesterol biosynthesis metabolite profile of HCV genotypes (GT) 2 and 3 patients treated with sofosbuvir+ribavirin. METHODS Serum samples [baseline, treatment week 12, 4weeks post-treatment] were analyzed for apolipoproteins B and E (apoB/E), total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and 11 post-squalene sterol metabolites using a GC/MS platform. RESULTS We selected 127 patients (GT2 n=50, GT3 n=77), 50% cirrhotic patients, and 42% who experienced a virological relapse. At baseline, GT3 patients had lower level of serum lipids, apoB/E, 7-dehydrocholesterol, desmosterol, lathosterol, compared to GT2 (p<0.006). Baseline lathosterol was lower in relapsers with cirrhosis compared to cirrhotic patients with SVR (p=0.003). From baseline to treatment week 12, serum lipids, apoB/E, and key sterol pathway metabolites (7-dehydrocholesterol, desmosterol, lathosterol, lanosterol) increased in GT3. In contrast, in GT2 patients, apoB/E and dihydrolanosterol decreased with viral suppression (p<0.025). At follow-up week 4, cirrhotic SVR patients showed substantially greater increases in apoB and total sterols compared to cirrhotic relapsers regardless of HCV genotype. After adjustment for genotype and gender, baseline lathosterol was independently associated with virologic response (p=0.04). CONCLUSION HCV GT3 is associated with reduced circulation of lipids involved in the distal cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, resulting in relative hypocholesterolemia. HCV suppression during sofosbuvir+ribavirin restores distal sterol metabolites indicating viral interference with de novo lipogenesis or selective retention by hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zobair M Younossi
- Center for Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA, United States; Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, United States.
| | - Maria Stepanova
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | - Michael Estep
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | | | | | - Sharon Hunt
- Center for Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA, United States; Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Keyur Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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30
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Gondeau C, Pageaux GP, Larrey D. Hepatitis C virus infection: Are there still specific problems with genotype 3? World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:12101-13. [PMID: 26576095 PMCID: PMC4641128 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i42.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease and the main indication for liver transplantation worldwide. As promising specific treatments have been introduced for genotype 1, clinicians and researchers are now focusing on patients infected by non-genotype 1 HCV, particularly genotype 3. Indeed, in the golden era of direct-acting antiviral drugs, genotype 3 infections are no longer considered as easy to treat and are associated with higher risk of developing severe liver injuries, such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Moreover, HCV genotype 3 accounts for 40% of all HCV infections in Asia and is the most frequent genotype among HCV-positive injecting drug users in several countries. Here, we review recent data on HCV genotype 3 infection/treatment, including clinical aspects and the underlying genotype-specific molecular mechanisms.
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31
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Butt AA, Yan P, Simon TG, Chung RT, Abou-Samra AB. Changes in circulating lipids level over time after acquiring HCV infection: results from ERCHIVES. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:510. [PMID: 26558512 PMCID: PMC4642733 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1268-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in lipid levels over time after acquiring HCV infection, and how they differ from HCV-uninfected persons are unknown. METHODS We used ERCHIVES to identify those with a known HCV seroconversion window and persistently negative controls. We excluded subjects with HIV and hepatitis B and those who received lipid lowering agents. Total Cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), triglycerides (TG) and non-HDL cholesterol were retrieved at yearly intervals and plotted over time. RESULTS Among 1,270 HCV+ and 5,070 HCV- subjects, median age [IQR] was 47[37,53] for HCV+ and 52[47,57] for the HCV- group; 69% were White and 91% were males in each group. Mean BMI [SD] was 26.94[6.73] in the HCV+ and 28.15 [5.98] in the HCV- group (P < 0.001). Over a 10-year follow-up period among HCV+ persons, TC decreased by (mean (SD) mg/dL) 12.06(36.95), LDL by 9.22(31.44), TG by 13.58(87.01) and non-HDL-C by 12.55(35.14). Among HCV- persons, TC cholesterol decreased by 4.15(31.21), LDL by 4.16(26.51); TG by 4.42(82.34) and non-HDL-C by 5.78(30.17). CONCLUSIONS After HCV acquisition, TC, LDL, TG and non-HDL-C progressively decline over time independent of BMI and liver fibrosis. Consequences of lipid changes and the need and optimal timing of lipid lowering therapy in HCV+ persons require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel A Butt
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, 3601 Fifth Avenue, Suite 3A, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Hamad Healthcare Quality Institute, Doha, Qatar. .,Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Peng Yan
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, 3601 Fifth Avenue, Suite 3A, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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32
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Rembeck K, Lagging M. Impact of IL28B, ITPA and PNPLA3 genetic variants on therapeutic outcome and progression of hepatitis C virus infection. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:1179-88. [PMID: 26250055 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic HCV infection comprises a broad spectrum of liver disease, ranging from no or minimal activity to active hepatitis that in time may progress to severe liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma if left untreated. This review describes the impact of genetic variants of interleukin 28B (IL28B; also known as interferon-lambda 3), inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (ITPA) and patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3) on therapeutic outcome and liver disease severity in HCV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Rembeck
- Department of Infectious Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10B, SE-413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Lagging
- Department of Infectious Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10B, SE-413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
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33
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Milano M, Aghemo A, Mancina RM, Fischer J, Dongiovanni P, De Nicola S, Fracanzani AL, D'Ambrosio R, Maggioni M, De Francesco R, Fargion S, Berg T, Stickel F, Hampe J, Romeo S, Colombo M, Valenti L. Transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 gene E167K variant impacts on steatosis and liver damage in chronic hepatitis C patients. Hepatology 2015; 62:111-7. [PMID: 25820484 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Steatosis and inherited host factors influence liver damage progression in chronic hepatitis C (CHC). The transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) gene E167K variant increases liver fat and risk of progressive steatohepatitis by interfering with lipoprotein secretion. Our aim was to determine whether the E167K variant affects histological severity of steatosis, necroinflammation, and fibrosis in a cross-sectional cohort of 815 Italian therapy-naïve CHC patients. The association with clinically significant fibrosis was replicated in 645 Swiss/German patients. The TM6SF2 E167K variant was genotyped by TaqMan assays, steatosis graded according to the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score, and necroinflammation and fibrosis graded and staged according to Ishak in Italian, and to Metavir in Swiss/German patients. The E167K variant was detected in 69 (9%) Italian patients and was associated with more severe steatosis, independently of confounders (P = 0.038). The association between E167K and steatosis severity was present in patients not infected by genotype 3 (G3) HCV (P = 0.031), but not in those infected by G3 HCV (P = 0.58). Furthermore, the E167K variant was associated with more severe necroinflammation (Ishak grade; adjusted P = 0.037) and nearly associated with more severe fibrosis (Ishak stage; adjusted P = 0.058). At multivariate logistic regression analysis, the E167K variant was independently associated with histologically probable or definite cirrhosis (Ishak stage S6; odds ratio [OR]: 2.19; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.18-3.93; P = 0.010). After further conditioning for steatosis and necroinflammation, the E167K variant remained associated with cirrhosis (OR, 3.15; 95% CI: 1.60-5.99; P < 0.001). In Swiss/German patients, the E167K variant was independently associated with clinically significant fibrosis Metavir stage F2-F4 (OR, 1.81; 95% CI: 1.12-3.02; P = 0.016). CONCLUSION TM6SF2 E167K variant impacts on steatosis severity and is associated with liver damage and fibrosis in patients with CHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Milano
- Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Aghemo
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosellina Margherita Mancina
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Janett Fischer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Section Hepatology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paola Dongiovanni
- Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Stella De Nicola
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Ludovica Fracanzani
- Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta D'Ambrosio
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Maggioni
- Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Francesco
- Virology program, Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo e Enrica Invernizzi,", Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Fargion
- Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas Berg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Section Hepatology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Felix Stickel
- Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jochen Hampe
- Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefano Romeo
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Massimo Colombo
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Valenti
- Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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34
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Kukla M, Piotrowski D, Waluga M, Hartleb M. Insulin resistance and its consequences in chronic hepatitis C. Clin Exp Hepatol 2015; 1:17-29. [PMID: 28856251 PMCID: PMC5421163 DOI: 10.5114/ceh.2015.51375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is generally a slowly progressive disease, but some factors associated with rapid progression have been identified. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) may contribute to a broad spectrum of metabolic disturbances - namely, steatosis, insulin resistance (IR), increased prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), lipid metabolism abnormalities and atherosclerosis. HCV can directly or indirectly cause both IR and steatosis, but it is still not resolved whether this viral impact bears the same prognostic value as the metabolic counterparts. As the population exposed to HCV ages, the morbidity due to this disease is increasing. The rising epidemic of obesity contributes to higher prevalence of IR and T2DM. Our understanding of the mutual association between both disease states continues to grow, but is still far from complete. This review briefly discusses the most probable mechanisms involved in IR development in the course of CHC. Molecular mechanisms for the direct and indirect influence of HCV on intracellular insulin signaling are described. Subsequently, the consequences of IR/T2DM for disease progression and management are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kukla
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
| | - Damian Piotrowski
- Department of Infectious Diseases in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
| | - Marek Waluga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
| | - Marek Hartleb
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
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35
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Meissner EG, Lee YJ, Osinusi A, Sims Z, Qin J, Sturdevant D, McHutchison J, Subramanian M, Sampson M, Naggie S, Patel K, Remaley AT, Masur H, Kottilil S. Effect of sofosbuvir and ribavirin treatment on peripheral and hepatic lipid metabolism in chronic hepatitis C virus, genotype 1-infected patients. Hepatology 2015; 61:790-801. [PMID: 25203718 PMCID: PMC4340816 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis C virus (HCV) modulates intrahepatic cholesterol biosynthetic pathways to promote viral replication. Chronic HCV infection is associated with altered metabolism, including dyslipidemia and insulin resistance (IR), which contributes to disease progression and influences response to therapy. To further understand the impact of HCV infection on host metabolism, we examined changes in serum lipid profiles and intrahepatic expression of lipid-related genes during interferon (IFN)-free treatment of chronic HCV, genotype 1 infection with sofosbuvir and ribavirin (RBV), and explored associations with treatment outcome. Serum lipids (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein [LDL], high-density lipoprotein [HDL], and triglycerides [TGs]) and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) were measured during treatment, while gene expression of lipid-related genes was assessed using paired pre- and end-of-treatment (EOT) liver biopsies from 8 patients (n=7 sustained virologic response [SVR]; n=1 relapse) and unpaired EOT liver biopsies from 25 patients (n=17 SVR; n=8 relapse). Serum LDL concentration and particle size increased early in therapy, whereas TG concentration and very-low-density lipoprotein particle size decreased concomitantly, irrespective of treatment outcome. Whereas LDL increased in patients regardless of treatment outcome, average LDL concentration was lower at baseline and post-treatment in patients who relapsed. Analysis of paired liver biopsies revealed altered expression of genes associated with lipid transport, assembly, and signaling. In unpaired EOT liver biopsies, intrahepatic expression of fatty acid metabolism and lipid transport genes was lower in patients who experienced treatment relapse. CONCLUSION Clearance of HCV using an IFN-free antiviral regimen results in rapid changes in peripheral and intrahepatic metabolic pathways, implicating a direct effect of HCV replication on lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G. Meissner
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yu-Jin Lee
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anu Osinusi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zayani Sims
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jing Qin
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dan Sturdevant
- Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | | | | | - Maureen Sampson
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susanna Naggie
- Duke University, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Keyur Patel
- Duke University, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alan T. Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Henry Masur
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shyam Kottilil
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Hooper AJ, Burnett JR, Watts GF. Contemporary Aspects of the Biology and Therapeutic Regulation of the Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein. Circ Res 2015; 116:193-205. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.304637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Hooper
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA (A.J.H., J.R.B.), School of Medicine and Pharmacology (A.J.H., J.R.B., G.F.W.), School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (A.J.H), and Lipid Disorders Clinic, Cardiovascular Medicine (J.R.B., G.F.W), Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - John R. Burnett
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA (A.J.H., J.R.B.), School of Medicine and Pharmacology (A.J.H., J.R.B., G.F.W.), School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (A.J.H), and Lipid Disorders Clinic, Cardiovascular Medicine (J.R.B., G.F.W), Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gerald F. Watts
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA (A.J.H., J.R.B.), School of Medicine and Pharmacology (A.J.H., J.R.B., G.F.W.), School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (A.J.H), and Lipid Disorders Clinic, Cardiovascular Medicine (J.R.B., G.F.W), Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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37
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Loizides-Mangold U, Clément S, Alfonso-Garcia A, Branche E, Conzelmann S, Parisot C, Potma EO, Riezman H, Negro F. HCV 3a core protein increases lipid droplet cholesteryl ester content via a mechanism dependent on sphingolipid biosynthesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115309. [PMID: 25522003 PMCID: PMC4270764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected patients often develop steatosis and the HCV core protein alone can induce this phenomenon. To gain new insights into the pathways leading to steatosis, we performed lipidomic profiling of HCV core protein expressing-Huh-7 cells and also assessed the lipid profile of purified lipid droplets isolated from HCV 3a core expressing cells. Cholesteryl esters, ceramides and glycosylceramides, but not triglycerides, increased specifically in cells expressing the steatogenic HCV 3a core protein. Accordingly, inhibitors of cholesteryl ester biosynthesis such as statins and acyl-CoA cholesterol acyl transferase inhibitors prevented the increase of cholesteryl ester production and the formation of large lipid droplets in HCV core 3a-expressing cells. Furthermore, inhibition of de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis by myriocin - but not of glycosphingolipid biosynthesis by miglustat - affected both lipid droplet size and cholesteryl ester level. The lipid profile of purified lipid droplets, isolated from HCV 3a core-expressing cells, confirmed the particular increase of cholesteryl ester. Thus, both sphingolipid and cholesteryl ester biosynthesis are affected by the steatogenic core protein of HCV genotype 3a. These results may explain the peculiar lipid profile of HCV-infected patients with steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Loizides-Mangold
- Department of Biochemistry, NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Clément
- Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alba Alfonso-Garcia
- University of California Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Emilie Branche
- Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Conzelmann
- Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Clotilde Parisot
- Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric O. Potma
- University of California Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Howard Riezman
- Department of Biochemistry, NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Negro
- Division of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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38
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Kim S, Date T, Yokokawa H, Kono T, Aizaki H, Maurel P, Gondeau C, Wakita T. Development of hepatitis C virus genotype 3a cell culture system. Hepatology 2014; 60:1838-50. [PMID: 24797787 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 3a infection poses a serious health problem worldwide. A significant association has been reported between HCV genotype 3a infections and hepatic steatosis. Nevertheless, virological characterization of genotype 3a HCV is delayed due to the lack of appropriate virus cell culture systems. In the present study, we established the first infectious genotype 3a HCV system by introducing adaptive mutations into the S310 strain. HCV core proteins had different locations in JFH-1 and S310 virus-infected cells. Furthermore, the lipid content in S310 virus-infected cells was higher than Huh7.5.1 cells and JFH-1 virus-infected cells as determined by the lipid droplet staining area. CONCLUSION This genotype 3a infectious cell culture system may be a useful experimental model for studying genotype 3a viral life cycles, molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis, and genotype 3a-specific antiviral drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulyi Kim
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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39
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Abenavoli L, Masarone M, Peta V, Milic N, Kobyliak N, Rouabhia S, Persico M. Insulin resistance and liver steatosis in chronic hepatitis C infection genotype 3. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:15233-15240. [PMID: 25386071 PMCID: PMC4223256 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i41.15233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a common chronic liver disease worldwide. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance (IR) are the major determinants of fibrosis progression and response to antiviral therapy. The pathogenetic link between IR and chronic HCV infection is complex, and is associated with HCV genotype. Liver steatosis is the most common in the patients infected with genotype 3 virus, possibly due to direct effects of genotype 3 viral proteins. To the contrary, hepatic steatosis in the patients infected with other genotypes is thought to be mostly due to the changes in host metabolism, involving IR. In HCV genotype 3, liver steatosis correlates with viral load, reverts after reaching the sustained virologic response and reoccurs in the relapsers. A therapeutic strategy to improve IR and liver steatosis and subsequently the response to antiviral treatment in these patients is warranted.
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40
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Read SA, Tay E, Shahidi M, George J, Douglas MW. Hepatitis C virus infection mediates cholesteryl ester synthesis to facilitate infectious particle production. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1900-1910. [PMID: 24859394 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.065300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a critical component of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) life cycle, as demonstrated by its accumulation within infected hepatocytes and lipoviral particles. To cope with excess cholesterol, hepatic enzymes ACAT1 and ACAT2 produce cholesteryl esters (CEs), which are destined for storage in lipid droplets or for secretion as apolipoproteins. Here we demonstrate in vitro that cholesterol accumulation following HCV infection induces upregulation of the ACAT genes and increases CE synthesis. Analysis of human liver biopsy tissue showed increased ACAT2 mRNA expression in liver infected with HCV genotype 3, compared with genotype 1. Inhibiting cholesterol esterification using the potent ACAT inhibitor TMP-153 significantly reduced production of infectious virus, but did not inhibit virus RNA replication. Density gradient analysis showed that TMP-153 treatment caused a significant increase in lipoviral particle density, suggesting reduced lipidation. These data suggest that cholesterol accumulation following HCV infection stimulates the production of CE, a major component of lipoviral particles. Inhibition of CE synthesis reduces HCV particle density and infectivity, suggesting that CEs are required for optimal infection of hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Read
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Enoch Tay
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mahsa Shahidi
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark W Douglas
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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41
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Lonardo A, Adinolfi LE, Restivo L, Ballestri S, Romagnoli D, Baldelli E, Nascimbeni F, Loria P. Pathogenesis and significance of hepatitis C virus steatosis: An update on survival strategy of a successful pathogen. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:7089-7103. [PMID: 24966582 PMCID: PMC4064057 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i23.7089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a successful pathogen on the grounds that it exploits its host’s metabolism to build up viral particles; moreover it favours its own survival by inducing chronic disease and the development of specific anatomic changes in the infected organ. Steatosis, therefore, is associated with HCV infection by necessity rather than by chance alone. Approximately 6% of HCV patients have steatohepatitis. Interestingly, HCV steatosis occurs in the setting of multiple metabolic abnormalities (hyperuricemia, reversible hypocholesterolemia, insulin resistance, arterial hypertension and expansion of visceral adipose tissue) collectively referred to as “hepatitis C-associated dysmetabolic syndrome” (HCADS). General, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-like, mechanisms of steatogenesis (including increased availability of lipogenic substrates and de novo lipogenesis; decreased oxidation of fatty substrates and export of fatty substrates) are shared by all HCV genotypes. However, genotype 3 seemingly amplifies such steatogenic molecular mechanisms reported to occur in NAFLD via more profound changes in microsomal triglyceride transfer protein; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha; sterol regulatory element-binding proteins and phosphatase and tensin homologue. HCV steatosis has a remarkable clinical impact in as much as it is an acknowledged risk factor for accelerated fibrogenesis; for impaired treatment response to interferon and ribavirin; and development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Recent data, moreover, suggest that HCV-steatosis contributes to premature atherogenesis via both direct and indirect mechanisms. In conclusion, HCV steatosis fulfills all expected requirements necessary to perpetuate the HCV life cycle. A better understanding of the physiology of HCADS will likely result in a more successful handling of disease with improved antiviral success rates.
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42
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Goossens N, Negro F. Is genotype 3 of the hepatitis C virus the new villain? Hepatology 2014; 59:2403-12. [PMID: 24155107 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Genotype 3 of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been long considered an easy-to-treat infection, with higher cure rates (∼70%) than other viral genotypes with the standard combination of pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin. However, the relative insensitivity of this genotype to most protease inhibitors and the recent unexpected data on decreased effectiveness of sofosbuvir have raised questions on how to achieve universal cure, a goal that seems reasonable for other genotypes. In addition, increasing clinical and experimental data show that HCV genotype 3 may be associated not only with severe steatosis, but also with accelerated fibrosis progression rate and increased oncogenesis. CONCLUSION Currently available data suggest that we should increase our efforts to understand the virology and pathogenesis of HCV genotype 3, aiming at better and more potent, genotype-targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Goossens
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
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43
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Milner KL, Jenkins AB, Trenell M, Tid-Ang J, Samocha-Bonet D, Weltman M, Xu A, George J, Chisholm DJ. Eradicating hepatitis C virus ameliorates insulin resistance without change in adipose depots. J Viral Hepat 2014; 21:325-32. [PMID: 24716635 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is associated with lipid-related changes and insulin resistance; the latter predicts response to antiviral therapy, liver disease progression and the risk of diabetes. We sought to determine whether insulin sensitivity improves following CHC viral eradication after antiviral therapy and whether this is accompanied by changes in fat depots or adipokine levels. We compared 8 normoglycaemic men with CHC (genotype 1 or 3) before and at least 6 months post viral eradication and 15 hepatitis C antibody negative controls using an intravenous glucose tolerance test and two-step hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp with [6,6-(2) H2 ] glucose to assess peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity. Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy quantified abdominal fat compartments, liver and intramyocellular lipid. Peripheral insulin sensitivity improved (glucose infusion rate during high-dose insulin increased from 10.1 ± 1.6 to 12 ± 2.1 mg/kg/min/, P = 0.025), with no change in hepatic insulin response following successful viral eradication, without any accompanying change in muscle, liver or abdominal fat depots. There was corresponding improvement in incremental glycaemic response to intravenous glucose (pretreatment: 62.1 ± 8.3 vs post-treatment: 56.1 ± 8.5 mm, P = 0.008). Insulin sensitivity after viral clearance was comparable to matched controls without CHC. Post therapy, liver enzyme levels decreased but, interestingly, levels of glucagon, fatty acid-binding protein and lipocalin-2 remained elevated. Eradication of the hepatitis C virus improves insulin sensitivity without alteration in fat depots, adipokine or glucagon levels, consistent with a direct link of the virus with insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-L Milner
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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44
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Vespasiani-Gentilucci U, Gallo P, Vincentis AD, Galati G, Picardi A. Hepatitis C virus and metabolic disorder interactions towards liver damage and atherosclerosis. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:2825-2838. [PMID: 24659875 PMCID: PMC3961987 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i11.2825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the main causes of liver disease worldwide, and alterations of glucose metabolism have reached pandemic proportions in western countries. However, the frequent coexistence between these two conditions is more than simply coincidental, since HCV can induce insulin resistance through several mechanisms. Indeed, the virus interferes with insulin signaling both directly and indirectly, inducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, the entire viral life cycle has strict interconnections with lipid metabolism, and HCV is responsible for a “viral” steatosis which is frequently superimposed to a “metabolic” one. Several evidences suggest that HCV-induced metabolic disorders contribute both to the evolution of liver fibrosis and, likely, to the progression of the other disorders which are typically associated with altered metabolism, in particular atherosclerosis. In the present review, we will examine in depth the links between HCV infection and insulin resistance, liver steatosis and diabetes, and analyze the impact of these interactions on the progression of liver fibrosis and atherosclerosis. Special attention will be focused on the highly debated topic of the relationship between HCV infection and cardiovascular disease. The available clinical literature on this item will be broadly reviewed and all the mechanisms possibly implied will be discussed.
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45
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Cheng FKF, Torres DM, Harrison SA. Hepatitis C and lipid metabolism, hepatic steatosis, and NAFLD: still important in the era of direct acting antiviral therapy? J Viral Hepat 2014; 21:1-8. [PMID: 24329852 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have an individual prevalence of 1.8-3% and at least 30%, respectively, in the United States. It is therefore not surprising that there is overlap between these two common chronic liver diseases, although the relationship appears to go beyond isolated co-existence. Hepatic steatosis is a common feature of CHC infection and can be related to both metabolic and viral specific factors. Steatosis in the setting of nongenotype 3 CHC has been predictive of response to therapy prior to the advent of the direct acting antiviral medications (DAAs). Similarly, lipid metabolism appears important in response to CHC treatment. The pathways for both lipid homeostasis and NAFLD as it pertains to CHC infection as well as the utilization of statin therapy in CHC infection will be reviewed with a focus on the relevance of these topics in the era of DAA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F-K F Cheng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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46
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Hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A favors upregulation of gluconeogenic and lipogenic gene expression leading towards insulin resistance: a metabolic syndrome. Arch Virol 2013; 159:1017-25. [PMID: 24240483 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1892-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C is a lethal blood-borne infection often associated with a number of pathologies such as insulin resistance and other metabolic abnormalities. Insulin is a key hormone that regulates the expression of metabolic pathways and favors homeostasis. In this study, we demonstrated the molecular mechanism of hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A)-induced metabolic dysregulation. We showed that transient expression of HCV NS5A in human hepatoma cells increased lipid droplet formation through enhanced lipogenesis. We also showed increased transcriptional expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC)-1α and diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT-1) in NS5A-expressing cells. On the other hand, there was significantly reduced transcriptional expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in cells expressing HCV NS5A. Furthermore, increased gluconeogenic gene expression was observed in HCV-NS5A-expressing cells. In addition, it was also shown that HCV-NS5A-expressing hepatoma cells show serine phosphorylation of IRS-1, thereby hampering metabolic activity and contributing to insulin resistance. Therefore, this study reveals that HCV NS5A is involved in enhanced gluconeogenic and lipogenic gene expression, which triggers metabolic abnormality and impairs insulin signaling pathway.
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47
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Ydreborg M, Westin J, Rembeck K, Lindh M, Norrgren H, Holmberg A, Wejstål R, Norkrans G, Cardell K, Weiland O, Lagging M. Impact of Il28b-related single nucleotide polymorphisms on liver transient elastography in chronic hepatitis C infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80172. [PMID: 24244641 PMCID: PMC3828208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recently, several genome-wide association studies have revealed that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in proximity to IL28B predict spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection as well as outcome following pegylated interferon and ribavirin therapy among genotype 1 infected patients. Additionally the presence of the otherwise favorable IL28B genetic variants in the context of HCV genotype 3 infection reportedly entail more pronounced liver fibrosis and steatosis. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of IL28B SNP variability on liver stiffness as accessed by transient elastography. METHODS Seven hundred and seventy-one Swedish HCV infected patients sequentially undergoing liver stiffness measurement by means of Fibroscan® in the context of a real-life trial had samples available for IL28B genotyping (rs12979860) and HCV genotyping. RESULTS CC(rs12979860) was more common among HCV genotype 2 or 3 infected treatment-naïve patients than among those infected with genotype 1 (P<0.0001). Additionally CC(rs12979860) among HCV genotype 3 infected patients was associated with higher liver stiffness values (P = 0.004), and higher AST to platelet ratio index (APRI; p = 0.02) as compared to carriers of the T allele. Among HCV genotype 1 infected patients, CC(rs12979860) was significantly associated with higher viral load (P = 0.001), with a similar non-significant trend noted among HCV genotype 3 infected patients. CONCLUSION This study confirms previous reports that the CC(rs12979860) SNP is associated with more pronounced liver pathology in patients chronically infected with HCV genotype 3 as compared to genotype 1, suggesting that IL28B genetic variants differently regulates the course of HCV infection across HCV genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Ydreborg
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Westin
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karolina Rembeck
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Lindh
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hans Norrgren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Holmberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rune Wejstål
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Norkrans
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Cardell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ola Weiland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska, Sweden
| | - Martin Lagging
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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48
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Nasheri N, Joyce M, Rouleau Y, Yang P, Yao S, Tyrrell DL, Pezacki JP. Modulation of fatty acid synthase enzyme activity and expression during hepatitis C virus replication. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:570-82. [PMID: 23601646 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) induces alterations of host cells to facilitate its life cycle. Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is a multidomain enzyme that plays a key role in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and is upregulated during HCV infection. Herein, we applied activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) that allows for the identification of differentially active enzymes in complex proteomic samples, to study the changes in activity of FASN during HCV replication. For this purpose, we used an activity-based probe based on the FASN inhibitor Orlistat, and observed an increase in the activity of FASN in the presence of a subgenomic and a genomic HCV replicon as well as in chimeric SCID/Alb-uPA mice infected with HCV genotype 1a. To study the molecular basis for this increase in FASN activity, we overexpressed individual HCV proteins in Huh7 cells and observed increased expression and activity of FASN in the presence of core and NS4B, as measured by western blots and ABPP, respectively. Triglyceride levels were also elevated in accordance with FASN expression and activity. Lastly, immunofluorescence and ABPP imaging analyses demonstrated that while the abundance and activity of FASN increases significantly in the presence of HCV, its localization does not change. Together these data suggest that the HCV-induced production of fatty acids and neutral lipids is provided by an increase in FASN abundance and activity that is sufficient to allow HCV propagation without transporting FASN to the replication complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Nasheri
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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49
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Prince E, Lazare FB, Treem WR, Xu J, Iqbal J, Pan X, Josekutty J, Walsh M, Anderson V, Hussain MM, Schwarz SM. Ω-3 fatty acids prevent hepatic steatosis, independent of PPAR-α activity, in a murine model of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2013; 38:608-16. [PMID: 23757305 DOI: 10.1177/0148607113491436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES ω-3 Fatty acids (FAs), natural ligands for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α), attenuate parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD). However, the mechanisms underlying the protective role of ω-3 FAs are still unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of ω-3 FAs on hepatic triglyceride (TG) accumulation in a murine model of PNALD and to investigate the role of PPAR-α and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) in this experimental setting. METHODS 129S1/SvImJ wild-type or 129S4/SvJaePparatm/Gonz/J PPAR-α knockout mice were fed chow and water (controls); oral, fat-free PN solution only (PN-O); PN-O plus intraperitoneal (IP) ω-6 FA-predominant supplements (PN-ω-6); or PN-O plus IP ω-3 FA (PN-ω-3). Control and PN-O groups received sham IP injections of 0.9% NaCl. Hepatic histology, TG and cholesterol, MTP activity, and PPAR-α messenger RNA were assessed after 19 days. RESULTS In all experimental groups, PN feeding increased hepatic TG and MTP activity compared with controls. Both PN-O and PN-ω-6 groups accumulated significantly greater amounts of TG when compared with PN-ω-3 mice. Studies in PPAR-α null animals showed that PN feeding increases hepatic TG as in wild-type mice. PPAR-α null mice in the PN-O and PN-ω-6 groups demonstrated variable degrees of hepatic steatosis, whereas no evidence of hepatic fat accumulation was found after 19 days of oral PN plus IP ω-3 FAs. CONCLUSIONS PN induces TG accumulation (steatosis) in wild-type and PPAR-α null mice. In PN-fed wild-type and PPAR-α null mice given IP ω-3 FAs, reduced hepatic TG accumulation and absent steatosis are found. Prevention of steatosis by ω-3 FAs results from PPAR-α-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Prince
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Farrah B Lazare
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York Department of Pediatrics, Winthrop University Medical Center, Mineola, New York
| | - William R Treem
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, Titusville, New Jersey
| | - Jiliu Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Jahangir Iqbal
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Xiaoyue Pan
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Joby Josekutty
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Meghan Walsh
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Virginia Anderson
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - M Mahmood Hussain
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Steven M Schwarz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
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Hepatitis C virus, cholesterol and lipoproteins--impact for the viral life cycle and pathogenesis of liver disease. Viruses 2013; 5:1292-324. [PMID: 23698400 PMCID: PMC3712309 DOI: 10.3390/v5051292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of chronic liver disease, including chronic hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis C infection associates with lipid and lipoprotein metabolism disorders such as hepatic steatosis, hypobetalipoproteinemia, and hypocholesterolemia. Furthermore, virus production is dependent on hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) assembly, and circulating virions are physically associated with lipoproteins in complexes termed lipoviral particles. Evidence has indicated several functional roles for the formation of these complexes, including co-opting of lipoprotein receptors for attachment and entry, concealing epitopes to facilitate immune escape, and hijacking host factors for HCV maturation and secretion. Here, we review the evidence surrounding pathogenesis of the hepatitis C infection regarding lipoprotein engagement, cholesterol and triglyceride regulation, and the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects.
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