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Das P, Battu S, Mehra L, Singh A, Ahmad M, Agarwal A, Chauhan A, Ahmad A, Vishnubhatla S, Gupta SD, Ahuja V, Makharia G. Correlation between intestinal stem cell niche changes and small bowel crypt failure in patients with treatment-naïve celiac disease. INDIAN J PATHOL MICR 2024; 67:259-266. [PMID: 38427764 DOI: 10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_760_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that crypt failure in the small bowel results in villous flattening in patients with celiac disease (CeD). We investigated whether alterations in the stem cell niche (ISC) are responsible for this phenomenon. MATERIALS AND METHODS We included 92 duodenal (D2/3) biopsies from treatment-naive patients of CeD and 37 controls. All underwent screening for serum anti-tissue transglutaminase and endoscopic upper small bowel biopsy. Immunohistochemical markers were used to investigate ISC niche alterations, including LGR5 for crypt basal cells (CBC), Bmi1 for position 4+ cells, β-Defensin for Paneth cells, R-spondin1 as WNT activator, transcription factor-4 as WNT transcription factor, BMP receptor1A as WNT inhibitor, fibronectin-1 as periepithelial stromal cell marker, H2AX as apoptosis marker, and Ki67 as proliferation marker. We also analyzed IgA anti-tTG2 antibody deposits by using dual-color immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS We found that in biopsies from patients with treatment-naive CeD with modified Marsh grade 3a-3c changes, the epithelial H2AX apoptotic index was upregulated than in controls. LGR5+ crypt basal cells were upregulated in all modified Marsh grades compared to controls. However, the Ki67 proliferation index, expressions of WNT-activator RSPO1, and position-4 cell marker Bmi1 did not significantly alter in patients' biopsies as compared to controls ( P = 0.001). We also observed depletion of pericrypt stromal fibronectin-1 in patients with CeD compared to controls. In addition, we identified IgA anti-TG2 antibody deposits in pericrypt stroma. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggests that ISC niche failure is a plausible hypothesis for villous flattening in patients with CeD, resulting from pericrypt IgA anti-TG2 antibody complex-mediated stromal depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Das
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudha Battu
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Lalita Mehra
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Alka Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Muzaffar Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Agarwal
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Chauhan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anam Ahmad
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Vineet Ahuja
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Govind Makharia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Zhou S, Abdihamid O, Tan F, Zhou H, Liu H, Li Z, Xiao S, Li B. KIT mutations and expression: current knowledge and new insights for overcoming IM resistance in GIST. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:153. [PMID: 38414063 PMCID: PMC10898159 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01411-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common sarcoma located in gastrointestinal tract and derived from the interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC) lineage. Both ICC and GIST cells highly rely on KIT signal pathway. Clinically, about 80-90% of treatment-naive GIST patients harbor primary KIT mutations, and special KIT-targeted TKI, imatinib (IM) showing dramatic efficacy but resistance invariably occur, 90% of them was due to the second resistance mutations emerging within the KIT gene. Although there are multiple variants of KIT mutant which did not show complete uniform biologic characteristics, most of them have high KIT expression level. Notably, the high expression level of KIT gene is not correlated to its gene amplification. Recently, accumulating evidences strongly indicated that the gene coding, epigenetic regulation, and pre- or post- protein translation of KIT mutants in GIST were quite different from that of wild type (WT) KIT. In this review, we elucidate the biologic mechanism of KIT variants and update the underlying mechanism of the expression of KIT gene, which are exclusively regulated in GIST, providing a promising yet evidence-based therapeutic landscape and possible target for the conquer of IM resistance. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishan Zhou
- Division of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China, Xiangya road 87
| | - Omar Abdihamid
- Garissa Cancer Center, Garissa County Referral Hospital, Kismayu road, Garissa town, P.O BOX, 29-70100, Kenya
| | - Fengbo Tan
- Division of Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China, Hunan, Changsha
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- Division of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Heli Liu
- Division of Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China, Hunan, Changsha
| | - Zhi Li
- Center for Molecular Medicine of Xiangya Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China, 410008
| | - Sheng Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 410008, MA, USA
| | - Bin Li
- Division of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China, Xiangya road 87#.
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Orzechowska-Licari EJ, Bialkowska AB, Yang VW. Sonic Hedgehog and WNT Signaling Regulate a Positive Feedback Loop Between Intestinal Epithelial and Stromal Cells to Promote Epithelial Regeneration. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 16:607-642. [PMID: 37481204 PMCID: PMC10470419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Active intestinal stem cells are prone to injury by ionizing radiation. We previously showed that upon radiation-induced injury, normally quiescent reserve intestinal stem cells (rISCs) (marked by BMI1) are activated by Musashi-1 (MSI1) and exit from the quiescent state to regenerate the intestinal epithelium. This study aims to further establish the mechanism that regulates activation of Bmi1-CreER;Rosa26eYFP (Bmi1-CreER) rISCs following γ radiation-induced injury. METHODS Bmi1-CreER mice were treated with tamoxifen to initiate lineage tracing of BMI1 (eYFP+) cells and exposed to 12 Gy of total body γ irradiation or sham. Intestinal tissues were collected and analyzed by immunofluorescence, Western blot, reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and chromatin immunoprecipitation real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS After irradiation, increased expression of Msi1 in eYFP+ cells was accompanied by increased expression of Axin2, a WNT marker. Promoter studies of the Msi1 gene indicated that Msi1 is a WNT target gene. Coculture of stromal cells isolated from irradiated mice stimulated Bmi1-CreER-derived organoid regeneration more effectively than those from sham mice. Expression of WNT ligands, including Wnt2b, Wnt4, Wnt5a, and Rspo3, was increased in irradiated stromal cells compared with sham-treated stromal cells. Moreover, expression of the Sonic hedgehog (SHH) effector Gli1 was increased in stromal cells from irradiated mice. This was correlated with an increased expression of SHH in epithelial cells postirradiation, indicating epithelial-stromal interaction. Finally, preinjury treatment with SHH inhibitor cyclopamine significantly reduced intestinal epithelial regeneration and Msi1 expression postirradiation. CONCLUSIONS Upon ionizing radiation-induced injury, intestinal epithelial cells increase SHH secretion, stimulating stromal cells to secrete WNT ligands. WNT activators induce Msi1 expression in the Bmi1-CreER cells. This stromal-epithelial interaction leads to Bmi1-CreER rISCs induction and epithelial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnieszka B Bialkowska
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York.
| | - Vincent W Yang
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York.
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4
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Pontarollo G, Kollar B, Mann A, Khuu MP, Kiouptsi K, Bayer F, Brandão I, Zinina VV, Hahlbrock J, Malinarich F, Mimmler M, Bhushan S, Marini F, Ruf W, Belheouane M, Baines JF, Endres K, Reba SM, Raker VK, Deppermann C, Welsch C, Bosmann M, Soshnikova N, Chassaing B, Bergentall M, Sommer F, Bäckhed F, Reinhardt C. Commensal bacteria weaken the intestinal barrier by suppressing epithelial neuropilin-1 and Hedgehog signaling. Nat Metab 2023; 5:1174-1187. [PMID: 37414930 PMCID: PMC10365997 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00828-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota influences intestinal barrier integrity through mechanisms that are incompletely understood. Here we show that the commensal microbiota weakens the intestinal barrier by suppressing epithelial neuropilin-1 (NRP1) and Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Microbial colonization of germ-free mice dampens signaling of the intestinal Hh pathway through epithelial Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, resulting in decreased epithelial NRP1 protein levels. Following activation via TLR2/TLR6, epithelial NRP1, a positive-feedback regulator of Hh signaling, is lysosomally degraded. Conversely, elevated epithelial NRP1 levels in germ-free mice are associated with a strengthened gut barrier. Functionally, intestinal epithelial cell-specific Nrp1 deficiency (Nrp1ΔIEC) results in decreased Hh pathway activity and a weakened gut barrier. In addition, Nrp1ΔIEC mice have a reduced density of capillary networks in their small intestinal villus structures. Collectively, our results reveal a role for the commensal microbiota and epithelial NRP1 signaling in the regulation of intestinal barrier function through postnatal control of Hh signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pontarollo
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bettina Kollar
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Amrit Mann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - My Phung Khuu
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klytaimnistra Kiouptsi
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RhineMain, Mainz, Germany
| | - Franziska Bayer
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Inês Brandão
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Valeriya V Zinina
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jennifer Hahlbrock
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frano Malinarich
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian Mimmler
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sudhanshu Bhushan
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Unit of Reproductive Biology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Federico Marini
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfram Ruf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RhineMain, Mainz, Germany
| | - Meriem Belheouane
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University and Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - John F Baines
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University and Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Scott M Reba
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Verena K Raker
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Carsten Deppermann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RhineMain, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Welsch
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Markus Bosmann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Natalia Soshnikova
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- INSERM U1016, Team 'Mucosal microbiota in chronic inflammatory diseases', CNRS UMR 8104, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mattias Bergentall
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Felix Sommer
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Region Västra Götland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christoph Reinhardt
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RhineMain, Mainz, Germany.
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Meena SK, Joriya PR, Yadav SM, Kumar R, Meena P, Patel DD. Modulation of radiation-induced intestinal injury by radioprotective agents: a cellular and molecular perspectives. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 38:295-311. [PMID: 35438851 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2021-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) system has rapidly proliferating and differentiating cells, which make it one of the most radiosensitive organs in the body. Exposure to high dose of ionising radiation (IR) during radiotherapy may generate a variety of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) including radicals, cause some side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, pain, ulceration, mal-absorption etc. Irradiation disrupts GI system by damaging proliferating stem cells of the crypts that alters the histology and physiology of intestine. Radiation damage reflects the qualitative and quantitative changes in intestinal epithelial stem cells like enterocytes, enteroendocrine cells, goblet cells and Paneth cells. The damaging effects of radiation to bio-molecules and cellular structures can alter gene signalling cascades and grounds genomic instability, protein modifications, cell senescence and cell death. The signalling pathways of GI tract includes Wnt, BMP, Hedgehog, PTEN/PI3K and Notch plays an important role in self-renewal of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and maintaining the balance between self-renewal and differentiation of ISCs. Various radiation countermeasures including radioprotectors and mitigators are under development phase globally but still not approved for clinical applications during any radiation emergencies. In view of above, present review highlights cellular and molecular interruptions of GI system due to acute and chronic GI radiation injury, role of radioprotectors in signalling cascade modulations in GI epithelium and involvement of ISC markers in radioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Meena
- Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pukha Raj Joriya
- Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sanwar Mal Yadav
- Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Science, DRDO, Delhi, India
| | - Priyadarshi Meena
- Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Dev Dutt Patel
- Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Pærregaard SI, Wulff L, Schussek S, Niss K, Mörbe U, Jendholm J, Wendland K, Andrusaite AT, Brulois KF, Nibbs RJB, Sitnik K, Mowat AM, Butcher EC, Brunak S, Agace WW. The small and large intestine contain related mesenchymal subsets that derive from embryonic Gli1 + precursors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2307. [PMID: 37085516 PMCID: PMC10121680 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37952-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal lamina propria contains a diverse network of fibroblasts that provide key support functions to cells within their local environment. Despite this, our understanding of the diversity, location and ontogeny of fibroblasts within and along the length of the intestine remains incomplete. Here we show that the small and large intestinal lamina propria contain similar fibroblast subsets that locate in specific anatomical niches. Nevertheless, we find that the transcriptional profile of similar fibroblast subsets differs markedly between the small intestine and colon suggesting region specific functions. We perform in vivo transplantation and lineage-tracing experiments to demonstrate that adult intestinal fibroblast subsets, smooth muscle cells and pericytes derive from Gli1-expressing precursors present in embryonic day 12.5 intestine. Trajectory analysis of single cell RNA-seq datasets of E12.5 and adult mesenchymal cells suggest that adult smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts derive from distinct embryonic intermediates and that adult fibroblast subsets develop in a linear trajectory from CD81+ fibroblasts. Finally, we provide evidence that colonic subepithelial PDGFRαhi fibroblasts comprise several functionally distinct populations that originate from an Fgfr2-expressing fibroblast intermediate. Our results provide insights into intestinal stromal cell diversity, location, function, and ontogeny, with implications for intestinal development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Isling Pærregaard
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Line Wulff
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sophie Schussek
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Niss
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Urs Mörbe
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Johan Jendholm
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Anna T Andrusaite
- Institute of Infection, immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Kevin F Brulois
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert J B Nibbs
- Institute of Infection, immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Katarzyna Sitnik
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Allan McI Mowat
- Institute of Infection, immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Eugene C Butcher
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- The Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System and the Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research (PAVIR), Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Søren Brunak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - William W Agace
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
- Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, 221 84, Sweden.
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c-Jun phosphorylated by JNK is required for protecting Gli2 from proteasomal-ubiquitin degradation by PGE2-JNK signaling axis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119418. [PMID: 36581088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway includes canonical and non-canonical activation manners. In colorectal cancer, we have previously shown that PGE2-JNK could initiate non-canonical activation of the Hh signaling pathway. In this study, we showed that c-Jun, a classic substrate of JNK, increased Gli2 protein stability after phosphorylated by PGE2. Suppressing the function of c-Jun or JNK indicated that c-Jun prevents Gli2 from protease degradation caused by PGE2-JNK. Moreoer, we revealed that less ubiquitination of Gli2 was detected in colorectal cancer cells treated with PGE2 while suppression of c-Jun restored the ubiquitination of Gli2. In addition, we observed that suppression of c-Jun significantly decreased Gli2 expression no matter when Gli2 remained in phosphorylation or non-phosphorylation state. These phenomena were recapitulated, when the endpoint of Gli2 expression was replaced by Gli2 ubiquitination. Furthermore, we demonstrated that restricting c-Jun function ablated the PGE2-provoked Hh activity and proliferation of colorectal cancer cells. These results elucidated that the evasion of Gli2 with phosphorylation from proteasomal-ubiquitin degradation needed the cooperation of phosphorylated c-Jun by kinase JNK, which contributed to promoting Hh activation and the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells. This study provides a theoretical foundation to target PGE2 downstream for the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer.
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8
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Pei S, Ke C, Han J, Xie X. Patched 1 and C-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 6 Distinguish Heterogeneous T Helper 17 Subsets in Colitic Lamina Propria. Immunol Invest 2023; 52:162-177. [PMID: 36394554 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2022.2141123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
T helper 17 (Th17) cells contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). However, their heterogeneity and regulatory mechanisms in IBD are not completely disclosed. A mouse colitis model was established. Th17 cells were enriched from the mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN) and lamina propria (LP). The phenotypes and functions of Th17 subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry, Immunoblotting, and real-time RT-PCR. The contributions of the Th17 subsets to colitis pathogenesis were evaluated by histology, ELISA, and flow cytometry after adoptive transfer. Smoothened (SMO), GLI family zinc finger 1 (Gli1), and GLI family zinc finger 3 (Gli3) were markedly up-regulated while Patched 1 (PTCH1) was down-regulated in LP Th17 cells in colitic lamina propria. Based on the expression of PTCH1 and C-C motif chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6), LP Th17 cells were divided into a PTCH1lowCCR6low Th17 subset and a PTCH1highCCR6high Th17 subset. The former expressed higher T-bet, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, and GM-CSF but lower IL-17A, IL-22, IL-17F, and Gli3 than the latter. The PTCH1highCCR6high Th17 subset was more resistant to polarization towards T helper 1 (Th1) than the PTCH1lowCCR6low Th17 subset. Moreover, the PTCH1highCCR6high Th17 subset was more competent to maintain Th17 identity. The PTCH1highCCR6high Th17 subset induced less severe colitis than the PTCH1lowCCR6low Th17 subset. PTCH1highCCR6high Th17 cells are Th17 cells whereas PTCH1lowCCR6low Th17 cells are Th1-like Th17 cells. Our study deepens the understanding of Th17 heterogeneity and plasticity in colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Pei
- The Department of Gastrointestinal, Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery, Wuhan Third Hospital (Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University), Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chao Ke
- The Department of Gastrointestinal, Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery, Wuhan Third Hospital (Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University), Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jiantao Han
- The Department of Gastrointestinal, Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery, Wuhan Third Hospital (Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University), Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xingwang Xie
- The Department of Gastrointestinal, Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery, Wuhan Third Hospital (Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University), Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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Shi W, Filmus J. Glypican-6 and Glypican-4 stimulate embryonic stomach growth by regulating Hedgehog and noncanonical Wnt signaling. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:2015-2028. [PMID: 36057966 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glypicans are a family of proteoglycans that play important roles in embryonic morphogenesis. The mammalian genome contains six glypicans (GPC1 to GPC6). GPC6 and GPC4 are the pair of glypicans that show the highest degree of homology within the family. GPC6-null embryos display bone abnormalities and severely shortened intestines. RESULTS We show that GPC6-null embryos display significantly smaller stomachs, and that Hedgehog and noncanonical Wnt signaling are dysregulated in GPC6-null stomachs. Like GPC6, GPC4 is expressed by the developing stomach. However, GPC4-null embryos have normal stomachs. To investigate whether GPC6 and GPC4 display functional overlap in the developing stomach, we crossed GPC4-null mice with GPC6 conditional mutants in which the expression of this glypican is severely reduced in the stomach. Notably, we found that the compound mutants display stomachs that are smaller than those of the GPC6 conditional mutants. We also found that this functional overlap between GPC6 and GPC4 is mediated by the noncanonical Wnt pathway. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that GPC6 stimulates the growth of the embryonic stomach via Wnt and Hh signaling. In addition, we uncovered a Wnt-mediated functional overlap between GPC6 and GPC4 in the developing stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shi
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jorge Filmus
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Wang Y, Stonehouse-Smith D, Cobourne MT, Green JBA, Seppala M. Cellular mechanisms of reverse epithelial curvature in tissue morphogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1066399. [PMID: 36518538 PMCID: PMC9742543 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1066399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial bending plays an essential role during the multiple stages of organogenesis and can be classified into two types: invagination and evagination. The early stages of invaginating and evaginating organs are often depicted as simple concave and convex curves respectively, but in fact majority of the epithelial organs develop through a more complex pattern of curvature: concave flanked by convex and vice versa respectively. At the cellular level, this is far from a geometrical truism: locally cells must passively adapt to, or actively create such an epithelial structure that is typically composed of opposite and connected folds that form at least one s-shaped curve that we here, based on its appearance, term as "reverse curves." In recent years, invagination and evagination have been studied in increasing cellular detail. A diversity of mechanisms, including apical/basal constriction, vertical telescoping and extrinsic factors, all orchestrate epithelial bending to give different organs their final shape. However, how cells behave collectively to generate reverse curves remains less well-known. Here we review experimental models that characteristically form reverse curves during organogenesis. These include the circumvallate papillae in the tongue, crypt-villus structure in the intestine, and early tooth germ and describe how, in each case, reverse curves form to connect an invaginated or evaginated placode or opposite epithelial folds. Furthermore, by referring to the multicellular system that occur in the invagination and evagination, we attempt to provide a summary of mechanisms thought to be involved in reverse curvature consisting of apical/basal constriction, and extrinsic factors. Finally, we describe the emerging techniques in the current investigations, such as organoid culture, computational modelling and live imaging technologies that have been utilized to improve our understanding of the cellular mechanisms in early tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Wang
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Stonehouse-Smith
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martyn T. Cobourne
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy B. A. Green
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maisa Seppala
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Abstract
Like most solid tumours, the microenvironment of epithelial-derived gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) consists of a variety of stromal cell types, including fibroblasts, and neuronal, endothelial and immune cells. In this article, we review the role of the immune microenvironment in the progression of chronic inflammation to GAC, primarily the immune microenvironment driven by the gram-negative bacterial species Helicobacter pylori. The infection-driven nature of most GACs has renewed awareness of the immune microenvironment and its effect on tumour development and progression. About 75-90% of GACs are associated with prior H. pylori infection and 5-10% with Epstein-Barr virus infection. Although 50% of the world's population is infected with H. pylori, only 1-3% will progress to GAC, with progression the result of a combination of the H. pylori strain, host susceptibility and composition of the chronic inflammatory response. Other environmental risk factors include exposure to a high-salt diet and nitrates. Genetically, chromosome instability occurs in ~50% of GACs and 21% of GACs are microsatellite instability-high tumours. Here, we review the timeline and pathogenesis of the events triggered by H. pylori that can create an immunosuppressive microenvironment by modulating the host's innate and adaptive immune responses, and subsequently favour GAC development.
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12
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Uehara K, Koyanagi-Aoi M, Koide T, Itoh T, Aoi T. Epithelial-derived factors induce muscularis mucosa of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived gastric organoids. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:820-834. [PMID: 35245440 PMCID: PMC9023774 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gastric development has not been well studied. The generation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived gastric organoids (hGOs) comprising gastric marker-expressing epithelium without an apparent smooth muscle (SM) structure has been reported. We modified previously reported protocols to generate hGOs with muscularis mucosa (MM) from hiPSCs. Time course analyses revealed that epithelium development occurred prior to MM formation. Sonic hedgehog (SHH) and TGF-β1 were secreted by the epithelium. HH and TGF-β signal inhibition prevented subepithelial MM formation. A mechanical property of the substrate promoted SM differentiation around hGOs in the presence of TGF-β. TGF-β signaling was shown to influence the HH signaling and mechanical properties. In addition, clinical specimen findings suggested the involvement of TGF-β signaling in MM formation in recovering gastric ulcers. HH and TGF-β signaling from the epithelium to the stroma and the mechanical properties of the subepithelial environment may influence the emergence of MM in human stomach tissue. We successfully induce hGOs with MM by culturing for 8 weeks The emergence of MM occurs after epithelial maturation HH, TGF-β, and the mechanical environment are suggested to be involved in MM formation
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Uehara
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe 6500017, Japan; Department of iPS Cell Applications, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 6500017, Japan; Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 6500017, Japan
| | - Michiyo Koyanagi-Aoi
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe 6500017, Japan; Department of iPS Cell Applications, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 6500017, Japan; Center for Human Resource Development for Regenerative Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe 6500017, Japan
| | - Takahiro Koide
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe 6500017, Japan; Department of iPS Cell Applications, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 6500017, Japan; Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 6500017, Japan
| | - Tomoo Itoh
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 6500017, Japan
| | - Takashi Aoi
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe 6500017, Japan; Department of iPS Cell Applications, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 6500017, Japan; Center for Human Resource Development for Regenerative Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe 6500017, Japan.
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13
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Capeling MM, Huang S, Childs CJ, Wu JH, Tsai YH, Wu A, Garg N, Holloway EM, Sundaram N, Bouffi C, Helmrath M, Spence JR. Suspension culture promotes serosal mesothelial development in human intestinal organoids. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110379. [PMID: 35172130 PMCID: PMC9002973 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent-stem-cell-derived human intestinal organoids (HIOs) model some aspects of intestinal development and disease, but current culture methods do not fully recapitulate the diverse cell types and complex organization of the human intestine and are reliant on 3D extracellular matrix or hydrogel systems, which limit experimental control and translational potential for regenerative medicine. We describe suspension culture as a simple, low-maintenance method for culturing HIOs and for promoting in vitro differentiation of an organized serosal mesothelial layer that is similar to primary human intestinal serosal mesothelium based on single-cell RNA sequencing and histological analysis. Functionally, HIO serosal mesothelium has the capacity to differentiate into smooth-muscle-like cells and exhibits fibrinolytic activity. An inhibitor screen identifies Hedgehog and WNT signaling as regulators of human serosal mesothelial differentiation. Collectively, suspension HIOs represent a three-dimensional model to study the human serosal mesothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan M Capeling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sha Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Charlie J Childs
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Joshua H Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yu-Hwai Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Angeline Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Neil Garg
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Emily M Holloway
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nambirajan Sundaram
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Carine Bouffi
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Michael Helmrath
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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14
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Maimets M, Pedersen MT, Guiu J, Dreier J, Thodberg M, Antoku Y, Schweiger PJ, Rib L, Bressan RB, Miao Y, Garcia KC, Sandelin A, Serup P, Jensen KB. Mesenchymal-epithelial crosstalk shapes intestinal regionalisation via Wnt and Shh signalling. Nat Commun 2022; 13:715. [PMID: 35132078 PMCID: PMC8821716 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organs are anatomically compartmentalised to cater for specialised functions. In the small intestine (SI), regionalisation enables sequential processing of food and nutrient absorption. While several studies indicate the critical importance of non-epithelial cells during development and homeostasis, the extent to which these cells contribute to regionalisation during morphogenesis remains unexplored. Here, we identify a mesenchymal-epithelial crosstalk that shapes the developing SI during late morphogenesis. We find that subepithelial mesenchymal cells are characterised by gradients of factors supporting Wnt signalling and stimulate epithelial growth in vitro. Such a gradient impacts epithelial gene expression and regional villus formation along the anterior-posterior axis of the SI. Notably, we further provide evidence that Wnt signalling directly regulates epithelial expression of Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), which, in turn, acts on mesenchymal cells to drive villi formation. Taken together our results uncover a mechanistic link between Wnt and Hedgehog signalling across different cellular compartments that is central for anterior-posterior regionalisation and correct formation of the SI. The small intestine forms via crosstalk between epithelial and mesenchymal cell compartments. Here, the authors show that a gradient of Wnt signalling along the anterior-posterior axis regulates Sonic Hedgehog which is required for correct formation and regionalization of the small intestine.
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15
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Wang R, Shen L, Li H, Peng H. Eriodictyol attenuates dextran sodium sulphate-induced colitis in mice by regulating the sonic hedgehog signalling pathway. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:974-985. [PMID: 34348563 PMCID: PMC8344262 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1948066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Eriodictyol (EDT) is a flavonoid with strong anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant properties. OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect and mechanism of EDT in ulcerative colitis (UC). MATERIALS AND METHODS UC model was induced by 3% dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) solution for 7 days, meanwhile, EDT and Smoothened (Smo) inhibitor cyclopamine (Cyc) were intraperitoneally injected. In the first experiment, C57BL/6 mice divided into blank control, DSS, DSS + EDT (20 or 40 mg/kg) groups. In second experiment, added Cyc (5 mg/kg) and EDT + Cyc groups. All mice were sacrificed on day 8. Disease activity index (DAI), colon length and colon histology as well as MDA levels, SOD, and GSH-Px activities were measured. The expression of Sonic hedgehog (Shh), Patched, Smo, glioblastoma-1, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin, cleaved caspase 3, Bax and Bcl-2 in colon was detected using RT-PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS After EDT treatment, compared with the DSS group, DAI (2.33 ± 0.516 vs. 3.67 ± 0.516), colon shortening (5.27 ± 0.476 vs. 4.53 ± 0.528 cm) and histological score (6.67 ± 1.211 vs. 12 ± 1.265) was significantly decreased. EDT also reduced inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis in colon. Additionally, EDT increased the expression of the tight junction proteins ZO-1 (35%) and occludin (66.3%). Mechanistically, EDT upregulated the Shh signalling pathway. However, Cyc-mediated inhibition of the Shh pathway partially abolished the effects of EDT. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS These results indicate EDT attenuates DSS-induced colitis by activating the Shh pathway. Further clinical trials are needed to demonstrate its efficacy on UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Diseases, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Lei Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Diseases, Wuhan, P.R. China
- CONTACT Lei Shen Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No.238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei430060, P.R. China
| | - Huimin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
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16
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Silva VR, Santos LDS, Dias RB, Quadros CA, Bezerra DP. Emerging agents that target signaling pathways to eradicate colorectal cancer stem cells. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2021; 41:1275-1313. [PMID: 34791817 PMCID: PMC8696218 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents the third most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The modern concept of cancer biology indicates that cancer is formed of a small population of cells called cancer stem cells (CSCs), which present both pluripotency and self-renewal properties. These cells are considered responsible for the progression of the disease, recurrence and tumor resistance. Interestingly, some cell signaling pathways participate in CRC survival, proliferation, and self-renewal properties, and most of them are dysregulated in CSCs, including the Wingless (Wnt)/β-catenin, Notch, Hedgehog, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase/Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad pathways. In this review, we summarize the strategies for eradicating CRC stem cells by modulating these dysregulated pathways, which will contribute to the study of potential therapeutic schemes, combining conventional drugs with CSC-targeting drugs, and allowing better cure rates in anti-CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdenizia R Silva
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Luciano de S Santos
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Rosane B Dias
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Claudio A Quadros
- São Rafael Hospital, Rede D'Or/São Luiz, Salvador, Bahia, 41253-190, Brazil.,Bahia State University, Salvador, Bahia, 41150-000, Brazil
| | - Daniel P Bezerra
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil
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17
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Chen D, Wang M, Xu Y, Jiang X, Xiong L, Zhang L, Yu H, Xiong Z. A Novel Autophagy-Related lncRNA Prognostic Signature Associated with Immune Microenvironment and Survival Outcomes of Gastric Cancer Patients. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:6935-6950. [PMID: 34703297 PMCID: PMC8541751 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s331959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Autophagy plays a crucial role in the initiation and progression of gastric cancer (GC). However, the role of autophagy-related lncRNAs in GC remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of the autophagy-related lncRNA signature and its role in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of GC. Methods RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and clinical data of GC patients were extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to identify the autophagy-related lncRNA prognostic signature which was validated in the test set and entire set. The survival and predictive performance were analyzed based on the Kaplan–Meier and ROC curves. Furthermore, the CIBERSORT algorithm was applied to explore the relationship between this signature and the immune cell infiltration. To elucidate the potential functions of autophagy-related lncRNAs in GC, we constructed the lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network and performed enrichment analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) were further performed to compare the different statuses between the high-risk and low-risk groups. Results We identified 5 autophagy-related lncRNAs (AL355574.1, AC010768.2, AP000695.2, AC087286.2, and HAGLR) to construct a prognostic signature. This signature could be an independent prognostic indicator for GC patients and had a higher prediction efficiency than other clinicopathological parameters. Furthermore, patients in the high-risk score group had a stronger immunosuppressive microenvironment than the low-risk group. The enrichment analysis for mRNAs co-expressed with these lncRNAs indicated that autophagy-related signaling pathways were remarkably enriched. PCA and GSEA further revealed different autophagy and immune statuses in the high- and low-risk groups. Conclusion The 5 autophagy-related lncRNA signature has significant clinical implications in prognosis prediction of GC. Meanwhile, our study elucidates the critical role of the autophagy-related lncRNA signature in the TIME of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yushuang Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Xiong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglu Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifan Xiong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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18
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Emerging roles of the Hedgehog signalling pathway in inflammatory bowel disease. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:314. [PMID: 34702800 PMCID: PMC8548344 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway plays a critical role in the growth and patterning during embryonic development and maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis. Emerging data indicate that Hh signalling is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Current therapeutic treatments for IBD require optimisation, and novel effective drugs are warranted. Targeting the Hh signalling pathway may pave the way for successful IBD treatment. In this review, we introduce the molecular mechanisms underlying the Hh signalling pathway and its role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Then, we present interactions between the Hh signalling and other pathways involved in IBD and colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC), such as the Wnt and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways. Furthermore, we summarise the latest research on Hh signalling associated with the occurrence and progression of IBD and CAC. Finally, we discuss the future directions for research on the role of Hh signalling in IBD pathogenesis and provide viewpoints on novel treatment options for IBD by targeting Hh signalling. An in-depth understanding of the complex role of Hh signalling in IBD pathogenesis will contribute to the development of new effective therapies for IBD patients.
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19
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Yang J, Wang J, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Huang W, Zou Y, Qiu Y, Cai W, Gao J, Zhou H, Wu Y, Liu W, Ding Q, Zhang Y, Yin PH, Tan W. PGE2-JNK signaling axis non-canonically promotes Gli activation by protecting Gli2 from ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:707. [PMID: 34267186 PMCID: PMC8282835 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03995-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Both bench and bedside investigations have challenged the supportive role of Hedgehog (Hh) activity in the progression of colorectal cancers, thus raising a critical need to further deeply determine the contribution of Hh to the growth of colorectal cancer. Combining multiple complementary means, including in vitro and in vivo inflammatory colorectal cancer models, and pathological analysis of clinical colorectal cancer patients samples. We report that colorectal cancer cells hijack prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to non-canonically promote Hh transcriptional factor Gli activity and Gli-dependent proliferation of colorectal cancer cells in a Smo-independent manner. Mechanistically, PGE2 activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which in turn enables Gli2 to evade ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation by phosphorylating Gli2 at Thr1546. This study not only presents evidence for understanding the contribution of Hh to colorectal cancers, but also provides a novel molecular portrait underlying how PGE2-activated JNK fine-tunes the evasion of Gli2 from ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation. Therefore, it proposes a rationale for the future evaluation of chemopreventive and selective therapeutic strategies for colorectal cancers by targeting PGE2-JNK-Gli signaling route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjing Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zou
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 200062, Shanghai, China.,Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Putuo Central School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 230601, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yanyan Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 200062, Shanghai, China.,Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Putuo Central School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 230601, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Weiyang Cai
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai 9th pepople's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 Mohe Road, 201999, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingli Wu
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijun Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Qingqing Ding
- Department of pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai 9th pepople's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 Mohe Road, 201999, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei-Hao Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 200062, Shanghai, China. .,Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Putuo Central School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 230601, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Wenfu Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 201203, Shanghai, China.
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20
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The Interplay between Nutrition, Innate Immunity, and the Commensal Microbiota in Adaptive Intestinal Morphogenesis. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072198. [PMID: 34206809 PMCID: PMC8308283 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a functionally and anatomically segmented organ that is colonized by microbial communities from birth. While the genetics of mouse gut development is increasingly understood, how nutritional factors and the commensal gut microbiota act in concert to shape tissue organization and morphology of this rapidly renewing organ remains enigmatic. Here, we provide an overview of embryonic mouse gut development, with a focus on the intestinal vasculature and the enteric nervous system. We review how nutrition and the gut microbiota affect the adaptation of cellular and morphologic properties of the intestine, and how these processes are interconnected with innate immunity. Furthermore, we discuss how nutritional and microbial factors impact the renewal and differentiation of the epithelial lineage, influence the adaptation of capillary networks organized in villus structures, and shape the enteric nervous system and the intestinal smooth muscle layers. Intriguingly, the anatomy of the gut shows remarkable flexibility to nutritional and microbial challenges in the adult organism.
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21
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Malijauskaite S, Connolly S, Newport D, McGourty K. Gradients in the in vivo intestinal stem cell compartment and their in vitro recapitulation in mimetic platforms. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2021; 60:76-88. [PMID: 33858768 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal tissue, and specifically its mucosal layer, is a complex and gradient-rich environment. Gradients of soluble factor (BMP, Noggin, Notch, Hedgehog, and Wnt), insoluble extracellular matrix proteins (laminins, collagens, fibronectin, and their cognate receptors), stromal stiffness, oxygenation, and sheer stress induced by luminal fluid flow at the crypt-villus axis controls and supports healthy intestinal tissue homeostasis. However, due to current technological challenges, very few of these features have so far been included in in vitro intestinal tissue mimetic platforms. In this review, the tightly defined and dynamic microenvironment of the intestinal tissue is presented in detail. Additionally, the authors introduce the current state-of-the-art intestinal tissue mimetic platforms, as well as the design drawbacks and challenges they face while attempting to capture the complexity of the intestinal tissue's physiology. Finally, the compositions of an "idealized" mimetic system is presented to guide future developmental efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigita Malijauskaite
- Dept. of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Sinead Connolly
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - David Newport
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Kieran McGourty
- Dept. of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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22
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Zhang J, Fan J, Zeng X, Nie M, Luan J, Wang Y, Ju D, Yin K. Hedgehog signaling in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis and the gastrointestinal tumor microenvironment. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:609-620. [PMID: 33777671 PMCID: PMC7982428 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway plays important roles in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis and the gastrointestinal tumor microenvironment (TME). Aberrant HH signaling activation may accelerate the growth of gastrointestinal tumors and lead to tumor immune tolerance and drug resistance. The interaction between HH signaling and the TME is intimately involved in these processes, for example, tumor growth, tumor immune tolerance, inflammation, and drug resistance. Evidence indicates that inflammatory factors in the TME, such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), macrophages, and T cell-dependent immune responses, play a vital role in tumor growth by affecting the HH signaling pathway. Moreover, inhibition of proliferating cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and inflammatory factors can normalize the TME by suppressing HH signaling. Furthermore, aberrant HH signaling activation is favorable to both the proliferation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and the drug resistance of gastrointestinal tumors. This review discusses the current understanding of the role and mechanism of aberrant HH signaling activation in gastrointestinal carcinogenesis, the gastrointestinal TME, tumor immune tolerance and drug resistance and highlights the underlying therapeutic opportunities.
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Key Words
- 5-Fu, 5-fluorouracil
- ALK5, TGF-β receptor I kinase
- ATO, arsenic trioxide
- BCC, basal cell carcinoma
- BCL-2, B cell lymphoma 2
- BMI-1, B cell-specific moloney murine leukemia virus insertion region-1
- CAFs, cancer-associated fibroblasts
- CSCs, cancer stem cells
- Cancer stem cells
- Carcinogenesis
- DHH, Desert Hedgehog
- Drug resistance
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- FOLFOX, oxaliplatin
- G protein coupled receptor kinase 2, HH
- Gastrointestinal cancer
- Hedgehog
- Hedgehog, HIF-1α
- IHH, Indian Hedgehog
- IL-10/6, interleukin 10/6
- ITCH, itchy E3 ubiquitin ligase
- MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- NK, natural killer
- NOX4, NADPH Oxidase 4
- PD-1, programmed cell death-1
- PD-L1, programmed cell death ligand-1
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PTCH, Patched
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SHH, Sonic Hedgehog
- SMAD3, mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3
- SMO, Smoothened
- SNF5, sucrose non-fermenting 5
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- SUFU, Suppressor of Fused
- TAMs, tumor-related macrophages
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor β
- TME, tumor microenvironment
- Tumor microenvironment
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- WNT, Wingless/Integrated
- and leucovorin, GLI
- ch5E1, chimeric monoclonal antibody 5E1
- glioma-associated oncogene homologue, GRK2
- hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, IFN-γ: interferon-γ
- βArr2, β-arrestin2
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiajun Fan
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xian Zeng
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mingming Nie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jingyun Luan
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dianwen Ju
- Department of Biological Medicines, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Shanghai 201203, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 65349106 (Kai Yin); Tel.: +86 21 5198 0037; Fax +86 21 5198 0036 (Dianwen Ju).
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 65349106 (Kai Yin); Tel.: +86 21 5198 0037; Fax +86 21 5198 0036 (Dianwen Ju).
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23
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Epithelium-derived Indian Hedgehog restricts stromal expression of ErbB family members that drive colonic tumor cell proliferation. Oncogene 2021; 40:1628-1643. [PMID: 33479497 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Indian Hedgehog (Ihh) is a morphogen expressed by epithelial cells in the small intestine and colon that signals in a paracrine manner to gp38+ stromal cells. The loss of Ihh signaling results in increased epithelial proliferation, lengthening and multiplication of intestinal crypts and the activation of a stromal cell immune response. How Ihh controls epithelial proliferation through the stroma and how it affects colorectal cancer development remains poorly defined. To study the influence of Ihh signaling on the earliest stage of colorectal carcinogenesis, we used a well characterized mouse model in which both alleles of the Adenoma Polyposis Coli (Apc) gene could be inducibly deleted, leading to instant transformation of the colonic epithelium to an adenomatous phenotype. Concurrent deletion of Ihh from the adenomatous colonic epithelium of Apc inducible double mutant mice resulted in a remarkable increase in the hyperproliferative epithelial phenotype and increased accumulation of Lgr5+ stem cells. Transcriptional profiling of sorted colonic gp38+ fibroblasts showed upregulation of three ErbB pathway ligands (EREG, BTC, and NRG1) in Apc-/-Ihh-/- double mutant mice. We found that recombinant EREG, BTC, and NRG1 but not Lgr5 ligand R-Spondin promoted growth and proliferation of Apc double mutant colonic organoids. Thus, the loss of Ihh enhances Apc-driven colonic adenomagenesis via upregulation of ErbB pathway family members in colonic stromal cells. Our findings highlight the critical role of epithelium-derived Indian Hedgehog as a stromal tumor suppressor in the intestine.
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24
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Geyer N, Gerling M. Hedgehog Signaling in Colorectal Cancer: All in the Stroma? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031025. [PMID: 33498528 PMCID: PMC7864206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling regulates intestinal development and homeostasis. The role of Hh signaling in cancer has been studied for many years; however, its role in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains controversial. It has become increasingly clear that the “canonical” Hh pathway, in which ligand binding to the receptor PTCH1 initiates a signaling cascade that culminates in the activation of the GLI transcription factors, is mainly organized in a paracrine manner, both in the healthy colon and in CRC. Such canonical Hh signals largely act as tumor suppressors. In addition, stromal Hh signaling has complex immunomodulatory effects in the intestine with a potential impact on carcinogenesis. In contrast, non-canonical Hh activation may have tumor-promoting roles in a subset of CRC tumor cells. In this review, we attempt to summarize the current knowledge of the Hh pathway in CRC, with a focus on the tumor-suppressive role of canonical Hh signaling in the stroma. Despite discouraging results from clinical trials using Hh inhibitors in CRC and other solid cancers, we argue that a more granular understanding of Hh signaling might allow the exploitation of this key morphogenic pathway for cancer therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Geyer
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden;
| | - Marco Gerling
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden;
- Theme Cancer, Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Solna, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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25
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Ding L, Sontz EA, Saqui-Salces M, Merchant JL. Interleukin-1β Suppresses Gastrin via Primary Cilia and Induces Antral Hyperplasia. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 11:1251-1266. [PMID: 33347972 PMCID: PMC8005816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Helicobacter pylori infection in humans typically begins with colonization of the gastric antrum. The initial Th1 response occasionally coincides with an increase in gastrin secretion. Subsequently, the gastritis segues to chronic atrophic gastritis, metaplasia, dysplasia and distal gastric cancer. Despite these well characterized clinical events, the link between inflammatory cytokines and non-cardia gastric cancer remains difficult to study in mouse models. Prior studies have demonstrated that overexpression of the Hedgehog (HH) effector GLI2 induces loss of gastrin (atrophy) and antral hyperplasia. To determine the link between specific cytokines, HH signaling and pre-neoplastic changes in the gastric antrum. METHODS Mouse lines were created to conditionally direct IL1β or IFN-γ to the antrum using the Gastrin-CreERT2 and Tet activator. Primary cilia, which transduces HH signaling, on G cells were disrupted by deleting the ciliary motor protein KIF3a. Phenotypic changes were assessed by histology and western blots. A subclone of GLUTag enteroendocrine cells selected for gastrin expression and the presence of primary cilia was treated with recombinant SHH, IL1β or IFN-γ with or without kif3a siRNA. RESULTS IFN-γ increased gastrin and induced antral hyperplasia. However, antral expression of IL1β suppressed tissue and serum gastrin, while also inducing antral hyperplasia. IFN-γ treatment of GLUTAg cells suppressed GLI2 and induced gastrin, without affecting cilia length. By contrast, IL1β treatment doubled primary cilia length, induced GLI2 and suppressed gastrin gene expression. Knocking down kif3a in GLUTAg cells mitigated SHH or IL1β suppression of gastrin. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of IL1β in the antrum was sufficient to induce antral hyperplasia coincident with suppression of gastrin via primary cilia. ORCID: #0000-0002-6559-8184.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ding
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Erica A Sontz
- Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | - Juanita L Merchant
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
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26
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Elmentaite R, Ross ADB, Roberts K, James KR, Ortmann D, Gomes T, Nayak K, Tuck L, Pritchard S, Bayraktar OA, Heuschkel R, Vallier L, Teichmann SA, Zilbauer M. Single-Cell Sequencing of Developing Human Gut Reveals Transcriptional Links to Childhood Crohn's Disease. Dev Cell 2020; 55:771-783.e5. [PMID: 33290721 PMCID: PMC7762816 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human gut development requires the orchestrated interaction of differentiating cell types. Here, we generate an in-depth single-cell map of the developing human intestine at 6–10 weeks post-conception. Our analysis reveals the transcriptional profile of cycling epithelial precursor cells; distinct from LGR5-expressing cells. We propose that these cells may contribute to differentiated cell subsets via the generation of LGR5-expressing stem cells and receive signals from surrounding mesenchymal cells. Furthermore, we draw parallels between the transcriptomes of ex vivo tissues and in vitro fetal organoids, revealing the maturation of organoid cultures in a dish. Lastly, we compare scRNA-seq profiles from pediatric Crohn’s disease epithelium alongside matched healthy controls to reveal disease-associated changes in the epithelial composition. Contrasting these with the fetal profiles reveals the re-activation of fetal transcription factors in Crohn’s disease. Our study provides a resource available at www.gutcellatlas.org, and underscores the importance of unraveling fetal development in understanding disease. Single-cell RNA-seq map of the developing and pediatric human intestine Cycling BEX5+ epithelial precursors are distinct from adult LGR5+ stem cells Human fetal intestinal organoids mature in culture Fetal transcription factors are reactivated in the Crohn’s disease epithelium
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasa Elmentaite
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Alexander D B Ross
- Wellcome Trust, MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Kenny Roberts
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kylie R James
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Daniel Ortmann
- Wellcome Trust, MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tomás Gomes
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Komal Nayak
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Liz Tuck
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sophie Pritchard
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Robert Heuschkel
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome Trust, MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Theory of Condensed Matter, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Wellcome Trust, MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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27
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Kwon O, Han TS, Son MY. Intestinal Morphogenesis in Development, Regeneration, and Disease: The Potential Utility of Intestinal Organoids for Studying Compartmentalization of the Crypt-Villus Structure. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:593969. [PMID: 33195268 PMCID: PMC7644937 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.593969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphology and structure of the intestinal epithelium are rearranged dynamically during development, tissue regeneration, and disease progression. The most important characteristic of intestinal epithelial morphogenesis is the repetitive compartmentalized structures of crypt-villus units, which are crucial for maintaining intestinal homeostasis and functions. Abnormal structures are known to be closely associated with disease development and progression. Therefore, understanding how intestinal crypt-villus structures are formed and grown is essential for elucidating the physiological and pathophysiological roles of the intestinal epithelium. However, a critical knowledge gap in understanding the compartmentalization of the crypt-villus axis remains when using animal models, due to obvious inter-species differences and difficulty in real-time monitoring. Recently, emerging technologies such as organoid culture, lineage tracing, and single cell sequencing have enabled the assessment of the intrinsic mechanisms of intestinal epithelial morphogenesis. In this review, we discuss the latest research on the regulatory factors and signaling pathways that play a central role in the formation, maintenance, and regeneration of crypt-villus structures in the intestinal epithelium. Furthermore, we discuss how these factors and pathways play a role in development, tissue regeneration, and disease. We further explore how the current technology of three-dimensional intestinal organoids has contributed to the understanding of crypt-villus compartmentalization, highlighting new findings related to the self-organizing-process-driven initiation and propagation of crypt-villus structures. We also discuss intestinal diseases featuring abnormalities of the crypt-villus structure to provide insights for the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting intestinal morphogenesis and crypt-villus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohman Kwon
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Tae-Su Han
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Mi-Young Son
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
- KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
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28
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Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays several diverse regulatory and patterning roles during organogenesis of the intestine and in the regulation of adult intestinal homeostasis. In the embryo, fetus, and adult, intestinal Hh signaling is paracrine: Hh ligands are expressed in the endodermally derived epithelium, while signal transduction is confined to the mesenchymal compartment, where at least a dozen distinct cell types are capable of responding to Hh signals. Epithelial Hh ligands not only regulate a variety of mesenchymal cell behaviors, but they also direct these mesenchymal cells to secrete additional soluble factors (e.g., Wnts, Bmps, inflammatory mediators) that feed back to regulate the epithelial cells themselves. Evolutionary conservation of the core Hh signaling pathway, as well as conservation of epithelial/mesenchymal cross talk in the intestine, has meant that work in many diverse model systems has contributed to our current understanding of the role of this pathway in intestinal organogenesis, which is reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D Walton
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA; , .,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Deborah L Gumucio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA; ,
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29
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Kostouros A, Koliarakis I, Natsis K, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis A, Tsiaoussis J. Large intestine embryogenesis: Molecular pathways and related disorders (Review). Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:27-57. [PMID: 32319546 PMCID: PMC7255481 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The large intestine, part of the gastrointestinal tract (GI), is composed of all three germ layers, namely the endoderm, the mesoderm and the ectoderm, forming the epithelium, the smooth muscle layers and the enteric nervous system, respectively. Since gastrulation, these layers develop simultaneously during embryogenesis, signaling to each other continuously until adult age. Two invaginations, the anterior intestinal portal (AIP) and the caudal/posterior intestinal portal (CIP), elongate and fuse, creating the primitive gut tube, which is then patterned along the antero‑posterior (AP) axis and the radial (RAD) axis in the context of left‑right (LR) asymmetry. These events lead to the formation of three distinct regions, the foregut, midgut and hindgut. All the above‑mentioned phenomena are under strict control from various molecular pathways, which are critical for the normal intestinal development and function. Specifically, the intestinal epithelium constitutes a constantly developing tissue, deriving from the progenitor stem cells at the bottom of the intestinal crypt. Epithelial differentiation strongly depends on the crosstalk with the adjacent mesoderm. Major molecular pathways that are implicated in the embryogenesis of the large intestine include the canonical and non‑canonical wingless‑related integration site (Wnt), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), Notch and hedgehog systems. The aberrant regulation of these pathways inevitably leads to several intestinal malformation syndromes, such as atresia, stenosis, or agangliosis. Novel theories, involving the regulation and homeostasis of intestinal stem cells, suggest an embryological basis for the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Thus, the present review article summarizes the diverse roles of these molecular factors in intestinal embryogenesis and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Kostouros
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion
| | - Ioannis Koliarakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion
| | - Konstantinos Natsis
- Department of Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki
| | | | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | - John Tsiaoussis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion
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30
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Huycke TR, Miller BM, Gill HK, Nerurkar NL, Sprinzak D, Mahadevan L, Tabin CJ. Genetic and Mechanical Regulation of Intestinal Smooth Muscle Development. Cell 2020; 179:90-105.e21. [PMID: 31539501 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is enveloped by concentric and orthogonally aligned layers of smooth muscle; however, an understanding of the mechanisms by which these muscles become patterned and aligned in the embryo has been lacking. We find that Hedgehog acts through Bmp to delineate the position of the circumferentially oriented inner muscle layer, whereas localized Bmp inhibition is critical for allowing formation of the later-forming, longitudinally oriented outer layer. Because the layers form at different developmental stages, the muscle cells are exposed to unique mechanical stimuli that direct their alignments. Differential growth within the early gut tube generates residual strains that orient the first layer circumferentially, and when formed, the spontaneous contractions of this layer align the second layer longitudinally. Our data link morphogen-based patterning to mechanically controlled smooth muscle cell alignment and provide a mechanistic context for potentially understanding smooth muscle organization in a wide variety of tubular organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R Huycke
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bess M Miller
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hasreet K Gill
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nandan L Nerurkar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - David Sprinzak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - L Mahadevan
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Clifford J Tabin
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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31
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Karpus ON, Westendorp BF, Vermeulen JLM, Meisner S, Koster J, Muncan V, Wildenberg ME, van den Brink GR. Colonic CD90+ Crypt Fibroblasts Secrete Semaphorins to Support Epithelial Growth. Cell Rep 2020; 26:3698-3708.e5. [PMID: 30917322 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells have a defined hierarchy with stem cells located at the bottom of the crypt and differentiated cells more at the top. Epithelial cell renewal and differentiation are strictly controlled by various regulatory signals provided by epithelial as well as surrounding cells. Although there is evidence that stromal cells contribute to the intestinal stem cell niche, their markers and the soluble signals they produce have been incompletely defined. Using a number of established stromal cell markers, we phenotypically and functionally examined fibroblast populations in the colon. CD90+ fibroblasts located in close proximity to stem cells in vivo support organoid growth in vitro and express crucial stem cell growth factors, such as Grem1, Wnt2b, and R-spondin3. Moreover, we found that CD90+ fibroblasts express a family of proteins-class 3 semaphorins (Sema3)-that are required for the supportive effect of CD90+ fibroblasts on organoid growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga N Karpus
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 69-71, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - B Florien Westendorp
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 69-71, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline L M Vermeulen
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 69-71, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Meisner
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 69-71, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Koster
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Oncogenomics, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vanesa Muncan
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 69-71, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Manon E Wildenberg
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 69-71, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gijs R van den Brink
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Meibergdreef 69-71, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
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32
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Zhang Y, Que J. BMP Signaling in Development, Stem Cells, and Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Annu Rev Physiol 2020; 82:251-273. [PMID: 31618602 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021119-034500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway is essential for the morphogenesis of multiple organs in the digestive system. Abnormal BMP signaling has also been associated with disease initiation and progression in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and associated organs. Recent studies using animal models, tissue organoids, and human pluripotent stem cells have significantly expanded our understanding of the roles played by BMPs in the development and homeostasis of GI organs. It is clear that BMP signaling regulates GI function and disease progression that involve stem/progenitor cells and inflammation in a tissue-specific manner. In this review we discuss these new findings with a focus on the esophagus, stomach, and intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Zhang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; .,Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jianwen Que
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; .,Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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33
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Single cell and genetic analyses reveal conserved populations and signaling mechanisms of gastrointestinal stromal niches. Nat Commun 2020; 11:334. [PMID: 31953387 PMCID: PMC6969052 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stomach and intestinal stem cells are located in discrete niches called the isthmus and crypt, respectively. Recent studies have demonstrated a surprisingly conserved role for Wnt signaling in gastrointestinal development. Although intestinal stromal cells secrete Wnt ligands to promote stem cell renewal, the source of stomach Wnt ligands is still unclear. Here, by performing single cell analysis, we identify gastrointestinal stromal cell populations with transcriptome signatures that are conserved between the stomach and intestine. In close proximity to epithelial cells, these perictye-like cells highly express telocyte and pericyte markers as well as Wnt ligands, and they are enriched for Hh signaling. By analyzing mice activated for Hh signaling, we show a conserved mechanism of GLI2 activation of Wnt ligands. Moreover, genetic inhibition of Wnt secretion in perictye-like stromal cells or stromal cells more broadly demonstrates their essential roles in gastrointestinal regeneration and development, respectively, highlighting a redundancy in gastrointestinal stem cell niches.
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34
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Oh S, Yoo YB. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interactions for the Development of Intestinal Villi. Dev Reprod 2019; 23:305-311. [PMID: 31993536 PMCID: PMC6985290 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2019.23.4.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Small intestine has a structure called villi that increases the mucosal surface area for nutrient absorption. Intricate and tight epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are required for villi development. These interactions are regulated by signaling molecules, physical forces, and epithelial deformation. Signaling molecules include hedgehog (Hh), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Wnt ligands. The Hh ligand is expressed from the epithelium and binds to the underlying mesenchymal cells, resulting in aggregation into mesenchymal clusters. The clusters express BMP and Wnt ligands to control its size and spacing between clusters. The clusters then form villi. Despite the fact that the villi formation is studied extensively, we do not have a complete understanding. In addition, the recent study shows there is a great relationship between the overexpression of the Hh signal and development of cancer in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, signaling between epithelial and mesenchymal cells and their physical interactions will be discussed on this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghoon Oh
- Dept. of Physiology, College of Medicine,
Dankook University, Korea
| | - Young Bok Yoo
- Dept. of Anatomy, College of Medicine,
Dankook University, Korea
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35
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Xu Y, Song S, Wang Z, Ajani JA. The role of hedgehog signaling in gastric cancer: molecular mechanisms, clinical potential, and perspective. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:157. [PMID: 31775795 PMCID: PMC6882007 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with advanced gastric cancer usually have a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Overcoming this challenge requires novel targets and effective drugs. The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the development of the gastrointestinal tract and maintenance of the physiologic function of the stomach. Aberrantly activated Hh signaling is implicated in carcinogenesis as well as maintenance of cancer stem cells. Somatic mutations in the components of Hh signaling (PTCH1 and SMO) have been shown to be a major cause of basal cell carcinoma, and dozens of Hh inhibitors have been developed. To date, two inhibitors (GDC-0449 and LDE225) have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma. Here, we review the role of the Hh signaling in the carcinogenesis and progression of gastric cancer and summarize recent findings on Hh inhibitors in gastric cancer. Hedgehog signaling is often aberrantly activated and plays an important role during inflammation and carcinogenesis of gastric epithelial cells. Further study of the precise mechanisms of Hh signaling in this disease is needed for the validation of therapeutic targets and evaluation of the clinical utility of Hh inhibitors for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Unit 426, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030-4009, USA.,Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumei Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Unit 426, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030-4009, USA.
| | - Zhenning Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jaffer A Ajani
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Unit 426, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030-4009, USA.
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36
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Shi W, Kaneiwa T, Cydzik M, Gariepy J, Filmus J. Glypican-6 stimulates intestinal elongation by simultaneously regulating Hedgehog and non-canonical Wnt signaling. Matrix Biol 2019; 88:19-32. [PMID: 31756413 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We report here that Glypican-6 (GPC6)-null mice display at birth small intestines that are 75% shorter than those of normal littermates. Notably, we demonstrate that the role of GPC6 in intestinal elongation is mediated by both Hedgehog (Hh) and non-canonical Wnt signaling. Based on results from in vitro experiments, we had previously proposed that GPC6 stimulates Hh signaling by interacting with Hh and Patched1 (Ptc1), and facilitating/stabilizing their interaction. Here we provide strong support to this hypothesis by showing that GPC6 binds to Ptc1 in the mesenchymal layer of embryonic intestines. This study also provides experimental evidence that strongly suggests that GPC6 inhibits the activity of Wnt5a on the intestinal epithelium by binding to this growth factor, and reducing its release from the surrounding mesenchymal cells. Finally, we show that whereas the mesenchymal layer of GPC6-null intestines displays reduced cell proliferation and a thinner smooth muscle layer, epithelial cell differentiation is not altered in the mutant gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shi
- Sunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tomoyuki Kaneiwa
- Sunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marzena Cydzik
- Sunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean Gariepy
- Sunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jorge Filmus
- Sunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Activation of sonic hedgehog signaling by a Smoothened agonist restores congenital defects in mouse models of endocrine-cerebro-osteodysplasia syndrome. EBioMedicine 2019; 49:305-317. [PMID: 31662288 PMCID: PMC6945271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endocrine-cerebro-osteodysplasia (ECO) syndrome is a genetic disorder associated with congenital defects of the endocrine, cerebral, and skeletal systems in humans. ECO syndrome is caused by mutations of the intestinal cell kinase (ICK) gene, which encodes a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase-related kinase that plays a critical role in controlling the length of primary cilia. Lack of ICK function disrupts transduction of sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling, which is important for development and homeostasis in humans and mice. Craniofacial structure abnormalities, such as cleft palate, are one of the most common defects observed in ECO syndrome patients, but the role of ICK in palatal development has not been studied. Methods Using Ick-mutant mice, we investigated the mechanisms by which ICK function loss causes cleft palate and examined pharmacological rescue of the congenital defects. Findings SHH signaling was compromised with abnormally elongated primary cilia in the developing palate of Ick-mutant mice. Cell proliferation was significantly decreased, resulting in failure of palatal outgrowth, although palatal adhesion and fusion occurred normally. We thus attempted to rescue the congenital palatal defects of Ick mutants by pharmacological activation of SHH signaling. Treatment of Ick-mutant mice with an agonist for Smoothened (SAG) rescued several congenital defects, including cleft palate. Interpretations The recovery of congenital defects by pharmacological intervention in the mouse models for ECO syndrome highlights prenatal SHH signaling modulation as a potential therapeutic measure to overcome congenital defects of ciliopathies.
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38
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Berkun L, Slae M, Mor-Shaked H, Koplewitz B, Eventov-Friedman S, Harel T. Homozygous variants in MAPRE2 and CDON in individual with skin folds, growth delay, retinal coloboma, and pyloric stenosis. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:2454-2458. [PMID: 31502381 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cases with multiple molecular diagnoses are challenging to diagnose clinically, yet may be resolved by unbiased exome sequencing analysis. We report an infant with developmental delay, severe growth delay, dysmorphic features, and multiple congenital anomalies including retinal coloboma, congenital pyloric stenosis, and circumferential skin creases. Exome sequencing identified a homozygous missense variant in MAPRE2 and a homozygous stopgain (nonsense) variant in CDON. Variants in MAPRE2, encoding a regulator of microtubule dynamics, lead to congenital symmetric circumferential skin creases type 2, with associated dysmorphism, small growth parameters, and congenital cardiac and genital anomalies. Monoallelic variants in CDON, encoding a coreceptor for sonic hedgehog, have been associated with autosomal dominant pituitary stalk interruption syndrome and holoprosencephaly. Cdon-/- mice have multiple eye defects including coloboma, consistent with the observed human phenotype. Thus, the complex phenotypic presentation of the infant may potentially be attributed to a dual molecular diagnosis. Furthermore, we present CDON as a candidate gene for coloboma formation in addition to the known holoprosencephaly phenotype, and propose to expand the allelic spectrum of CDON to variants associated with autosomal recessive inheritance in addition to dominant inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Berkun
- Department of Pediatrics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mordechai Slae
- Department of Pediatrics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hagar Mor-Shaked
- Department of Genetic and Metabolic Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Benjamin Koplewitz
- Department of Medical Imaging, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Tamar Harel
- Department of Genetic and Metabolic Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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39
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Greicius G, Virshup DM. Stromal control of intestinal development and the stem cell niche. Differentiation 2019; 108:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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40
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Coquenlorge S, Yin WC, Yung T, Pan J, Zhang X, Mo R, Belik J, Hui CC, Kim TH. GLI2 Modulated by SUFU and SPOP Induces Intestinal Stem Cell Niche Signals in Development and Tumorigenesis. Cell Rep 2019; 27:3006-3018.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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41
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Mesothelium and Malignant Mesothelioma. J Dev Biol 2019; 7:jdb7020007. [PMID: 30965570 PMCID: PMC6630312 DOI: 10.3390/jdb7020007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mesothelium is an epithelial structure derived from the embryonic mesoderm. It plays an important role in the development of a number of different organs, including the heart, lungs, and intestines. In this publication, we discuss aspects of the development of the mesothelium, where mesothelial structures can be found, and review molecular and cellular characteristics associated with the mesothelium. Furthermore, we discuss the involvement of the mesothelium in a number of disease conditions, in particular in the pathogenesis of mesotheliomas with an emphasis on malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM)—a primary cancer developing in the pleural cavity.
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42
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Lima-Fernandes E, Murison A, da Silva Medina T, Wang Y, Ma A, Leung C, Luciani GM, Haynes J, Pollett A, Zeller C, Duan S, Kreso A, Barsyte-Lovejoy D, Wouters BG, Jin J, Carvalho DDD, Lupien M, Arrowsmith CH, O'Brien CA. Targeting bivalency de-represses Indian Hedgehog and inhibits self-renewal of colorectal cancer-initiating cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1436. [PMID: 30926792 PMCID: PMC6441108 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09309-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In embryonic stem cells, promoters of key lineage-specific differentiation genes are found in a bivalent state, having both activating H3K4me3 and repressive H3K27me3 histone marks, making them poised for transcription upon loss of H3K27me3. Whether cancer-initiating cells (C-ICs) have similar epigenetic mechanisms that prevent lineage commitment is unknown. Here we show that colorectal C-ICs (CC-ICs) are maintained in a stem-like state through a bivalent epigenetic mechanism. Disruption of the bivalent state through inhibition of the H3K27 methyltransferase EZH2, resulted in decreased self-renewal of patient-derived C-ICs. Epigenomic analyses revealed that the promoter of Indian Hedgehog (IHH), a canonical driver of normal colonocyte differentiation, exists in a bivalent chromatin state. Inhibition of EZH2 resulted in de-repression of IHH, decreased self-renewal, and increased sensitivity to chemotherapy in vivo. Our results reveal an epigenetic block to differentiation in CC-ICs and demonstrate the potential for epigenetic differentiation therapy of a solid tumour through EZH2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Lima-Fernandes
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Alex Murison
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Tiago da Silva Medina
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Yadong Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Anqi Ma
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Cherry Leung
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Genna M Luciani
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Jennifer Haynes
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Aaron Pollett
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G1X5, Canada
| | - Constanze Zeller
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Shili Duan
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Antonija Kreso
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
| | | | - Bradly G Wouters
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Jian Jin
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Daniel D De Carvalho
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Mathieu Lupien
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Cheryl H Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada. .,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada.
| | - Catherine A O'Brien
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G2C4, Canada.
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43
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Abstract
The adult gastrointestinal tract (GI) is a series of connected organs (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon) that develop via progressive regional specification of a continuous tubular embryonic organ anlage. This chapter focuses on organogenesis of the small intestine. The intestine arises by folding of a flat sheet of endodermal cells into a tube of highly proliferative pseudostratified cells. Dramatic elongation of this tube is driven by rapid epithelial proliferation. Then, epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk and physical forces drive a stepwise cascade that results in convolution of the tubular surface into finger-like projections called villi. Concomitant with villus formation, a sharp epithelial transcriptional boundary is defined between stomach and intestine. Finally, flask-like depressions called crypts are established to house the intestinal stem cells needed throughout life for epithelial renewal. New insights into these events are being provided by in vitro organoid systems, which hold promise for future regenerative engineering of the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Wang
- University of Michigan, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Katherine D Walton
- University of Michigan, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Deborah L Gumucio
- University of Michigan, Cell and Developmental Biology Department, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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44
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Jing X, Meng X, Gao Y, Yu J, Liu B. A 4-month-old boy with gastrointestinal stromal tumor of mesocolon. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 20:8-14. [PMID: 30252568 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1504719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are very uncommon in pediatric patients, and they are distinct clinical-pathological and molecular deviations from their adult counterparts. Most pediatric GISTs lack the c-kit or platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) genes mutations. To date, there is no published standard guidelines available for the best treatment of pediatric GISTs, especially for infant GIST. Therefore, we report a case of 4-month-old infant with GIST of mesocolon without KIT/PDGFRA mutation. We also review the clinical, biological, and genetic features of pediatric GISTs and re-think several questions that could affect clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuquan Jing
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xue Meng
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yongsheng Gao
- b Department of Pathology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jinming Yu
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Liu
- c Department of Oncology , Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences , Jinan , China
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45
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Spit M, Koo BK, Maurice MM. Tales from the crypt: intestinal niche signals in tissue renewal, plasticity and cancer. Open Biol 2018; 8:rsob.180120. [PMID: 30209039 PMCID: PMC6170508 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapidly renewing tissues such as the intestinal epithelium critically depend on the activity of small-sized stem cell populations that continuously generate new progeny to replace lost and damaged cells. The complex and tightly regulated process of intestinal homeostasis is governed by a variety of signalling pathways that balance cell proliferation and differentiation. Accumulating evidence suggests that stem cell control and daughter cell fate determination is largely dictated by the microenvironment. Here, we review recent developments in the understanding of intestinal stem cell dynamics, focusing on the roles, mechanisms and interconnectivity of prime signalling pathways that regulate stem cell behaviour in intestinal homeostasis. Furthermore, we discuss how mutational activation of these signalling pathways endows colorectal cancer cells with niche-independent growth advantages during carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Spit
- Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, UMC Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bon-Kyoung Koo
- IMBA - Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Dr Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Madelon M Maurice
- Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, UMC Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands .,Oncode Institute, The Netherlands
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46
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Santos AJM, Lo YH, Mah AT, Kuo CJ. The Intestinal Stem Cell Niche: Homeostasis and Adaptations. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:1062-1078. [PMID: 30195922 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a rapidly renewing cellular compartment. This constant regeneration is a hallmark of intestinal homeostasis and requires a tightly regulated balance between intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation and differentiation. Since intestinal epithelial cells directly contact pathogenic environmental factors that continuously challenge their integrity, ISCs must also actively divide to facilitate regeneration and repair. Understanding niche adaptations that maintain ISC activity during homeostatic renewal and injury-induced intestinal regeneration is therefore a major and ongoing focus for stem cell biology. Here, we review recent concepts and propose an active interconversion of the ISC niche between homeostasis and injury-adaptive states that is superimposed upon an equally dynamic equilibrium between active and reserve ISC populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- António J M Santos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yuan-Hung Lo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amanda T Mah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Calvin J Kuo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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47
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Non-Canonical Hedgehog Signaling Is a Positive Regulator of the WNT Pathway and Is Required for the Survival of Colon Cancer Stem Cells. Cell Rep 2018; 21:2813-2828. [PMID: 29212028 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is a heterogeneous tumor driven by a subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs). To study CSCs in colon cancer, we used limiting dilution spheroid and serial xenotransplantation assays to functionally define the frequency of CSCs in a panel of patient-derived cancer organoids. These studies demonstrated cancer organoids to be enriched for CSCs, which varied in frequency between tumors. Whole-transcriptome analysis identified WNT and Hedgehog signaling components to be enhanced in CSC-enriched tumors and in aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)-positive CSCs. Canonical GLI-dependent Hedgehog signaling is a negative regulator of WNT signaling in normal intestine and intestinal tumors. Here, we show that Hedgehog signaling in colon CSCs is autocrine SHH-dependent, non-canonical PTCH1 dependent, and GLI independent. In addition, using small-molecule inhibitors and RNAi against SHH-palmitoylating Hedgehog acyltransferase (HHAT), we demonstrate that non-canonical Hedgehog signaling is a positive regulator of WNT signaling and required for colon CSC survival.
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Walton KD, Mishkind D, Riddle MR, Tabin CJ, Gumucio DL. Blueprint for an intestinal villus: Species-specific assembly required. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2018; 7:e317. [PMID: 29513926 PMCID: PMC6002883 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Efficient absorption of nutrients by the intestine is essential for life. In mammals and birds, convolution of the intestinal surface into finger-like projections called villi is an important adaptation that ensures the massive surface area for nutrient contact that is required to meet metabolic demands. Each villus projection serves as a functional absorptive unit: it is covered by a simple columnar epithelium that is derived from endoderm and contains a mesodermally derived core with supporting vasculature, lacteals, enteric nerves, smooth muscle, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and immune cells. In cross section, the consistency of structure in the billions of individual villi of the adult intestine is strikingly beautiful. Villi are generated in fetal life, and work over several decades has revealed that villus morphogenesis requires substantial "crosstalk" between the endodermal and mesodermal tissue components, with soluble signals, cell-cell contacts, and mechanical forces providing specific dialects for sequential conversations that orchestrate villus assembly. A key part of this process is the formation of subepithelial mesenchymal cell clusters that act as signaling hubs, directing overlying epithelial cells to cease proliferation, thereby driving villus emergence and simultaneously determining the location of future stem cell compartments. Interestingly, distinct species-specific differences govern how and when tissue-shaping signals and forces generate mesenchymal clusters and control villus emergence. As the details of villus development become increasingly clear, the emerging picture highlights a sophisticated local self-assembled cascade that underlies the reproducible elaboration of a regularly patterned field of absorptive villus units. This article is categorized under: Vertebrate Organogenesis > From a Tubular Primordium: Non-Branched Comparative Development and Evolution > Organ System Comparisons Between Species Early Embryonic Development > Development to the Basic Body Plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D Walton
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Darcy Mishkind
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Misty R Riddle
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Clifford J Tabin
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Deborah L Gumucio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Abstract
Ever since its initial discovery in Drosophila, hedgehog signaling has been linked to foregut development, The mammalian genome expresses three Hedgehog paralogues, sonic hedgehog (Shh), Indian Hedgehog, and desert hedgehog. In the mucosa of the embryonic and adult foregut, Shh expression is the highest. It has now become clear that hedgehog signaling is of pivotal importance in gastric homeostasis. Aberrant activation of hedgehog signaling is associated with a range of pathological consequences including various cancers. Also in gastric cancer, clinical and preclinical data support a role of Hedgehog signaling in neoplastic transformation, and gastrointestinal cancer development, also through cancer stroma interaction. Technological advance are facilitating monitoring Hedgehog signaling broadening options for the more efficient screening of individuals predisposed to eventually developing gastric cancer and targeting Hedgehog signaling may provide opportunities for prophylactic therapy once atrophic gastritis develops. Nevertheless, convincing evidence that Hedgehog antagonists are of clinically useful in the context of gastric cancer is still conspicuously lacking. Here we analyze review the role of Hedgehog in gastric physiology and the potential usefulness of targeting Hedgehog signaling in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamu Ishaku Akyala
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nasarawa, Nigeria
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Wang F, Wu J, Qiu Z, Ge X, Liu X, Zhang C, Xu W, Wang F, Hua D, Qi X, Mao Y. ACOT1 expression is associated with poor prognosis in gastric adenocarcinoma. Hum Pathol 2018; 77:35-44. [PMID: 29555575 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA thioesterase 1 (ACOT1) is an important isoform of the ACOT family that catalyzes the reaction of fatty acyl-CoAs to CoA-SH and free fatty acids. Recent studies of gastrointestinal tumor metabolism suggest that there is abnormal metabolism of lipids and fatty acids during tumor progression. However, the function and contribution of ACOT1 in gastric cancer development are still poorly understood. In addition, GLI3 is a major transcription factor in the regulation of hedgehog signaling. GLI3 mutations induce glandular expansion and intestinal metaplasia in gastric cancer, which indicates a role for GLI3 in the preneoplastic process. Thus, we investigated the relationship between ACOT1 expression and GLI3 in gastric adenocarcinoma. A tissue microarray was constructed from 280 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma. The immunohistochemistry method was performed on tissue sections of 4 μm from each tissue microarray block. We found a significant correlation between ACOT1 expression and poor histologic grade, a lower T category, TNM stage, and increased GLI3 expression. In addition, the survival analysis revealed that the ACOT1-positive group had significantly decreased overall survival rates compared with the ACOT1-negative group. Furthermore, GLI3 expression had a significant positive correlation with ACOT1 expression in gastric adenocarcinoma cells. In summary, these findings demonstrate that increased expression of ACOT1 is correlated with pivotal clinicopathological parameters and poor prognosis in gastric adenocarcinoma through increased expression of the potential tumor-promoting protein GLI3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China, 214062; Jiangnan University School of Medicine, Wuxi, China, 214000
| | - Jingyi Wu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China, 214062; Jiangnan University School of Medicine, Wuxi, China, 214000
| | - Zhichao Qiu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China, 214062; Jiangnan University School of Medicine, Wuxi, China, 214000
| | - Xiaosong Ge
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China, 214062
| | - Xingxiang Liu
- Department of Oncology, Second People's Hospital of Taizhou City, Taizhou, China, 225300
| | - Chun Zhang
- Jiangnan University School of Medicine, Wuxi, China, 214000
| | - Wenhuan Xu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China, 214062
| | - Fengming Wang
- Blood Center of Changzhou City, Changzhou, China, 213000
| | - Dong Hua
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China, 214062
| | - Xiaowei Qi
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China, 214062.
| | - Yong Mao
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China, 214062.
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