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Abdelnabi MN, Hassan GS, Shoukry NH. Role of the type 3 cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 in modulating metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1437046. [PMID: 39156888 PMCID: PMC11327067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1437046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) comprises a spectrum of liver diseases that span simple steatosis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) and fibrosis and may progress to cirrhosis and cancer. The pathogenesis of MASLD is multifactorial and is driven by environmental, genetic, metabolic and immune factors. This review will focus on the role of the type 3 cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 in MASLD pathogenesis and progression. IL-17 and IL-22 are produced by similar adaptive and innate immune cells such as Th17 and innate lymphoid cells, respectively. IL-17-related signaling is upregulated during MASLD resulting in increased chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines in the liver microenvironment, enhanced recruitment of myeloid cells and T cells leading to exacerbation of inflammation and liver disease progression. IL-17 may also act directly by activating hepatic stellate cells resulting in increased fibrosis. In contrast, IL-22 is a pleiotropic cytokine with a dominantly protective signature in MASLD and is currently being tested as a therapeutic strategy. IL-22 also exhibits beneficial metabolic effects and abrogates MASH-related inflammation and fibrosis development via inducing the production of anti-oxidants and anti-apoptotic factors. A sex-dependent effect has been attributed to both cytokines, most importantly to IL-22 in MASLD or related conditions. Altogether, IL-17 and IL-22 are key effectors in MASLD pathogenesis and progression. We will review the role of these two cytokines and cells that produce them in the development of MASLD, their interaction with host factors driving MASLD including sexual dimorphism, and their potential therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed N. Abdelnabi
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ghada S. Hassan
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Naglaa H. Shoukry
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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2
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Bello N, Hudu SA, Alshrari AS, Imam MU, Jimoh AO. Overview of Hepatitis B Vaccine Non-Response and Associated B Cell Amnesia: A Scoping Review. Pathogens 2024; 13:554. [PMID: 39057781 PMCID: PMC11279426 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The advent of the hepatitis B vaccine has achieved tremendous success in eradicating and reducing the burden of hepatitis B infection, which is the main culprit for hepatocellular carcinoma-one of the most fatal malignancies globally. Response to the vaccine is achieved in about 90-95% of healthy individuals and up to only 50% in immunocompromised patients. This review aimed to provide an overview of hepatitis B vaccine non-response, the mechanisms involved, B cell amnesia, and strategies to overcome it. METHODS Databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and ClinicalTrials.org, were used to search and retrieve articles using keywords on hepatitis B vaccine non-response and B cell amnesia. The PRISMA guideline was followed in identifying studies, screening, selection, and reporting of findings. RESULTS A total of 133 studies on hepatitis B vaccine non-response, mechanisms, and prevention/management strategies were included in the review after screening and final selection. Factors responsible for hepatitis B vaccine non-response were found to include genetic, immunological factors, and B cell amnesia in healthy individuals. The genetic factors were sex, HLA haplotypes, and genetic polymorphisms in immune response markers (cytokines). Non-response was common in conditions of immunodeficiency, such as renal failure, haemodialysis, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, hepatitis C co-infection, and latent hepatitis B infection. Others included diabetes mellitus and HIV infection. The mechanisms involved were impaired immune response by suppression of response (T helper cells) or induced suppression of response (through regulatory B and T cells). DISCUSSION A comprehensive and careful understanding of the patient factors and the nature of the vaccine contributes to developing effective preventive measures. These include revaccination or booster dose, vaccine administration through the intradermal route, and the use of adjuvants in the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nura Bello
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto 840232, Nigeria;
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810107, Nigeria
| | - Shuaibu A. Hudu
- Department of Basic Medical and Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto 840232, Nigeria
| | - Ahmed S. Alshrari
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mustapha U. Imam
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto 840232, Nigeria;
| | - Abdulgafar O. Jimoh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto 840232, Nigeria;
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Yaow CYL, Hong ASY, Chong NZY, Chong RIH, Mai AS, Tan EK. Risk of Parkinson's disease in hepatitis B and C populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2024; 131:609-616. [PMID: 37899363 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02705-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder, and its association with viral hepatitis has been debated. We performed a meta-analysis to examine the association between PD risk and viral hepatitis. Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library were searched from inception till July 2022. Meta-analysis was conducted using a fixed-effect model with the inverse variance method. Three groups were compared to controls: infection with either hepatitis B or C virus (HBV and HCV, respectively), or coinfection with both viruses. We found 551 records, and six studies comprising of 2,566,947 patients were included in the analysis. PD risk was increased in HCV-infected population (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.03-1.17, p = 0.005) and (HR 1.37, 95% CI 1.26-1.49, p < 0.001). This increase was not observed for the HBV-infected and HBV-HCV-coinfected coinfection populations. For pooled OR, the risk was significantly lower in HBV-infected (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.76-0.83, p < 0.001) but not significantly different in HBV-HCV-coinfected populations (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.82-1.12, p = 0.57). For pooled HR, the risk was significantly higher in both HBV-infected (HR 1.22, 95% CI 1.14-1.31, p < 0.001) and HBV-HCV-coinfected populations (HR 1.29, 95% CI 1.05-1.58, p = 0.013). We found that the risk of PD was increased in the HCV-infected population, but results were inconsistent in those with HBV and HBV-HCV infections. Our findings provide impetus for further clinical and functional studies to unravel the role of the adaptive immune system in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clyve Yu Leon Yaow
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Ryan Ian Houe Chong
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aaron Shengting Mai
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital Campus, National Neuroscience Institute, Duke NUS Medical School, Outram Road, Singapore, 169608, Singapore.
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
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4
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Lu H. Inflammatory liver diseases and susceptibility to sepsis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:435-487. [PMID: 38571396 DOI: 10.1042/cs20230522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory liver diseases, particularly alcohol-associated liver disease and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), have higher incidence of infections and mortality rate due to sepsis. The current focus in the development of drugs for MAFLD is the resolution of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and prevention of progression to cirrhosis. In patients with cirrhosis or alcoholic hepatitis, sepsis is a major cause of death. As the metabolic center and a key immune tissue, liver is the guardian, modifier, and target of sepsis. Septic patients with liver dysfunction have the highest mortality rate compared with other organ dysfunctions. In addition to maintaining metabolic homeostasis, the liver produces and secretes hepatokines and acute phase proteins (APPs) essential in tissue protection, immunomodulation, and coagulation. Inflammatory liver diseases cause profound metabolic disorder and impairment of energy metabolism, liver regeneration, and production/secretion of APPs and hepatokines. Herein, the author reviews the roles of (1) disorders in the metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, ketone bodies, and amino acids as well as the clearance of ammonia and lactate in the pathogenesis of inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis; (2) cytokines/chemokines in inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis; (3) APPs and hepatokines in the protection against tissue injury and infections; and (4) major nuclear receptors/signaling pathways underlying the metabolic disorders and tissue injuries as well as the major drug targets for inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis. Approaches that focus on the liver dysfunction and regeneration will not only treat inflammatory liver diseases but also prevent the development of severe infections and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, U.S.A
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Silva RCMC, Travassos LH, Dutra FF. The dichotomic role of single cytokines: Fine-tuning immune responses. Cytokine 2024; 173:156408. [PMID: 37925788 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are known for their pleiotropic effects. They can be classified by their function as pro-inflammatory, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL) 1 and IL-12, or anti-inflammatory, like IL-10, IL-35 and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). Though this type of classification is an important simplification for the understanding of the general cytokine's role, it can be misleading. Here, we discuss recent studies that show a dichotomic role of the so-called pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines, highlighting that their function can be dependent on the microenvironment and their concentrations. Furthermore, we discuss how the back-and-forth interplay between cytokines and immunometabolism can influence the dichotomic role of inflammatory responses as an important target to complement cytokine-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonardo Holanda Travassos
- Laboratório de Receptores e Sinalização intracelular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabianno Ferreira Dutra
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Inflamação, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Dimitriadis K, Katelani S, Pappa M, Fragkoulis GE, Androutsakos T. The Role of Interleukins in HBV Infection: A Narrative Review. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1675. [PMID: 38138902 PMCID: PMC10744424 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13121675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a worldwide medical issue with significant morbidity and mortality, as it is the main cause of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Both innate and adaptive immune responses play a key role in HBV replication and suppression. Recently, the pathophysiological function of interleukins (IL) in the natural course of HBV has gained much attention as a result of the broad use of anti-interleukin agents for a variety of autoimmune diseases and the accompanying risk of HBV reactivation. We present a narrative review regarding the role of IL in HBV infection. Collectively, the pro-inflammatory ILs, namely IL-1, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12 and IL-21, seem to play a critical role in the suppression of HBV replication. In contrast, the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10, IL-23 and IL-35 probably act as HBV replication enhancers, while IL-17 has been correlated with HBV-related liver injury. Interestingly enough, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-12 have been tried as therapeutic options against HBV infection with contradictory results. Lastly, the role of IL-22 remains largely ill defined, although preliminary data suggest that it may play a significant role in HBV replication, proliferation and subsequent liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Dimitriadis
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.D.); (S.K.)
| | - Stamatia Katelani
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.D.); (S.K.)
| | - Maria Pappa
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Propaedeutic Clinic, “Laiko” Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.P.); (G.E.F.)
| | - George E. Fragkoulis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Propaedeutic Clinic, “Laiko” Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.P.); (G.E.F.)
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Theodoros Androutsakos
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.D.); (S.K.)
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Seth P, Dubey S. IL-22 as a target for therapeutic intervention: Current knowledge on its role in various diseases. Cytokine 2023; 169:156293. [PMID: 37441942 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
IL-22 has emerged as a crucial cytokine mediating protective response against pathogens and tissue regeneration. Dysregulated production of IL-22 has been shown to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of various diseases like malignant tumours, viral, cardiovascular, allergic and autoimmune disorders. Interleukin 22 belongs to IFN-IL-10 cytokine family. It is a major proinflammatory cytokine secreted by activated Th1 cells (Th22), though can also be secreted by many other immune cells like group 3 innate lymphocytes, γδ T cells, NK cells, NK T cells, and mucosal associated invariant T cells. Th22 cells exclusively release IL-22 but not IL-17 or IFN-γ (as Th1 cells releases IFN-γ along with IL-22 and Th17 cells releases IL-17 along with IL-22) and also express aryl hydrocarbon receptor as the key transcription factor. Th22 cells also exhibit expression of chemokine receptor CCR6 and skin-homing receptors CCR4 and CCR10 indicating the involvement of this subset in bolstering epithelial barrier immunity and promoting secretion of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from intestinal epithelial cells. The function of IL-22 is modulated by IL-22 binding protein (binds to IL-22 and inhibits it binding to its cell surface receptor); which serves as a competitor for IL-22R1 chain of IL-22 receptor. The pathogenic and protective nature of the Th22 cells is modulated both by the site of infected tissue and the type of disease pathology. This review aims to discuss key features of IL-22 biology, comparisons between IL and 22 and IFN-γ and its role as a potential immune therapy target in different maladies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Seth
- Amity Institute of Virology & Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, India
| | - Shweta Dubey
- Amity Institute of Virology & Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, India.
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Hwang S, Hicks A, Hoo CZ, Kwon YS, Cho YE, Moore J, Gao B. Novel treatment of acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure: Interleukin-22. Liver Int 2023:10.1111/liv.15619. [PMID: 37208937 PMCID: PMC10657333 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) is a life-threatening medical condition, characterized by rapidly progressive hepatic dysfunction, coagulopathy and hepatic encephalopathy in patients without chronic liver disease, while acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) occurs in patients with existing chronic liver disease. ALF and ACLF are often associated with multiple organ failure and a high short-term mortality. In this review, we briefly discuss the causes and pathogenesis of ALF and ACLF, the current options available for the treatment of both deadly maladies and interleukin-22 (IL-22), a novel promising drug that may have great therapeutic potential for ALF and ACLF treatment. IL-22 is a cytokine produced by immune cells but mainly targets epithelial cells including hepatocytes. IL-22 has been shown to protect against organ damage and reduce bacterial infection in many preclinical models and several clinical trials including alcohol-associated hepatitis. The potential application of IL-22 for the treatment of ALF and ACLF is also elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghwan Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Amy Hicks
- Leeds Liver Unit, St James’s University Hospital, UK
| | - Chai Zhen Hoo
- Leeds Liver Unit, St James’s University Hospital, UK
| | - Yong Seong Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Eun Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Joanna Moore
- Leeds Liver Unit, St James’s University Hospital, UK
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Adugna A. Antigen Recognition and Immune Response to Acute and Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:2159-2166. [PMID: 37223107 PMCID: PMC10202203 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s411492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The antigen recognition and immune response to acute and chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections are the result of both the innate and adaptive immune response. The innate immune response comprises Dendritic Cells (DCs), which served as professional antigen-presenting cells and a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, Kupffer cells and inflammatory monocytes for the continuous inflammation of hepatocyte, neutrophils for hepatic tissue damage due to acute inflammation, type I interferons (IFN), which induce an antiviral state on infected cells, directs natural killer (NK) cells to kill virally infected cells, reduces the population of infected cells, and promotes the effective maturation and site recruitment of adaptive immunity through the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Through stimulating B cells, T-helper, and cytotoxic T cells, the adaptive immune system also protects against hepatitis B infection. During HBV infection, a network of cell types that can either play protective or harmful functions creates the anti-viral adaptive immune response. These many elements, such as Cluster of differentiation four (CD4) T cells (traditionally known as helper T cells), are potent cytokine producers and necessary for the effective maturation of effector cytotoxic cluster of differentiation eight (CD8) T cells and B cell antibody production. By cytolytic and non-cytolytic processes, CD8 T cells are able to eliminate HBV-infected hepatocytes and directly detect virus-infected cells, and circulating CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells for the modulation of immune system. In order to avoid reinfection, B cells can produce antibodies that destroy free viral particles. Moreover, by presenting HBV antigens to helper T cells, B cells may also influence how well these cells operate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adane Adugna
- Medical Microbiology, Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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10
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A Rahman NA, Balasubramaniam VRMT, Yap WB. Potential of Interleukin (IL)-12 Group as Antivirals: Severe Viral Disease Prevention and Management. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087350. [PMID: 37108513 PMCID: PMC10138811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-12 family consists of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines that are able to signal the activation of host antiviral immunity while preventing over-reactive immune reactions due to active virus replication and viral clearance. Amongst others, IL-12 and IL-23 are produced and released by innate immune cells such as monocytes and macrophages to signal the proliferation of T cells and release of effector cytokines, which subsequently activate host defence against virus infections. Interestingly, the dualities of IL-27 and -35 are evidently shown in the course of virus infections; they regulate the synthesis of cytokines and antiviral molecules, proliferation of T cells, and viral antigen presentation in order to maximize virus clearance by the host immune system. In terms of anti-inflammatory reactions, IL-27 signals the formation of regulatory T cells (Treg) which in turn secrete IL-35 to control the scale of inflammatory response that takes place during virus infections. Given the multitasking of the IL-12 family in regards to the elimination of virus infections, its potential in antiviral therapy is unequivocally important. Thus, this work aims to delve deeper into the antiviral actions of the IL-12 family and their applications in antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Azizah A Rahman
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Vinod R M T Balasubramaniam
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 46150, Malaysia
| | - Wei Boon Yap
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
- Biomedical Science Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
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Wang LY, Yang XY, Wu YP, Fan YC. IL-22-producing CD3 + CD8- T cells increase in immune clearance stage of chronic HBV infection and correlate with the response of Peg-interferon treatment. Clin Immunol 2023; 250:109320. [PMID: 37019423 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22 regulates host defense. This study investigated the predominant IL-22-producing cell subsets under HBV associated immune stages. We found circulating IL-22-producing CD3 + CD8- T cells were significantly increased in immune active (IA) stage than those in immunotolerant stage, inactive carrier and healthy controls (HCs). The plasma IL-22 level was higher in IA and HBeAg-negative CHB compared to HCs. Importantly, CD3 + CD8- T cells were identified as the predominant source of plasma IL-22 production. Up-regulated IL-22-producing CD3 + CD8- T cells obviously correlated with the grade of intrahepatic inflammation. The proportions of IL-22-producing CD3 + CD8- T cells were significantly down-regulated after 48 weeks of Peg-interferon treatment, and the differences were of great significance in patients with normalize ALT levels at 48 weeks, rather than those with elevated ALT levels. In conclusion, IL-22 might play a proinflammatory function in. chronic HBV infected patients with active inflammation and Peg-interferon treatment could attenuate the degree of liver inflammation through down-regulating IL-22-producing CD3 + CD8- T cells.
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Han J, Lee C, Hur J, Jung Y. Current Therapeutic Options and Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Alcoholic Liver Disease. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010022. [PMID: 36611816 PMCID: PMC9818513 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a globally prevalent chronic liver disease caused by chronic or binge consumption of alcohol. The therapeutic efficiency of current therapies for ALD is limited, and there is no FDA-approved therapy for ALD at present. Various strategies targeting pathogenic events in the progression of ALD are being investigated in preclinical and clinical trials. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising candidate for ALD treatment and have been tested in several clinical trials. MSC-released factors have captured attention, as they have the same therapeutic function as MSCs. Herein, we focus on current therapeutic options, recently proposed strategies, and their limitations in ALD treatment. Also, we review the therapeutic effects of MSCs and those of MSC-related secretory factors on ALD. Although accumulating evidence suggests the therapeutic potential of MSCs and related factors in ALD, the mechanisms underlying their actions in ALD have not been well studied. Further investigations of the detailed mechanisms underlying the therapeutic role of MSCs in ALD are required to expand MSC therapies to clinical applications. This review provides information on current or possible treatments for ALD and contributes to our understanding of the development of effective and safe treatments for ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsol Han
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanbin Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- PNU GRAND Convergence Medical Science Education Research Center, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (Y.J.); Tel.: +82-51-510-8074 (J.H.); +82-51-510-2262 (Y.J.)
| | - Youngmi Jung
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (Y.J.); Tel.: +82-51-510-8074 (J.H.); +82-51-510-2262 (Y.J.)
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Abdelnabi MN, Flores Molina M, Soucy G, Quoc-Huy Trinh V, Bédard N, Mazouz S, Jouvet N, Dion J, Tran S, Bilodeau M, Estall JL, Shoukry NH. Sex-Dependent Hepatoprotective Role of IL-22 Receptor Signaling in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-Related Fibrosis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 14:1269-1294. [PMID: 35970323 PMCID: PMC9596743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major health problem with complex pathogenesis. Although sex differences in NAFLD pathogenesis have been reported, the mechanisms underlying such differences remain understudied. Interleukin (IL)22 is a pleiotropic cytokine with both protective and/or pathogenic effects during liver injury. IL22 was shown to be hepatoprotective in NAFLD-related liver injury. However, these studies relied primarily on exogenous administration of IL22 and did not examine the sex-dependent effect of IL22. Here, we sought to characterize the role of endogenous IL22-receptor signaling during NAFLD-induced liver injury in males and females. METHODS We used immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, histopathologic assessment, and gene expression analysis to examine IL22 production and characterize the intrahepatic immune landscape in human subjects with NAFLD (n = 20; 11 men and 9 women) and in an in vivo Western high-fat diet-induced NAFLD model in IL22RA knock out mice and their wild-type littermates. RESULTS Examination of publicly available data sets from 2 cohorts with NAFLD showed increased hepatic IL22 gene expression in females compared with males. Furthermore, our immunofluorescence analysis of liver sections from NAFLD subjects (n = 20) showed increased infiltration of IL22-producing cells in females. Similarly, IL22-producing cells were increased in wild-type female mice with NAFLD and the hepatic IL22/IL22 binding protein messenger RNA ratio correlated with expression of anti-apoptosis genes. The lack of endogenous IL22-receptor signaling (IL22RA knockout) led to exacerbated liver damage, inflammation, apoptosis, and liver fibrosis in female, but not male, mice with NAFLD. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a sex-dependent hepatoprotective antiapoptotic effect of IL22-receptor signaling during NAFLD-related liver injury in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed N Abdelnabi
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Manuel Flores Molina
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Soucy
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Vincent Quoc-Huy Trinh
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bédard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sabrina Mazouz
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Jouvet
- Institut de Recherches, Cliniques de Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jessica Dion
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sarah Tran
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Bilodeau
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Estall
- Institut de Recherches, Cliniques de Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Naglaa H Shoukry
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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14
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Afify SM, Hassan G, Seno A, Seno M. Cancer-inducing niche: the force of chronic inflammation. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:193-201. [PMID: 35292758 PMCID: PMC9296522 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01775-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth of cancer tissue is thought to be considered driven by a small subpopulation of cells, so-called cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are located at the apex of a hierarchy in a cancer tissue with self-renewal, differentiation and tumorigenic potential that produce the progeny in the tissue. Although CSCs are generally believed to play a critical role in the growth, metastasis, and recurrence of cancers, the origin of CSCs remains to be reconsidered. We hypothesise that, chronic diseases, including obesity and diabetes, establish the cancer-inducing niche (CIN) that drives the undifferentiated/progenitor cells into CSCs, which then develop malignant tumours in vivo. In this context, a CIN could be traced to chronic inflammation that involves long-lasting tissue damage and repair after being exposed to factors such as cytokines and growth factors. This must be distinguished from the cancer microenvironment, which is responsible for cancer maintenance. The concept of a CIN is most important for cancer prevention as well as cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said M Afify
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
- Division of Biochemistry, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El Koum-Menoufia, 32511, Egypt.
| | - Ghmkin Hassan
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Akimasa Seno
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
- Okayama University Research Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering in Detroit, IBio, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Masaharu Seno
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
- Okayama University Research Laboratory of Stem Cell Engineering in Detroit, IBio, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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15
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Cannon AS, Holloman BL, Wilson K, Miranda K, Dopkins N, Nagarkatti P, Nagarkatti M. AhR Activation Leads to Attenuation of Murine Autoimmune Hepatitis: Single-Cell RNA-Seq Analysis Reveals Unique Immune Cell Phenotypes and Gene Expression Changes in the Liver. Front Immunol 2022; 13:899609. [PMID: 35720411 PMCID: PMC9204231 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.899609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ubiquitously expressed ligand-activated transcription factor. While initially identified as an environmental sensor, this receptor has been shown more recently to regulate a variety of immune functions. AhR ligands vary in structure and source from environmental chemicals such as 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and indoles found in cruciferous vegetables to endogenous ligands derived from tryptophan metabolism. In the current study, we used TCDD, a high affinity AhR ligand to study the impact of AhR activation in the murine model of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Primarily, we used single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology to study the nature of changes occurring in the immune cells in the liver at the cellular and molecular level. We found that AhR activation attenuated concanavalin A (ConA)-induced AIH by limiting chemotaxis of pro-inflammatory immune cell subsets, promoting anti-inflammatory cytokine production, and suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine production. scRNA-seq analysis showed some unusual events upon ConA injection such as increased presence of mature B cells, natural killer (NK) T cells, CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, Kupffer cells, memory CD8+ T cells, and activated T cells while TCDD treatment led to the reversal of most of these events. Additionally, the immune cells showed significant alterations in the gene expression profiles. Specifically, we observed downregulation of inflammation-associated genes including Ptma, Hspe1, and CD52 in TCDD-treated AIH mice as well as alterations in the expression of migratory markers such as CXCR2. Together, the current study characterizes the nature of inflammatory changes occurring in the liver during AIH, and sheds light on how AhR activation during AIH attenuates liver inflammation by inducing phenotypic and genotypic changes in immune cells found in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
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16
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Th17 cells in the liver: balancing autoimmunity and pathogen defense. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:509-526. [PMID: 35211777 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00917-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In addition to carcinogenesis, T helper 17 (Th17) cells (a subtype of CD4 + T lymphocytes) are involved in the acute, chronic, and cirrhotic phases of liver diseases; however, their role in the development and progression of liver diseases remains unclear. It is difficult to elucidate the role of Th17 cells in liver diseases due to their dichotomous nature, i.e., plasticity in terms of pathogenic or host protective function depending on environmental and time phase factors. Moreover, insufficient depletion of Th17 cells by inhibiting the cytokines and transcription factors involved in their production causes difficulties in analyzing their specific role in vitro and in vivo murine models, partially due to complex interaction. This review summarizes the recent progress in understanding the plasticity and function of hepatic Th17 cells and type 3 cytokines.
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17
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Zhang J, Liu Z, Liu L, Huang M, Huang Y. Th22/IL-22 mediates the progression of HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma via STAT3. Cytotechnology 2022; 74:203-216. [PMID: 35464167 PMCID: PMC8975974 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-021-00517-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper cell 22 are abundant in Hepatitis B Virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma tissue, and the main cytokine interleukin 22 produced by Th22 cells is closely related to the initiation and development of HCC. Understanding the role of Th22/IL-22 in the progression of HBV-related HCC will facilitate new therapeutic development. Th22 cells were isolated from peripheral blood of healthy donors and co-cultured with HBV positive HepG2.2.15 cells. IL-22 secretion and HepG2.2.15 cell proliferation and apoptosis were monitored. Expressions of p-STAT3, Cyclin D1, Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase 3 were detected by Western blot analysis. Th22 cells significantly promoted the proliferation and inhibited the apoptosis of HepG2.2.15 cells; up-regulated expression of p-STAT3, Cyclin D1 and Bcl-2, and down-regulated cleaved caspase 3 in HepG2.2.15 cells. These effects were significantly attenuated when IL-22 and STAT3 was knockdown in Th22 and HepG2.2.15 cells, respectively. Our data suggests that HBV induces host Th22 cells to overexpress IL-22, which in turn triggers over-activation of STAT3 and its downstream signaling proteins to promote HCC progression. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10616-021-00517-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhou Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jiangxi Provincial Chest Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingpeng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingwen Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006 People’s Republic of China
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18
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Zhang M, Zhao H, Gao H. Interleukin-24 Limits Tumor-Infiltrating T Helper 17 Cell Response in Patients with Hepatitis B Virus-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:212-222. [PMID: 35099297 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Minqi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Daqing People's Hospital, Daqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Daqing People's Hospital, Daqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglei Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Daqing People's Hospital, Daqing, People's Republic of China
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19
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Therapeutic Opportunities of IL-22 in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Applications. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121912. [PMID: 34944732 PMCID: PMC8698419 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents one of the most common liver disorders and can progress into a series of liver diseases, including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even liver cancer. Interleukin-22 (IL-22), a member of the IL-10 family of cytokines, is predominantly produced by lymphocytes but acts exclusively on epithelial cells. IL-22 was proven to favor tissue protection and regeneration in multiple diseases. Emerging evidence suggests that IL-22 plays important protective functions against NAFLD by improving insulin sensitivity, modulating lipid metabolism, relieving oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and inhibiting apoptosis. By directly interacting with the heterodimeric IL-10R2 and IL-22R1 receptor complex on hepatocytes, IL-22 activates the Janus kinase 1 (JAK1)/ signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) pathways to regulate the subsequent expression of genes involved in inflammation, metabolism, tissue repair, and regeneration, thus alleviating hepatitis and steatosis. However, due to the wide biodistribution of the IL-22 receptor and its proinflammatory effects, modifications such as targeted delivery of IL-22 expression and recombinant IL-22 fusion proteins to improve its efficacy while reducing systemic side effects should be taken for further clinical application. In this review, we summarized recent progress in understanding the physiological and pathological importance of the IL-22-IL-22R axis in NAFLD and the mechanisms of IL-22 in the protection of NAFLD and discussed the potential strategies to maneuver this specific cytokine for therapeutic applications for NAFLD.
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20
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Chang ML, Yeh CT, Chien RN, Liaw YF. Overt Acute Hepatitis B Deteriorates in Females: Destructive Immunity With an Exaggerated Interleukin-17 Pathway. Front Immunol 2021; 12:631976. [PMID: 34858385 PMCID: PMC8631789 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.631976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims We previously showed that overt acute hepatitis B (AHB) was more severe in female patients. Using the same cohort and AHB mouse model, we examined the underlying mechanism. Methods Baseline biochemistry, virological and cytokine assays, and T helper (Th)1 and Th2 immune markers of 118 consecutive patients were analyzed. The decompensated livers of AHB and chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients who underwent liver transplantation were analyzed immunohistochemically. B6 mice were hydrodynamically injected with pHBV1.3 plasmids. Results Decompensated AHB patients (n=41) were older, more often female, and had higher alanine aminotransferase (ALT), soluble programmed cell death protein 1 (sPD-1) levels, and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratios but lower rates of HBeAg positivity and quantitative HBsAg, interferon (IFN)-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), IFN-γ, and interleukin-4 (IL-4) levels than the compensated patients. Female sex (95% CI OR=1.07~54.9), age (1.06~1.40), and ALT levels (1.001~1.004) were associated with hepatic decompensation. Higher sPD-1 but lower IFN-γ and IL-4 levels were observed in female patients. Compared to CHB, decompensated AHB livers had more IL-17-positive cells but fewer HBsAg-positive cells and lower CD4/CD8 ratios. Higher serum IL-17 levels were noted in the female AHB mice than those in the males. Conclusions Females predominated in decompensated AHB, in which downregulated IFN-γ and IL-4 with augmented hepatic IL-17-positive cell development indicated accelerating destructive immunity to enhance viral clearance. The early surge of serum IL-17 was confirmed in the female AHB mice. Targeting the pathway involving IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 might prevent liver transplantation or fatality in decompensated AHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ling Chang
- Liver Research Center, Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Ting Yeh
- Liver Research Center, Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Nan Chien
- Liver Research Center, Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Fan Liaw
- Liver Research Center, Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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21
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Ali AL, Nailwal NP, Doshi GM. Emerging Role of Interleukins for the Assessment and Treatment of Liver Diseases. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 22:371-382. [PMID: 34819013 DOI: 10.2174/1871530321666211124102837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most common liver diseases are fibrosis, alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty disease, viral hepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. These liver diseases account for approximately 2 million deaths per year worldwide, with cirrhosis accounting for 2.1% of the worldwide burden. The most widely used liver function tests for diagnosis are alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, serum proteins, serum albumin, and serum globulins, whereas antivirals and corticosteroids have been proven to be useful for the treatment of liver diseases. A major disadvantage of these diagnostic measures is the lack of specificity to a particular tissue or cell type, as these enzymes are common to one or more tissues. The major adverse effect of current treatment methods is drug resistance. To overcome these issues, interleukins have been investigated. The balance of these interleukins determines the outcome of an immune response. Interleukins are considered interesting therapeutic targets for the treatment of liver diseases. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding interleukins in the diagnosis, treatment, and pathogenesis of different acute and chronic liver diseases. OBJECTIVE To understand the role of interleukins in the assessment and treatment of different types of liver diseases. METHODS A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Science Direct, and NCBI with the following keywords: Interleukins, Acute Liver Failure, Alcoholic Liver Disease, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Liver Fibrosis, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Inflammation, Liver injury, Hepatoprotective effect. Clinical trial data on these interleukins have been searched on Clinicaltrials.gov. RESULTS Existing literature and preclinical and clinical trial data demonstrate that interleukins play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IL-22, IL-35, and IL-37 are involved in the progression and control of various liver conditions via the regulation of cell signaling pathways. However, further investigation on the involvement of these interleukins is necessary for their use as a targeted therapy in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaliya L Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM'S Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mithibai Campus, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai-400056. India
| | - Namrata P Nailwal
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM'S Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mithibai Campus, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai-400056. India
| | - Gaurav M Doshi
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM'S Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mithibai Campus, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai-400056. India
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22
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Gong J, Zhan H, Liang Y, He Q, Cui D. Role of Th22 Cells in Human Viral Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:708140. [PMID: 34434945 PMCID: PMC8381044 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.708140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Naive CD4+ T cells can differentiate into different cell subsets after receiving antigen stimulation, which secrete corresponding characteristic cytokines and thereby exert biological effects in various diseases. Th22 cells, a novel subset of CD4+ T cells, are different from Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cell subsets, which have been discovered in recent years. They can express CCR4, CCR6, and CCR10 molecules and secrete IL-22, IL-13, and TNF-α. They are not able to secrete IL-17, IL-4, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). IL-22 is considered as a major effector molecule of Th22 cells whose functions and mechanisms of regulating cell differentiation have been constantly improved. In this review, we provide an overview of the origin, differentiation of Th22 cells. Moreover, we also describe the interrelationships between Th22 cells and Th17, Th1, and Th2 cells. Additionally, the role of Th22 cells were discussed in human diseases with virus infection, which will provide novel insight for the prevention and treatment of viral infection in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguang Gong
- Department of Nephrology, Nephrology Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huifang Zhan
- Department of Emergency, Zhejiang University Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Nephrology, Nephrology Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang He
- Department of Nephrology, Nephrology Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dawei Cui
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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23
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Lücke J, Sabihi M, Zhang T, Bauditz LF, Shiri AM, Giannou AD, Huber S. The good and the bad about separation anxiety: roles of IL-22 and IL-22BP in liver pathologies. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:591-607. [PMID: 33851257 PMCID: PMC8443499 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00854-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The human liver fulfills several vital tasks daily and possesses an impressive ability to self-regenerate. However, the capacity of this self-healing process can be exhausted by a variety of different liver diseases, such as alcoholic liver damage, viral hepatitis, or hepatocellular carcinoma. Over time, all these diseases generally lead to progressive liver failure that can become fatal if left untreated. Thus, a great effort has been directed towards the development of innovative therapies. The most recently discovered therapies often involve modifying the patient's immune system to enhance a beneficial immune response. Current data suggest that, among others, the cytokine IL-22 might be a promising therapeutical candidate. IL-22 and its endogenous antagonist, IL-22BP, have been under thorough scientific investigation for nearly 20 years. While IL-22 is mainly produced by TH22 cells, ILC3s, NKT cells, or γδ T cells, sources of IL-22BP include dendritic cells, eosinophils, and CD4+ cells. In many settings, IL-22 was shown to promote regenerative potential and, thus, could protect tissues from pathogens and damage. However, the effects of IL-22 during carcinogenesis are more ambiguous and depend on the tumor entity and microenvironment. In line with its capabilities of neutralizing IL-22 in vivo, IL-22BP possesses often, but not always, an inverse expression pattern compared to its ligand. In this comprehensive review, we will summarize past and current findings regarding the roles of IL-22 and IL-22BP in liver diseases with a particular focus on the leading causes of advanced liver failure, namely, liver infections, liver damage, and liver malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jöran Lücke
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Morsal Sabihi
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tao Zhang
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lennart Fynn Bauditz
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ahmad Mustafa Shiri
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anastasios D Giannou
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Samuel Huber
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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Marie RESM, Abuzeid AQEM, Attia FM, Anani MM, Gomaa AHA, Atef LM. Serum level of interleukin-22 in patients with cutaneous warts: A case-control study. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 20:1782-1787. [PMID: 33043549 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Warts are viral cutaneous infections caused by human papilloma virus (HPV), presented by verrucous growth over the skin surface. The immune response is considered to play a crucial role in HPV clearance. It depends on intact cellular immunity including natural killer (NK) cell and cytotoxic T cells. It has been clarified that T-helper (Th) 1 cytokines (interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-a) and IL-17 are involved in HPV clearance. IL-22 is one of IL-10 family of cytokines produced by NK cells, Th1, Th17, and Th22 cells. In the skin, IL-22 reduces keratinocyte cornification and enhances keratinocyte production of antimicrobial peptides. IL-22 overexpression has been demonstrated in various viral infections and skin inflammatory disorders. AIM The aim of this study was to assess serum levels of IL-22 in patients with warts and its association with their different clinical characteristics. METHODS The study included 20 patients with warts and 20 control subjects. Serum concentration of IL-22 was measured by enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay. RESULTS Serum levels of IL-22 were significantly higher in patients with warts than in control subjects (P < .001). The levels were significantly higher in patients with recurrent warts after prior treatment than in patients with first-time warts (P = .007). Moreover, a significant positive correlation was detected between serum levels of IL-22 and the number of warts (P = .017). CONCLUSION Serum level of IL-22 was elevated in patients with warts. Thus, IL-22 may have a crucial role in the antiviral immune response against this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwa El-Sayed Mahmoud Marie
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | | | - Fadia M Attia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Maha Mohamed Anani
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Amal H A Gomaa
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Lina M Atef
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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25
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Jiang L, Niu W, Zheng Q, Meng G, Chen X, Zhang M, Deng G, Mao Q, Wang L. Identification of an Autoantibody Against ErbB-3-Binding Protein-1 in the Sera of Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:640335. [PMID: 34113340 PMCID: PMC8185336 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.640335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have shown that autoimmune response contributes to chronic hepatitis B (CHB) development. Aim This study aimed to identify autoantibodies in the sera of patients with CHB and to investigate the association of autoimmune response with disease severity in CHB. Methods Proteins from human liver carcinoma cell line HepG2 were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The candidate autoantigens were recognized by serum autoantibodies from Chinese CHB patients. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to determine the hepatic expression of the autoantigen in CHB patients with different inflammatory grades. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was conducted to measure the prevalence and the levels of serum autoantibody in CHB patients with different disease severity. Flow cytometry analysis was carried out to assess the autoreactive T cell response in the peripheral circulation of CHB patients. Results ErbB-3-binding protein-1 (EBP-1) was identified as an autoantigen of serum autoantibodies in CBP patients. EBP-1 protein expression was upregulated in the liver of CHB patients with high-grade hepatic inflammation. The prevalence and levels of serum anti-EBP1 IgG were significantly increased in CHB patients with severe diseases compared with those with mild or moderate diseases, but none was detectable in the healthy controls. EBP-1 peptides induced proinflammatory cytokine expression in CD4+ T cells from CHB patients. Conclusion Our results demonstrate the presence of an autoantibody against EBP-1 in the sera as well as EBP-1-reactive T cells in the peripheral blood of CHB patient. EBP-1-induced autoimmune response is positively associated with the disease severity, suggesting that EBP-1-induced autoimmune response possibly contributes to progressive liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Niu
- Department of Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- Function Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Gang Meng
- Department of Pathology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Department of Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Mengjun Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Guohong Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Mao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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26
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Li X, Liu X, Wang W. IL-35: A Novel Immunomodulator in Hepatitis B Virus-Related Liver Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:614847. [PMID: 33777929 PMCID: PMC7990793 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.614847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a risk factor for liver cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), however, little is known about the mechanisms involved in the progression of HBV-related diseases. It has been well acknowledged that host immune response was closely related to the clinical outcomes of patients with HBV infection. As the factors closely related to the immunomodulatory process, cytokines are crucial in the cell-cell communication and the host responses to HBV infection. Recently, a newly discovered cytokine, designated as interleukin-35 (IL-35), has been proved to be essential for the progression of chronic HBV infection, the development of cirrhosis, the transformation of cirrhosis to HCC, and the metastasis of HCC. Specifically, it showed various biological activities such as inhibiting the HBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) proliferation and cytotoxicity, deactivating the immature effector T-cells (Teffs), as well as delaying the proliferation of dendritic cells. It regulated the immune responses by acting as a “brake” on the activation of Teffs, which subsequently played important roles in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases and malignancies. In this review, we focused on the most recent data on the relationship between IL-35 and chronic HBV infection, LC and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefen Li
- Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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27
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Su SB, Qin SY, Xian XL, Huang FF, Huang QL, ZhangDi HJ, Jiang HX. Interleukin-22 regulating Kupffer cell polarization through STAT3/Erk/Akt crosstalk pathways to extenuate liver fibrosis. Life Sci 2021; 264:118677. [PMID: 33129875 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Interleukin (IL)-22 activates multiple signaling pathways to exert anti-inflammatory effects, but few studies have examined whether and how IL-22 may shift macrophage polarization between M1 (pro-inflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory) states and thereby influence the progression of hepatic fibrosis. MAIN METHODS Utilized CCl4 to induce liver fibrosis in mice, detected the role of IL-22 in inhibiting liver fibrosis by regulating Kupffer cells (KCs) polarization in vivo and in vitro. U937 cells were used to confirm the mechanism of IL-22 regulating macrophage polarization via the STAT3/Erk/Akt pathways. Human liver specimens were collected to verify the correlation between the levels of IL-22 and KCs during liver fibrogenesis. KEY FINDINGS During CCl4-induced liver fibrosis progression in mice, adding exogenous IL-22 significantly inhibited pro-fibrogenic and macrophage phenotype-altering factors secreted by M1-KCs, and it increased the number of M2-KCs. In co-cultures of hepatic stellate cells and KCs from mice treated with IL-22, a high M2/M1-KCs ratio inhibited collagen production and stellate cell activation. These results suggest that IL-22 can increase the ratio of M2-KCs to M1-KCs and thereby attenuate the progression of liver fibrosis. Mechanistic studies in vitro showed that IL-22 promoted polarization of lipopolysaccharide-treated U937 macrophages from M1 to M2. The cytokine exerted these effects by activating the STAT3 pathway while suppressing Erk1/2 and Akt pathways. Furthermore, immunofluorescent staining in human liver specimens confirmed that IL-22 levels positively correlated with the number of M2-KCs during liver fibrogenesis. SIGNIFICANCE IL-22 regulates the STAT3/Erk/Akt to increase the M2/M1-KCs ratio and thereby slow liver fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Biao Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Shan-Yu Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Xiao-Long Xian
- Graduate School of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Fei-Fei Huang
- Graduate School of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Qiu-Lan Huang
- Graduate School of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Han-Jing ZhangDi
- Graduate School of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Hai-Xing Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China.
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He Y, Hwang S, Ahmed YA, Feng D, Li N, Ribeiro M, Lafdil F, Kisseleva T, Szabo G, Gao B. Immunopathobiology and therapeutic targets related to cytokines in liver diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:18-37. [PMID: 33203939 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00580-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver injury with any etiology can progress to fibrosis and the end-stage diseases cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The progression of liver disease is controlled by a variety of factors, including liver injury, inflammatory cells, inflammatory mediators, cytokines, and the gut microbiome. In the current review, we discuss recent data on a large number of cytokines that play important roles in regulating liver injury, inflammation, fibrosis, and regeneration, with a focus on interferons and T helper (Th) 1, Th2, Th9, Th17, interleukin (IL)-1 family, IL-6 family, and IL-20 family cytokines. Hepatocytes can also produce certain cytokines (such as IL-7, IL-11, and IL-33), and the functions of these cytokines in the liver are briefly summarized. Several cytokines have great therapeutic potential, and some are currently being tested as therapeutic targets in clinical trials for the treatment of liver diseases, which are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong He
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Seonghwan Hwang
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yeni Ait Ahmed
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, UPEC, F-94000, Créteil, France
| | - Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Na Li
- Department of Medicine and Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Marcelle Ribeiro
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fouad Lafdil
- Université Paris-Est, UMR-S955, UPEC, F-94000, Créteil, France.,INSERM, U955, F-94000, Créteil, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, F-75231, Cedex 05, France
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Medicine and Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Choi HY, Mai TH, Kim KA, Cho H, Ki M. Association between viral hepatitis infection and Parkinson's disease: A population-based prospective study. J Viral Hepat 2020; 27:1171-1178. [PMID: 32558154 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The association between hepatitis virus infection and Parkinson's disease remains controversial. To determine whether hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease in Korean aged ≥40 years, we completed a population-based prospective study including patients without infections and those with HBV, HCV and HBV/HCV infections from 2005 to 2015. We used the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision to identify Parkinson's disease (G20) and chronic hepatitis C virus (B18.2) and chronic hepatitis B virus infections (B18.0 or B18.1). To identify Parkinson's disease risk, competing risk analysis adjusted for age, sex, comorbidities and death was performed. Overall, 1 010 317 patients (358 052, noninfection; 488 990, hepatitis B; 144 459 hepatitis C; and 18 680 hepatitis B/C) were included. The incidence density of Parkinson's disease per 10 000 person-years was highest in the hepatitis C group (8.0), followed by the hepatitis B/C (6.8) and hepatitis B (5.0) groups. Hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, epilepsy, stroke and depressive disorder increased the hazard of Parkinson's disease in all groups. The adjusted hazard ratios were 1.25 (95% confidence interval: 1.17-1.35), 1.39 (95% confidence interval: 1.27-1.52) and 1.46 (95% confidence interval: 1.14-1.85) in the HBV, HCV, and HBV/HCV groups, respectively. Our findings suggest that adult patient of 40 years and older with HBV and HCV infections should be monitored for signs of Parkinson's disease so that early intervention and accurate treatment can be provided for minimizing the development and consequences of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Young Choi
- Department of Cancer Control and Population Health, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Thi Ha Mai
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Kyung-Ah Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hyunsoon Cho
- Department of Cancer Control and Population Health, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Moran Ki
- Department of Cancer Control and Population Health, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
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Shi J, Wang Y, Wang F, Zhu Z, Gao Y, Zhang Q, Du Z. Interleukin 22 is related to development and poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2020; 44:855-864. [PMID: 32205116 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Immune response against hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is an important risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Studies have reported that interleukin 22 (IL-22) exhibits both protective and pathological properties in liver diseases. Our aim was to explore the importance of IL-22 in the development of HCC, and to characterize the relationship between IL-22 levels and the prognosis of HCC. METHODS Totally, 136 liver biopsy specimens from 46 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), 37 with atypical hyperplasia (AH), 53 with HCC, patient-matched tumors and peritumoral surgical specimens from 56 HCC patients included in the study. The expression of IL-22 and CD8 was evaluated by immunochemistry. Corresponding serum samples were collected from 30 CHB, 30 AH, and 30 HCC patients. IL-22 expression was determined by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Liver-infiltrating IL-22+ cells increased in a stepwise manner from CHB to AH and HCC (CHB vs. AH, P=0.002; AH vs. HCC, P=0.010), whereas a decreasing trend was observed for CD8+ T cells (CHB vs. AH, P=0.031; AH vs. HCC, P=0.652). Serum IL-22 levels also increased from CHB to AH and HCC (CHB vs. AH, P=0.024; AH vs. HCC, P=0.026). Tumor-infiltrating IL-22+ cells and serum IL-22 were associated with histologic grade (P=0.024 and P=0.033). Additionally, CD8+ T cells correlated with tumor size (P=0.032). Furthermore, the high intratumoral IL-22+ cell group and high serum IL-22 group showed lower overall survival (OS; P=0.001, P=0.017) and disease-free survival (DFS; P=0.005, P<0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that intratumoral IL-22+ cells and serum IL-22 levels were independent prognostic factors for both OS and DFS. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that IL-22 promotes the progression of HCC in CHB patients. High tumor-infiltrating IL-22+ cells and serum IL-22 levels are thought to be unfavorable prognostic indicators for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiang Shi
- The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300170, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Yijun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Fengmei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Zhengyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Yingtang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Zhi Du
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin 300170, China.
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Zhang H, Yan X, Yang C, Zhan Q, Fu Y, Luo H, Luo H. Intrahepatic T helper 17 cells recruited by hepatitis B virus X antigen-activated hepatic stellate cells exacerbate the progression of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Viral Hepat 2020; 27:1138-1149. [PMID: 32559002 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunopathological injury induced by persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection contributes to the progression from chronic hepatitis B (CHB) to hepatic cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Regulatory T cells (Tregs), CD4+ T helper (Th) cells, and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are considered to be the pivotal factors during this progression. In this study, our aim was to investigate the molecular mechanisms of liver immunopathological injury associated with Tregs, CD4+ Th cells, and HSCs. Liver tissues were collected to assay the cytokines and distribution and frequencies of CD4+ Th cells and Tregs. The chemotaxis of Th17 cells towards the liver and the interactions between IL-22, IL-17A, and HSCs were explored. The data showed the frequencies of Th17 cells, and their effector molecules IL-22 and IL-17A were increased along with the severity of chronic liver diseases. However, the frequencies of Tregs were decreased in HBV-associated cirrhotic tissues compared with those in CHB tissues and HCC tissues. hepatitis B virus X antigen (HBxAg)-activated HSCs recruited more Th17 cells into the liver and conduced to the secretion of IL-17A and IL-22 that could in turn stimulate the proliferation and fibrotic marker secretion of the HSCs. Therefore, we suggest that the interactions between Th17 cells, IL-17A, IL-22, and HSCs form a positive feedback loop that aggravated the progression of chronic liver disease with HBV infection through the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signalling pathway. Our findings indicated the IL-17A/IL-22 pathway might become a new treatment target for liver cirrhosis and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiong Yan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Zhan
- The Center for Clinical Molecular Medical detection, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yueqiang Fu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huating Luo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongchun Luo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Sabihi M, Böttcher M, Pelczar P, Huber S. Microbiota-Dependent Effects of IL-22. Cells 2020; 9:E2205. [PMID: 33003458 PMCID: PMC7599675 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are important contributors to immune responses against microbial and environmental threats and are of particular importance at epithelial barriers. These interfaces are continuously exposed to external factors and thus require immune components to both protect the host from pathogen invasion and to regulate overt inflammation. Recently, substantial efforts have been devoted to understanding how cytokines act on certain cells at barrier sites, and why the dysregulation of immune responses may lead to pathogenesis. In particular, the cytokine IL-22 is involved in preserving an intact epithelium, maintaining a balanced microbiota and a functioning defense system against external threats. However, a tight regulation of IL-22 is generally needed, since uncontrolled IL-22 production can lead to the progression of autoimmunity and cancer. Our aim in this review is to summarize novel findings on IL-22 and its interactions with specific microbial stimuli, and subsequently, to understand their contributions to the function of IL-22 and the clinical outcome. We particularly focus on understanding the detrimental effects of dysregulated control of IL-22 in certain disease contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Samuel Huber
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (M.S.); (M.B.); (P.P.)
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Arshad T, Mansur F, Palek R, Manzoor S, Liska V. A Double Edged Sword Role of Interleukin-22 in Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2148. [PMID: 33042126 PMCID: PMC7527413 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing and tissue regeneration is an intricate biological process that involves repair of cellular damage and maintenance of tissue integrity. Cascades involved in wound healing and tissue regeneration highly overlap with cancer causing pathways. Usually, subsequent tissue damage events include release of a number of cytokines to accomplish post-trauma restoration. IL-22 is one of the cytokines that are immediately produced to initiate immune response against several tissue impairments. IL-22 is a fundamental mediator in inflammation, mucous production, protective role against pathogens, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. However, accumulating evidence suggests pivotal role of IL-22 in instigation of various cancers due to its pro-inflammatory and tissue repairing activity. In this review, we summarize how healing effects of IL-22, when executed in an uncontrollable fashion can lead to carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzeela Arshad
- Molecular Virology and Immunology Research Group, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Bio-Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fizzah Mansur
- Molecular Virology and Immunology Research Group, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Bio-Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Richard Palek
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czechia
- Laboratory of Cancer Treatment and Tissue Regeneration, Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Sobia Manzoor
- Molecular Virology and Immunology Research Group, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Bio-Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Laboratory of Cancer Treatment and Tissue Regeneration, Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vaclav Liska
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czechia
- Laboratory of Cancer Treatment and Tissue Regeneration, Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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Li G, Zhang L, Han N, Zhang K, Li H. Increased Th17 and Th22 Cell Percentages Predict Acute Lung Injury in Patients with Sepsis. Lung 2020; 198:687-693. [PMID: 32462370 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-020-00362-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was conducted to investigate the percentages of Th22 and Th17 cells in the peripheral blood of septic patients with and without acute lung injury (ALI) and their clinical significance. METHODS A total of 479 patients were divided into non-ALI and ALI groups. The percentages of Th22 and Th17 cells and the levels of interleukin 22 (IL-22), 6 (IL-6), and 17 (IL-17) were determined. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to assess the diagnostic value of Th22 and Th17 cells to predict sepsis-induced ALI. RESULTS The lung injury prediction score (LIPS), IL-6, IL-17, and IL-22 levels and the percentages of Th17 and Th22 cells were significantly higher in the ALI group (P < 0.05). They were significant factors affecting sepsis-induced ALI (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the LIPS (OR = 1.130), IL-17 (OR = 1.982), IL-22 (OR = 2.612) and the percentages of Th17 (OR = 2.211) and Th22 (OR = 3.230) cells were independent risk factors for ALI. The area under the curve of Th22 cells was 0.844 to predict ALI with a cutoff value of 6.81%. The sensitivity and specificity for early diagnosis of sepsis-induced ALI by the Th22 cell percentage were 78.72% and 89.13%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Th22 and Th17 cells in peripheral blood are significantly increased in septic patients with ALI and they may be used as biomarkers for early diagnosis of sepsis-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Liangtian Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Chunan First People's Hospital, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chunan Branch, Chunan, China
| | - Nannan Han
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Hengjie Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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Wu Y, Min J, Ge C, Shu J, Tian D, Yuan Y, Zhou D. Interleukin 22 in Liver Injury, Inflammation and Cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:2405-2413. [PMID: 32760208 PMCID: PMC7378634 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.38925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 22(IL-22), a member of the IL-10 cytokine family and is an emerging CD4+Th cytokine that plays an important role in anti-microbial defense, homeostasis and tissue repair. We are interested in IL-22 as it has the double function of suppressing or encouraging inflammation in various disease models including hepatic inflammation. As a survival factor for hepatocytes, IL-22 plays a protective role in many kinds of liver diseases, such as hepatitis, liver fibrosis, or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by binding to the receptors IL-22R1 and IL-10R2. Overexpression of IL-22 reduces liver fibrosis by attenuating the activation of hepatic stellate cell (the main cell types involved in hepatic fibrosis), and down-regulating the levels of inflammatory cytokines. Administration of exogenous IL-22 increases the replication of hepatocytes by inhibiting cell apoptosis and promoting mitosis, ultimately plays a contributing role in liver regeneration. Furthermore, treatment with IL-22 activates hepatic signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), ameliorates hepatic oxidative stress and alcoholic fatty liver, effectively alleviate the liver damage caused by alcohol and toxicant. In conclusion, the hepatoprotective functions and liver regeneration promoting effect of IL-22 suggests the therapeutic potential of IL-22 in the treatment of human hepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
| | - Jie Min
- The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Chang Ge
- The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
| | - Jinping Shu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
| | - Di Tian
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
| | - Dian Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
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Hwang S, Feng D, Gao B. Interleukin-22 acts as a mitochondrial protector. Theranostics 2020; 10:7836-7840. [PMID: 32685023 PMCID: PMC7359092 DOI: 10.7150/thno.48022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22 has been increasingly recognized as a promising therapeutic option for various types of diseases. This commentary summarizes the novel mechanistic aspects of IL-22 for the treatment of liver diseases including the study by Chen et al. published in the recent issue of the Theranostics that elucidated the novel function of IL-22 as a mitochondrial protector for the adaptive defense against liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Interleukin-22 Inhibits Respiratory Syncytial Virus Production by Blocking Virus-Mediated Subversion of Cellular Autophagy. iScience 2020; 23:101256. [PMID: 32580124 PMCID: PMC7317237 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection can cause severe bronchiolitis in infants requiring hospitalization, whereas the elderly and immunocompromised are prone to RSV-induced pneumonia. RSV primarily infects lung epithelial cells. Given that no vaccine against RSV is currently available, we tested the ability of the epithelial-barrier protective cytokine interleukin-22 (IL-22) to control RSV production. When used in a therapeutic modality, IL-22 efficiently blunted RSV production from infected human airway and alveolar epithelial cells and IL-22 administration drastically reduced virus titer in the lungs of infected newborn mice. RSV infection resulted in increased expression of LC3B, a key component of the cellular autophagic machinery, and knockdown of LC3B ablated virus production. RSV subverted LC3B with evidence of co-localization and caused a significant reduction in autophagic flux, both reversed by IL-22 treatment. Our findings inform a previously unrecognized anti-viral effect of IL-22 that can be harnessed to prevent RSV-induced severe respiratory disease. RSV infection of lung epithelial cells subverts the cellular autophagic machinery RSV infection inhibits autophagic flux in infected cells IL-22 inhibits RSV production from human lung epithelial cells and in neonatal mice IL-22 blocks RSV-LC3B co-localization and restores cellular autophagic flux
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Yi H, Zhang Y, Yang X, Li M, Hu H, Xiong J, Wang N, Jin J, Zhang Y, Song Y, Wang X, Chen L, Lian J. Hepatitis B Core Antigen Impairs the Polarization While Promoting the Production of Inflammatory Cytokines of M2 Macrophages via the TLR2 Pathway. Front Immunol 2020; 11:535. [PMID: 32292408 PMCID: PMC7118225 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several evidences suggesting the vital roles that innate immunity plays in the persistence and elimination of chronic hepatitis B virus (CHB) infection, the exact mechanism is still complicated. Here, we successfully polarized monocytes derived from healthy human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) into M1/M2 macrophages and detected the effects of hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) on the polarization and function of macrophages via the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 signaling pathway. The results showed that HBcAg had a negligible impact on M1 polarization, while it effectively impaired M2 polarization and promoted the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α. Additionally, HBcAg treatment increased TLR2 expression on M2 macrophages and TLR2 blockade abolished the effects of HBcAg on the impaired phenotype and pro-inflammatory cytokine productions of M2 macrophages. Signaling pathway analysis revealed that the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway, the downstream of TLR2, was upregulated upon HBcAg treatment in both M1 and M2 macrophages. Furthermore, a CD8+ T-macrophage coculture system implied that compared with PBS stimulation, HBcAg-stimulated M2 macrophages regained their ability to activate CD8+ T cells with higher secretion of IFN-γ. Finally, we found impaired expression of M2-related molecules and increased levels of pro-inflammation cytokines in M2 macrophages from CHB patients upon HBcAg stimulation. In conclusion, these results imply a favorable role of HBcAg in the establishment of a pro-inflammatory microenvironment by macrophages, which may suggest a potential therapeutic strategy of HBcAg-induced macrophage activation in CHB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Yi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaofei Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haifeng Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Xiong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingyi Jin
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yusi Zhang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yun Song
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lihua Chen
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianqi Lian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Zeng H, Liu Z, Wang Z, Zhou Q, Qi Y, Chen Y, Chen L, Zhang P, Wang J, Chang Y, Bai Q, Xia Y, Wang Y, Liu L, Zhu Y, Dai B, Guo J, Xu L, Zhang W, Xu J. Intratumoral IL22-producing cells define immunoevasive subtype muscle-invasive bladder cancer with poor prognosis and superior nivolumab responses. Int J Cancer 2020; 146:542-552. [PMID: 31584197 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Our previous researches have identified immunoevasive subtype muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) characterized with immune cells infiltration patterns. Our study explored the clinical significance, immunoregulatory role and therapeutic value of intratumoral IL22-producing cells in MIBC. Two hundred and fifty-nine formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded MIBC samples and 83 freshly resected MIBC tissues and 391 TCGA MIBC samples were retrospectively evaluated. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry were applied to identify immune cell infiltration and functional status. In vitro intervention studies were to test the therapeutic and predictive potential of IL22+ cells. Our data revealed patients with high IL22+ cells infiltration suffered poor overall survival and recurrence-free survival in both training and validation cohorts. Only pT2 patients of combined cohort with low IL22+ cells infiltration gained survival benefits from adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) significantly. Besides, immune contexture featured with increased pro-tumor cells and immunosuppressive cytokines was identified in patients with high IL22+ cells density. The expression pattern of exhausted and effector markers in CD8+ T cells from high IL22+ cells subgroup indicated their dysfunctional status. Importantly, nivolumab showed tumor-killing efficacy in tumors with high IL22+ cells infiltration, and immunosuppressive contexture with CD8+ T cells exhaustion was abrogated in tumors treated with anti-IL22 antibody. In summary, IL22+ cells infiltration determined immunosuppressive contexture with CD8+ T cell dysfunction. Tumor-infiltrating IL22+ cells could be used as an independent marker to predict prognosis and ACT responses. IL22+ cells infiltration possessed the potential to be a favorable predictor for nivolumab application and IL22 blockade could be a novel therapeutic strategy in MIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zewei Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangyang Qi
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingli Chen
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Chang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Bai
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Dai
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianming Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Xu
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijuan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiejie Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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40
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Dhar D, Baglieri J, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA. Mechanisms of liver fibrosis and its role in liver cancer. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:96-108. [PMID: 31924111 PMCID: PMC7016420 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219898141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrogenesis is a pathophysiological outcome of chronic liver injury hallmarked by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins. Fibrosis is a dynamic process that involves cross-talk between parenchymal cells (hepatocytes), hepatic stellate cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells and both resident and infiltrating immune cells. In this review, we focus on key cell-types that contribute to liver fibrosis, cytokines, and chemokines influencing this process and what it takes for fibrosis to regress. We discuss how mitochondria and metabolic changes in hepatic stellate cells modulate the fibrogenic process. We also briefly review how the presence of fibrosis affects development of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Dhar
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jacopo Baglieri
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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41
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Zhang Y, Liu Y, Xu Y. Interleukin-24 Regulates T Cell Activity in Patients With Colorectal Adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1401. [PMID: 31921658 PMCID: PMC6915036 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-24 plays a potential anti-tumor activity in colorectal cancer in a dose-dependent manner. However, the immunoregulatory role of IL-24 to peripheral and tumor-infiltrating T cell function in colorectal cancer was not fully elucidated. In this study, twenty-nine colorectal adenocarcinoma patients and fifteen healthy individuals were enrolled. IL-24 expression and IL-24 receptor (IL-20R1, IL-20R2, and IL-22R1) mRNA relative level was measured by ELISA and real-time PCR, respectively. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were purified from peripheral bloods and cancer specimens, and were stimulated with low (10 ng/ml) and high (100 ng/ml) concentration of recombinant IL-24. CD4+ T cells activity was assessed by measurement of Th cell percentage, transcriptional factors, and cytokine production. CD8+ T cells activity was evaluated by investigation of cytotoxic molecules, target cell death, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secretion. IL-24 was decreasingly expressed in both peripheral bloods and cancer tissues in colorectal adenocarcinoma patients. However, IL-20R1 and IL-20R2 was comparable between healthy controls and colorectal adenocarcinoma patients. Low concentration of IL-24 suppressed CD4+ T cell proliferation. In contrast, high concentration of IL-24 not only promoted CD4+ T cell proliferation, but also enhanced CD4+ T cell activity, which mainly presented as up-regulation of Th1/Th17 frequency, T-bet/RORγt mRNA, and IFN-γ/IL-17 production but down-regulation of Treg percentage, FoxP3 mRNA, and IL-10/IL-35 secretion. Moreover, high concentration of IL-24 also increased perforin and granzyme B expression in CD8+ T cells, and elevated cytolytic and non-cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells, which presented as induction of target cell death and elevation of IFN-γ expression. However, low concentration of IL-24 did not affect bioactivity of CD8+ T cells. The current data indicated that IL-24 might regulate T cell function in a dose-dependent manner. High-concentration of IL-24 might promote anti-tumor immune responses in development novel therapeutic approaches to colorectal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Intensive Care Unit, 964th Hospital of PLA, Changchun, China
| | - Yuechao Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Molina MF, Abdelnabi MN, Fabre T, Shoukry NH. Type 3 cytokines in liver fibrosis and liver cancer. Cytokine 2019; 124:154497. [PMID: 30097286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The type 3 cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 play a crucial, well synchronized physiological role in wound healing and repairing tissue damage due to infections or injury at barrier surfaces. These cytokines act on epithelial cells to induce secretion of early immune mediators, recruitment of inflammatory cells to the site of injury, and to trigger tissue repair mechanisms. However, if the damage persists or if these cytokines are dysregulated, then they contribute to a number of inflammatory pathologies, autoimmune conditions and cancer. The liver is a multifunctional organ that plays an essential role in metabolism, detoxification, and immune surveillance. It is also exposed to a variety of pathogens, toxins and injuries. Over the past decade, IL-17 and IL-22 have been implicated in various aspects of liver inflammation. IL-17 is upregulated in chronic liver injury and associated with liver disease progression. In contrast, IL-22 was shown to be hepatoprotective during acute liver injury but exhibited inflammatory effects in other models. Furthermore, IL-22 and IL-17 are both associated with poor prognosis in liver cancer. Finally, the regulatory mechanisms governing the physiological versus the pathological role of these two cytokines during acute and chronic liver injury remain poorly understood. In this review, we will summarize the current state of knowledge about IL-17 and IL-22 in wound healing during acute and chronic liver injury, their contribution to pathogenesis, their regulation, and their role in the transition from advanced liver disease to liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Flores Molina
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mohamed N Abdelnabi
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Thomas Fabre
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Naglaa H Shoukry
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Sanaii A, Shirzad H, Haghighian M, Rahimian G, Soltani A, Shafigh M, Tahmasbi K, Bagheri N. Role of Th22 cells in Helicobacter pylori-related gastritis and peptic ulcer diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:5703-5712. [PMID: 31359381 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has been shown to be one of the leading causes of peptic ulcer diseases (PUDs) and gastritis. T helper-22 (Th22) cells and its most important cytokine, interleukin-22 (IL-22) are importantly active in inflammation and inflammatory tissues. Since inflammation is one of the main attributes of infection caused by H. pylori and resulting complications (gastritis and gastrointestinal ulcer), this study was designed to evaluate the Th22 cells count and the IL-22 protein expression in people suffering from PUD and gastritis. The present study was conducted on 55 patients with gastritis, 47 patients with PUD and 48 uninfected subjects. After preparation of section and extraction of protein from antral biopsies, immunohistochemistry and western blot methods were used to evaluate the Th22 cells and IL-22 protein expression level, respectively. According to findings, the Th22 cells count and the IL-22 protein expression level in the infected subjects were siginficantly more than in the uninfected subjects. It should be noted that the Th22 cells count and the IL-22 protein expression level in the infected subjects with PUD were significantly greater than those in the infected subjects with gastritis. In addition, the Th22 cells count had positive correlation with the density of H. pylori, chronic inflammation score and acute inflammatory score in the infected subjects with PUD. The Th22 cells count had positive correlation with the Th17 cells count and inverse correlation with the Treg cells count in the infected subjects with PUD and gastritis. Our data demonstrated that abnormal hyper-activation of Th22 cells as well as its correlation with the Th17 cells during infection caused by H. pylori might damage tissues through immunopathological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Sanaii
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Hedayatollah Shirzad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Haghighian
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Azad University of Shahrekord, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ghorbanali Rahimian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Amin Soltani
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammadhadi Shafigh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Kamran Tahmasbi
- Department of Pathology, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Nader Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
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Gao YH, Li QQ, Wang CG, Sun J, Wang XM, Li YJ, He XT, Xu HQ, Niu JQ. The role of IL22 polymorphisms on liver cirrhosis in patients with hepatitis B virus: A case control study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e17867. [PMID: 31689880 PMCID: PMC6946515 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000017867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Interleukin(IL)-22 plays an important role in promoting liver regeneration and repair, but its role in chronic HBV-related liver diseasesis not clear. The goal of this study was to evaluate associations between eight IL22 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the development of chronic HBV cirrhosis and HBV-related HCC within a Chinese Han population. METHODS We investigated associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL22 gene (rs1026788, rs2227472, rs2227491, rs2227485, rs1179249, rs2046068,rs2227473, and rs7314777) and the risk of HBV-related chronic liver diseases within a Han population in Northeast China. A total of 649 participants were included in the study, including 103 patients with CHB, 264 patients with LC, and 282 patients with HCC. The odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using chi-square test. Haplotype analysis was conducted by haploview software. RESULTS Genotype and allele distributions of SNPs rs1179249 and rs2227472 differed between LC and CHB groups (both P < 0.05).The G alleles of SNP rs2227491 and rs1026788 were more frequent in the LC group than in the CHB group (P = 0.046, P = 0.041 respectively). A IL22 haplotype consisting of the minor alleles of SNP rs1179249 and the major alleles of seven other SNPs occurred less frequently in the LC and HCC groups than in the CHB group (28.2%, 33.94%, and 37.86%, respectively, P < 0.05). Moreover, there were no significant associations between smoking or drinking and IL22 SNPs on the risk of HCC (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION IL22 genetic variations were associated with chronic HBV infection progression, especially in the HBV-LC group. The IL22 genetic variations may help clinicians initiate the correct treatment strategy at the CHB stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hang Gao
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun
| | - Qing-Quan Li
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Hospital of CNOOC, Tianjin
| | - Chun-Guang Wang
- Department of Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heping Hospital, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi
| | - Xiao-Mei Wang
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun
| | - Ya-Jun Li
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun
| | - Xiu-Ting He
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University
| | - Hong-Qin Xu
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun
| | - Jun-Qi Niu
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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45
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Publicover J, Gaggar A, Jespersen JM, Halac U, Johnson AJ, Goodsell A, Avanesyan L, Nishimura SL, Holdorf M, Mansfield KG, Judge JB, Koshti A, Croft M, Wakil AE, Rosenthal P, Pai E, Cooper S, Baron JL. An OX40/OX40L interaction directs successful immunity to hepatitis B virus. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/433/eaah5766. [PMID: 29563320 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aah5766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Depending on age of acquisition, hepatitis B virus (HBV) can induce a cell-mediated immune response that results in either cure or progressive liver injury. In adult-acquired infection, HBV antigens are usually cleared, whereas in infancy-acquired infection, they persist. Individuals infected during infancy therefore represent the majority of patients chronically infected with HBV (CHB). A therapy that can promote viral antigen clearance in most CHB patients has not been developed and would represent a major health care advance and cost mitigator. Using an age-dependent mouse model of HBV clearance and persistence in conjunction with human blood and liver tissue, we studied mechanisms of viral clearance to identify new therapeutic targets. We demonstrate that age-dependent expression of the costimulatory molecule OX40 ligand (OX40L) by hepatic innate immune cells is pivotal in determining HBV immunity, and that treatment with OX40 agonists leads to improved HBV antigen clearance in young mice, as well as increased strength of T cell responses in young mice and adult mice that were exposed to HBV when they were young and developed a CHB serological profile. Similarly, in humans, we show that hepatic OX40L transcript expression is age-dependent and that increased OX40 expression on peripheral CD4+ T cells in adults is associated with HBV clearance. These findings provide new mechanistic understanding of the immune pathways and cells necessary for HBV immunity and identify potential therapeutic targets for resolving CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Publicover
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,UCSF Liver Center, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Anuj Gaggar
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,UCSF Liver Center, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jillian M Jespersen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,UCSF Liver Center, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ugur Halac
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,UCSF Liver Center, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Audra J Johnson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,UCSF Liver Center, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Amanda Goodsell
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,UCSF Liver Center, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lia Avanesyan
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.,Division of General and Transplant Hepatology, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | | | - Meghan Holdorf
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA 94619, USA
| | - Keith G Mansfield
- Discovery and Investigative Pathology, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joyce Bousquet Judge
- Discovery and Investigative Pathology, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Arya Koshti
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, CA 94619, USA
| | - Michael Croft
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Adil E Wakil
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.,Division of General and Transplant Hepatology, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Philip Rosenthal
- UCSF Liver Center, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eric Pai
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,UCSF Liver Center, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Stewart Cooper
- UCSF Liver Center, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Liver Immunology Laboratory, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.,Division of General and Transplant Hepatology, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Jody L Baron
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. .,UCSF Liver Center, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Behfarjam F, Nasseri-Moghaddam S, Jadali Z. Enhanced Th17 Responses in Patients with Autoimmune Hepatitis. Middle East J Dig Dis 2019; 11:98-103. [PMID: 31380006 PMCID: PMC6663287 DOI: 10.15171/mejdd.2018.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cells are major players in chronic inflammatory diseases such as autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). However, it is not clear which subset of T cells participates in the pathophysiology of the disease. The aim of this study was to assess the expression profile of signature transcription factor and cytokines of T helper 17 (Th17) cells in patients with AIH. METHODS A total of 24 patients with AIH and 24 normal subjects were recruited in the study. Comparison of gene expression patterns between the patients and normal subjects was done by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS
The results showed that retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors gamma (RORɣt), interleukin-17A (IL-17A), and interleukin-22 (IL-22) mRNA expression were increased greatly in the patients group compared with the normal controls group (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSION Deregulated production of Th17-related molecules may be associated with the pathogenesis of AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farinaz Behfarjam
- Ph.D. Student, Clinical Genetics Department, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Tehran, Iran
| | - Siavash Nasseri-Moghaddam
- Associate Professor, Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Jadali
- Ph.D., Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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47
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D'Alessio FR, Kurzhagen JT, Rabb H. Reparative T lymphocytes in organ injury. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:2608-2618. [PMID: 31259743 DOI: 10.1172/jci124614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute organ injuries such as acute cerebrovascular accidents, myocardial infarction, acute kidney injury, acute lung injury, and others are among the leading causes of death worldwide. Dysregulated or insufficient organ repair mechanisms limit restoration of homeostasis and contribute to chronic organ failure. Studies reveal that both humans and mice harness potent non-stem cells that are capable of directly or indirectly promoting tissue repair. Specific populations of T lymphocytes have emerged as important reparative cells with context-specific actions. These T cells can resolve inflammation and secrete reparative cytokines and growth factors as well as interact with other immune and stromal cells to promote the complex and active process of tissue repair. This Review focuses on the major populations of T lymphocytes known to mediate tissue repair, their reparative mechanisms, and the diseases in which they have been implicated. Elucidating and harnessing the mechanisms that promote the reparative functions of these T cells could greatly improve organ dysfunction after acute injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johanna T Kurzhagen
- Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hamid Rabb
- Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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48
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Teng DK, Liu Y, Lv YF, Wang L, Zhang W, Wang JP, Li Y. Elevated interleukin-35 suppresses liver inflammation by regulation of T helper 17 cells in acute hepatitis B virus infection. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 70:252-259. [PMID: 30851705 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-35 is a responsive anti-inflammatory cytokine implicated in different diseases processes. It has been reported that elevated IL-35 contributed to immunosuppression in chronic hepatitis by modulation of T helper 17 (Th17) and regulatory T cells. However, the role of IL-35 in acute hepatitis B (AHB) was still not completely elucidated. Thus, in the present study, we analyzed the expression and regulatory activity of IL-35 to Th17 cells and inflammatory response during acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in both peripheral blood cells isolated from AHB patients and in hydrodynamic induced HBV-infected mouse model. Plasma IL-35 level and circulating HBV peptides-induced Th17 frequency was significantly elevated in AHB patients, and IL-35 expression negatively correlated with liver inflammation. In vitro IL-35 stimulation to CD4+ T cells purified from AHB patients down-regulated HBV peptides-induced Th17-phenotype, which presented as reduced IL-17 and IL-22 production. In vivo IL-35 administration dampened liver inflammation in HBV plasmid injected mice, however, did not affect HBV antigens production. This process was accompanied by suppression of natural killer cells and down-regulation of HBV peptides-induced Th17 cells in the liver, but did not affect total intrahepatic lymphocytes and other cell subsets numbers or chemokines expression in the liver. In conclusion, the current data indicated that IL-35 might be a novel mediator associated with hepatocytes damage and liver inflammation by regulating HBV peptides-induced Th17 cells during acute HBV infection. The potential anti-inflammatory property of IL-35 might be pivotal for developing new therapeutic approaches for hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Ke Teng
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital and The Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710068, China
| | - Yi-Fei Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital and The Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710068, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital and The Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710068, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China
| | - Jiu-Ping Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, China.
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital and The Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710068, China.
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Yang L, Jia S, Shao X, Liu S, Zhang Q, Song J, Wang W, Jin Z. Interleukin-35 modulates the balance between viral specific CD4 +CD25 +CD127 dim/- regulatory T cells and T helper 17 cells in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Virol J 2019; 16:48. [PMID: 30992023 PMCID: PMC6469219 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin (IL)-35 regulates imbalance between regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T helper (Th) 17 cells, leading to an important modulator in autoimmune disorder, cancer, and infectious diseases. Our previous study revealed an immunosuppressive activity of IL-35 in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Thus, the aim of the current study was to investigate the role of regulatory function of IL-35 to viral specific Tregs/Th17 cells balance in chronic HBV infection. Methods A total of 44 HLA-A2 restricted chronic HBV infected patients, including 21 of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and 23 of asymptomatic HBV carriers (ASC) were enrolled. Purified CD4+ T cells or CD4+CD25+CD127dim/− Tregs were stimulated with recombinant IL-35. HBV core antigen specific Tregs and Th17 cells were determined by flow cytometry. FoxP3 and RORγt mRNA was measured by real-time PCR. Cytokines production (IL-10 and IL-17) was investigated by ELISA. Results Peripheral viral specific Tregs was comparable between CHB and ASC. However, increased percentage of viral specific Th17 cells was found in CHB, leading to the reduction of Tregs/Th17 ratio in CHB patients. IL-35 stimulation elevated viral specific Tregs, but not Th17 cells frequency, in both CHB and ASC, resulting in the elevation of Tregs/Th17 ratio in both groups. This process was accompanied by increased expression of FoxP3 mRNA and IL-10 production, and decreased IL-17 secretion and STAT3 phosphorylation in purified CD4+ T cells. Moreover, IL-35 stimulation inhibited viral specific Th17-like phenotype differentiation from Tregs in CHB patients. Effective anti-HBV therapy did not affect viral specific Tregs/Th17 cells frequency or IL-35 expression in CHB patients, however, reduced responsiveness of CD4+ T cells or Tregs to IL-35 stimulation in vitro. Conclusion Our findings indicated that IL-35 regulation to viral specific Tregs/Th17 balance may contribute to viral persistence in chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Yang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shengnan Jia
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xue Shao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wudong Wang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhenjing Jin
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, No. 218 Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China.
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50
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Asadi P, Mohebbi SR, Hosseini SM, Zali MR. Evaluation of single nucleotide polymorphism in interleukin 22 (IL-22) gene and its association with chronic hepatitis B infection. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2019; 12:309-314. [PMID: 31749919 PMCID: PMC6820837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to evaluate rs1179251 single nucleotide polymorphism in the IL-22 gene as a host factor and its effect on chronic hepatitis B infection. BACKGROUND Interleukin 22 (IL-22) belongs to a group of recently discovered cytokines, and it is produced and secreted by innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and T helper 22 (Th22) cells. This cytokine plays dual roles as pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects in various conditions and different tissues of the body. METHODS This study was performed based on a case-control format to assess IL-22 rs1179251 single nucleotide polymorphism genotypic and allelic frequencies among 227 hepatitis B chronic patients and 227 healthy controls. The polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism techniques were employed to determine the polymorphism's genotypes. RESULTS Genotypes Frequencies in patients' group were determined CC 59.91%, CG 37.89%, and GG 2.20% respectively in comparison to CC 63.44%, CG 31.72% and GG 4.85% in control group. The findings revealed that there was no statistically significant difference in the genotypes (P=0.156) frequencies of IL-22 gene polymorphism (rs1179251) between patients and control groups. CONCLUSION No association was found between rs1179251 single nucleotide polymorphism in IL-22 gene and chronic hepatitis B infection. So, in spite of the importance of IL-22 gene in immune responses, the studied polymorphism does not serve a decisive role in susceptibility to hepatitis B virus chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paniza Asadi
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Mohebbi
- Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Masoud Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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