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Ferreres-Serafini L, Martín-Orúe SM, Sadurní M, Jiménez J, Moreno-Muñoz JA, Castillejos L. Supplementing infant milk formula with a multi-strain synbiotic and osteopontin enhances colonic microbial colonization and modifies jejunal gene expression in lactating piglets. Food Funct 2024; 15:6536-6552. [PMID: 38807503 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00489b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
A total of ninety-six weaned piglets were assigned to four dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 design. The treatments included: a standard milk formula (CTR); CTR + probiotics (6.4 × 108 cfu L-1Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 and 1.1 × 108 cfu L-1Lactobacillus rhamnosus NH001) + prebiotics (galacto-oligosaccharides 4.36 g L-1 and human-milk-oligosaccharide 0.54 g L-1) (SYN); CTR + osteopontin (0.43 g L-1) (OPN); and CTR + SYN + OPN (CON). Daily records including feed intake, body weight, and clinical signs, were maintained throughout the 15-day trial. At the end of the study samples from blood, digestive content, and gut tissues were collected to determine serum TNF-α, intestinal fermentative activity (SCFA and ammonia), colonic microbiota (16S rRNA Illumina-MiSeq), histomorphology, and jejunal gene expression (Open-Array). No statistical differences were found in weight gain; however, the animals supplemented with osteopontin exhibited higher feed intake. In terms of clinical signs, synbiotic supplementation led to a shorter duration of diarrhoea episodes. Regarding gut health, the sequenced faecal microbiota revealed better control of potentially dysbiotic bacteria with the CON diet at day 15. In the colon compartment, a significant increase in SCFA concentration, a decrease in ammonia concentration, and a significant decrease in intraepithelial lymphocyte counts were particularly observed in CON animals. The supplemented diets were also associated with modified jejunal gene expression. The synbiotic combination was characterized by the upregulation of genes related to intestinal maturation (ALPI, SI) and nutrient transport (SLC13A1, SLC15A1, SLC5A1, SLC7A8), and the downregulation of genes related to the response to pathogens (GBP1, IDO, TLR4) or the inflammatory response (IDO, IL-1β, TGF-β1). Osteopontin promoted the upregulation of a digestive function gene (GCG). Correlational analysis between the microbiota population and various intestinal environmental factors (SCFA concentration, histology, and gene expression) proposes mechanisms of communication between the gut microbiota and the host. In summary, these results suggest an improvement in the colonic colonization process and a better modulation of the immune response when milk formula is supplemented with the tested synbiotic combined with osteopontin, benefiting from a synergistic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Ferreres-Serafini
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Susana Mª Martín-Orúe
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Meritxell Sadurní
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Jesús Jiménez
- Laboratorios Ordesa S.L., Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Moreno-Muñoz
- Laboratorios Ordesa S.L., Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Lorena Castillejos
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
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Qi P, Lv J, Yan X, Bai L, Zhang L. Microfluidics: Insights into Intestinal Microorganisms. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1134. [PMID: 37317109 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfluidics is a system involving the treatment or manipulation of microscale (10-9 to 10-18 L) fluids using microchannels (10 to 100 μm) contained on a microfluidic chip. Among the different methodologies used to study intestinal microorganisms, new methods based on microfluidic technology have been receiving increasing attention in recent years. The intestinal tracts of animals are populated by a vast array of microorganisms that have been established to play diverse functional roles beneficial to host physiology. This review is the first comprehensive coverage of the application of microfluidics technology in intestinal microbial research. In this review, we present a brief history of microfluidics technology and describe its applications in gut microbiome research, with a specific emphasis on the microfluidic technology-based intestine-on-a-chip, and also discuss the advantages and application prospects of microfluidic drug delivery systems in intestinal microbial research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Qi
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jin Lv
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiangdong Yan
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Liuhui Bai
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Yin X, Wang W, Seah SYK, Mine Y, Fan MZ. Deglycosylation Differentially Regulates Weaned Porcine Gut Alkaline Phosphatase Isoform Functionality along the Longitudinal Axis. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030407. [PMID: 36986329 PMCID: PMC10053101 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut alkaline phosphatases (AP) dephosphorylate the lipid moiety of endotoxin and other pathogen-associated-molecular patterns members, thus maintaining gut eubiosis and preventing metabolic endotoxemia. Early weaned pigs experience gut dysbiosis, enteric diseases and growth retardation in association with decreased intestinal AP functionality. However, the role of glycosylation in modulation of the weaned porcine gut AP functionality is unclear. Herein three different research approaches were taken to investigate how deglycosylation affected weaned porcine gut AP activity kinetics. In the first approach, weaned porcine jejunal AP isoform (IAP) was fractionated by the fast protein-liquid chromatography and purified IAP fractions were kinetically characterized to be the higher-affinity and lower-capacity glycosylated mature IAP (p < 0.05) in comparison with the lower-affinity and higher-capacity non-glycosylated pre-mature IAP. The second approach enzyme activity kinetic analyses showed that N-deglycosylation of AP by the peptide N-glycosidase-F enzyme reduced (p < 0.05) the IAP maximal activity in the jejunum and ileum and decreased AP affinity (p < 0.05) in the large intestine. In the third approach, the porcine IAP isoform-X1 (IAPX1) gene was overexpressed in the prokaryotic ClearColiBL21 (DE3) cell and the recombinant porcine IAPX1 was associated with reduced (p < 0.05) enzyme affinity and maximal enzyme activity. Therefore, levels of glycosylation can modulate plasticity of weaned porcine gut AP functionality towards maintaining gut microbiome and the whole-body physiological status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindi Yin
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)-Ontario Operation, Guelph, ON N1G 4S9, Canada
| | - Stephen Y. K. Seah
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Yoshinori Mine
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ming Z. Fan
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- One Health Institute, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Chen L, Yang P, Hu L, Yang L, Chu H, Hou X. Modulating phenylalanine metabolism by L. acidophilus alleviates alcohol-related liver disease through enhancing intestinal barrier function. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:24. [PMID: 36739426 PMCID: PMC9899391 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-00974-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired metabolic functions of gut microbiota have been demonstrated in alcohol-related liver disease (ALD), but little is known about changes in phenylalanine metabolism. METHODS Bacterial genomics and fecal metabolomics analysis were used to recognize the changes of phenylalanine metabolism and its relationship with intestinal flora. Intestinal barrier function was detected by intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) activity, levels of tight junction protein expression, colonic inflammation and levels of serum LPS. Lactobacillus acidophilus was chosen to correct phenylalanine metabolism of ALD mice by redundancy analysis and Pearson correlation analysis. RESULTS Using 16S rRNA sequencing and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) methods, we identified elevated levels of phenylalanine and its' metabolites in the gut of alcohol-fed mice compared to control mice and were negatively correlated with the abundance of Lactobacillus, which mainly metabolized phenylalanine. The intestinal phenylalanine level was positively correlated with the colon inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-6, and negatively correlated with ZO-1 and Occludin. While intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) activity was negatively correlated with the colon inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1, and positively correlated with ZO-1 and Occludin. Increased phenylalanine inhibited IAP activity, blocked LPS dephosphorylation, increased colonic inflammation and bacterial translocation. Phenylalanine supplementation aggravated alcohol-induced liver injury and intestinal barrier dysfunction. Among the 37 Lactobacillus species, the abundance of Lactobacillus acidophilus was most significantly decreased in ALD mice. Supplementation with L. acidophilus recovered phenylalanine metabolism and protected mice from alcohol-induced steatohepatitis. CONCLUSIONS Recovery of phenylalanine metabolism through the oral supplementation of L. acidophilus boosted intestinal barrier integrity and ameliorated experimental ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuying Chen
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Pengcheng Yang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Lilin Hu
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Ling Yang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Huikuan Chu
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Xiaohua Hou
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 China
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He Y, Li Z, Xu T, Luo D, Chi Q, Zhang Y, Li S. Polystyrene nanoplastics deteriorate LPS-modulated duodenal permeability and inflammation in mice via ROS drived-NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135662. [PMID: 35830933 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The widespread occurrence of nanoplastics (NPs), has markedly affected the ecosystem and has become a global threat to animals and human health. There is growing evidence showing that polystyrene nanoparticles (PSNPs) exposure induced enteritis and the intestinal barrier disorder. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can trigger the inflammation burden of various tissues. Whether PSNPs deteriorate LPS-induced intestinal damage via ROS drived-NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway is remains unknown. In this study, PSNPs exposure/PSNPs and LPS co-exposure mice model were duplicated by intraperitoneal injection. The results showed that exposure to PSNPs/LPS caused duodenal inflammation and increased permeability. We evaluated the change of duodenum structure, oxidative stress parameters, inflammatory factors, and tight junction protein in the duodenum. We found that PSNPs/LPS could aggravate the production of ROS and oxidative stress in cells, activate NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway, decrease the expression tight junction proteins (ZO-1, Claudin 1, and Occludin) levels, promote inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ) expressions. Duodenal oxidative stress and inflammation in PS + LPS group were more serious than those in single exposure group, which could be alleviated by NF-kB inhibitor QNZ. Collectively, the results verified that PSNPs deteriorated LPS-induced inflammation and increasing permeability in mice duodenum via ROS drived-NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway. The current study indicated the relationship and molecular mechanism between PSNPs and intestinal injury, providing novel insights into the adverse effects of PSNPs exposure on mammals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Zhe Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Tong Xu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Dongliu Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Qianru Chi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Shu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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Tang X, Xiong K. Epidermal growth factor activates EGFR/AMPK signalling to up-regulate the expression of SGLT1 and GLUT2 to promote intestinal glucose absorption in lipopolysaccharide challenged IPEC-J2 cells and piglets. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2022.2073832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Tang
- State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertfication Control, School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Kangning Xiong
- State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertfication Control, School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
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Zhang H, Ding X, Bai S, Zeng Q, Zhang K, Mao X, Chu L, Hou D, Xuan Y, Wang J. Alleviating effect of dietary supplementation of benzoic acid, Enterococcus faecium and essential oil complex on coccidia and Clostridium perfringens challenge in laying hens. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101720. [PMID: 35231770 PMCID: PMC8886132 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this experiment is to explore the effects of dietary supplementation of benzoic acid, Enterococcus faecium, and essential oil complex (BEC) on coccidia and Clostridium perfringens challenge in laying hens. A total of 80 Lohmann gray laying hens (35 wk old) were allocated to 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with the main effects of Clostridium perfringens type A (CP) and coccidia challenge (with or without challenge) and 2 BEC levels (0 and 1,000 mg/kg). The total experimental period was 6 wk. The results showed that: the challenge group significantly decreased the laying rate and average daily feed intake (ADFI) of laying hens (PChallenge < 0.01). The BEC + challenge group significantly increased the laying rate and decreased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of laying hens (PBEC < 0.05). The challenge significantly decreased the thickness, strength, and relative weight of eggshell (PChallenge < 0.05). The BCE + challenge group significantly increased the relative weight and strength of the eggshell (PBEC < 0.05). The challenge significantly increased the crypt depth of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, and decreased the villus-to-crypt ratio (V/C) (PChallenge < 0.01). The BEC + challenge group decreased the crypt depth of the duodenum and jejunum, and increased the V/C of the duodenum (PBEC < 0.01). The pathological scores of duodenum and jejunum of the challenge group were significantly higher than other groups (PChallenge < 0.01), while the BEC + challenge group had lower pathological scores of jejunum (PBEC < 0.01). The challenge significantly decreased the mRNA expression of Occludin, Mucin-2, Zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) (Pchallenge < 0.05); whereas the BEC group significantly increased the expression of Occludin, Mucin-2, and Claudin-1 mRNA (PBEC < 0.05). The challenge significantly increased the level of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in the jejunum (PChallenge < 0.05). Taken together, adding BEC to the diet can improved production performance and egg quality of layers, by protecting intestinal health against Clostridium perfringens type A (CP) and coccidia challenge.
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Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase: A Review of This Enzyme Role in the Intestinal Barrier Function. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040746. [PMID: 35456797 PMCID: PMC9026380 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IALP) has recently assumed a special relevance, being the subject of study in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases related to leaky gut. This brush border enzyme (ecto-enzyme) plays an important role in the maintenance of intestinal microbial homeostasis and intestinal barrier function through its ability to dephosphorylate lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This review addresses how IALP and intestinal barrier dysfunction may be implicated in the pathophysiology of specific diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, necrotizing enterocolitis, and metabolic syndrome. The use of IALP as a possible biomarker to assess intestinal barrier function and strategies to modulate IALP activity are also discussed.
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Tang X, Xiong K. Intrauterine Growth Retardation Affects Intestinal Health of Suckling Piglets via Altering Intestinal Antioxidant Capacity, Glucose Uptake, Tight Junction, and Immune Responses. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:2644205. [PMID: 35345830 PMCID: PMC8957421 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2644205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) on the intestinal morphology, intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis, intestinal antioxidant capacity, intestinal glucose absorption capacity, and intestinal barrier function of piglets during the suckling period. A total of eight normal-birth-weight (NBW) piglets and eight IUGR newborn piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) were selected from eight litters, one NBW and one IUGR newborn piglet per litter. In each litter, piglets with birth weight of 1.54 ± 0.04 kg (within one SD of the mean birth weight) were selected as NBW piglets and piglets with birth weight of 0.82 ± 0.03 kg (two SD below the mean birth weight) were selected as IUGR piglets. At 21 days of age, all piglets were killed by exsanguinations for sampling. The results showed the body weight (BW) of IUGR piglets on day 0, day 7, day 14, and day 21, and the body weight gain (BWG) of IUGR piglets was significantly lower than that of NBW piglets. IUGR piglets exhibited impaired intestinal morphology, raised enterocyte apoptosis, and increased oxidative damage. It showed that IUGR leads to a lower antioxidant capacity and glucose absorption in the jejunum. In accordance, IUGR caused the intestinal barrier dysfunction by impairing tight junctions and increasing intestinal inflammatory injury. Collectively, these results add to our understanding that IUGR affects intestinal health of suckling piglets via altering intestinal antioxidant capacity, glucose uptake, tight junction, and immune responses, and the slow growth of piglets with IUGR may be associated with intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Tang
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, No. 116 North Baoshan Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang 550001, China
- State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, No. 116 North Baoshan Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Kangning Xiong
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, No. 116 North Baoshan Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang 550001, China
- State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, No. 116 North Baoshan Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang 550001, China
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Zhuang J, Zhou T, Bai S, Zhao B, Wu X, Chen Y. Effects of Restricted Feeding on Growth Performance, Intestinal Immunity, and Skeletal Muscle Development in New Zealand Rabbits. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12020160. [PMID: 35049783 PMCID: PMC8772555 DOI: 10.3390/ani12020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The high prevalence of gastrointestinal diseases in young rabbits is the major cause of impediment in the development of the rabbit industry. Presently, few companies have adopted methods of restricting feeding to improve the survival rate independent of the effect on their growth and development. To explore the effects of different feeding-restriction levels on the growth performance, intestinal immunity, and skeletal muscle development of meat rabbits, 198 New Zealand meat rabbits of 35 days old were selected and randomly divided into three groups: (1) a control group, (2) a 15% feeding restriction group, and (3) a 30% feeding restriction group, with 66 in each group with an equal number of males and females. The growth performance measurement and health-risk assessment indicators, measurement of digestive enzyme activity, immune and antioxidant indexes, and regulation mechanism were evaluated and explored. Finally, we found that a 30% feeding limit affected the growth and development of skeletal muscle in growing rabbits by regulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Abstract This study aimed to explore the effects of different feeding restriction levels on the growth performance, intestinal immunity, and skeletal muscle development of meat rabbits. Additionally, we studied whether complete compensatory growth could be obtained post 2 weeks of restricted feeding, in order to seek a scientific mode of feeding restriction. Each of three groups was exposed to 3 weeks of feeding restriction and 2 weeks of compensatory growth. The 15% feeding restriction showed a negligible effect on the final body-weight of the rabbits (p > 0.05), but significantly reduced the feed-to-weight ratio (p < 0.05); reduced diarrhea and mortality; and increased digestive enzyme activity and antioxidant capacity. However, a 30% feeding-restriction level substantially reduced the growth rate of the rabbits (p < 0.05), impaired skeletal muscle development, and showed no compensatory growth after 2 weeks of nutritional recovery. Additionally, immunoglobulin and antioxidant enzyme synthesis were impaired due to reduced nutritional levels, and levels of pro-inflammatory factors were increased during the compensation period. The IGF1 mRNA expression decreased significantly (p < 0.05), whereas MSTN and FOXO1 expression increased noticeably (p < 0.05). Moreover, protein levels of p-Akt and p-p70 decreased significantly in the 15% feeding restriction group. Overall, the 15% feeding limit unaffected the weight and skeletal muscle development of rabbits, whereas the 30% feeding limit affected the growth and development of skeletal muscle in growing rabbits. The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is plausibly a mediator of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yang Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-18762321870
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Hu C, Niu X, Chen S, Wen J, Bao M, Mohyuddin SG, Yong Y, Liu X, Wu L, Yu Z, Ma X, Ju X. A Comprehensive Analysis of the Colonic Flora Diversity, Short Chain Fatty Acid Metabolism, Transcripts, and Biochemical Indexes in Heat-Stressed Pigs. Front Immunol 2021; 12:717723. [PMID: 34745096 PMCID: PMC8567839 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.717723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stressed pigs show typical characteristics of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, little is known about the pathogenesis of heat stress (HS)-induced IBD in pigs. In this study, we determined the effects of HS on colon morphology, intestinal microbiota diversity, transcriptome genes (transcripts), and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) metabolism in pigs. In addition, the correlation among these parameters was analyzed by weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Results showed that the liver and kidney functions related to blood biochemical indexes were partially changed in pigs under HS. Furthermore, the levels of diamine oxidase and D-lactic acid were significantly increased, whereas the levels of secretory immunoglobulin A were decreased. The integrity of colonic tissue was damaged under HS, as bleeding, lymphatic infiltration, and villi injury were observed. The concentrations of SCFAs in the colon, such as acetic acid and butyric acid, were decreased significantly. In addition, the composition of colon microbiota, such as decrease in Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus reuteri and increase in Clostridium sensu stricto 1 of day 7 and 14 while under HS. These changes were associated with changes in the concentration of SCFAs and biochemical indexes above mentioned. Differentially expressed genes were enriched in the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor signaling pathway, Th17 cell differentiation, and IBD pathway, which were also associated with the changes in SCFAs. Thus, the structure, diversity of intestinal microorganisms, and changes in the levels of SCFAs in colon of heat stressed pigs changed significantly, contributing to the activation of immune response and inflammatory signal pathways and causing abnormal physiological and biochemical indexes and intestinal mucosal damage. These results highlight the interconnections between intestinal microbiota, SCFAs, and immune response and their role in the pathogenesis of stress induced IBD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canying Hu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xueting Niu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shengwei Chen
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jiaying Wen
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Minglong Bao
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Sahar Ghulam Mohyuddin
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yanhong Yong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiaoxi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Lianyun Wu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhichao Yu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xinbin Ma
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xianghong Ju
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
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12
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Pérez-Hernández EG, Delgado-Coello B, Luna-Reyes I, Mas-Oliva J. New insights into lipopolysaccharide inactivation mechanisms in sepsis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111890. [PMID: 34229252 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex pathophysiology of sepsis makes it a syndrome with limited therapeutic options and a high mortality rate. Gram-negative bacteria containing lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in their outer membrane correspond to the most common cause of sepsis. Since the gut is considered an important source of LPS, intestinal damage has been considered a cause and a consequence of sepsis. Although important in the maintenance of the intestinal epithelial cell homeostasis, the microbiota has been considered a source of LPS. Recent studies have started to shed light on how sepsis is triggered by dysbiosis, and an increased inflammatory state of the intestinal epithelial cells, expanding the understanding of the gut-liver axis in sepsis. Here, we review the gut-liver interaction in Gram-negative sepsis, exploring the mechanisms of LPS inactivation, including the recently described contribution of an isoform of the cholesteryl-ester transfer protein (CETPI). Although several key questions remain to be answered when the pathophysiology of sepsis is reviewed, new contributions coming to light exploring the way LPS might be inactivated in vivo, suggest that new applications might soon reach the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Blanca Delgado-Coello
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ismael Luna-Reyes
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jaime Mas-Oliva
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico.
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13
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Schaefer AK, Hutschala D, Andreas M, Bernardi MH, Brands R, Shabanian S, Laufer G, Wiedemann D. Decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase and prognostic relevance in adult cardiopulmonary bypass. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2021; 31:383-390. [PMID: 32747938 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivaa103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) induces inflammatory responses, which may lead to the loss of alkaline phosphatase (AP) that is consumed in the process of dephosphorylating detrimental extracellular nucleotides in this proinflammatory state. It has been reported that low postoperative AP levels correlate with increased postoperative support requirement and organ dysfunction after paediatric cardiac surgery. However, little is known about the perioperative development and clinical relevance of AP depletion in adults undergoing CPB. METHODS A total of 183 patients with a preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction ≤50% undergoing mitral valve surgery ± concomitant related procedures at the Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, between 2013 and 2016 were included in this retrospective analysis. Serum AP measurements at baseline and on postoperative days 1-15 were collected. Absolute and relative drop of AP on postoperative day 1 from baseline was correlated with perioperative and early postoperative parameters. Receiver operating characteristics were used to define suitable predictors and cut-offs for postoperative outcome variables. RESULTS Receiver operating characteristics showed a reduction of >50% of baseline AP to predict in-hospital mortality [area under the curve (AUC) 0.807], prolonged intensive care unit stay (>72 h, AUC 0.707), prolonged mechanical ventilation (>24 h, AUC 0.712) and surgery-related dialysis requirement (AUC 0.736). Patients with a perioperative reduction in circulating AP to levels below 50% of baseline had a significantly decreased survival. Patients with high perioperative AP loss had higher preoperative AP levels (P < 0.001), longer CPB duration (P < 0.001) and higher incidence of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Increased perioperative AP loss is associated with adverse early outcome. Prospective trials are needed to determine whether this effect can be counteracted by perioperative AP supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Kristin Schaefer
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Hutschala
- Division of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Andreas
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin H Bernardi
- Division of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruud Brands
- Alloksys Life Sciences BV, Wageningen, Netherlands
- University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Shiva Shabanian
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Günther Laufer
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Wiedemann
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Liu L, Wen L, Gao C, Piao H, Zhao H, Yu D, Zhu L, Li S. Effects of Non-directional Mechanical Trauma on Gastrointestinal Tract Injury in Rats. Front Physiol 2021; 12:649554. [PMID: 33935802 PMCID: PMC8081863 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.649554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical trauma can (MT) cause secondary injury, such as cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiac dysfunction has been reported. However, the effects of mechanical trauma on gastrointestinal tract is unclear. This study aims to observe the main location and time of gastrointestinal tract injury caused by non-directional trauma and explain the reason of the increase of LPS in blood caused by mechanical injury. Morphological changes in the stomach, ileum and cecum at different time points after MT were observed in this experiment. The results reveal that the injury to the cecal mucosa in the rats was more obvious than that in the ileum and the stomach. The cecal epithelial cell junction was significantly widened at 20 min after MT, and the plasma LPS and D-lactic acid concentrations increased significantly at the same time point. In addition, some bacterial structures in the widened intercellular space and near the capillary wall of the cecal mucosa were detected at 12 h after MT. This finding suggests that the main reason for the increase in LPS in plasma after MT is cecal mucosal injury. This study is important for the early intervention of the gastrointestinal tract to prevent secondary injury after MT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Liu
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lianpu Wen
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chuanzhou Gao
- Central Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hua Piao
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Deqin Yu
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shuzhuang Li
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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15
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Lenka S, Singh D, Paul S, Gayen A, Chandra M. S. boulardii Fails to Hold Its Cell Wall Integrity against Nonpathogenic E. coli: Are Probiotic Yeasts Losing the Battle? ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:733-745. [PMID: 33703881 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii exerts direct probiotic action on pathogenic E. coli by trapping them on surfaces and inactivating toxic lipopolysaccharides. Using optical dark-field microscopy, we show that nonpathogenic E. coli cells also readily bind probiotic S. boulardii. More importantly, the adhered nonpathogenic E. coli progressively damage S. boulardii cell walls and lyse them. Co-cultured methylene blue-supplemented agar-plate assay indicates that rough lipopolysaccharides might be playing a key role in S. boulardii cell wall damage. When experiments are repeated with lipopolysaccharide-depleted E. coli and also lipopolysaccharide-deficient E. coli, adhesion decreases substantially. The co-cultured assay further reveals that free lipopolysaccharides, released from E. coli, are also causing damage to S. boulardii walls like adhered E. coli. These new findings contradict the known S. boulardii-E. coli interaction mechanisms. We confirm that E. coli cells do not bind or damage human erythrocyte cell walls; therefore, they have not developed pathogenicity. The combined results demonstrate the first example of nonpathogenic E. coli being harmful to probiotic yeast S. boulardii. This finding is important because gut microbial flora contain large numbers of nonpathogenic E. coli. If they bind or damage probiotic S. boulardii cell walls, then the probiotic efficiency toward pathogenic E. coli will be compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajit Lenka
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur UP-208016, India
| | - Deepak Singh
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur UP-208016, India
| | - Sandip Paul
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur UP-208016, India
| | - Anindita Gayen
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur UP-208016, India
| | - Manabendra Chandra
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur UP-208016, India
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16
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Ouyang J, Isnard S, Lin J, Fombuena B, Chatterjee D, Wiche Salinas TR, Planas D, Cattin A, Fert A, Moreira Gabriel E, Raymond Marchand L, Zhang Y, Finkelman M, Chen Y, Kaufmann DE, Cermakian N, Ancuta P, Routy JP. Daily variations of gut microbial translocation markers in ART-treated HIV-infected people. AIDS Res Ther 2020; 17:15. [PMID: 32398104 PMCID: PMC7216536 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-020-00273-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased intestinal barrier permeability and subsequent gut microbial translocation are significant contributors to inflammatory non-AIDS comorbidities in people living with HIV (PLWH). Evidence in animal models have shown that markers of intestinal permeability and microbial translocation vary over the course of the day and are affected by food intake and circadian rhythms. However, daily variations of these markers are not characterized yet in PLWH. Herein, we assessed the variation of these markers over 24 h in PLWH receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in a well-controlled environment. Methods As in Canada, PLWH are predominantly men and the majority of them are now over 50 years old, we selected 11 men over 50 receiving ART with undetectable viremia for more than 3 years in this pilot study. Blood samples were collected every 4 h over 24 h before snacks/meals from 8:00 in the morning to 8:00 the next day. All participants consumed similar meals at set times, and had a comparable amount of sleep, physical exercise and light exposure. Plasma levels of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and fungal (1→3)-β-D-Glucan (BDG) translocation markers, along with markers of intestinal damage fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) and regenerating islet-derived protein-3α (REG3α) were assessed by ELISA or the fungitell assay. Results Participants had a median age of 57 years old (range 50 to 63). Plasma levels of BDG and REG3α did not vary significantly over the course of the study. In contrast, a significant increase of LPS was detected between 12:00 and 16:00 (Z-score: − 1.15 ± 0.18 vs 0.16 ± 0.15, p = 0.02), and between 12:00 and 24:00 (− 1.15 ± 0.18 vs 0.89 ± 0.26, p < 0.001). The plasma levels of I-FABP at 16:00 (− 0.92 ± 0.09) were also significantly lower, compared to 8:00 the first day (0.48 ± 0.26, p = 0.002), 4:00 (0.73 ± 0.27, p < 0.001) or 8:00 on secondary day (0.88 ± 0.27, p < 0.001). Conclusions Conversely to the fungal translocation marker BDG and the gut damage marker REG3α, time of blood collection matters for the proper evaluation for LPS and I-FABP as markers for the risk of inflammatory non-AIDS co-morbidities. These insights are instrumental for orienting clinical investigations in PLWH.
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17
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Patil Y, Gooneratne R, Ju XH. Interactions between host and gut microbiota in domestic pigs: a review. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:310-334. [PMID: 31760878 PMCID: PMC7524349 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1690363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that pig gut microbiota plays a critical role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis as well as in a myriad of physiological, neurological and immunological functions; including protection from pathogens and digestion of food materials - some of which would be otherwise indigestible by the pig. A rich and diverse gut microbial ecosystem (balanced microbiota) is the hallmark of good health; while qualitative and quantitative perturbations in the microbial composition can lead to development of various diseases. Alternatively, diseases caused by stressors or other factors have been shown to negatively impact the microbiota. This review focuses primarily on how commensal microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs influence biochemical, physiological, immunological, and metabolic processes within the host animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadnyavalkya Patil
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Wine, Food, and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand
- Shenzhen Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ravi Gooneratne
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Wine, Food, and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Xiang-Hong Ju
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Shenzhen Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
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18
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Zaher DM, El‐Gamal MI, Omar HA, Aljareh SN, Al‐Shamma SA, Ali AJ, Zaib S, Iqbal J. Recent advances with alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes and their inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 353:e2000011. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dana M. Zaher
- Sharjah Institute for Medical ResearchSharjah United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed I. El‐Gamal
- Sharjah Institute for Medical ResearchSharjah United Arab Emirates
- College of PharmacySharjah United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryFaculty of PharmacyMansoura Egypt
| | - Hany A. Omar
- Sharjah Institute for Medical ResearchSharjah United Arab Emirates
- College of PharmacySharjah United Arab Emirates
- Department of PharmacologyFaculty of PharmacyBeni‐Suef Egypt
| | | | | | - Aya J. Ali
- College of PharmacySharjah United Arab Emirates
| | - Sumera Zaib
- Centre for Advanced Drug ResearchCOMSATS University Islamabad Abbottabad Campus Abbottabad Pakistan
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug ResearchCOMSATS University Islamabad Abbottabad Campus Abbottabad Pakistan
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19
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Zhao C, Kao X, Wang Z, Liu Q, Wu J, Hu Q, Wu X, Ren J. Biomimetic enzyme barrier for preventing intestine-derived LPS induced diseases. RSC Adv 2020; 10:9126-9132. [PMID: 35496519 PMCID: PMC9050044 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08721d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomimetic enzyme barrier (BEB) encapsulated microcapsules with alginate shells were in situ fabricated with a microfluidic electrospray approach for preventing intestine-derived LPS induced diseases. As the alginate shells could protect the contents in gastric juice and release them in the intestine, the inner BEB could form a consecutive immune barrier on the surface of the intestine during the release. Through combining BEB with alkaline phosphatase, the immune barrier could degrade and prevent the permeation of lipopolysaccharide, which enhanced the intestinal barrier function. Thus, the BEB microcapsules were imparted with outstanding ability in preventing intestine-derived LPS induced diseases. Based on an in vivo study, we demonstrated that this BEB microcapsule could effectively protect organ function, restore intestinal barrier integrity, prevent the permeation of LPS and alleviate inflammation. Therefore, the generated microcapsules have potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhao
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University Nanjing 210002 China
- Lab for Trauma and Surgical Infection, Jinling Hospital Nanjing China
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Shenzhen Endocrinology and Metabolism Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Shenzhen People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Kao
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University Nanjing 210002 China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University Nanjing 210002 China
- Lab for Trauma and Surgical Infection, Jinling Hospital Nanjing China
| | - Qinjie Liu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University Nanjing 210002 China
- Lab for Trauma and Surgical Infection, Jinling Hospital Nanjing China
| | - Jie Wu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University Nanjing 210002 China
- Lab for Trauma and Surgical Infection, Jinling Hospital Nanjing China
| | - Qiongyuan Hu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University Nanjing 210002 China
- Lab for Trauma and Surgical Infection, Jinling Hospital Nanjing China
| | - Xiuwen Wu
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University Nanjing 210002 China
- Lab for Trauma and Surgical Infection, Jinling Hospital Nanjing China
| | - Jianan Ren
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University Nanjing 210002 China
- Lab for Trauma and Surgical Infection, Jinling Hospital Nanjing China
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20
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Vojdani A, Vojdani E, Herbert M, Kharrazian D. Correlation between Antibodies to Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides and Barrier Proteins in Sera Positive for ASCA and ANCA. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041381. [PMID: 32085663 PMCID: PMC7073094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with intestinal barrier dysfunction are more prone to autoimmunity. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from gut bacteria have been shown to play a role in systemic inflammation, leading to the opening of the gut and blood-brain barrier (BBB). This study aims to measure antibodies against LPS and barrier proteins in samples positive for anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) and compare them with these same antibodies in controls to determine whether a correlation between LPS and barrier proteins could be found. We obtained 94 ASCA- and 94 ANCA-positive blood samples, as well as 188 blood samples from healthy controls. Samples were assessed for antibodies to LPS, zonulin+occludin, S100B, and aquaporin-4 (AQP4). Results show significant elevation in antibodies in about 30% of ASCA- and ANCA-positive sera and demonstrate positive linear relationships between these antibodies. The findings suggest that individuals positive for ASCA and ANCA have increased odds of developing intestinal and BBB permeability compared to healthy subjects. The levels of LPS antibodies in both ASCA- and ANCA-positive and negative specimens showed from low and moderate to high correlation with antibodies to barrier proteins. This study shows that LPS, by damaging the gut and BBBs, contribute to the extra-intestinal manifestation of IBD. We conclude that IBD patients should be screened for LPS antibodies in an effort to detect or prevent possible barrier damage at the earliest stage possible to abrogate disease symptoms in IBS and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristo Vojdani
- Immunosciences Lab, Inc. 822 S. Robertson Blvd, Ste 312, Los Angeles, CA 90035, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-310-657-1077
| | - Elroy Vojdani
- Regenera Medical, 11860 Wilshire Blvd., Ste. 301, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA;
| | - Martha Herbert
- Martha Herbert, Pediatric Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Rm CNY149-2nd Floor, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Datis Kharrazian
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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21
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Zhao B, Che D, Adams S, Guo N, Han R, Zhang C, Qin G, Farouk MH, Jiang H. N-Acetyl-d-galactosamine prevents soya bean agglutinin-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction in intestinal porcine epithelial cells. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1198-1206. [PMID: 30934149 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Soya bean agglutinin (SBA) is a glycoprotein and the main anti-nutritional component in most soya bean feedstuffs. It is mainly a non-fibre carbohydrate-based protein and represents about 10% of soya bean-based anti-nutritional effects. In this study, we sought to determine the effects of N-Acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc or D-GalNAc) on the damage induced by SBA on the membrane permeability and tight junction proteins of piglet intestinal epithelium (IPEC-J2) cells. The IPEC-J2 cells were pre-cultured with 0, 0.125 × 10-4 , 0.25 × 10-4 , 0.5 × 10-4 , 1.0 × 10-4 and 2.0 × 10-4 mmol/L GalNAc at different time period (1, 2, 4 and 8 hr) before being exposed to 0.5 mg/ml SBA for 24 hr. The results indicate that pre-incubation with GalNAc mitigates the mechanical barrier injury as reflected by a significant increase in trans-epithelial electric resistance (TEER) value and a decrease in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in cell culture medium pre-treated with GalNAc before incubation with SBA as both indicate a reduction in cellular membrane permeability. In addition, mRNA levels of the tight junction proteins occludin and claudin-3 were lower in the SBA-treated groups without pre-treatment with GalNAc. The mRNA expression of occludin was reduced by 17.3% and claudin-3 by 42% (p < 0.01). Moreover, the corresponding protein expression levels were lowered by 17.8% and 43.5% (p < 0.05) respectively. However, in the GalNAc pre-treated groups, occludin and claudin-3 mRNAs were reduced by 1.6% (p > 0.05) and 2.7% (p < 0.01), respectively, while the corresponding proteins were reduced by 4.3% and 7.2% (p < 0.05). In conclusion, GalNAc may prevent the effect of SBA on membrane permeability and tight junction proteins on IPEC-J2s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Dongsheng Che
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Seidu Adams
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Guo
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Han
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Changchun University of science and technology, Changchun, China
| | - Guixin Qin
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Mohammed Hamdy Farouk
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hailong Jiang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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22
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Toral M, Robles-Vera I, Romero M, de la Visitación N, Sánchez M, O'Valle F, Rodriguez-Nogales A, Gálvez J, Duarte J, Jiménez R. Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716: a novel alternative for the prevention of vascular disorders in a mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus. FASEB J 2019; 33:10005-10018. [PMID: 31173526 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900545rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine whether the immune-modulatory bacteria Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 (LC40) ameliorates disease activity and cardiovascular complications in a female mouse model of lupus. Eighteen-week-old NZBWF1 [systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)] and NZW/LacJ (control) mice were treated with vehicle or LC40 (5 × 108 colony-forming units/d) for 15 wk. LC40 treatment reduced lupus disease activity, blood pressure, cardiac and renal hypertrophy, and splenomegaly in SLE mice. LC40 reduced the elevated T, B, regulatory T cells (Treg), and T helper (Th)-1 cells in mesenteric lymph nodes of lupus mice. LC40 lowered the higher plasma concentration of proinflammatory cytokines observed in lupus mice. Aortas from SLE mice showed reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilator responses to acetylcholine. Endothelial dysfunction found in SLE is related to an increase of both NADPH oxidase-driven superoxide production and eNOS phosphorylation at the inhibitory Thr495. These activities returned to normal values after a treatment with LC40. Probiotic administration to SLE mice reduced plasma LPS levels, which might be related to an improvement of the gut barrier integrity. LC40 treatment increases the Bifidobacterium count in gut microbiota of SLE mice. In conclusion, our findings identify the gut microbiota manipulation with LC40 as an alternative approach to the prevention of SLE and its associated vascular damage.-Toral, M., Robles-Vera, I., Romero, M., de la Visitación, N., Sánchez, M., O'Valle, F., Rodriguez-Nogales, A., Gálvez, J., Duarte, J., Jiménez, R. Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716: a novel alternative for the prevention of vascular disorders in a mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Toral
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Iñaki Robles-Vera
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Romero
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Sánchez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco O'Valle
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alba Rodriguez-Nogales
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Julio Gálvez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (CIBER-EHD), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Duarte
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovaculares (CIBERCV), Granada, Spain
| | - Rosario Jiménez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovaculares (CIBERCV), Granada, Spain
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23
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Che D, Zhao B, Fan Y, Han R, Zhang C, Qin G, Adams S, Jiang H. Eleutheroside B increase tight junction proteins and anti-inflammatory cytokines expression in intestinal porcine jejunum epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1174-1184. [PMID: 30990939 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Eleutheroside B (EB) is a phenylpropanoid glycoside with anti-inflammatory properties, neuroprotective abilities, immunomodulatory effects, antinociceptive effects, and regulation of blood glucose. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of EB on the barrier function in the intestinal porcine epithelial cells J2 (IPEC-J2). The IPEC-J2 cells were inoculated into 96-well plates at a density of 5 × 103 cells per well for 100% confluence. The cells were cultured in the presence of EB at concentrations of 0, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 mg/ml for 48 hr. Then, 0.10 mg/ml was selected as the suitable concentration for the estimation of transepithelial electric resistance (TEER) value, alkaline phosphatase activity, proinflammatory cytokines mRNA expression, tight junction mRNA and protein expression. The results of this study indicated that the supplementation of EB in IPEC-J2 cells decreased cellular membrane permeability and mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-γ (INF-γ), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The supplementation of EB in IPEC-J2 cells increased tight junction protein expression and anti-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). In addition, the western blotting and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) results indicated that EB significantly (p < 0.05) increased the mRNA and protein expression of intestinal tight junction proteins, Claudin-3, Occludin, and Zonula Occludins protein-1 (ZO-1). Therefore, dietary supplementation of EB may increase intestinal barrier function, tight junction protein expression, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and decrease proinflammatory cytokines synthesis in IPEC-J2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Che
- Jilin Provincial Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Bao Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yueli Fan
- Jilin Provincial Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Han
- Jilin Provincial Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Guixin Qin
- Jilin Provincial Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Seidu Adams
- Jilin Provincial Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Hailong Jiang
- Jilin Provincial Key Lab of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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24
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Skirecki T, Cavaillon JM. Inner sensors of endotoxin – implications for sepsis research and therapy. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:239-256. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Skirecki
- Laboratory of Flow Cytometry and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99/103 Street, 01–813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jean-Marc Cavaillon
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
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25
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Presbitero A, Mancini E, Brands R, Krzhizhanovskaya VV, Sloot PMA. Supplemented Alkaline Phosphatase Supports the Immune Response in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: Clinical and Computational Evidence. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2342. [PMID: 30364262 PMCID: PMC6193081 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (AP) is an enzyme that exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by dephosphorylating inflammation triggering moieties (ITMs) like bacterial lipopolysaccharides and extracellular nucleotides. AP administration aims to prevent and treat peri- and post-surgical ischemia reperfusion injury in cardiothoracic surgery patients. Recent studies reported that intravenous bolus administration and continuous infusion of AP in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiac valve surgery induce an increased release of liver-type “tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase” (TNAP) into the bloodstream. The release of liver-type TNAP into circulation could be the body's way of strengthening its defense against a massive ischemic insult. However, the underlying mechanism behind the induction of TNAP is still unclear. To obtain a deeper insight into the role of AP during surgery, we developed a mathematical model of systemic inflammation that clarifies the relation between supplemented AP and TNAP and describes a plausible induction mechanism of TNAP in patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery. The model was validated against clinical data from patients treated with bovine Intestinal AP (bIAP treatment) or without AP (placebo treatment), in addition to standard care procedures. We performed additional in-silico experiments adding a secondary source of ITMs after surgery, as observed in some patients with complications, and predicted the response to different AP treatment regimens. Our results show a strong protective effect of supplemented AP for patients with complications. The model provides evidence of the existence of an induction mechanism of liver-type tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase, triggered by the supplementation of AP in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time that a quantitative and validated numerical model of systemic inflammation under clinical treatment conditions is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alva Presbitero
- High Performance Computing Department, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Emiliano Mancini
- Institute for Advanced Studies and Computational Science Laboratory, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ruud Brands
- Complexity Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Alloksys Life Sciences BV, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Valeria V Krzhizhanovskaya
- High Performance Computing Department, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Institute for Advanced Studies and Computational Science Laboratory, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter M A Sloot
- High Performance Computing Department, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Institute for Advanced Studies and Computational Science Laboratory, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Complexity Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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26
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Zhu H, Wang H, Wang S, Tu Z, Zhang L, Wang X, Hou Y, Wang C, Chen J, Liu Y. Flaxseed Oil Attenuates Intestinal Damage and Inflammation by Regulating Necroptosis and TLR4/NOD Signaling Pathways Following Lipopolysaccharide Challenge in a Piglet Model. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1700814. [PMID: 29510469 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Flaxseed oil is a rich source of α-linolenic acid (ALA), which is the precursor of the long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). This study investigates the protective effect of flaxseed oil against intestinal injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). MATERIALS AND RESULTS Twenty-four weaned pigs were used in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment with dietary treatment (5% corn oil vs 5% flaxseed oil) and LPS challenge (saline vs LPS). On day 21 of the experiment, pigs were administrated with LPS or saline. At 2 h and 4 h post-administration, blood samples were collected. After the blood harvest at 4 h, all piglets were slaughtered and intestinal samples were collected. Flaxseed oil supplementation led to the enrichment of ALA, EPA, and total n-3 PUFAs in intestine. Flaxseed oil improved intestinal morphology, jejunal lactase activity, and claudin-1 protein expression. Flaxseed oil downregulated the mRNA expression of intestinal necroptotic signals. Flaxseed oil also downregulated the mRNA expression of intestinal toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4) and its downstream signals myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain proteins 1, 2 (NOD1, NOD2) and its adapter molecule, receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2). CONCLUSION These results suggest that dietary addition of flaxseed oil enhances intestinal integrity and barrier function, which is involved in modulating necroptosis and TLR4/NOD signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Zhu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuhui Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhixiao Tu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiuying Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunwei Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
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27
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Mu Q, Zhang H, Liao X, Lin K, Liu H, Edwards MR, Ahmed SA, Yuan R, Li L, Cecere TE, Branson DB, Kirby JL, Goswami P, Leeth CM, Read KA, Oestreich KJ, Vieson MD, Reilly CM, Luo XM. Control of lupus nephritis by changes of gut microbiota. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:73. [PMID: 28697806 PMCID: PMC5505136 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0300-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic lupus erythematosus, characterized by persistent inflammation, is a complex autoimmune disorder with no known cure. Immunosuppressants used in treatment put patients at a higher risk of infections. New knowledge of disease modulators, such as symbiotic bacteria, can enable fine-tuning of parts of the immune system, rather than suppressing it altogether. RESULTS Dysbiosis of gut microbiota promotes autoimmune disorders that damage extraintestinal organs. Here we report a role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of renal dysfunction in lupus. Using a classical model of lupus nephritis, MRL/lpr, we found a marked depletion of Lactobacillales in the gut microbiota. Increasing Lactobacillales in the gut improved renal function of these mice and prolonged their survival. We used a mixture of 5 Lactobacillus strains (Lactobacillus oris, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus johnsonii, and Lactobacillus gasseri), but L. reuteri and an uncultured Lactobacillus sp. accounted for most of the observed effects. Further studies revealed that MRL/lpr mice possessed a "leaky" gut, which was reversed by increased Lactobacillus colonization. Lactobacillus treatment contributed to an anti-inflammatory environment by decreasing IL-6 and increasing IL-10 production in the gut. In the circulation, Lactobacillus treatment increased IL-10 and decreased IgG2a that is considered to be a major immune deposit in the kidney of MRL/lpr mice. Inside the kidney, Lactobacillus treatment also skewed the Treg-Th17 balance towards a Treg phenotype. These beneficial effects were present in female and castrated male mice, but not in intact males, suggesting that the gut microbiota controls lupus nephritis in a sex hormone-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates essential mechanisms on how changes of the gut microbiota regulate lupus-associated immune responses in mice. Future studies are warranted to determine if these results can be replicated in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghui Mu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Husen Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA
- Present Address: Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Xiaofeng Liao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Kaisen Lin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Hualan Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA
- Present Address: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Michael R. Edwards
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - S. Ansar Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Ruoxi Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Liwu Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Thomas E. Cecere
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - David B. Branson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Jay L. Kirby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Poorna Goswami
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Caroline M. Leeth
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Kaitlin A. Read
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute and School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA USA
| | - Kenneth J. Oestreich
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute and School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA USA
| | - Miranda D. Vieson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Christopher M. Reilly
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Xin M. Luo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA
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28
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Chelpanova TI, Efimtseva EA. Alkaline phosphatase immobilization on spherical pectin gel particles. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s000368381601004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Gomes JR, Freitas JR, Grassiolli S. Effects of Physical Exercise on the Intestinal Mucosa of Rats Submitted to a Hypothalamic Obesity Condition. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:1389-96. [PMID: 27488821 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The small intestine plays a role in obesity as well as in satiation. However, the effect of physical exercise on the morphology and function of the small intestine during obesity has not been reported to date. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of physical exercise on morphological aspects of the rat small intestine during hypothalamic monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced obesity. The rats were divided into four groups: Sedentary (S), Monosodium Glutamate (MSG), Exercised (E), and Exercised Monosodium Glutamate (EMSG). The MSG and EMSG groups received a daily injection of monosodium glutamate (4 g/kg) during the 5 first days after birth. The S and E groups were considered as control groups and received injections of saline. At weaning, at 21 days after birth, the EMSG and E groups were submitted to swimming practice 3 times a week until the 90th day, when all groups were sacrificed and the parameters studied recorded. Exercise significantly reduced fat deposits and the Lee Index in MSG-treated animals, and also reduced the thickness of the intestinal wall, the number of goblet cells and intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity. However, physical activity alone increased the thickness and height of villi, and the depth of the crypts. In conclusion, regular physical exercise may alter the morphology or/and functions of the small intestine, reducing the prejudicial effects of hypothalamic obesity. Anat Rec, 299:1389-1396, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Gomes
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural Molecular e Genetica, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Ponta Grossa, PR, CEP 84030-900, Brazil.
| | - J R Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural Molecular e Genetica, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Ponta Grossa, PR, CEP 84030-900, Brazil
| | - S Grassiolli
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná -Campus de Cascavel, Rua Universitária, 2069, Bairro: Jardim Universitário, CEP 85819-110, Cascavel, PR, Brazil
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30
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Wang J, Li GR, Tan BE, Xiong X, Kong XF, Xiao DF, Xu LW, Wu MM, Huang B, Kim SW, Yin YL. Oral administration of putrescine and proline during the suckling period improves epithelial restitution after early weaning in piglets. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:1679-88. [PMID: 26020189 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are necessary for normal integrity and the restitution after injury of the gastrointestinal epithelium. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of oral administration of putrescine and proline during the suckling period on epithelial restitution after early weaning in piglets. Eighteen neonatal piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Large Yorkshire) from 3 litters (6 piglets per litter) were assigned to 3 groups, representing oral administration with an equal volume of saline (control), putrescine (5 mg/kg BW), and proline (25 mg/kg BW) twice daily from d 1 to weaning at 14 d of age. Plasma and intestinal samples were obtained 3 d after weaning. The results showed that oral administration of putrescine or proline increased the final BW and ADG of piglets compared with the control (P < 0.05). Proline treatment decreased plasma D-lactate concentration but increased the villus height in the jejunum and ileum, as well as the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) positive cells and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity in the jejunal mucosa (P < 0.05). The protein expressions for zonula occludens (ZO-1), occludin, and claudin-3 (P < 0.05) but not mRNA were increased in the jejunum of putrescine- and proline-treated piglets compared with those of control piglets. The voltage-gated K+ channel (Kv) 1.1 protein expression in the jejunum of piglets administrated with putrescine and the Kv1.5 mRNA and Kv1.1 protein levels in the ileum of piglets administrated with proline were greater than those in control piglets (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that polyamine or its precursor could improve mucosal proliferation, intestinal morphology, as well as tight junction and potassium channel protein expressions in early-weaned piglets, with implications for epithelial restitution and barrier function after stress injury.
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31
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Yang JX, Yang JC. Mechanisms underlying protective effects of probiotics on intestinal epithelial. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:577-583. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i4.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), the first line of defense against pathogens, are an initial point of contact between the host and intestinal microbes. Growing evidence suggests that the interactions between the host and intestinal microbes may lead to dysregulated immune responses, while probiotics can reinforce the barrier function and exert a modest stimulation of the immune system to prevent this situation. On one hand, probiotics exert antagonistic functions via competition for nutrients, metabolites, and occupying effect. Therefore, probiotics can regulate the endogenous gastrointestinal flora and restrain exogenous pathogenic bacteria. On the other hand, IECs recognize probiotics and their metabolites through pattern recognition receptors to stimulate the non-specific immune responses. In addition, probiotics can induce IECs to produce the mucus layer covering the entire intestinal tract and prevent attachment and invasion of various bacterial pathogens. Clinical trials have also shown beneficial effects of probiotics as a potential preventive method for inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis.
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32
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Huygelen V, De Vos M, Willemen S, Fransen E, Casteleyn C, Van Cruchten S, Van Ginneken C. Age-related differences in mucosal barrier function and morphology of the small intestine in low and normal birth weight piglets. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:3398-406. [PMID: 25006062 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that the mucosal maturation of the small intestine is altered in low birth weight piglets, pairs of naturally suckled low birth weight (LBW, n = 20) and normal birth weight (NBW, n = 20) littermate piglets were selected and sampled after 0, 3, 10, and 28 d of suckling. In vivo intestinal permeability was evaluated via a lactulose-mannitol absorption test. Other indirect measurements for mucosal barrier functioning included sampling for histology and immunohistochemistry (intestinal trefoil factor [ITF]), measuring intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) activity, and immunoblotting for occludin, caspase-3, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). The lactulose-mannitol ratio did not differ between NBW and LBW piglets, but a significant increase in this ratio was observed in 28-d-old piglets (P = 0.001). Small intestinal villus height did not differ with age (P = 0.02) or birth weight (P = 0.20). In contrast, villus width (P = 0.02) and crypt depth (P < 0.05) increased gradually with age, but no birth-weight-related differences were observed. LBW piglets had significantly (P = 0.03) more ITF immunoreactive positive cells per villus area compared to NBW piglets, whereas no age (P = 0.82) or region-related (P = 0.13) differences could be observed. The activity of IAP in the small intestine was higher in newborn piglets compared to the older piglets. No significant differences in cell proliferation in the small intestine was observed (P = 0.47) between NBW and LBW piglets; the highest proliferation was seen in piglets of 28 d of age (P = 0.01). Newborn piglets had significantly fewer apoptotic cells, whereas more apoptotic cells were seen in piglets of 10 d of age (P < 0.01). In conclusion, birth weight did not affect the parameters related to intestinal barrier function investigated in this study, suggesting that the mucosal barrier function is not altered in LBW piglets. Nevertheless, these results confirm that the mucosal barrier function in the small intestine of piglets alters with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Huygelen
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - M De Vos
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - S Willemen
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - E Fransen
- StatUa Center for Statistics, University of Antwerp, Prinsstraat 13, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - C Casteleyn
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - S Van Cruchten
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - C Van Ginneken
- Laboratory of Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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Malo MS, Moaven O, Muhammad N, Biswas B, Alam SN, Economopoulos KP, Gul SS, Hamarneh SR, Malo NS, Teshager A, Mohamed MMR, Tao Q, Narisawa S, Millán JL, Hohmann EL, Warren HS, Robson SC, Hodin RA. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase promotes gut bacterial growth by reducing the concentration of luminal nucleotide triphosphates. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G826-38. [PMID: 24722905 PMCID: PMC4024727 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00357.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota plays a pivotal role in maintaining human health and well-being. Previously, we have shown that mice deficient in the brush-border enzyme intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) suffer from dysbiosis and that oral IAP supplementation normalizes the gut flora. Here we aimed to decipher the molecular mechanism by which IAP promotes bacterial growth. We used an isolated mouse intestinal loop model to directly examine the effect of exogenous IAP on the growth of specific intestinal bacterial species. We studied the effects of various IAP targets on the growth of stool aerobic and anaerobic bacteria as well as on a few specific gut organisms. We determined the effects of ATP and other nucleotides on bacterial growth. Furthermore, we examined the effects of IAP on reversing the inhibitory effects of nucleotides on bacterial growth. We have confirmed that local IAP bioactivity creates a luminal environment that promotes the growth of a wide range of commensal organisms. IAP promotes the growth of stool aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and appears to exert its growth promoting effects by inactivating (dephosphorylating) luminal ATP and other luminal nucleotide triphosphates. We observed that compared with wild-type mice, IAP-knockout mice have more ATP in their luminal contents, and exogenous IAP can reverse the ATP-mediated inhibition of bacterial growth in the isolated intestinal loop. In conclusion, IAP appears to promote the growth of intestinal commensal bacteria by inhibiting the concentration of luminal nucleotide triphosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu S. Malo
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Omeed Moaven
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Nur Muhammad
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Brishti Biswas
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Sayeda N. Alam
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | | | - Sarah Shireen Gul
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Sulaiman R. Hamarneh
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Nondita S. Malo
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Abeba Teshager
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Mussa M. Rafat Mohamed
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Qingsong Tao
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Sonoko Narisawa
- 2Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California;
| | - José Luis Millán
- 2Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California;
| | - Elizabeth L. Hohmann
- 3Infectious Disease Unit, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - H. Shaw Warren
- 3Infectious Disease Unit, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Simon C. Robson
- 4Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richard A. Hodin
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
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Wu D, Teng D, Xi D, Wang X, Wang X, Mao R, Zhang Y, Dai H, Wang J. Rapid cloning, expression and purification of a novel high-activity alkaline phosphatase with detoxification of lipopolysaccharide. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
In the respiratory system, extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides serve as signaling molecules for a wide spectrum of biological functions regulating airway defenses against infection and toxic material. Their concentrations are controlled by a complex network of cell surface enzymes named ectonucleotidases. This highly integrated metabolic network combines the activities of three dephosphorylating ectonucleotidases, namely nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases), nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases (NPPs) and alkaline phosphatases (APs). Extracellular nucleotides are also inter-converted by the transphosphorylating activities of ecto adenylate kinase (ectoAK) and nucleoside diphosphokinase (NDPK). Different cell types use specific combinations of ectonucleotidases to regulate local concentrations of P2 receptor agonists (ATP, UTP, ADP and UDP). In addition, they provide AMP for the activity of ecto 5'-nucleotidase (ecto 5'-NT; CD73), which produces the P1 receptor agonist: adenosine (ADO). Finally, mechanisms are in place to prevent the accumulation of airway ADO, namely adenosine deaminases and nucleoside transporters. This chapter reviews the properties of each enzyme and transporter, and the current knowledge on their distribution and regulation in the airways.
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Lee C, Chun J, Hwang SW, Kang SJ, Im JP, Kim JS. The effect of intestinal alkaline phosphatase on intestinal epithelial cells, macrophages and chronic colitis in mice. Life Sci 2014; 100:118-124. [PMID: 24548630 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) is an intestinal brush border enzyme that is shown to function as a gut mucosal defense factor, but its defensive mechanism remains unclear. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of IAP on intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages, and on chronic colitis in interleukin-10-deficient (IL-10(-/-)) mice. MAIN METHODS Human intestinal epithelial cells COLO 205 and peritoneal macrophages from IL-10(-/-) mice were pretreated with IAP and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). IL-8 secretion from COLO205 cells and TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12 from peritoneal macrophages were measured by ELISA. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay was used to assess the DNA binding activity of NF-κB and IκBα phosphorylation/degradation was evaluated by immunoblot assay in COLO 205. For the in vivo study, colitis was induced in IL-10(-/-) mice with piroxicam, the mice were then treated with 100 or 300 units of IAP by oral gavage for 2 weeks. Colitis was quantified by histopathologic scoring, and the phosphorylation of IκBα in the colonic mucosa was assessed using immunohistochemistry. KEY FINDINGS IAP significantly inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine production in both IECs and peritoneal macrophages. IAP also attenuated LPS-induced NF-κB binding activity and IκBα phosphorylation/degradation in IECs. Oral administration of IAP significantly reduced the severity of colitis and down-regulated colitis-induced IκBα phosphorylation in IL-10(-/-) mice. SIGNIFICANCE IAP may inhibit the activation of intestinal epithelial cells and peritoneal macrophages, and may attenuate chronic murine colitis. This finding suggests that IAP supplementation is a potential therapeutic option for inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Healthcare Research Institute, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Chun
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Wook Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Joo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Healthcare Research Institute, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Pil Im
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Sung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Healthcare Research Institute, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Zhao Y, Qin G, Han R, Wang J, Zhang X, Liu D. β-Conglycinin reduces the tight junction occludin and ZO-1 expression in IPEC-J2. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:1915-26. [PMID: 24473141 PMCID: PMC3958829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15021915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean allergy presents a health threat to humans and animals. The mechanism by which food/feed allergen β-conglycinin injures the intestinal barrier has not been well understood. In this study, the changes of epithelial permeability, integrity, metabolic activity, the tight junction (TJ) distribution and expression induced by β-conglycinin were evaluated using IPEC-J2 model. The results showed a significant decrease of trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) (p < 0.001) and metabolic activity (p < 0.001) and a remarkable increase of alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity (p < 0.001) in a dose-dependent manner. The expression levels of tight junction occludin and ZO-1 were decreased (p < 0.05). The reduced fluorescence of targets and change of cellular morphology were recorded. The tight junction occludin and ZO-1 mRNA expression linearly declined with increasing β-conglycinin (p < 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Guixin Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Rui Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Dandan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
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Wang H, Zhang W, Zuo L, Dong J, Zhu W, Li Y, Gu L, Gong J, Li Q, Li N, Li J. Intestinal dysbacteriosis contributes to decreased intestinal mucosal barrier function and increased bacterial translocation. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 58:384-92. [PMID: 24354719 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of colistin-induced intestinal dysbacteriosis on intestinal mucosal barrier function and bacterial translocation in a mouse model. Colistin or saline was administered orally for 7 days, and populations of viable organisms from the caecal mucosa and its content, the ileal segments, the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and the internal organs were prepared for examination. In the intestinal dysbacteriosis model, intestinal barrier dysfunction was observed and associated with increased bacterial translocation to extraintestinal sites. The extent of bacterial translocation to the MLNs and internal organs in the colistin group was significantly higher than in the saline group. Colistin-induced intestinal dysbacteriosis was shown to injure the intestinal mucosa barrier function and increase bacterial dislocation. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Colistin has been reported to be effective in selective digestive decontamination (SDD), which is an infection prevention measure used in the treatment of certain patients in intensive care. We are the first to report that colistin-induced intestinal dysbacteriosis can injure intestinal mucosal barrier function and increase bacterial translocation, whereas a high dose of colistin does not damage the intestinal mucosal barrier in germ-free (GF) mice raised in a GF environment. These results may indicate that prolonged use of a high dose of a SDD medication should be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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Lallès JP. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase: novel functions and protective effects. Nutr Rev 2013; 72:82-94. [DOI: 10.1111/nure.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Lallès
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; UR1341; Alimentation et Adaptations Digestives, Nerveuses et Comportementales (ADNC); Saint-Gilles France
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Abstract
In vertebrates and invertebrates, morphological and functional features of gastrointestinal (GI) tracts generally reflect food chemistry, such as content of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and material(s) refractory to rapid digestion (e.g., cellulose). The expression of digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters approximately matches the dietary load of their respective substrates, with relatively modest excess capacity. Mechanisms explaining differences in hydrolase activity between populations and species include gene copy number variations and single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Transcriptional and posttranscriptional adjustments mediate phenotypic changes in the expression of hydrolases and transporters in response to dietary signals. Many species respond to higher food intake by flexibly increasing digestive compartment size. Fermentative processes by symbiotic microorganisms are important for cellulose degradation but are relatively slow, so animals that rely on those processes typically possess special enlarged compartment(s) to maintain a microbiota and other GI structures that slow digesta flow. The taxon richness of the gut microbiota, usually identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, is typically an order of magnitude greater in vertebrates than invertebrates, and the interspecific variation in microbial composition is strongly influenced by diet. Many of the nutrient transporters are orthologous across different animal phyla, though functional details may vary (e.g., glucose and amino acid transport with K+ rather than Na+ as a counter ion). Paracellular absorption is important in many birds. Natural toxins are ubiquitous in foods and may influence key features such as digesta transit, enzymatic breakdown, microbial fermentation, and absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Karasov
- Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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Effects of soybean agglutinin on mechanical barrier function and tight junction protein expression in intestinal epithelial cells from piglets. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:21689-704. [PMID: 24189218 PMCID: PMC3856029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141121689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we sought to investigate the role of soybean agglutinin (SBA) in mediating membrane permeability and the mechanical barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells. The IPEC-J2 cells were cultured and treated with 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, or 3.0 mg/mL SBA. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity were measured to evaluate membrane permeability. The results showed a significant decrease in TEER values (p < 0.05) in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and a pronounced increase in AP activity (p < 0.05). Cell growth and cell morphology were used to evaluate the cell viability. A significant cell growth inhibition (p < 0.05) and alteration of morphology were observed when the concentration of SBA was increased. The results of western blotting showed that the expression levels of occludin and claudin-3 were decreased by 31% and 64% compared to those of the control, respectively (p < 0.05). In addition, immunofluorescence labeling indicated an obvious decrease in staining of these targets and changes in their localizations. In conclusion, SBA increased the membrane permeability, inhibited the cell viability and reduced the levels of tight junction proteins (occludin and claudin-3), leading to a decrease in mechanical barrier function in intestinal epithelial cells.
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Mani S, Boelsterli UA, Redinbo MR. Understanding and modulating mammalian-microbial communication for improved human health. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 54:559-80. [PMID: 24160697 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-011613-140007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The fact that the bacteria in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract play a symbiotic role was noted as early as 1885, well before we began to manage microbial infections using antibiotics. However, even with the first antimicrobial compounds used in humans, the sulfa drugs, microbes were recognized to be critically involved in the biotransformation of these therapeutics. Thus, the roles played by the microbiota in physiology and in the management of human health have long been appreciated. Detailed examinations of GI symbiotic bacteria that started in the early 2000s and the first phases of the Human Microbiome Project that were completed in 2012 have ushered in an exciting period of granularity with respect to the ecology, genetics, and chemistry of the mammalian-microbial axes of communication. Here we review aspects of the biochemical pathways at play between commensal GI bacteria and several mammalian systems, including both local-epithelia and nonlocal responses impacting inflammation, immunology, metabolism, and neurobiology. Finally, we discuss how the microbial biotransformation of therapeutic compounds, such as anticancer or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, can be modulated to reduce toxicity and potentially improve therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Mani
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
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Mani S, Boelsterli UA, Redinbo MR. Understanding and modulating mammalian-microbial communication for improved human health. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 3. [PMID: 27942535 PMCID: PMC5145265 DOI: 10.11131/2016/101199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The molecular basis for the regulation of the intestinal barrier is a very fertile research area. A growing body of knowledge supports the targeting of various components of intestinal barrier function as means to treat a variety of diseases, including the inflammatory bowel diseases. Herein, we will summarize the current state of knowledge of key xenobiotic receptor regulators of barrier function, highlighting recent advances, such that the field and its future are succinctly reviewed. We posit that these receptors confer an additional dimension of host-microbe interaction in the gut, by sensing and responding to metabolites released from the symbiotic microbiota, in innate immunity and also in host drug metabolism. The scientific evidence for involvement of the receptors and its molecular basis for the control of barrier function and innate immunity regulation would serve as a rationale towards development of non-toxic probes and ligands as drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Mani
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
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Martin L, Pieper R, Schunter N, Vahjen W, Zentek J. Performance, organ zinc concentration, jejunal brush border membrane enzyme activities and mRNA expression in piglets fed with different levels of dietary zinc. Arch Anim Nutr 2013; 67:248-61. [PMID: 23742645 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2013.801138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the effect of dietary zinc on performance, jejunal brush border membrane enzyme activities and mRNA levels of enzymes and two zinc transporters in piglets. A total of 126 piglets were weaned at 26 ±1 days of age and randomly allocated into three groups fed with diets 50, 150 and 2500 mg zinc/kg. Performance was recorded and at weekly intervals, eight piglets per group were killed. The activities of isolated brush border membrane enzymes including lactase, maltase, sucrase, aminopeptidase-N and intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP), and the relative transcript abundance of aminopeptidase-N (APN), sucrase-isomaltase (SUC), IAP and the two zinc transporters SLC39A4 (ZIP4) and SLC30A1 (ZnT1) were investigated in the jejunum. Feeding pharmacological zinc levels increased weight gain (p < 0.001) during the first week, but performance was lower (p < 0.05) in the third week. Organ zinc concentrations were increased by high dietary zinc level. The activity of IAP was higher (p < 0.05) with the highest dietary zinc level, no effects were determined for other enzymes. Dietary zinc level had no effect on transcript abundance of digestive enzymes. The mRNA levels decreased (p < 0.001) for ZIP4, and increased for ZnT1 (p < 0.05) with pharmacological zinc levels. In conclusion, pharmacological zinc levels improved performance in the short-term. Intestinal mRNA level of zinc transporters changed with high zinc supply, but this did not prevent zinc accumulation in tissues, suggesting hampered homoeostatic regulation. This might cause impaired performance during longer supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Martin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
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Lackeyram D, Mine Y, Archbold T, Fan MZ. The small intestinal apical hydrolase activities are decreased in the piglet with bowel inflammation induced by dextran sodium sulfate. J Anim Sci 2013; 90 Suppl 4:287-9. [PMID: 23365358 DOI: 10.2527/jas.54010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, and diarrhea. We tested the hypothesis that compromised activities of the major small intestinal apical hydrolases contribute to the symptoms of IBD. Changes in hydrolytic kinetics, target protein abundances, and mRNA expression of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP), lactase, maltase, sucrase-isomaltase (SI), maltase-glucoamylase (MGA), and aminopeptidase N (APN) in piglets with colonic inflammation chemically induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) were investigated. Yorkshire piglets at 5 d of age, with an average initial BW of about 3 kg, were fitted with intragastric catheters and were divided into control (CON; n = 6) and treatment groups (DSS; n = 5). Both groups were infused with an equal volume of either saline or 1.25 g of DSS · kg BW(-1) · d(-1) in saline, respectively, for 10 d. Enzyme kinetic experiments for IAP, lactase, maltase, SI, MGA, and APN were measured at 37°C with isolated proximal jejunal apical membrane. Target hydrolase protein abundances in the apical membrane were analyzed by Western blotting and their mRNA abundances in the jejunum were measured by quantitative real-time reverse transcription (RT-) PCR with β-actin as the housekeeping gene. Expressed as percentage of the CON, DSS treatment decreased (P < 0.05) the maximal specific activities of IAP (53%), lactase (78%), maltase (56%), SI (72%), MGA (29%), and APN (22%) as well as the target hydrolase protein abundances of IAP (39%), lactase (35%), SI (36%), and APN (54%), respectively. Decreases (P < 0.05) in the mRNA abundances (% of the CON) for lactase (25%), SI (52%), MGA (75%), and APN (39%) were observed in the DSS group. However, DSS treatment increased (P < 0.05) the jejunal IAP mRNA abundance by 3.5 fold. We conclude that decreases in the small intestinal apical activities of these examined hydrolases likely contribute to overgrowth of pathogenic bacterial populations in the distal small intestine and the colon, leading to the pathogenesis of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lackeyram
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Schrodt C, McHugh EE, Gawinowicz MA, DuPont HL, Brown EL. Rifaximin-mediated changes to the epithelial cell proteome: 2-D gel analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68550. [PMID: 23922656 PMCID: PMC3724845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rifaximin is a semi-synthetic rifamycin derivative that is used to treat different conditions including bacterial diarrhea and hepatic encephalopathy. Rifaximin is of particular interest because it is poorly adsorbed in the intestines and has minimal effect on colonic microflora. We previously demonstrated that rifaximin affected epithelial cell physiology by altering infectivity by enteric pathogens and baseline inflammation suggesting that rifaximin conferred cytoprotection against colonization and infection. Effects of rifaximin on epithelial cells were further examined by comparing the protein expression profile of cells pretreated with rifaximin, rifampin (control antibiotic), or media (untreated). Two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis identified 36 protein spots that were up- or down-regulated by over 1.7-fold in rifaximin treated cells compared to controls. 15 of these spots were down-regulated, including annexin A5, intestinal-type alkaline phosphatase, histone H4, and histone-binding protein RbbP4. 21 spots were up-regulated, including heat shock protein (HSP) 90α and fascin. Many of the identified proteins are associated with cell structure and cytoskeleton, transcription and translation, and cellular metabolism. These data suggested that in addition to its antimicrobial properties, rifaximin may alter host cell physiology that provides cytoprotective effects against bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Schrodt
- Center for Infectious Diseases, the University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Erin E. McHugh
- Center for Infectious Diseases, the University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mary Ann Gawinowicz
- Protein Core Facility, Columbia University College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Herbert L. DuPont
- Center for Infectious Diseases, the University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Internal Medicine Services, St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital and Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eric L. Brown
- Center for Infectious Diseases, the University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Fujiyama N, Shitara Y, Horie T. The mechanism of the down-regulation of hepatic transporters in rats with indomethacin-induced intestinal injury. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:1891-8. [PMID: 23443493 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2587-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we reported that hepatic transporters were down-regulated consistent with intestinal injury in indomethacin (IDM)-treated rats. AIM The purpose of this study was to characterize this mechanism of the down-regulation of hepatic transporters in IDM-treated rats. METHODS Hepatic nuclear receptor expressions, oxidative stress condition and the expression of hepatic transporters were evaluated in rats with IDM-induced intestinal injury with or without the administration of mucosal protectant ornoprostil, a prostaglandin E1 analogue, or aminoguanidine (AG), an iNOS inhibitor. RESULTS All the nuclear receptors examined in the present study, which regulates hepatic transporters, were decreased by the administration of IDM. Hepatic glutathione, an indicator of oxidative stress, was significantly reduced compared with control. We then determined the expression of hepatic transporters by semi-quantitative real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis in IDM-treated rats with or without the administration of ornoprostil or AG. Ornoprostil recovered the gene expression of Oatp1a1, Oatp1b2 and Mrp2 and protein expression of Mrp2 while it had no effect on Oatp1a1 and Oatp1b2 proteins. These results indicated that the gene expression of hepatic transporters was down-regulated in association with the intestinal injury. On the other hand, there is no effect of AG on the reduced gene expression of hepatic Oatp1a1, Oatp1b2 and Mrp2. In protein expression, AG slightly recovered Mrp2 expression accompanied by a partial decrease in portal NO levels. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that the transcriptional process influenced by a dysfunction of hepatic nuclear receptors as well as the effect of NO on the post-transcriptional process due to intestinal injury are partially involved in the down-regulation of hepatic transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Fujiyama
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chūō-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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Moss AK, Hamarneh SR, Mohamed MMR, Ramasamy S, Yammine H, Patel P, Kaliannan K, Alam SN, Muhammad N, Moaven O, Teshager A, Malo NS, Narisawa S, Millán JL, Warren HS, Hohmann E, Malo MS, Hodin RA. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase inhibits the proinflammatory nucleotide uridine diphosphate. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G597-604. [PMID: 23306083 PMCID: PMC3602687 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00455.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate (UDP) is a proinflammatory nucleotide implicated in inflammatory bowel disease. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) is a gut mucosal defense factor capable of inhibiting intestinal inflammation. We used the malachite green assay to show that IAP dephosphorylates UDP. To study the anti-inflammatory effect of IAP, UDP or other proinflammatory ligands (LPS, flagellin, Pam3Cys, or TNF-α) in the presence or absence of IAP were applied to cell cultures, and IL-8 was measured. UDP caused dose-dependent increase in IL-8 release by immune cells and two gut epithelial cell lines, and IAP treatment abrogated IL-8 release. Costimulation with UDP and other inflammatory ligands resulted in a synergistic increase in IL-8 release, which was prevented by IAP treatment. In vivo, UDP in the presence or absence of IAP was instilled into a small intestinal loop model in wild-type and IAP-knockout mice. Luminal contents were applied to cell culture, and cytokine levels were measured in culture supernatant and intestinal tissue. UDP-treated luminal contents induced more inflammation on target cells, with a greater inflammatory response to contents from IAP-KO mice treated with UDP than from WT mice. Additionally, UDP treatment increased TNF-α levels in intestinal tissue of IAP-KO mice, and cotreatment with IAP reduced inflammation to control levels. Taken together, these studies show that IAP prevents inflammation caused by UDP alone and in combination with other ligands, and the anti-inflammatory effect of IAP against UDP persists in mouse small intestine. The benefits of IAP in intestinal disease may be partly due to inhibition of the proinflammatory activity of UDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela K. Moss
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Sulaiman R. Hamarneh
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Mussa M. Rafat Mohamed
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Sundaram Ramasamy
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Halim Yammine
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Palak Patel
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Kanakaraju Kaliannan
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Sayeda N. Alam
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Nur Muhammad
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Omeed Moaven
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Abeba Teshager
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Nondita S. Malo
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Sonoko Narisawa
- 2Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California; and
| | - José Luis Millán
- 2Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California; and
| | - H. Shaw Warren
- 3Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth Hohmann
- 3Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Madhu S. Malo
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Richard A. Hodin
- 1Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;
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Molnár K, Vannay Á, Sziksz E, Bánki NF, Cseh Á, Győrffy H, Dezsőfi A, Arató A, Veres G. The role of intestinal alkaline phosphatase in pediatric inflammatory bowel and celiac diseases. Orv Hetil 2012; 153:1389-95. [DOI: 10.1556/oh.2012.29441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal alkaline phosphatase enzyme plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of intestinal mucosal barrier integrity with the detoxification capacity of lipopolysaccharide, the ligand of Toll-like receptor 4. The inappropriate immune responses and the damage of the mucosal barrier may contribute to the initiation of inflammatory bowel and celiac diseases. In the inflamed colonic mucosa of children with inflammatory bowel disease and in the duodenal mucosa of newly diagnosed children with celiac disease, the decreased intestinal alkaline phosphatase and increased Toll-like receptor 4 protein expression may generate enhanced lipopolysaccharide activity, which may strengthen tissue damaging processes. The enhancement of intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity in an animal model of colitis and in therapy resistant, adult patients with ulcerative colitis reduced the symptoms of intestinal inflammation. In accordance with these results, the targeted intestinal administration of the enzyme in the two examined disorders may be a supplemental therapeutic option in the future. Orv. Hetil., 2012, 153, 1389–1395.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriszta Molnár
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar I. Gyermekgyógyászati Klinika Budapest Bókay J. u. 53. 1083
| | - Ádám Vannay
- Magyar Tudományos Akadémia–Semmelweis Egyetem Gyermekgyógyászati és Nefrológiai Kutatócsoport Budapest
| | - Erna Sziksz
- Magyar Tudományos Akadémia–Semmelweis Egyetem Gyermekgyógyászati és Nefrológiai Kutatócsoport Budapest
| | - Nóra Fanni Bánki
- Magyar Tudományos Akadémia–Semmelweis Egyetem „Lendület” Diabetes Kutatócsoport Budapest
| | - Áron Cseh
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar I. Gyermekgyógyászati Klinika Budapest Bókay J. u. 53. 1083
| | - Hajnalka Győrffy
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar II. Patológiai Intézet Budapest
| | - Antal Dezsőfi
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar I. Gyermekgyógyászati Klinika Budapest Bókay J. u. 53. 1083
| | - András Arató
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar I. Gyermekgyógyászati Klinika Budapest Bókay J. u. 53. 1083
| | - Gábor Veres
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar I. Gyermekgyógyászati Klinika Budapest Bókay J. u. 53. 1083
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Zimmermann H, Zebisch M, Sträter N. Cellular function and molecular structure of ecto-nucleotidases. Purinergic Signal 2012; 8:437-502. [PMID: 22555564 PMCID: PMC3360096 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-012-9309-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 775] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecto-nucleotidases play a pivotal role in purinergic signal transmission. They hydrolyze extracellular nucleotides and thus can control their availability at purinergic P2 receptors. They generate extracellular nucleosides for cellular reuptake and salvage via nucleoside transporters of the plasma membrane. The extracellular adenosine formed acts as an agonist of purinergic P1 receptors. They also can produce and hydrolyze extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate that is of major relevance in the control of bone mineralization. This review discusses and compares four major groups of ecto-nucleotidases: the ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases, ecto-5'-nucleotidase, ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases, and alkaline phosphatases. Only recently and based on crystal structures, detailed information regarding the spatial structures and catalytic mechanisms has become available for members of these four ecto-nucleotidase families. This permits detailed predictions of their catalytic mechanisms and a comparison between the individual enzyme groups. The review focuses on the principal biochemical, cell biological, catalytic, and structural properties of the enzymes and provides brief reference to tissue distribution, and physiological and pathophysiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Zimmermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Biologicum, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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