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Prowse KL, Law H, Raez-Villanueva S, Markovic F, Wang M, Borojevic R, Parsons SP, Vincent AD, Holloway AC, Ratcliffe EM. Effects of in utero exposure to fluoxetine on the gastrointestinal tract of rat offspring. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 325:G528-G538. [PMID: 37724979 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00223.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) has been shown to disrupt the development of serotonergic signaling pathways in the brain and enteric nervous system. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) signaling is critical for gastrointestinal homeostasis; changes in 5-HT expression and regulation have been associated with gastrointestinal diseases of motility and inflammation. We tested the hypothesis that perinatal exposure to the SSRI fluoxetine can influence the development of the gastrointestinal tract in exposed offspring. Female nulliparous Wistar rats were given fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) or vehicle control from 2 wk before mating until weaning; small and large intestines of female and male offspring were collected at postnatal days 1, 21 (P1, P21, respectively), and 6 mo of age. In histological preparations, the proportion of serotonergic neurons significantly increased in the colons of both female and male fluoxetine-exposed compared with control offspring at P21, a time point that signifies maximal exposure to fluoxetine. At 6 mo of age, male but not female fluoxetine-exposed offspring had a significant increase in circulating 5-HT, with a significant decrease in transcripts encoding the 5-HT2A receptor and monoamine oxidase as compared with control offspring. Measurement of spatiotemporal mapping of contractile activity of the small and large intestine at 6 mo of age revealed no changes in motility in the small bowel of fluoxetine-exposed offspring but revealed a significant increase in the frequency of colonic contractions in the female fluoxetine-exposed compared with control animals. Susceptibility to inflammation was examined at 6 mo using the dextran sulfate sodium model of acute colitis. In utero exposure to fluoxetine was not found to exacerbate colitis severity. These findings suggest that fluoxetine exposure during fetal and early postnatal development can lead to changes in serotonergic neurons at the peak of exposure with sex-specific changes in 5-HT signaling and colonic motility in adulthood.NEW & NOTEWORTHY There is increasing recognition of the relevance of in utero and early postnatal exposures in the developmental programming of the gastrointestinal tract. Perinatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and antidepressant medications is of particular relevance as they are commonly prescribed during pregnancy, and serotonergic pathways play key roles during gastrointestinal development and in postnatal homeostasis. Here, we provide a comprehensive evaluation of clinically relevant outcomes of gastrointestinal motility and susceptibility to colitis in fluoxetine-exposed offspring and highlight changes in colonic serotonergic neurons at the peak of perinatal fluoxetine exposure with sex-dependent changes in serotonin signaling and colonic motility in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Prowse
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Harriet Law
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Filip Markovic
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Megan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rajka Borojevic
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean P Parsons
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander D Vincent
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alison C Holloway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elyanne M Ratcliffe
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Liu XY, Wu SD. Fecal microbiota transplantation for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: Current advances and future perspectives. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2023; 31:922-932. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v31.i22.922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a kind of functional gastroin-testinal disorder, characterized by recurrent abdominal pain and altered bowel habits. IBS adversely affects the quality of life of patients for the lack of effective treatment. The etiology of IBS remains poorly known. Previous studies suggested a possible role of gut dysbiosis in IBS pathogenesis. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), which aims to reverse the gut dysbiosis, is a promising strategy in IBS management. In this review, we summarize the role of the gut microbiota in IBS pathogenesis from different aspects. We also review recent studies on efficacy evaluation of FMT in IBS. Besides, we discuss factors affecting the efficacy of FMT, hoping to provide a reference for future IBS treatment strategies targeting the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Sheng-Di Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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3
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Sgro M, Ray J, Foster E, Mychasiuk R. Making migraine easier to stomach: the role of the gut-brain-immune axis in headache disorders. Eur J Neurol 2023; 30:3605-3621. [PMID: 37329292 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Headache disorders place a significant burden on the healthcare system, being the leading cause of disability in those under 50 years. Novel studies have interrogated the relationship between headache disorders and gastrointestinal dysfunction, suggesting a link between the gut-brain-immune (GBI) axis and headache pathogenesis. Although the exact mechanisms driving the complex relationship between the GBI axis and headache disorders remain unclear, there is a growing appreciation that a healthy and diverse microbiome is necessary for optimal brain health. METHODS A literature search was performed through multiple reputable databases in search of Q1 journals within the field of headache disorders and gut microbiome research and were critically and appropriately evaluated to investigate and explore the following; the role of the GBI axis in dietary triggers of headache disorders and the evidence indicating that diet can be used to alleviate headache severity and frequency. The relationship between the GBI axis and post-traumatic headache is then synthesized. Finally, the scarcity of literature regarding paediatric headache disorders and the role that the GBI axis plays in mediating the relationship between sex hormones and headache disorders are highlighted. CONCLUSIONS There is potential for novel therapeutic targets for headache disorders if understanding of the GBI axis in their aetiology, pathogenesis and recovery is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Sgro
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason Ray
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Lefèvre C, Le Roy C, Bessard A, Le Berre-Scoul C, Marchix J, Coron E, Le Rhun M, Brochard C, Perrouin-Verbe B, Neunlist M. Region-specific remodeling of the enteric nervous system and enteroendocrine cells in the colon of spinal cord injury patients. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16902. [PMID: 37803037 PMCID: PMC10558436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44057-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) suffer from major bowel dysfunction, whose exact pathophysiology, particularly the involvement of the enteric nervous system or epithelial dysfunction is poorly understood. Herein, we aimed to characterize the mucosal biopsies of the right and left colon in SCI patients vs controls (CT): (1) remodeling of key enteric neurotransmitters, (2) remodeling of enteroendocrine cells, and (3) mucosal inflammation compared to those in controls. In SCI, mucosal ACh concentration was lower in the right colon as compared to CT, but no change was observed in the left colon, and AChE expression was lower in both the right and left colons than in CT. While the VIP concentration was similar in the right and left colons, VIP mRNA expression was increased in the right colon and decreased in the left colon, in SCI patients as compared to CT. Interestingly, 5-HT concentration was reduced in the left colon but not in the right colon in SCI patients. Moreover, in SCI patients, as compared to CT, SERT mRNA expression was selectively increased in the left colon while TPH1 mRNA expression was increased in the right and left colons. Although mucosal TNFα and IL-1β mRNA expression did not significantly differ between SCI and CT groups, we identified a significant positive correlation between TNFα and IL-1β mRNA expression and left colon transit time in the SCI group. In conclusion, region-specific changes occur in the enteric neurotransmitter, serotonergic, and inflammatory pathways in the colon of SCI patients. The significant correlations between these pathways and clinical parameters in the left colon further set a scientific basis for designing therapeutic targets to improve colonic motor dysfunction in patients.Biobank information: Spinal cord injury patients: PHRC ConstiCAPE-clinical trial NCT02566746. Controls: Anosain-clinical trial NCT03054415 and biobank of the "Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif (IMAD)" registered under number DC-2008-402.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloë Lefèvre
- Nantes Université, INSERM, CHU Nantes, IMAD, "The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders", 44000, Nantes, France
- Service de Médecine Physique et Réadaptation Neurologique, Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Camille Le Roy
- Nantes Université, INSERM, CHU Nantes, IMAD, "The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders", 44000, Nantes, France
- Service de Médecine Physique et Réadaptation Neurologique, Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Anne Bessard
- Nantes Université, INSERM, CHU Nantes, IMAD, "The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders", 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Catherine Le Berre-Scoul
- Nantes Université, INSERM, CHU Nantes, IMAD, "The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders", 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Justine Marchix
- Nantes Université, INSERM, CHU Nantes, IMAD, "The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders", 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Emmanuel Coron
- Nantes Université, INSERM, CHU Nantes, IMAD, "The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders", 44000, Nantes, France
- Service de Gastroentérologie, Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, IMAD, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Marc Le Rhun
- Service de Gastroentérologie, Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, IMAD, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Charlène Brochard
- Nantes Université, INSERM, CHU Nantes, IMAD, "The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders", 44000, Nantes, France
- CHU Rennes, Explorations Fonctionnelles Digestives, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Brigitte Perrouin-Verbe
- Nantes Université, INSERM, CHU Nantes, IMAD, "The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders", 44000, Nantes, France
- Service de Médecine Physique et Réadaptation Neurologique, Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- Nantes Université, INSERM, CHU Nantes, IMAD, "The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders", 44000, Nantes, France.
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Collins JM, Hyland NP, Clarke G, Fitzgerald P, Julio-Pieper M, Bulmer DC, Dinan TG, Cryan JF, O'Mahony SM. Beta 3-adrenoceptor agonism ameliorates early-life stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity in male rats. J Neurochem 2023. [PMID: 36906887 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Visceral hypersensitivity, a hallmark of disorders of the gut-brain axis, is associated with exposure to early-life stress (ELS). Activation of neuronal β3-adrenoceptors (AR) has been shown to alter central and peripheral levels of tryptophan and reduce visceral hypersensitivity. In this study, we aimed to determine the potential of a β3-AR agonist in reducing ELS-induced visceral hypersensitivity and possible underlying mechanisms. Here, ELS was induced using the maternal separation (MS) model, where Sprague Dawley rat pups were separated from their mother in early life (postnatal day 2-12). Visceral hypersensitivity was confirmed in adult offspring using colorectal distension (CRD). CL-316243, a β3-AR agonist, was administered to determine anti-nociceptive effects against CRD. Distension-induced enteric neuronal activation as well as colonic secretomotor function were assessed. Tryptophan metabolism was determined both centrally and peripherally. For the first time, we showed that CL-316243 significantly ameliorated MS-induced visceral hypersensitivity. Furthermore, MS altered plasma tryptophan metabolism and colonic adrenergic tone, while CL-316243 reduced both central and peripheral levels of tryptophan and affected secretomotor activity in the presence of tetrodotoxin. This study supports the beneficial role of CL-316243 in reducing ELS-induced visceral hypersensitivity, and suggests that targeting the β3-AR can significantly influence gut-brain axis activity through modulation of enteric neuronal activation, tryptophan metabolism, and colonic secretomotor activity which may synergistically contribute to offsetting the effects of ELS.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Collins
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Niall P Hyland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Siobhain M O'Mahony
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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6
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Di Nardo G, Cremon C, Staiano A, Stanghellini V, Borrelli O, Strisciuglio C, Romano C, Mallardo S, Scarpato E, Marasco G, Salvatore S, Zenzeri L, Felici E, Pensabene L, Sestito S, Francavilla R, Quitadamo P, Baldassarre M, Giorgio V, Tambucci R, Ziparo C, Parisi P, Barbaro MR, Barbara G. Role of inflammation in pediatric irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2023; 35:e14365. [PMID: 35340083 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IBS affects a large number of children throughout the world and is thought to be the result of disturbed neuroimmune function along with the brain-gut axis. Although the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms are not clear, the role of low-grade inflammation and mucosal immune activation in IBS symptom generation has become evident also in subsets of pediatric patients. Animal models provided meaningful insight in the causal relationship between abnormal mucosal immune activation and changes in gastrointestinal (GI) sensory-motor function. Likewise, the development of long-standing GI symptoms fulfilling the current criteria for functional GI disorders after infection gastroenteritis and in patients with IBD or celiac disease in remission further supports this hypothesis. Immune activation, its impact on gut sensory-motor function, and potential implications for symptom generation emerged in both children and adults with IBS. PURPOSE The aim of this review is to summarize the main evidence on the presence of low-grade inflammation and immune activation in children with IBS, its possible role in symptom generation, and its potential implication for new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Nardo
- NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cesare Cremon
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annamaria Staiano
- Department of Translational Medical Science, "Federico II", University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Osvaldo Borrelli
- Division of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, UCL Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Caterina Strisciuglio
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialistic Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Romano
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood "G. Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Saverio Mallardo
- Pediatric Department, Santa Maria Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Elena Scarpato
- Department of Translational Medical Science, "Federico II", University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Marasco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Salvatore
- Pediatric Department, Ospedale "F. Del Ponte", University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Letizia Zenzeri
- NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Pediatric Emergency Unit, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Enrico Felici
- Pediatric and Pediatric Emergency Unit, "Umberto Bosio" Center for Digestive Diseases, The Children Hospital, AO SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Licia Pensabene
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Pediatric Unit, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Simona Sestito
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Pediatric Unit, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ruggiero Francavilla
- Pediatric Section, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Quitadamo
- Department of Pediatrics, A.O.R.N. Santobono-Pausilipon, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariella Baldassarre
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | | | - Renato Tambucci
- Digestive Endoscopy and Surgery Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Ziparo
- NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Parisi
- NESMOS Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Barbara
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Concentrations of Plasma Amino Acids and Neurotransmitters in Participants with Functional Gut Disorders and Healthy Controls. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020313. [PMID: 36837931 PMCID: PMC9959678 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are important in several biochemical pathways as precursors to neurotransmitters which impact biological processes previously linked to functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). Dietary protein consumption, metabolic host processes, and the gut microbiome can influence the plasma concentration of amino acids and neurotransmitters, and their uptake by tissues. The aim of this analysis was to quantify 19 proteogenic and 4 non-proteogenic amino acids and 19 neurotransmitters (including precursors and catabolites, herein referred to as neurotransmitters) to ascertain if their circulating concentrations differed between healthy participants and those with FGIDs. Plasma proteogenic and non-proteogenic amino acids and neurotransmitters were measured using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively, from 165 participants (Rome IV: irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-constipation, IBS-diarrhea), functional constipation, functional diarrhea, and healthy controls). There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in pairwise comparisons between healthy controls and specific FGID groups for branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), ornithine, and alpha-aminobutyric acid. No other significant differences were observed for the neurotransmitters or any other amino acids analyzed. Multivariate and bivariate correlation analyses between proteogenic and non-proteogenic amino acids and neurotransmitters for constipation (constipation (IBS-C and functional constipation) and phenotypes diarrhea (IBS-D and functional diarrhea)) and healthy controls suggested that associations between BCAAs, 5-hydroxytryptophan, and kynurenine in combination with tyrosine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and associations with gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, asparagine, and serine are likely disrupted in FGID phenotypes. In conclusion, although correlations were evident between some proteogenic and non-proteogenic amino acids and neurotransmitters, the results showed minor concentration differences in plasma proteogenic and non-proteogenic amino acids, amino acid-derived metabolites, and neurotransmitters between FGID phenotypes and healthy controls.
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Chang WY, Yang YT, She MP, Tu CH, Lee TC, Wu MS, Sun CH, Hsin LW, Yu LCH. 5-HT 7 receptor-dependent intestinal neurite outgrowth contributes to visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome. J Transl Med 2022; 102:1023-1037. [PMID: 36775417 PMCID: PMC9420680 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-022-00800-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is characterized by visceral hypersensitivity (VH) associated with abnormal serotonin/5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) metabolism and neurotrophin-dependent mucosal neurite outgrowth. The underlying mechanisms of VH remain poorly understood. We investigated the role of 5-HT7 receptor in mucosal innervation and intestinal hyperalgesia. A high density of mucosal nerve fibres stained for 5-HT7 was observed in colonoscopic biopsy specimens from IBS patients compared with those from healthy controls. Staining of 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors was observed mainly in colonic epithelia with comparable levels between IBS and controls. Visceromotor responses to colorectal distension were evaluated in two mouse models, one postinfectious with Giardia and subjected to water avoidance stress (GW) and the other postinflammatory with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis (PT). Increased VH was associated with higher mucosal density of 5-HT7-expressing nerve fibres and elevated neurotrophin and neurotrophin receptor levels in the GW and PT mice. The increased VH was inhibited by intraperitoneal injection of SB-269970 (a selective 5-HT7 antagonist). Peroral multiple doses of CYY1005 (a novel 5-HT7 ligand) decreased VH and reduced mucosal density of 5-HT7-expressing nerve fibres in mouse colon. Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells incubated with bacteria-free mouse colonic supernatant, 5-HT, nerve growth factor, or brain-derived neurotrophic factor exhibited nerve fibre elongation, which was inhibited by 5-HT7 antagonists. Gene silencing of HTR7 also reduced the nerve fibre length. Activation of 5-HT7 upregulated NGF and BDNF gene expression, while stimulation with neurotrophins increased the levels of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 and 5-HT7 in neurons. A positive-feedback loop was observed between serotonin and neurotrophin pathways via 5-HT7 activation to aggravate fibre elongation, whereby 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 had no roles. In conclusion, 5-HT7-dependent mucosal neurite outgrowth contributed to VH. A novel 5-HT7 antagonist could be used as peroral analgesics for IBS-related pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ying Chang
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Yi-Ting Yang
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Meng-Ping She
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Chia-Hung Tu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Tsung-Chun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Ming-Shiang Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Chin-Hung Sun
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
| | - Ling-Wei Hsin
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University School of Pharmacy, Taipei, Taiwan ROC.
- Center for Innovative Therapeutics Discovery, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan ROC.
| | - Linda Chia-Hui Yu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan ROC.
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Camilleri M, Magnus Y, Carlson P, Wang XJ, Chedid V, Maselli D, Taylor A, McKinzie S, Kengunte Nagaraj N, Busciglio I, Nair A. Differential mRNA expression in ileal and colonic biopsies in irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea or constipation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 323:G88-G101. [PMID: 35502856 PMCID: PMC9291427 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00063.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Altered mucosal functions are documented in jejunal or colorectal mucosa from patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Our aim was to quantify ileal, ascending, and rectosigmoid colon mucosal expression of genes in IBS-diarrhea (D) and IBS-constipation (C). Forty-four patients with IBS-D, 30 with IBS-C, and 30 healthy volunteers underwent colonoscopic ileal, ascending, and rectosigmoid colon biopsies. Biopsies were stored in RNAlater at -80 °C, purified with on-column DNase, cDNA libraries prepared from 100-200 ng of total RNA, sequenced on Illumina NovaSeq 6000, and analyzed on Illumina's RTA version 3.4.4. Normalized mRNA expression was obtained using MAP-RSeq bioinformatics pipeline. Differential expressions in the groups (Log2-fold change) were measured using the bioinformatics package edgeR 2.6.2, corrected for false discovery rate (PADJ <0.05). There were 30 females with IBS-C and 31 females and 13 males with IBS-D. In IBS-D and IBS-C groups, there were differential expressions of 181 genes in ascending colon and 199 genes in rectosigmoid colon. The majority were gene upregulations in IBS-D with functions reflecting activation of inflammation genes, TRPV1 (visceral hypersensitivity) and neurotransmitters/receptors (specifically purinergic, GABA, and cannabinoid). Although gene differential expressions in the ascending and rectosigmoid colon mucosa of the two groups were different, the diverse upregulated genes involved immune functions, receptors, transmitters, ion channels, and transporters. Conversely, there was reduced expression of PI15 and PI16 genes that inhibit proteases. In patients with IBS-D and IBS-C, differential expressions of genes related to immune, transmitter, nociceptive, protease inhibition, channel, and transporter functions suggest opportunities to reverse the pathobiology and treat patients with IBS.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study compares gene expression in mucosa of the terminal ileum, right colon, and left colon in patients with diarrhea- or constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and contrasts expression between these two disease entities and also between each entity and mucosa from healthy controls. The study shows there is differential expression of genes related to immune, transmitter, nociceptive, ion channel, and transporter functions, as well as reduced serine protease inhibition, in patients with IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Camilleri
- 1Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiology Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yorick Magnus
- 1Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiology Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Paula Carlson
- 1Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiology Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Xiao Jing Wang
- 1Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiology Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Victor Chedid
- 1Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiology Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Daniel Maselli
- 1Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiology Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ann Taylor
- 1Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiology Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sanna McKinzie
- 1Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiology Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Irene Busciglio
- 1Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiology Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Asha Nair
- 2Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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10
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Gao J, Xiong T, Grabauskas G, Owyang C. Mucosal Serotonin Reuptake Transporter Expression in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Is Modulated by Gut Microbiota Via Mast Cell-Prostaglandin E2. Gastroenterology 2022; 162:1962-1974.e6. [PMID: 35167867 PMCID: PMC9117493 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Increased colonic serotonin (5-HT) level and decreased serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) expression in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) may contribute to diarrhea and visceral hypersensitivity. We investigated whether mucosal SERT is modulated by gut microbiota via a mast cell-prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) pathway. METHODS C57Bl/6 mice received intracolonic infusion of fecal supernatant (FS) from healthy controls or patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D). The role of mast cells was studied in mast cell-deficient mice. Colonic organoids and/or mast cells were used for in vitro experiments. SERT expression was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Visceromotor responses to colorectal distension and colonic transit were assessed. RESULTS Intracolonic infusion of IBS-D FS in mice caused an increase in mucosal 5-HT compared with healthy control FS, accompanied by ∼50% reduction in SERT expression. Mast cell stabilizers, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, and PGE2 receptor antagonist prevented SERT downregulation. Intracolonic infusion of IBS-D FS failed to reduce SERT expression in mast cell-deficient (W/Wv) mice. This response was restored by mast cell reconstitution. The downregulation of SERT expression evoked by IBS FS was prevented by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antagonist LPS from Rhodobacter sphaeroides and a bacterial trypsin inhibitor. In vitro LPS treatment caused increased cyclooxygenase-2 expression and PGE2 release from cultured mouse mast cells. Intracolonic infusion of IBS-D FS in mice reduced colonic transit, increased fecal water content, and increased visceromotor responses to colorectal distension. Ondansetron prevented these changes. CONCLUSIONS Fecal LPS acting in concert with trypsin in patients with IBS-D stimulates mucosal mast cells to release PGE2, which downregulates mucosal SERT, resulting in increased mucosal 5-HT. This may contribute to diarrhea and abdominal pain common in IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chung Owyang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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11
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Li H, Page AJ. Altered Vagal Signaling and Its Pathophysiological Roles in Functional Dyspepsia. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:858612. [PMID: 35527812 PMCID: PMC9072791 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.858612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The vagus nerve is crucial in the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain. It is involved in the modulation of a variety of gut and brain functions. Human studies indicate that the descending vagal signaling from the brain is impaired in functional dyspepsia. Growing evidence indicate that the vagal signaling from gut to brain may also be altered, due to the alteration of a variety of gut signals identified in this disorder. The pathophysiological roles of vagal signaling in functional dyspepsia is still largely unknown, although some studies suggested it may contribute to reduced food intake and gastric motility, increased psychological disorders and pain sensation, nausea and vomiting. Understanding the alteration in vagal signaling and its pathophysiological roles in functional dyspepsia may provide information for new potential therapeutic treatments of this disorder. In this review, we summarize and speculate possible alterations in vagal gut-to-brain and brain-to-gut signaling and the potential pathophysiological roles in functional dyspepsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Vagal Afferent Research Group, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Nutrition, Diabetes and Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Hui Li,
| | - Amanda J. Page
- Vagal Afferent Research Group, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Nutrition, Diabetes and Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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12
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Mori H, Verbeure W, Schol J, Carbone F, Tack J. Gastrointestinal hormones and regulation of gastric emptying. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2022; 29:191-199. [PMID: 35081068 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we evaluate recent findings related to the association between gastrointestinal hormones and regulation of gastric emptying. RECENT FINDINGS Motilin and ghrelin, which act during fasting, promote gastric motility, whereas most of the hormones secreted after a meal inhibit gastric motility. Serotonin has different progastric or antigastric motility effects depending on the receptor subtype. Serotonin receptor agonists have been used clinically to treat dyspepsia symptoms but other hormone receptor agonists or antagonists are still under development. Glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists, which have gastric motility and appetite-suppressing effects are used as a treatment for obesity and diabetes. SUMMARY Gastrointestinal hormones play an important role in the regulation of gastric motility. Various drugs have been developed to treat delayed gastric emptying by targeting gastrointestinal hormones or their receptors but few have been commercialized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Mori
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Tao E, Zhu Z, Hu C, Long G, Chen B, Guo R, Fang M, Jiang M. Potential Roles of Enterochromaffin Cells in Early Life Stress-Induced Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:837166. [PMID: 35370559 PMCID: PMC8964523 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.837166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common functional gastrointestinal disorders, also known as disorders of the gut–brain interaction; however, the pathophysiology of IBS remains unclear. Early life stress (ELS) is one of the most common risk factors for IBS development. However, the molecular mechanisms by which ELS induces IBS remain unclear. Enterochromaffin cells (ECs), as a prime source of peripheral serotonin (5-HT), play a pivotal role in intestinal motility, secretion, proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects, and visceral sensation. ECs can sense various stimuli and microbiota metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and secondary bile acids. ECs can sense the luminal environment and transmit signals to the brain via exogenous vagal and spinal nerve afferents. Increasing evidence suggests that an ECs-5-HT signaling imbalance plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of ELS-induced IBS. A recent study using a maternal separation (MS) animal model mimicking ELS showed that MS induced expansion of intestinal stem cells and their differentiation toward secretory lineages, including ECs, leading to ECs hyperplasia, increased 5-HT production, and visceral hyperalgesia. This suggests that ELS-induced IBS may be associated with increased ECs-5-HT signaling. Furthermore, ECs are closely related to corticotropin-releasing hormone, mast cells, neuron growth factor, bile acids, and SCFAs, all of which contribute to the pathogenesis of IBS. Collectively, ECs may play a role in the pathogenesis of ELS-induced IBS. Therefore, this review summarizes the physiological function of ECs and focuses on their potential role in the pathogenesis of IBS based on clinical and pre-clinical evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enfu Tao
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- Wenling Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Wenling, China
| | - Zhenya Zhu
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenmin Hu
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gao Long
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Endoscopy Center and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Marong Fang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mizu Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Mizu Jiang,
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14
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Taverniti V, Cesari V, Gargari G, Rossi U, Biddau C, Lecchi C, Fiore W, Arioli S, Toschi I, Guglielmetti S. Probiotics Modulate Mouse Gut Microbiota and Influence Intestinal Immune and Serotonergic Gene Expression in a Site-Specific Fashion. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:706135. [PMID: 34539604 PMCID: PMC8441017 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.706135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotic microorganisms may benefit the host by influencing diverse physiological processes, whose nature and underlying mechanisms are still largely unexplored. Animal models are a unique tool to understand the complexity of the interactions between probiotic microorganisms, the intestinal microbiota, and the host. In this regard, in this pilot study, we compared the effects of 5-day administration of three different probiotic bacterial strains (Bifidobacterium bifidum MIMBb23sg, Lactobacillus helveticus MIMLh5, and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei DG) on three distinct murine intestinal sites (ileum, cecum, and colon). All probiotics preferentially colonized the cecum and colon. In addition, probiotics reduced in the ileum and increased in the cecum and colon the relative abundance of numerous bacterial taxonomic units. MIMBb23sg and DG increased the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the ileum, which is involved in epithelial homeostasis. In addition, MIMBb23sg upregulated cytokine IL-10 in the ileum and downregulated the cyclooxygenase COX-2 in the colon, suggesting an anti-inflammatory/regulatory activity. MIMBb23sg significantly affected the expression of the main gene involved in serotonin synthesis (TPH1) and the gene coding for the serotonin reuptake protein (SERT) in the ileum and colon, suggesting a potential propulsive effect toward the distal part of the gut, whereas the impact of MIMLh5 and DG on serotonergic genes suggested an effect toward motility control. The three probiotics decreased the expression of the permeability marker zonulin in gut distal sites. This preliminary in vivo study demonstrated the safety of the tested probiotic strains and their common ability to modulate the intestinal microbiota. The probiotics affected host gene expression in a strain-specific manner. Notably, the observed effects in the gut were site dependent. This study provides a rationale for investigating the effects of probiotics on the serotonergic system, which is a topic still widely unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Taverniti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Cesari
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Gargari
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Umberto Rossi
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Biddau
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Lecchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Stefania Arioli
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Toschi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Guglielmetti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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15
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Wang JK, Yao SK. Roles of Gut Microbiota and Metabolites in Pathogenesis of Functional Constipation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:5560310. [PMID: 34603471 PMCID: PMC8481049 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5560310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Functional constipation (FC), a condition characterized by heterogeneous symptoms (infrequent bowel movements, hard stools, excessive straining, or a sense of incomplete evacuation), is prevalent over the world. It is a multifactorial disorder and can be categorized into four subgroups according to different pathological mechanisms: normal transit constipation (NTC), slow transit constipation (STC), defecatory disorders (DD), and mixed type. Recently, growing evidence from human and animals has pointed that there was a strong association between gut microbiota and FC based on the brain-gut-microbiome axis. Studies have reported that the main characteristics of gut microbiota in FC patients were the relative decrease of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, the relative increase of potential pathogens, and the reduced species richness. Gut microbiota can modulate gut functions through the metabolites of bacterial fermentation, among which short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), secondary bile salts (BAs), and methane occupied more important positions and could trigger the release of gut hormones from enteroendocrine cells (EECs), such as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), peptide YY (PYY), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Subsequently, these gut hormones can influence gut sensation, secretion, and motility, primarily through activating specific receptors distributed on smooth muscle cells, enteric neurons, and epithelial cells. However, research findings were inconsistent and even conflicting, which may be partially due to various confounding factors. Future studies should take the associated confounders into consideration and adopt multiomics research strategies to obtain more complete conclusions and to provide reliable theoretical support for exploring new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ke Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shu-Kun Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
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16
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Luo M, Zhuang X, Tian Z, Xiong L. Alterations in short-chain fatty acids and serotonin in irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:14. [PMID: 33407171 PMCID: PMC7788881 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-020-01577-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) may be associated with the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). There are some reports of alterations in SCFAs and 5-HT in IBS, but their results are inconsistent. We aimed to perform a meta-analysis to assess alterations in SCFAs and 5-HT in IBS patients and their potential role in the abnormal brain-gut-microbiota (BGM) axis. METHODS Case-control studies detecting SCFAs and 5-HT in IBS patients were identified from PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases to identify relevant articles up to September 2018. The standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of SCFAs and 5-HT were calculated by REVIEW MANAGER 5.3 to evaluate the alterations of 5-HT and SCFAs in IBS. RESULTS Five studies on SCFAs and 5 on 5-HT in IBS patients were included. As compared to healthy controls (HCs), the SMDs of 5-HT in IBS patients was 2.35 (95% CI 0.46-4.24) and the SMDs of total SCFAs, acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid in IBS patients were - 0.01 (95% CI - 0.57-0.55), - 0.04 (95% CI - 0.55-0.47), 0.07 (95% CI - 0.45-0.60), and - 0.00 (95% CI - 0.49-0.49), respectively. CONCLUSIONS There was an increase in 5-HT in blood of IBS patients, indicating the increased 5-HT in blood may be involved in IBS pathogenesis. However, there were no significant differences in SCFAs in feces between IBS patients and HCs. But the study did not differentiate between subgroups of IBS. These findings might provide insight for future studies of the BGM axis in the pathogenesis of IBS. Mei Luo and Xiaojun Zhuang contributed equally to the writing of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhuang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenyi Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lishou Xiong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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17
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Jørandli JW, Thorsvik S, Skovdahl HK, Kornfeld B, Sæterstad S, Gustafsson BI, Sandvik AK, van Beelen Granlund A. The serotonin reuptake transporter is reduced in the epithelium of active Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 319:G761-G768. [PMID: 32967429 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00244.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin is a highly conserved and ubiquitous signaling molecule involved in a vast variety of biological processes. A majority of serotonin is produced in the gastrointestinal epithelium, where it is suggested to act as a prominent regulatory molecule in the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Extracellular and circulating serotonin levels are thought to be elevated during intestinal inflammation, but the underlying mechanisms have been poorly understood. The data on human material are limited, contradictory, and in need of further investigation and substantiating. In this study, we show a potent and significant downregulation of the dominant serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) mRNA (SLC6A4) in the epithelium from active CD ileitis, CD colitis, and UC colitis, compared with healthy controls. The mRNA of tryptophan hydroxylase 1, the rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin synthesis, was unregulated. Immunohistochemistry showed expression of the SERT protein in both the epithelium and the lamina propria and localized the downregulation to the epithelial monolayer. Laser capture microdissection followed by RNA sequencing confirmed downregulation of SLC6A4 in the epithelial monolayer during intestinal inflammation. Patient-derived colon epithelial cell lines (colonoids) incubated with the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) reduced SERT expression. In summary, these results show that intestinal inflammation potently reduces the expression of SERT in both CD and UC and that TNF-α alone is sufficient to induce a similar reduction in colonoids. The reduced serotonin reuptake capacity may contribute to the increased interstitial serotonin level associated with intestinal inflammation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The serotonin reuptake transporter is potently reduced in inflamed areas of Crohn's ileitis, Crohn's colitis, and ulcerative colitis. The changes are localized to the intestinal epithelium and can be induced by TNF-α. The serotonin synthesis through tryptophan hydroxylase 1 is unchanged. This regulation is suggested as a mechanism underlying the increased extracellular serotonin levels associated with intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Woll Jørandli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Silje Thorsvik
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Helene Kolstad Skovdahl
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Benedikt Kornfeld
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Siri Sæterstad
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Björn Inge Gustafsson
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arne Kristian Sandvik
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Atle van Beelen Granlund
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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18
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Farmer AD, Wood E, Ruffle JK. An approach to the care of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. CMAJ 2020; 192:E275-E282. [PMID: 32179536 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.190716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Farmer
- Department of Gastroenterology (Farmer, Wood), University Hospitals of North Midlands, Stoke-on-Trent, UK; Institute of Applied Clinical Science (Farmer), University of Keele, Keele, Staffordshire, UK; Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma (Farmer, Ruffle), Blizard Institute, Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Emma Wood
- Department of Gastroenterology (Farmer, Wood), University Hospitals of North Midlands, Stoke-on-Trent, UK; Institute of Applied Clinical Science (Farmer), University of Keele, Keele, Staffordshire, UK; Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma (Farmer, Ruffle), Blizard Institute, Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - James K Ruffle
- Department of Gastroenterology (Farmer, Wood), University Hospitals of North Midlands, Stoke-on-Trent, UK; Institute of Applied Clinical Science (Farmer), University of Keele, Keele, Staffordshire, UK; Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma (Farmer, Ruffle), Blizard Institute, Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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19
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Kawashima K, Fukuba N, Uemura Y, Ota K, Kazumori H, Sonoyama H, Oka A, Tada Y, Mishima Y, Oshima N, Yuki T, Katsube T, Kinoshita Y, Ishihara S. Comorbid irritable bowel syndrome symptoms and headache have greater association with anxiety than depression: Annual health check-up survey results. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e23059. [PMID: 33217807 PMCID: PMC7676610 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High rates of co-existing irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and headache have been reported in western countries. We investigated that comorbidity in individuals in Japan, along with anxiety and depression in subjects with and without IBS symptoms and/or headache.This cross-sectional study was performed from April 2012 to January 2013 at the Matsue Seikyo General Hospital Health Check Center. Questionnaires concerning symptoms related to IBS (Rome III) and headache, as well as anxiety/depression score were sent to individuals scheduled to undergo an annual health check-up, then returned during the visit and analyzed in a blinded manner.A total of 2885 individuals returned completed questionnaires and were enrolled, of whom 218 (7.6%) met the IBS criteria. The rates of co-existing headache in subjects with and without IBS symptoms were 44.0% (96/218) and 22.9% (611/2667), respectively, indicating a significantly higher rate of co-existing headache in subjects with as compared to without IBS (odds ratio [OR] 2.65, P < .001). Furthermore, the percentage of subjects with anxiety along with comorbid IBS symptoms and headache was significantly greater as compared to those with IBS (OR 3.01, P = .001) or headache (OR 2.41, P < .001) alone. Unlike anxiety, the percentage of subjects with depression was not significantly different among the IBS/non-headache, non-IBS/headache, and IBS/headache groups.Subjects with IBS symptoms had a higher rate of co-existing headache as compared to those without IBS. Furthermore, those with comorbid IBS symptoms and headache had a greater association with anxiety than with depression, as compared to those with only IBS or headache.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousaku Kawashima
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo
- Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Nobuhiko Fukuba
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo
| | - Yusuke Uemura
- Department of Neurology, Matsue Seikyo General Hospital, 8-8-8 Nishitsuda
| | - Kuniko Ota
- Department of Neurology, Matsue Seikyo General Hospital, 8-8-8 Nishitsuda
| | | | - Hiroki Sonoyama
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo
| | - Akihiko Oka
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo
| | - Yasumasa Tada
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo
| | - Yoshiyuki Mishima
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo
| | - Naoki Oshima
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo
| | - Takafumi Yuki
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo
| | - Tomoko Katsube
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Matsue Red Cross Hospital, 200 Horo-machi, Matsue, Shimane
| | - Yoshikazu Kinoshita
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo
- Steel Memorial Hirohata Hospital, 3-1 Yumesaki-cho, Hirohata-ku, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shunji Ishihara
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo
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Wang Y, Dong Y, Wang E, Meng Y, Bi Z, Sun S, Zhang C, Fan H, Yuan J. Shugan Decoction Alleviates Colonic Dysmotility in Female SERT-Knockout Rats by Decreasing M 3 Receptor Expression. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:01082. [PMID: 33013355 PMCID: PMC7516163 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gut disease characterized by visceral hypersensitivity and gut motor dysfunction. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is an important enteric neurotransmitter. High levels of 5-HT aggravate IBS symptoms. The serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) is a membrane-embedded transporter involved in IBS pathogenesis that plays an important role in regulating 5-HT signaling. Aim We investigated whether gut motor function was altered in SERT-knockout (SERT-KO) rats. Additionally, we sought to determine whether Shugan decoction (SGD), a clinically experienced prescription for the treatment of IBS, exerts regulatory effects on intestinal motility in SERT-KO rats, and attempted to identify the mechanisms involved. Method SERT-KO rats were produced by transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) technology. Fecal pellet output was measured for ten consecutive days to estimate distal colonic motility. Small intestinal motility was measured by charcoal-meal experiments. The colonic and small intestinal muscle contractile activities were measured by organ bath study. Western blot was used to analyze the muscarinic receptor expression in colon tissue. Result Compared with that in wild-type (WT) rats, the defecation amount, amplitude of spontaneous contraction, and the tension of ACh-induced contraction of colonic longitudinal smooth muscle in SERT-KO rats were significantly increased. The expression of muscarinic receptor subtype-3 (M3R) in the colons of SERT-KO rats was also elevated. SGD can decrease defecation of SERT-KO rats. Moreover, SGD reduced the amplitude of spontaneous contraction, the frequency and tension of ACh-induced contraction of colonic longitudinal smooth muscle, and the expression of M3R in the colon in SERT-KO rats. Conclusions SERT-KO rats showed increased defecation accompanied by enhanced colonic motility and M3R expression. The findings suggest that SGD modifies colonic dysmotility and reduces defecation in SERT-KO rats by down-regulating M3R expression in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinshu Wang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Dong
- School of Public Health, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Enkang Wang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangyang Meng
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zijuan Bi
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Sun
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaochao Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiting Fan
- Laboratory Animal Center, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianye Yuan
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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21
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Vahora IS, Tsouklidis N, Kumar R, Soni R, Khan S. How Serotonin Level Fluctuation Affects the Effectiveness of Treatment in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Cureus 2020; 12:e9871. [PMID: 32968548 PMCID: PMC7505258 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.9871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most commonly diagnosed functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. It affects both men and women. Enteric serotonin (5HT) is responsible for gut motility, secretion, visceral hypersensitivity, and inflammation. The serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) maintains serotonin levels by regulating its reuptake. An increase in SERT expression causes a decrease in serotonin, which leads to IBS-C (irritable bowel syndrome, constipation-predominant), whereas a decrease in SERT transcription causes an increase in serotonin, which leads to IBS-D (irritable bowel syndrome, diarrhea-predominant). Some factors can alter SERT transcription, such as certain bacteria, inflammation, growth factor, and glucagon-like peptide-1. This shows that 5HT and SERT both have an important role in IBS pathophysiology so that it would be a better subject to target for the treatment aspect of IBS. 5HT3 receptor antagonists are advisable for IBS-D to block the excessive activity of serotonin at the 5HT3 receptor and reduce gut motility. For IBS-C, we prescribe 5HT4 receptor agonists, which promote gut motility. Also, the latest treatment approach, antidepressant drugs TCAs (tricyclic antidepressants) and SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), are helpful by modulating serotonin levels in the gut. In this literature review, we found that serotonin is one of the main pathophysiological factors for IBS, and we can treat IBS by targeting serotonin function on gut motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilmaben S Vahora
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Nicholas Tsouklidis
- Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA.,Health Care Administration, University of Cincinnati Health, Cincinnati, USA.,Medicine, Atlantic University School of Medicine, Gros Islet, LCA
| | - Rajat Kumar
- Ophthalmology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Ravi Soni
- Neurology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Safeera Khan
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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22
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Koutri E, Patereli A, Noni M, Gutiérrez-Junquera C, González-Lois C, Oliva S, Giordano C, Stefanaki K, Papadopoulou A. Distribution of eosinophils in the gastrointestinal tract of children with no organic disease. Ann Gastroenterol 2020; 33:508-515. [PMID: 32879598 PMCID: PMC7406818 DOI: 10.20524/aog.2020.0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to assess the eosinophil (eos) density of the mucosa of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in children undergoing endoscopic procedures following an extensive workup, without diagnosis of an organic disease. Methods Biopsies from GI endoscopies performed at 3 major children’s hospitals (Athens, Madrid and Rome), between January 2012 and June 2018, were evaluated by a single pathologist in each center. Peak eos counts were expressed /high power field and /mm2. Other histological abnormalities were also reported. Results A total of 111 children (median age 11 years; 48 boys) underwent upper endoscopy (333 biopsies), while 44 (median age 12; 25 boys) underwent ileocolonoscopy (262 biopsies). The median (interquartile range) eos/mm2 were as follows: esophagus 0 (0-0); stomach 10.2 (3.3-15.3); duodenum 56.1 (26.1-86.7); ileum 61.2 (49.0-91.8); cecum 76.5 (40.9-99.7); ascending colon 73.9 (49.5-131.4); transverse colon 66.3 (40.8-91.5); descending colon 66.3 (30.6-81.6); sigmoid colon 39.2 (27.8-51.0); and rectum 25.5 (9.8-45.8). Geographical variations in GI tissue eos counts were found amongst the participating centers, but the causative factors need further evaluation. Functional GI disorders according to the Rome IV criteria were diagnosed in 73 children (37 boys, median age 13 years). No differences were found between children with or without functional GI disorder diagnosis, with regard to eos density in the GI tract. Conclusion The reported peak counts of GI tissue eos in children with no organic diseases provide normative values that may be useful in the evaluation of children with GI symptoms suggestive of eosinophilic GI disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Koutri
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Agia Sofia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece (Eleni Koutri, Maria Noni, Alexandra Papadopoulou)
| | - Amalia Patereli
- Department of Pathology, Agia Sofia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece (Amalia Patereli, Kaliopi Stefanaki)
| | - Maria Noni
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Agia Sofia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece (Eleni Koutri, Maria Noni, Alexandra Papadopoulou)
| | - Carolina Gutiérrez-Junquera
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain (Carolina Gutiérrez-Junquera)
| | - Carmen González-Lois
- Pathology Department, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain (Carmen González-Lois)
| | - Salvatore Oliva
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Maternal and Child Health Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (Salvatore Oliva)
| | - Carla Giordano
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (Carla Giordano)
| | - Kaliopi Stefanaki
- Department of Pathology, Agia Sofia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece (Amalia Patereli, Kaliopi Stefanaki)
| | - Alexandra Papadopoulou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Agia Sofia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece (Eleni Koutri, Maria Noni, Alexandra Papadopoulou)
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23
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Holton NW, Singhal M, Kumar A, Ticho AL, Manzella CR, Malhotra P, Jarava D, Saksena S, Dudeja PK, Alrefai WA, Gill RK. Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α regulates expression of the serotonin transporter in intestinal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C1294-C1304. [PMID: 32348179 PMCID: PMC7311735 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00477.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin transporter (SERT) functions to regulate the availability of serotonin (5-HT) in the brain and intestine. An intestine-specific mRNA variant arising from a unique transcription start site and alternative promoter in the SERT gene has been identified (iSERT; spanning exon 1C). A decrease in SERT is implicated in several gut disorders, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). However, little is known about mechanisms regulating the iSERT variant, and a clearer understanding is warranted for targeting SERT for the treatment of gut disorders. The current studies examined the expression of iSERT across different human intestinal regions and investigated its regulation by HNF4α (hepatic nuclear factor-4α), a transcription factor important for diverse cellular functions. iSERT mRNA abundance was highest in the human ileum and Caco-2 cell line. iSERT mRNA expression was downregulated by loss of HNF4α (but not HNF1α, HNF1β, or FOXA1) in Caco-2 cells. Overexpression of HNF4α increased iSERT mRNA concomitant with an increase in SERT protein. Progressive promoter deletion and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the HNF4α response element spans nucleotides -1,163 to -1150 relative to the translation start site. SERT mRNA levels in the intestine were drastically reduced in the intestine-specific HNF4α-knockout mice relative to HNF4αFL/FL mice. Both HNF4α and SERT mRNA levels were also downregulated in mouse model of ileitis (SAMP) compared with AKR control mice. These results establish the transcriptional regulation of iSERT at the gut-specific internal promoter (hSERTp2) and have identified HNF4α as a critical modulator of basal SERT expression in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel W Holton
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Megha Singhal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alexander L Ticho
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christopher R Manzella
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Pooja Malhotra
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David Jarava
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Seema Saksena
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Pradeep K Dudeja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Waddah A Alrefai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ravinder K Gill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Zhang Y, Zhang H, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Wang W, Nie L. LncRNA XIST modulates 5-hydroxytrytophan-induced visceral hypersensitivity by epigenetic silencing of the SERT gene in mice with diarrhea-predominant IBS. Cell Signal 2020; 73:109674. [PMID: 32446903 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is a prevalent gastrointestinal disorder with a high incidence in children. The role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in gastrointestinal diseases has been previously highlighted. Nevertheless, the underlying regulatory mechanism of lncRNA X inactivate-specific transcript (XIST) in IBS-D requires further studies. Thus, the present study was conducted with the main objective of elucidating the underlying mechanism of lncRNA XIST in visceral hypersensitivity in IBS-D. An in vivo mouse model of IBS-D was constructed via rectal perfusion of acetic acid. Next, in order to evaluate the effect of lncRNA XIST on the development of visceral hypersensitivity in IBS-D, different vector plasmids were injected into mice along with rectal mucosal epithelial cells, followed by the measurement of abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) score, counts of peristaltic wave, abdominal wall contraction and defecation particles. Furthermore, luciferase reporter assay, FISH, RIP and ChIP assays were conducted to determine the interactions between lncRNA XIST and SERT. Subsequently, MS-PCR was adopted to test the methylation level of SERT promoter. 5-hydroxytrytophan (HT) content in rectal tissues was detected using immunohistochemistry. The IBS-D mouse models presented with a high expression of lncRNA XIST along with low expression of SERT. LncRNA XIST was observed to recruit methylase DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B to promote SERT promoter methylation, reducing its expression. Restoration of lncRNA XIST resulted in increased AWR score, counts of peristaltic wave, abdominal wall contraction and defecation particles along with stimulated 5-HT expression and SERT methylation level, while downregulation of lncRNA XIST reversed these effects. In conclusion, the key findings from our study indicated that lncRNA XIST acts as a regulator in 5-HT-induced visceral hypersensitivity in mice with IBS-D, providing a new insight into the regulatory effect of lncRNA XIST and its epigenetic diagnostic and therapeutic properties in IBS-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, PR China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, PR China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, PR China
| | - Yingjuan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, PR China
| | - Lihong Nie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, PR China.
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25
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James SC, Fraser K, Young W, McNabb WC, Roy NC. Gut Microbial Metabolites and Biochemical Pathways Involved in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Effects of Diet and Nutrition on the Microbiome. J Nutr 2020; 150:1012-1021. [PMID: 31891398 PMCID: PMC7198292 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The food we consume and its interactions with the host and their gut microbiota affect normal gut function and health. Functional gut disorders (FGDs), including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), can result from negative effects of these interactions, leading to a reduced quality of life. Certain foods exacerbate or reduce the severity and prevalence of FGD symptoms. IBS can be used as a model of perturbation from normal gut function with which to study the impact of foods and diets on the severity and symptoms of FGDs and understand how critical processes and biochemical mechanisms contribute to this impact. Analyzing the complex interactions between food, host, and microbial metabolites gives insights into the pathways and processes occurring in the gut which contribute to FGDs. The following review is a critical discussion of the literature regarding metabolic pathways and dietary interventions relevant to FGDs. Many metabolites, for example bile acids, SCFAs, vitamins, amino acids, and neurotransmitters, can be altered by dietary intake, and could be valuable for identifying perturbations in metabolic pathways that distinguish a "normal, healthy" gut from a "dysfunctional, unhealthy" gut. Dietary interventions for reducing symptoms of FGDs are becoming more prevalent, but studies investigating the underlying mechanisms linked to host, microbiome, and metabolite interactions are less common. Therefore, we aim to evaluate the recent literature to assist with further progression of research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanalee C James
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karl Fraser
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Wayne Young
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Warren C McNabb
- The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicole C Roy
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
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Roberts A, Grafton G, Powell AD, Brock K, Chen C, Xie D, Huang J, Liu S, Cooper AJ, Brady CA, Qureshi O, Stamataki Z, Manning DD, Moore NA, Sargent BJ, Guzzo PR, Barnes NM. CSTI-300 (SMP-100); a Novel 5-HT 3 Receptor Partial Agonist with Potential to Treat Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome or Carcinoid Syndrome. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 373:122-134. [PMID: 32102919 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.261008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) (serotonin) 5-HT3 receptor represents a clinical target for antagonists to deliver symptomatic relief to patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-d) or carcinoid syndrome. Unfortunately, this pharmacological strategy can present side effects (e.g., severe constipation). The present study investigates the potential of a novel 5-HT3 receptor partial agonist, CSTI-300, to treat patients with IBS-d and other conditions associated with discomfort from colonic distension, with a predicted reduced side-effect profile. The in vitro and in vivo preclinical pharmacology of the drug CSTI-300 was investigated to explore the potential to treat patients with IBS-d. CSTI-300 displayed selective high affinity for the human and rat 5-HT3 receptor (Ki approximately 2.0 nM) and acted as a partial agonist (approximately 30%-50% intrinsic efficacy) in vitro. In an in vivo model of IBS-d, the rat colon distension model, CSTI-300 displayed dose-dependent efficacy. In addition, oral administration of CSTI-300 to dogs that achieved plasma levels of the drug exceeding the Ki value for the 5-HT3 receptor failed to either evoke emesis or alter the state of feces. Pharmacokinetics for CSTI-300 in rat and dog identified high levels of oral availability with t 1/2 range of 1.6-4.4 hours. The preclinical pharmacology of the lead candidate drug, CSTI-300, supports the potential of this novel drug to offer symptomatic relief to patients with irritable bowel syndrome and carcinoid syndrome with a rationale for a reduced "on-target" side-effect profile relative to 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, such as alosetron. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: There is a lack of effective current treatment for diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome and carcinoid syndrome, and in both conditions, overactivity of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 5-HT3 receptor is thought to be implicated in the pathophysiology. Because 5-HT3 receptor blockade with antagonists results in significant side effects, we present evidence that treatment with a suitable 5-HT3 receptor partial agonist will alleviate some symptoms associated with these conditions yet, without fully inhibiting the receptor, predict a less pronounced side-effect profile associated with this therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Roberts
- Neuropharmacology Research Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (A.R., G.G., A.J.C., C.A.B., O.Q., N.M.B.) and Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (Z.S.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences and DB - Diagnostics, Drugs, Devices and Biomarkers, Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (K.B.), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Life Science, School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom (A.D.P.); Shanghai Medicilon Inc., Shanghai, China (C.C.); Chengdu SciMount Pharmatech Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China (D.X., J.H.); ConSynance Therapeutics, Inc., Rensselaer, New York (S.L., P.R.G.); Albany Molecular Research, Inc., Albany, New York (D.D.M., N.A.M.); and Sargent Consulting, Hendersonville, North Carolina (B.J.S.)
| | - Gillian Grafton
- Neuropharmacology Research Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (A.R., G.G., A.J.C., C.A.B., O.Q., N.M.B.) and Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (Z.S.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences and DB - Diagnostics, Drugs, Devices and Biomarkers, Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (K.B.), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Life Science, School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom (A.D.P.); Shanghai Medicilon Inc., Shanghai, China (C.C.); Chengdu SciMount Pharmatech Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China (D.X., J.H.); ConSynance Therapeutics, Inc., Rensselaer, New York (S.L., P.R.G.); Albany Molecular Research, Inc., Albany, New York (D.D.M., N.A.M.); and Sargent Consulting, Hendersonville, North Carolina (B.J.S.)
| | - Andrew D Powell
- Neuropharmacology Research Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (A.R., G.G., A.J.C., C.A.B., O.Q., N.M.B.) and Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (Z.S.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences and DB - Diagnostics, Drugs, Devices and Biomarkers, Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (K.B.), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Life Science, School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom (A.D.P.); Shanghai Medicilon Inc., Shanghai, China (C.C.); Chengdu SciMount Pharmatech Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China (D.X., J.H.); ConSynance Therapeutics, Inc., Rensselaer, New York (S.L., P.R.G.); Albany Molecular Research, Inc., Albany, New York (D.D.M., N.A.M.); and Sargent Consulting, Hendersonville, North Carolina (B.J.S.)
| | - Kristian Brock
- Neuropharmacology Research Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (A.R., G.G., A.J.C., C.A.B., O.Q., N.M.B.) and Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (Z.S.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences and DB - Diagnostics, Drugs, Devices and Biomarkers, Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (K.B.), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Life Science, School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom (A.D.P.); Shanghai Medicilon Inc., Shanghai, China (C.C.); Chengdu SciMount Pharmatech Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China (D.X., J.H.); ConSynance Therapeutics, Inc., Rensselaer, New York (S.L., P.R.G.); Albany Molecular Research, Inc., Albany, New York (D.D.M., N.A.M.); and Sargent Consulting, Hendersonville, North Carolina (B.J.S.)
| | - Chunlin Chen
- Neuropharmacology Research Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (A.R., G.G., A.J.C., C.A.B., O.Q., N.M.B.) and Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (Z.S.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences and DB - Diagnostics, Drugs, Devices and Biomarkers, Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (K.B.), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Life Science, School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom (A.D.P.); Shanghai Medicilon Inc., Shanghai, China (C.C.); Chengdu SciMount Pharmatech Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China (D.X., J.H.); ConSynance Therapeutics, Inc., Rensselaer, New York (S.L., P.R.G.); Albany Molecular Research, Inc., Albany, New York (D.D.M., N.A.M.); and Sargent Consulting, Hendersonville, North Carolina (B.J.S.)
| | - Dejian Xie
- Neuropharmacology Research Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (A.R., G.G., A.J.C., C.A.B., O.Q., N.M.B.) and Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (Z.S.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences and DB - Diagnostics, Drugs, Devices and Biomarkers, Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (K.B.), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Life Science, School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom (A.D.P.); Shanghai Medicilon Inc., Shanghai, China (C.C.); Chengdu SciMount Pharmatech Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China (D.X., J.H.); ConSynance Therapeutics, Inc., Rensselaer, New York (S.L., P.R.G.); Albany Molecular Research, Inc., Albany, New York (D.D.M., N.A.M.); and Sargent Consulting, Hendersonville, North Carolina (B.J.S.)
| | - Jinkun Huang
- Neuropharmacology Research Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (A.R., G.G., A.J.C., C.A.B., O.Q., N.M.B.) and Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (Z.S.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences and DB - Diagnostics, Drugs, Devices and Biomarkers, Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (K.B.), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Life Science, School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom (A.D.P.); Shanghai Medicilon Inc., Shanghai, China (C.C.); Chengdu SciMount Pharmatech Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China (D.X., J.H.); ConSynance Therapeutics, Inc., Rensselaer, New York (S.L., P.R.G.); Albany Molecular Research, Inc., Albany, New York (D.D.M., N.A.M.); and Sargent Consulting, Hendersonville, North Carolina (B.J.S.)
| | - Shuang Liu
- Neuropharmacology Research Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (A.R., G.G., A.J.C., C.A.B., O.Q., N.M.B.) and Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (Z.S.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences and DB - Diagnostics, Drugs, Devices and Biomarkers, Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (K.B.), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Life Science, School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom (A.D.P.); Shanghai Medicilon Inc., Shanghai, China (C.C.); Chengdu SciMount Pharmatech Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China (D.X., J.H.); ConSynance Therapeutics, Inc., Rensselaer, New York (S.L., P.R.G.); Albany Molecular Research, Inc., Albany, New York (D.D.M., N.A.M.); and Sargent Consulting, Hendersonville, North Carolina (B.J.S.)
| | - Alison J Cooper
- Neuropharmacology Research Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (A.R., G.G., A.J.C., C.A.B., O.Q., N.M.B.) and Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (Z.S.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences and DB - Diagnostics, Drugs, Devices and Biomarkers, Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (K.B.), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Life Science, School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom (A.D.P.); Shanghai Medicilon Inc., Shanghai, China (C.C.); Chengdu SciMount Pharmatech Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China (D.X., J.H.); ConSynance Therapeutics, Inc., Rensselaer, New York (S.L., P.R.G.); Albany Molecular Research, Inc., Albany, New York (D.D.M., N.A.M.); and Sargent Consulting, Hendersonville, North Carolina (B.J.S.)
| | - Catherine A Brady
- Neuropharmacology Research Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (A.R., G.G., A.J.C., C.A.B., O.Q., N.M.B.) and Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (Z.S.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences and DB - Diagnostics, Drugs, Devices and Biomarkers, Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (K.B.), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Life Science, School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom (A.D.P.); Shanghai Medicilon Inc., Shanghai, China (C.C.); Chengdu SciMount Pharmatech Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China (D.X., J.H.); ConSynance Therapeutics, Inc., Rensselaer, New York (S.L., P.R.G.); Albany Molecular Research, Inc., Albany, New York (D.D.M., N.A.M.); and Sargent Consulting, Hendersonville, North Carolina (B.J.S.)
| | - Omar Qureshi
- Neuropharmacology Research Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (A.R., G.G., A.J.C., C.A.B., O.Q., N.M.B.) and Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (Z.S.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences and DB - Diagnostics, Drugs, Devices and Biomarkers, Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (K.B.), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Life Science, School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom (A.D.P.); Shanghai Medicilon Inc., Shanghai, China (C.C.); Chengdu SciMount Pharmatech Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China (D.X., J.H.); ConSynance Therapeutics, Inc., Rensselaer, New York (S.L., P.R.G.); Albany Molecular Research, Inc., Albany, New York (D.D.M., N.A.M.); and Sargent Consulting, Hendersonville, North Carolina (B.J.S.)
| | - Zania Stamataki
- Neuropharmacology Research Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (A.R., G.G., A.J.C., C.A.B., O.Q., N.M.B.) and Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (Z.S.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences and DB - Diagnostics, Drugs, Devices and Biomarkers, Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (K.B.), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Life Science, School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom (A.D.P.); Shanghai Medicilon Inc., Shanghai, China (C.C.); Chengdu SciMount Pharmatech Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China (D.X., J.H.); ConSynance Therapeutics, Inc., Rensselaer, New York (S.L., P.R.G.); Albany Molecular Research, Inc., Albany, New York (D.D.M., N.A.M.); and Sargent Consulting, Hendersonville, North Carolina (B.J.S.)
| | - David D Manning
- Neuropharmacology Research Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (A.R., G.G., A.J.C., C.A.B., O.Q., N.M.B.) and Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (Z.S.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences and DB - Diagnostics, Drugs, Devices and Biomarkers, Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (K.B.), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Life Science, School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom (A.D.P.); Shanghai Medicilon Inc., Shanghai, China (C.C.); Chengdu SciMount Pharmatech Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China (D.X., J.H.); ConSynance Therapeutics, Inc., Rensselaer, New York (S.L., P.R.G.); Albany Molecular Research, Inc., Albany, New York (D.D.M., N.A.M.); and Sargent Consulting, Hendersonville, North Carolina (B.J.S.)
| | - Nicholas A Moore
- Neuropharmacology Research Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (A.R., G.G., A.J.C., C.A.B., O.Q., N.M.B.) and Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (Z.S.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences and DB - Diagnostics, Drugs, Devices and Biomarkers, Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (K.B.), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Life Science, School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom (A.D.P.); Shanghai Medicilon Inc., Shanghai, China (C.C.); Chengdu SciMount Pharmatech Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China (D.X., J.H.); ConSynance Therapeutics, Inc., Rensselaer, New York (S.L., P.R.G.); Albany Molecular Research, Inc., Albany, New York (D.D.M., N.A.M.); and Sargent Consulting, Hendersonville, North Carolina (B.J.S.)
| | - Bruce J Sargent
- Neuropharmacology Research Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (A.R., G.G., A.J.C., C.A.B., O.Q., N.M.B.) and Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (Z.S.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences and DB - Diagnostics, Drugs, Devices and Biomarkers, Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (K.B.), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Life Science, School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom (A.D.P.); Shanghai Medicilon Inc., Shanghai, China (C.C.); Chengdu SciMount Pharmatech Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China (D.X., J.H.); ConSynance Therapeutics, Inc., Rensselaer, New York (S.L., P.R.G.); Albany Molecular Research, Inc., Albany, New York (D.D.M., N.A.M.); and Sargent Consulting, Hendersonville, North Carolina (B.J.S.)
| | - Peter R Guzzo
- Neuropharmacology Research Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (A.R., G.G., A.J.C., C.A.B., O.Q., N.M.B.) and Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (Z.S.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences and DB - Diagnostics, Drugs, Devices and Biomarkers, Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (K.B.), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Life Science, School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom (A.D.P.); Shanghai Medicilon Inc., Shanghai, China (C.C.); Chengdu SciMount Pharmatech Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China (D.X., J.H.); ConSynance Therapeutics, Inc., Rensselaer, New York (S.L., P.R.G.); Albany Molecular Research, Inc., Albany, New York (D.D.M., N.A.M.); and Sargent Consulting, Hendersonville, North Carolina (B.J.S.)
| | - Nicholas M Barnes
- Neuropharmacology Research Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences (A.R., G.G., A.J.C., C.A.B., O.Q., N.M.B.) and Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (Z.S.), College of Medical and Dental Sciences and DB - Diagnostics, Drugs, Devices and Biomarkers, Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (K.B.), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Life Science, School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom (A.D.P.); Shanghai Medicilon Inc., Shanghai, China (C.C.); Chengdu SciMount Pharmatech Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China (D.X., J.H.); ConSynance Therapeutics, Inc., Rensselaer, New York (S.L., P.R.G.); Albany Molecular Research, Inc., Albany, New York (D.D.M., N.A.M.); and Sargent Consulting, Hendersonville, North Carolina (B.J.S.)
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27
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Nitroso-oxidative stress after activation of 5-HT4 receptors under conditions of colitis in rats. CURRENT ISSUES IN PHARMACY AND MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/cipms-2019-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) plays an important role in the regulation of the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, including that of the colon. The response of smooth muscles, blood vessels and colon mucosa (CM) to 5-HT is realized through the activation of various types of 5-HT receptors, in particular, 5-HT4 receptors, since the latter are identified on colon cells membranes (enterocytes, smooth muscles and endothelium). The aim of our study was to determine the effect of 5-НT4 receptors agonist (mosapride) on nitrogen (II) oxide production and lipid peroxidation in CM and colon muscle tissue (CMT) under the conditions of experimental ulcerative colitis (UC).
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Abstract
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) was the first strain belonging to the genus Lactobacillus to be patented in 1989 thanks to its ability to survive and to proliferate at gastric acid pH and in medium containing bile, and to adhere to enterocytes. Furthermore LGG is able to produces both a biofilm that can mechanically protect the mucosa, and different soluble factors beneficial to the gut by enhancing intestinal crypt survival, diminishing apoptosis of the intestinal epithelium, and preserving cytoskeletal integrity. Moreover LGG thanks to its lectin-like protein 1 and 2 inhibits some pathogens such as Salmonella species. Finally LGG is able to promote type 1 immune-responsiveness by reducing the expression of several activation and inflammation markers on monocytes and by increasing the production of interleukin-10, interleukin-12 and tumor necrosis factor-α in macrophages. A large number of research data on Lactobacillus GG is the basis for the use of this probiotic for human health. In this review we have considered predominantly randomized controlled trials, meta-analysis, Cochrane Review, guide lines of Scientific Societies and anyway studies whose results were evaluated by means of relative risk, odds ratio, weighted mean difference 95% confidence interval. The effectiveness of LGG in gastrointestinal infections and diarrhea, antibiotic and Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, respiratory tract infections, allergy, cardiovascular diseases, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, cystic fibrosis, cancer, elderly end sport were analyzed.
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29
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Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are sensory cells of the gastrointestinal tract. Most EECs reside in the mucosal lining of the stomach or intestine and sense food in the gut lumen. Food signals stimulate the release of hormones into the paracellular space where they either act locally or are taken up into the blood and circulate to distant organs. It recently was recognized that many EECs possess basal processes known as neuropods that not only contain hormones but also connect to nerves. This review describes how neuropods contribute to EEC function beyond typical hormonal actions. For example, gastrointestinal hormones not only act on distant organs, but, through neuropods, some act locally to stimulate other mucosal cells such as intestinal stem cells, enterocytes, or other EECs. With the recent discovery that EECs communicate directly with enteric nerves, EECs not only have the ability to sense food and bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract, but can communicate these signals directly to the nervous system.
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Zhu MJ, Yang ZJ, Wang FF, Di ZS, Wang YX, Li LS, Xu JD. Enterochromaffin cells and gastrointestinal diseases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2019; 27:117-124. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v27.i2.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterochromaffin cells (ECs), known for their special histochemical characteristics, originate from enteroblasts. For their important role in physiological and pathophysiological conditions, ECs in the gut could synthesize and secrete about 95% of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the body, which is an important humoral factor. As a chemosensor, ECs can regulate nutrition absorption and satiety through the sensory neural pathways. In addition, ECs participate in immune regulation. What's more, ECs and 5-HT are closely related to many kinds of gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jia Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ze-Jun Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Fei-Fei Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhi-Shan Di
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yue-Xiu Wang
- International College, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Li-Sheng Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jing-Dong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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31
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Abstract
This article provides an overarching view of what is currently known about the physiology of the brain-gut axis in both health and disease and how these concepts apply to irritable bowel syndrome, the most common functional gastrointestinal disorder in pediatrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Khlevner
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, PH 17, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yeji Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, PH 17, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kara Gross Margolis
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, PH 17, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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32
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract contains its own set of intrinsic neuroglial circuits - the enteric nervous system (ENS) - which detects and responds to diverse signals from the environment. Here, we address recent advances in the understanding of ENS development, including how neural-crest-derived progenitors migrate into and colonize the bowel, the formation of ganglionated plexuses and the molecular mechanisms of enteric neuronal and glial diversification. Modern lineage tracing and transcription-profiling technologies have produced observations that simultaneously challenge and affirm long-held beliefs about ENS development. We review many genetic and environmental factors that can alter ENS development and exert long-lasting effects on gastrointestinal function, and discuss how developmental defects in the ENS might account for some of the large burden of digestive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael D Gershon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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33
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Jung HK, Talley NJ. Role of the Duodenum in the Pathogenesis of Functional Dyspepsia: A Paradigm Shift. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 24:345-354. [PMID: 29791992 PMCID: PMC6034675 DOI: 10.5056/jnm18060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common disorder characterized by chronic epigastric pain or burning, or bothersome postprandial fullness or early satiation, without a definitive organic cause. The pathogenesis of FD is likely heterogeneous. Classically, motor disorders, visceral hypersensitivity, and brain-gut interactions have been implicated in the pathophysiology of FD, but recently an important role for chronic low-grade inflammation and infection in FD has been reported and confirmed. Duodenal low-grade inflammation is frequently observed in FD in those with and without documented previous gastroenteritis. Duodenal eosinophils and in some cases mast cells may together or separately play a key role, and immune activation (eg, circulating homing small intestinal T cells) has been observed in FD. Low-grade intestinal inflammation in patients with FD may provoke impairment in motor-sensory abnormalities along the gastrointestinal neural axis. Among FD patients, the risk of developing dyspeptic symptoms after a bout of gastroenteritis is 2.54 (95% CI, 1.76–3.65) at more than 6 months after acute gastroenteritis. Gut host and microbial interactions are likely important, and emerging data demonstrate both quantitative and qualitative changes of duodenal mucosal and fecal microbiota in FD. Food antigens (eg, wheat proteins) may also play a role in inducing duodenal inflammation and dyspepsia. While causation is not established, the hypothesis that FD is a disorder of microscopic small intestinal inflammation in a major subset is gaining acceptance, opening the possibility of novel treatment approaches that may be able to alter the natural history of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Kyung Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nicholas J Talley
- University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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Fukui H, Xu X, Miwa H. Role of Gut Microbiota-Gut Hormone Axis in the Pathophysiology of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 24:367-386. [PMID: 29969855 PMCID: PMC6034676 DOI: 10.5056/jnm18071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota exert a pivotal influence on various functions including gastrointestinal (GI) motility, metabolism, nutrition, immunity, and the neuroendocrine system in the host. These effects are mediated by not only short-chain fatty acids produced by microbiota but also gut hormones and inflammatory signaling by enteroendocrine and immune cells under the influence of the microbiota. GI motility is orchestrated by the enteric nervous system and hormonal networks, and disturbance of GI motility plays an important role in the pathophysiology of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). In this context, microbiota-associated mediators are considered to act on specific receptors, thus affecting the enteric nervous system and, subsequently, GI motility. Thus, the pathophysiology of FGIDs is based on alterations of the gut microbiota/gut hormone axis, which have crucial effects on GI motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Fukui
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa, Nishinomiya,
Japan
| | - Xin Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa, Nishinomiya,
Japan
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin,
China
| | - Hiroto Miwa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa, Nishinomiya,
Japan
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35
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Eosinophils in the gastrointestinal tract: how much is normal? Virchows Arch 2018; 473:313-320. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-018-2405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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36
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Videlock EJ, Mahurkar-Joshi S, Hoffman JM, Iliopoulos D, Pothoulakis C, Mayer EA, Chang L. Sigmoid colon mucosal gene expression supports alterations of neuronal signaling in irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G140-G157. [PMID: 29565640 PMCID: PMC6109711 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00288.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral factors likely play a role in at least a subset of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients. Few studies have investigated mucosal gene expression using an unbiased approach. Here, we performed mucosal gene profiling in a sex-balanced sample to identify relevant signaling pathways and gene networks and compare with publicly available profiling data from additional cohorts. Twenty Rome III+ IBS patients [10 IBS with constipation (IBS-C), 10 IBS with diarrhea (IBS-D), 5 men/women each), and 10 age-/sex-matched healthy controls (HCs)] underwent sigmoidoscopy with biopsy for gene microarray analysis, including differential expression, weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), gene set enrichment analysis, and comparison with publicly available data. Expression levels of 67 genes were validated in an expanded cohort, including the above samples and 18 additional participants (6 each of IBS-C, IBS-D, HCs) using NanoString nCounter technology. There were 1,270 differentially expressed genes (FDR < 0.05) in IBS-C vs. HCs but none in IBS or IBS-D vs. HCs. WGNCA analysis identified activation of the cAMP/protein kinase A signaling pathway. Nine of 67 genes were validated by the NanoString nCounter technology (FDR < 0.05) in the expanded sample. Comparison with publicly available microarray data from the Mayo Clinic and University of Nottingham supports the reproducibility of 17 genes from the microarray analysis and three of nine genes validated by nCounter in IBS-C vs. HCs. This study supports the involvement of peripheral mechanisms in IBS-C, particularly pathways mediating neuronal signaling. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Peripheral factors play a role in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which, to date, has been mostly evident in IBS with diarrhea. Here, we show that sigmoid colon mucosal gene expression profiles differentiate IBS with constipation from healthy controls. These profiling data and analysis of additional cohorts also support the concept that peripheral neuronal pathways contribute to IBS pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Videlock
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Swapna Mahurkar-Joshi
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Jill M Hoffman
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Dimitrios Iliopoulos
- Center for Systems Biomedicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Emeran A Mayer
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Lin Chang
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
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37
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Devanarayana NM, Rajindrajith S. Irritable bowel syndrome in children: Current knowledge, challenges and opportunities. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:2211-2235. [PMID: 29881232 PMCID: PMC5989237 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i21.2211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common and troublesome disorder in children with an increasing prevalence noted during the past two decades. It has a significant effect on the lives of affected children and their families and poses a significant burden on healthcare systems. Standard symptom-based criteria for diagnosis of pediatric IBS have changed several times during the past two decades and there are some differences in interpreting symptoms between different cultures. This has posed a problem when using them to diagnose IBS in clinical practice. A number of potential patho-physiological mechanisms have been described, but so far the exact underlying etiology of IBS is unclear. A few potential therapeutic modalities have been tested in children and only a small number of them have shown some benefit. In addition, most of the described patho-physiological mechanisms and treatment options are based on adult studies. These have surfaced as challenges when dealing with pediatric IBS and they need to be overcome for effective management of children with IBS. Recently suggested top-down and bottom-up models help integrating reported patho-physiological mechanisms and will provide an opportunity for better understanding of the diseases process. Treatment trials targeting single treatment modalities are unlikely to have clinically meaningful therapeutic effects on IBS with multiple integrating patho-physiologies. Trials focusing on multiple combined pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies are likely to yield more benefit. In addition to treatment, in the future, attention should be paid for possible prevention strategies for IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaman Rajindrajith
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama 11010, Sri Lanka
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Miri MB, Sadeghi A, Moradi A, Rostami-Nejad M, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H, Ehsani Ardekani MJ, Safari MT, Zali MR. Quantitation of Colonic Cells as Severity Markers in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Galen Med J 2018; 7:e1063. [PMID: 34466429 PMCID: PMC8344056 DOI: 10.22086/gmj.v0i0.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common gastrointestinal syndrome. Routine histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) evaluations have shown an increase in the number of different inflammatory cells in the colon of IBS patients. In this study, we have compared the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), eosinophils, mast cells and CD3+ T cells, in IBS patients and normal subjects. Materials and Methods: In 2016, seventynine patients with IBS and seventy-nine healthy subjects who underwent colonoscopy for other non-specific causes and with no pathologic findings, were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Biopsy specimens obtained from the colon were stained, using IHC methods to determine the number of IELs, eosinophils, mast cells and CD3+ T cells. Quantitative and qualitative variables were compared between the two groups, using a Chi-square test and Student’s t-test. Results: Seventy-nine patients with IBS, 79.7% females with a mean age of 42.5±14.6 years, were recruited, as the case group, and seventy-nine individuals, 51.9% females with a mean age of 39.7±18.9 years, were enrolled as controls. The average number of IELs per high power fields (hpf) was found to be higher in the IBS group, and this difference was statistically significant (32.8±11.8 vs. 28.6±12.9; P=0.034). Also, the mean count/hpf of CD3+ T lymphocytes (23.1±7.9 vs. 20.2±8.1; P=0.024) and mast cells (7.6±3.1 vs. 6.6±3.0; P=0.041) were significantly higher in the IBS group, compared to the control group. The number of eosinophils was higher in the IBS group, but the differences were not statistically significant (P=0.066). Conclusion: According to the results, we suggest that analysis of immune cells and IELs in intestinal biopsies might be an appropriate method for diagnosis of IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bagher Miri
- IBS Department, Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Sadeghi
- IBS Department, Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afshin Moradi
- Department of Pathology, Shohada Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rostami-Nejad
- Celiac disease Department, Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Celiac disease Department, Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Ehsani Ardekani
- IBS Department, Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Safari
- IBS Department, Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- IBS Department, Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Du L, Chen B, Kim JJ, Chen X, Dai N. Micro-inflammation in functional dyspepsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13304. [PMID: 29392796 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a gastrointestinal disorder of unknown etiology. Although micro-inflammation appears to be important in the pathogenesis, studies evaluating immune activation in FD have been inconsistent. A systematic review of literature and meta-analysis was performed to compare immunologic cell counts and cytokine levels in the mucosa and peripheral blood of individuals with FD and healthy controls. PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane library were searched. Data on immunologic cell counts and cytokines levels among individuals with FD and control groups were extracted and compared by calculating standard mean differences (SMD). Thirty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Mast cell (SMD = 0.94, 95%CI 0.26-1.62, P = .007) and eosinophil counts (SMD = 0.36, 95%CI 0.06-0.68, P = .03) in the stomach were increased, among individuals with FD compared to controls. Similarly, mast cell (SMD = 0.66, 95%CI 0.20-1.13, P = 0.005) and eosinophil (SMD = 0.95, 95%CI 0.66-1.24; P < .001) counts in the duodenum were also increased in those with FD compared to controls. In a subgroup analysis, elevated eosinophil counts in the duodenum were observed in both post-prandial distress syndrome (SMD = 0.97, 95%CI 0.46-1.47, P = .0002) and epigastric pain syndrome subtypes (SMD = 1.16, 95%CI 0.48-1.83, P = .0008). No differences in mucosal intraepithelial lymphocyte, enterochromaffin cell, and neutrophil counts, as well as, peripheral interlukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-10 levels were observed among individuals with FD and controls. Micro-inflammation in the form of local immune cell infiltration, particularly eosinophils and mast cells, characterizes the pathogenesis of FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - B Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - J J Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Division of Gastroenterology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - X Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - N Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Rajindrajith S, Zeevenhooven J, Devanarayana NM, Perera BJC, Benninga MA. Functional abdominal pain disorders in children. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 12:369-390. [PMID: 29406791 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2018.1438188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic abdominal pain is a common problem in pediatric practice. The majority of cases fulfill the Rome IV criteria for functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPDs). At times, these disorders may lead to rather serious repercussions. Area covered: We have attempted to cover current knowledge on epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors related to pathophysiology, clinical evaluation and management of children with FAPDs. Expert commentary: FAPDs are a worldwide problem with a pooled prevalence of 13.5%. There are a number of predisposing factors and pathophysiological mechanisms including stressful events, child maltreatment, visceral hypersensitivity, altered gastrointestinal motility and change in intestinal microbiota. It is possible that the environmental risk factors intricately interact with genes through epigenetic mechanisms to contribute to the pathophysiology. The diagnosis mainly depends on clinical evaluation. Commonly used pharmacological interventions do not play a major role in relieving symptoms. Centrally directed, nonpharmacological interventions such as hypnotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy have shown both short and long term efficacy in relieving pain in children with FAPDs. However, these interventions are time consuming and need specially trained staff and therefore, not currently available at grass root level. Clinicians and researchers should join hands in searching for more pragmatic and effective therapeutic modalities to improve overall care of children with FAPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaman Rajindrajith
- a Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , University of Kelaniya , Ragama , Sri Lanka
| | - Judith Zeevenhooven
- b Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition , Emma Children, Hospital, Academic Medical Centre , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marc A Benninga
- b Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition , Emma Children, Hospital, Academic Medical Centre , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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Cao YN, Feng LJ, Liu YY, Jiang K, Zhang MJ, Gu YX, Wang BM, Gao J, Wang ZL, Wang YM. Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG supernatant on serotonin transporter expression in rats with post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:338-350. [PMID: 29391756 PMCID: PMC5776395 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i3.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG supernatant (LGG-s) on the expression of serotonin transporter (SERT) in rats with post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS).
METHODS Campylobacter jejuni 81-176 (1010 CFU/mL) was used to induce intestinal infection to develop a PI-IBS model. After evaluation of the post-infectious phase by biochemical tests, DNA agarose gel electrophoresis, abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) test, and the intestinal motility test, four PI-IBS groups received different concentrations of LGG-s for 4 wk. The treatments were maintained for 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 or 4.0 wk during the experiment, and the colons and brains were removed for later use each week. SERT mRNA and protein levels were detected by real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively.
RESULTS The levels of SERT mRNA and protein in intestinal tissue were higher in rats treated with LGG-s than in control rats and PI-IBS rats gavaged with PBS during the whole study. Undiluted LGG-s up-regulated SERT mRNA level by 2.67 times compared with the control group by week 2, and SERT mRNA expression kept increasing later. Double-diluted LGG-s was similar to undiluted-LGG-s, resulting in high levels of SERT mRNA. Triple-diluted LGG-s up-regulated SERT mRNA expression level by 6.9-times compared with the control group, but SERT mRNA expression decreased rapidly at the end of the second week. At the first week, SERT protein levels were basically comparable in rats treated with undiluted LGG-s, double-diluted LGG-s, and triple-diluted LGG-s, which were higher than those in the control group and PBS-treated PI-IBS group. SERT protein levels in the intestine were also comparable in rats treated with undiluted LGG-s, double-diluted LGG-s, and triple-diluted LGG-s by the second and third weeks. SERT mRNA and protein levels in the brain had no statistical difference in the groups during the experiment.
CONCLUSION LGG-s can up-regulate SERT mRNA and protein levels in intestinal tissue but has no influence in brain tissue in rats with PI-IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Li-Juan Feng
- Department of Functional Division, Xingtai People’s Hospital, Xingtai 054031, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Kui Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Mao-Jun Zhang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yi-Xin Gu
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Bang-Mao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jia Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Ze-Lan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yu-Ming Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
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Boyer J, Saint-Paul MC, Dadone B, Patouraux S, Vivinus MH, Ouvrier D, Michiels JF, Piche T, Tulic MK. Inflammatory cell distribution in colon mucosa as a new tool for diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome: A promising pilot study. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30. [PMID: 28975689 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, there are no histological criteria to diagnose irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Our aims were (i) to examine the distribution of inflammatory cells in the colon of healthy and IBS subjects and (ii) to find histological diagnosis criteria for IBS. METHODS Colonic biopsies were taken from four distinct regions of the colon from 20 controls (HC) and 11 patients with IBS (4 with constipation (IBS-C) and 7 with diarrhea (IBS-D) and embedded in paraffin. Macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils, and T lymphocytes were immunostained and positive cells counted. KEY RESULTS In both HC and IBS patients, global cellularity decreased from the cecum to the rectum (P < .01) which is attributed to reduced number of macrophages (P < .05) and eosinophils (P < .001) but not T cells. Mast cells were reduced in IBS (P < .05) but not in HC, particularly in IBS-D (P < .05). Results showed higher number of macrophages in the left colon of IBS subjects than HC (P < .05). CONCLUSION & INFERENCES Here we report a decreasing gradient of immune cells from the cecum to the rectum of the human colon. Although global cellularity cannot be used to distinguish between IBS and HC, closer analysis of macrophages and mast cells may be useful markers to confirm IBS histologically and to differentiate between IBS-C and IBS-D when clinical presentation alternates between constipation and diarrhoea. This pilot study remains to be confirmed with greater number of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Boyer
- Laboratoire d'anatomopathologie (LCAP) CHU de Nice Hôpital Pasteur, Nice, France
| | - M-C Saint-Paul
- Laboratoire d'anatomopathologie (LCAP) CHU de Nice Hôpital Pasteur, Nice, France
| | - B Dadone
- Laboratoire d'anatomopathologie (LCAP) CHU de Nice Hôpital Pasteur, Nice, France
| | - S Patouraux
- Laboratoire d'anatomopathologie (LCAP) CHU de Nice Hôpital Pasteur, Nice, France
| | - M-H Vivinus
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie CHU de Nice Hôpital de l'Archet 1, Nice, France
| | - D Ouvrier
- Service de Gastroentérologie, CHU de Nice, Hôpital de l'Archet 2, Nice, France
| | - J-F Michiels
- Laboratoire d'anatomopathologie (LCAP) CHU de Nice Hôpital Pasteur, Nice, France
| | - T Piche
- Service de Gastroentérologie, CHU de Nice, Hôpital de l'Archet 2, Nice, France
| | - M K Tulic
- Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M Team 12), INSERM U1065, Nice, France.,International Inflammation Network (in-FLAME) of the World Universities Network
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Cao YN, Feng LJ, Wang BM, Jiang K, Li S, Xu X, Wang WQ, Zhao JW, Wang YM. Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum supernatants upregulate the serotonin transporter expression in intestinal epithelial cells. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:59-66. [PMID: 29451186 PMCID: PMC5848327 DOI: 10.4103/sjg.sjg_333_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Probiotics play a role in relieving irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); however, the underlying mechanism is yet unclear. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of the supernatants of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum on the expression of serotonin transporter (SERT) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein. MATERIALS AND METHODS HT-29 and Caco-2 cells were treated with different concentrations of L. acidophilus and B. longum supernatants for 12 h and 24 h, respectively. SERT mRNA and proteins levels were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) and Western-blotting. RESULTS The mRNA levels of SERT in HT-29 and Caco-2 cells treated with different concentrations of L. acidophilus or B. longum supernatants for 12 h and 24 h, each, were higher than that in the control groups. In addition, the expression of the protein in both cells was also upregulated, which was approximately similar to that of the corresponding mRNA. CONCLUSIONS L. acidophilus and B. longum supernatants can upregulate SERT mRNA and protein levels in intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Li-Juan Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bang-Mao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kui Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing-Wen Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu-Ming Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China,Address for correspondence: Dr. Yu-Ming Wang, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China. E-mail:
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Principi N, Cozzali R, Farinelli E, Brusaferro A, Esposito S. Gut dysbiosis and irritable bowel syndrome: The potential role of probiotics. J Infect 2017; 76:111-120. [PMID: 29291933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To discuss the role of gut dysbiosis in the development of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and the impact of probiotics as a potential therapeutic measure. METHODS PubMed was used to search for all of the studies published over the last 15 years using the key words: "irritable bowel syndrome" and "gut dysbiosis" or "probiotic". More than 800 articles were found, but only those published in English or providing evidence-based data were included in the evaluation. RESULTS IBS is a common disease for which no resolutive therapy is presently available. In recent years, strong evidence of a possible relationship between modifications of the gut microbiota composition and development of IBS has been collected. Moreover, the evidence showed that attempts to treat acute infectious and post-antibiotic gastroenteritis with some probiotics were significantly effective in a great number of patients, leading many experts to suggest the use of probiotics to address all of the clinical problems associated with IBS. CONCLUSION The available data are promising, but presently, a precise definition of which probiotic or which mixture of probiotics is effective cannot be made. Moreover, the dose and duration of treatment has not been established. Finally, we do not know whether probiotic treatment should be different according to the type of IBS. Further studies are needed before probiotics can be considered a reliable treatment for IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rita Cozzali
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Edoardo Farinelli
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Brusaferro
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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El Aidy S, Ramsteijn AS, Dini-Andreote F, van Eijk R, Houwing DJ, Salles JF, Olivier JDA. Serotonin Transporter Genotype Modulates the Gut Microbiota Composition in Young Rats, an Effect Augmented by Early Life Stress. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:222. [PMID: 28824378 PMCID: PMC5540888 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) plays a vital regulatory role in both the brain and gut. 5-HT is crucial for regulating mood in the brain as well as gastrointestinal motility and secretion peripherally. Alterations in 5-HT transmission have been linked to pathological symptoms in both intestinal and psychiatric disorders and selective 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) inhibitors, affecting the 5-HT system by blocking the 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) have been successfully used to treat CNS- and intestinal disorders. Humans that carry the short allele of the 5-HTT-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) are more vulnerable to adverse environmental stressors, in particular early life stress. Although, early life stress has been shown to alter the composition of the gut microbiota, it is not known whether a lower 5-HTT expression is also associated with an altered microbiome composition. To investigate this, male and female wild type (5-HTT+/+), heterozygous (5-HTT+/-), and knockout (5-HTT-/-) 5-HT transporter rats were maternally separated for 6 h a day from postnatal day 2 till 15. On postnatal day 21, fecal samples were collected and the impact of 5-HTT genotype and maternal separation (MS) on the microbiome was analyzed using high-throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. MS showed a shift in the ratio between the two main bacterial phyla characterized by a decrease in Bacteroidetes and an increase in Firmicutes. Interestingly, the 5-HTT genotype caused a greater microbal dysbiosis (microbial imbalance) compared with MS. A significant difference in microbiota composition was found segregating 5-HTT-/- apart from 5-HTT+/- and 5-HTT+/+ rats. Moreover, exposure of rats with 5-HTT diminished expression to MS swayed the balance of their microbiota away from homeostasis to 'inflammatory' type microbiota characterized by higher abundance of members of the gut microbiome including Desulfovibrio, Mucispirillum, and Fusobacterium, all of which are previously reported to be associated with a state of intestinal inflammation, including inflammation associated with MS and brain disorders like multiple depressive disorders. Overall, our data show for the first time that altered expression of 5-HTT induces disruptions in male and female rat gut microbes and these 5-HTT genotype-related disruptions are augmented when combined with early life stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar El Aidy
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Anouschka S Ramsteijn
- Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Francisco Dini-Andreote
- Microbial Ecology Cluster, Genomics Research in Ecology and Evolution in Nature, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Roel van Eijk
- Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Danielle J Houwing
- Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Joana F Salles
- Microbial Ecology Cluster, Genomics Research in Ecology and Evolution in Nature, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Jocelien D A Olivier
- Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
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Boeckxstaens GE, Wouters MM. Neuroimmune factors in functional gastrointestinal disorders: A focus on irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29. [PMID: 28027594 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal abdominal pain perception is the most bothersome and difficult to treat symptom of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). Visceral pain stimuli are perceived and transmitted by afferent neurons residing in the dorsal root ganglia that have sensory nerve endings in the gut wall and mesentery. Accumulating evidence indicates that peripheral activation and sensitization of these sensory nerve endings by bioactive mediators released by activated immune cells, in particular mast cells, can lead to aberrant neuroimmune interactions and the development and maintenance of visceral hypersensitivity. Besides direct neuronal activation, low concentrations of proteases, histamine, and serotonin can chronically sensitize nociceptors, such as TRP channels, leading to persistent aberrant pain perception. PURPOSE This review discusses the potential mechanisms underlying aberrant neuroimmune interactions in peripheral sensitization of sensory nerves. A better understanding of the cells, mediators, and molecular mechanisms triggering persistent aberrant neuroimmune interactions brings new insights into their contribution to the physiology and pathophysiology of visceral pain perception and provides novel opportunities for more efficient therapeutic treatments for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Boeckxstaens
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M M Wouters
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium
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Singhal M, Manzella C, Soni V, Alrefai WA, Saksena S, Hecht GA, Dudeja PK, Gill RK. Role of SHP2 protein tyrosine phosphatase in SERT inhibition by enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G443-G449. [PMID: 28209599 PMCID: PMC5451565 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00011.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), one of the diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes, is among the most important food-borne pathogens infecting children worldwide. Inhibition of serotonin transporter (SERT), which regulates extracellular availability of serotonin (5-HT), has been implicated previously in EPEC-associated diarrhea. EPEC was shown to inhibit SERT via activation of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase), albeit the specific PTPase involved is not known. Current studies aimed to identify EPEC-activated PTPase and its role in SERT inhibition. Infection of Caco-2 monolayers with EPEC strain E2348/69 for 30 min increased the activity of Src-homology-2 domain containing PTPase (SHP2) but not SHP1 or PTPase 1B. Similarly, Western blot studies showed increased tyrosine phosphorylation of (p-tyrosine) SHP2, indicative of its activation. Concomitantly, EPEC infection decreased SERT p-tyrosine levels. This was associated with increased interaction of SHP2 with SERT, as evidenced by coimmunoprecipitation studies. To examine whether SHP2 directly influences SERT phosphorylation status or function, SHP2 cDNA plasmid constructs (wild type, constitutively active, or dominant negative) were overexpressed in Caco-2 cells by Amaxa electroporation. In the cells overexpressing constitutively active SHP2, SERT polypeptide showed complete loss of p-tyrosine. In addition, there was a decrease in SERT function, as measured by Na+Cl--sensitive [3H]5-HT uptake, and an increase in association of SERT with SHP2 in Caco-2 cells expressing constitutively active SHP2 compared with dominant-negative SHP2. Our data demonstrate that intestinal SERT is a target of SHP2 and reveal a novel mechanism by which a common food-borne pathogen uses cellular SHP2 to inhibit SERT.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The data presented in the current study reveal that intestinal serotonin transporter (SERT) is a target of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 and show a novel mechanism by which a common diarrheagenic pathogen, EPEC, activates cellular SHP2 to inhibit SERT function. These studies highlight host-pathogen interactions, which may be of therapeutic relevance in the management of diarrhea associated with enteric infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Singhal
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Christopher Manzella
- 3Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Vinay Soni
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Waddah A. Alrefai
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; ,2Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Seema Saksena
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; ,2Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Gail A. Hecht
- 4Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology/Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Pradeep K. Dudeja
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; ,2Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Ravinder K. Gill
- 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
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Krasaelap A, Madani S. Cyproheptadine: A Potentially Effective Treatment for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children. Pediatr Ann 2017; 46:e120-e125. [PMID: 28287686 DOI: 10.3928/19382359-20170213-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) negatively affect children's quality of life and health care costs. It has been proposed that alteration of gut serotonin leads to gastrointestinal dysmotility, visceral hypersensitivity, altered gastrointestinal secretions, and brain-gut dysfunction. Cyproheptadine, a serotonin antagonist, has been shown to be a potentially effective and safe treatment option in children who meet the clinical criteria for FGIDs. Well-designed multicenter trials with long-term follow-up are needed to further investigate its efficacy. [Pediatr Ann. 2017;46(3):e120-e125.].
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Mohammadi M, Tahmasebi Abdar H, Mollaei HR, Hajghani H, Baneshi MR, Hayatbakhsh MM. Serotonin Transporter Gene (SLC6A4) Polymorphism and Mucosal Serotonin Levels in Southeastern Iranian Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Middle East J Dig Dis 2017; 9:26-32. [PMID: 28316763 PMCID: PMC5308131 DOI: 10.15171/mejdd.2016.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a digestive system disorder with an unknown etiology. Serotonin has a key role in the secretion and motility of the intestine. Polymorphism in serotonin re-uptake transporter (SERT or SLC6A4) gene may have a functional role in the gut of patients with IBS. The aims of the present study were to investigate the association between SLC6A4 gene polymorphism and IBS and to detect the correlation between rectal serotonin levels and IBS sub-types.
METHODS
SLC6A4 gene polymorphism in 131 patients with IBS and 211 healthy controls were analysed using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction high-resolution melting (qPCR-HRM) curve technique. Serotonin was measured in rectal biopsies of patients with IBS using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method.
RESULTS
The patients were categorized into three groups: IBS with diarrhoea (IBS-D): 70 patients, IBS with constipation (IBS-C): 18 patients, and IBS with mixed symptoms (IBS-M): 43 patients. The frequency of SLC6A4 s/s and l/s genotypes was significantly higher in IBS-C than IBS-D, IBS-M, and controls (p=0.036). Serotonin levels were similar in IBS sub-types.
CONCLUSION
SLC6A4 polymorphism is a possible candidate gene associated with the pathogenesis of IBS-C. Although serotonin levels did not differ in rectal biopsies of IBS sub-types, further investigation is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Mohammadi
- Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Tahmasebi Abdar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Mollaei
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hossein Hajghani
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Baneshi
- Modeling in Health Research Centre, Institute of Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Hayatbakhsh
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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50
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Dong Y, Yang C, Wang Z, Qin Z, Cao J, Chen Y. The injury of serotonin on intestinal epithelium cell renewal of weaned diarrhoea mice. Eur J Histochem 2016; 60:2689. [PMID: 28076934 PMCID: PMC5381531 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2016.2689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrhoea is a common cause of death in children and weaned animals. Recent research has found that serotonin (5-HT) in the gastrointestinal tract plays an important role in regulating growth and the maintenance of mucosa, which protect against diarrhoea. To determine the influence of 5-HT on intestinal epithelium cell renewal under weaned stress diarrhoea, a weaned-stress diarrhoea mouse model was established with senna infusion (15 mL/Kg) via intragastric administration and stress restraint (SR). Mice with an increase in 5-HT were induced by intraperitoneal injection with citalopram hydrobromide (CH, 10 mg/Kg). The results demonstrated that compared with the control animals, diarrhoea appeared in weaned stress mice and the 5-HT content in the small intestine was significantly increased (P<0.05). Further, the caspase-3 cells and cells undergoing apoptosis in the small intestine were significantly increased, but the VH (villus height), V/C (villus height /crypt depth), and PCNA-positive rate significantly decreased. Compared with the control animals, CH increased the intestinal 5-HT content, caspase-3 cells and cells undergoing apoptosis but decreased the VH and V/C. Compared with both control and weaned stress animals, weaned stress animals that were pre-treated with CH showed higher 5-HT concentrations, positive caspase-3 cells and cells undergoing apoptosis but lower VH, V/C and PCNA-positive rate. In vitro, a low concentration of 5-HT inhibit, IEC-6 cell line apoptosis but a higher concentration of 5-HT promoted it. Therefore, weaned stress diarrhoea mice were accompanied by a 5-HT increase in the small intestine and vice versa, and the increase in 5-HT induced by CH caused diarrhoea. In brief, 5-HT and diarrhoea slowed the intestinal epithelium cell renewal and injured the abortion function and mucosal barrier by decreasing VH, V/C and proliferation and increasing epithelium cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Dong
- China Agricultural University.
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