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Krzysiek-Maczka G, Brzozowski T, Ptak-Belowska A. Helicobacter pylori-activated fibroblasts as a silent partner in gastric cancer development. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:1219-1256. [PMID: 37460910 PMCID: PMC10713772 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10122-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection of gastric mucosa leading to active chronic gastritis, gastroduodenal ulcers, and MALT lymphoma laid the groundwork for understanding of the general relationship between chronic infection, inflammation, and cancer. Nevertheless, this sequence of events is still far from full understanding with new players and mediators being constantly identified. Originally, the Hp virulence factors affecting mainly gastric epithelium were proposed to contribute considerably to gastric inflammation, ulceration, and cancer. Furthermore, it has been shown that Hp possesses the ability to penetrate the mucus layer and directly interact with stroma components including fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. These cells, which are the source of biophysical and biochemical signals providing the proper balance between cell proliferation and differentiation within gastric epithelial stem cell compartment, when exposed to Hp, can convert into cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) phenotype. The crosstalk between fibroblasts and myofibroblasts with gastric epithelial cells including stem/progenitor cell niche involves several pathways mediated by non-coding RNAs, Wnt, BMP, TGF-β, and Notch signaling ligands. The current review concentrates on the consequences of Hp-induced increase in gastric fibroblast and myofibroblast number, and their activation towards CAFs with the emphasis to the altered communication between mesenchymal and epithelial cell compartment, which may lead to inflammation, epithelial stem cell overproliferation, disturbed differentiation, and gradual gastric cancer development. Thus, Hp-activated fibroblasts may constitute the target for anti-cancer treatment and, importantly, for the pharmacotherapies diminishing their activation particularly at the early stages of Hp infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracjana Krzysiek-Maczka
- Department of Physiology, the Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Brzozowski
- Department of Physiology, the Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Agata Ptak-Belowska
- Department of Physiology, the Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531, Kraków, Poland
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2
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Zeng L, Zhu Y, Moreno CS, Wan Y. New insights into KLFs and SOXs in cancer pathogenesis, stemness, and therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 90:29-44. [PMID: 36806560 PMCID: PMC10023514 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite the development of cancer therapies, the success of most treatments has been impeded by drug resistance. The crucial role of tumor cell plasticity has emerged recently in cancer progression, cancer stemness and eventually drug resistance. Cell plasticity drives tumor cells to reversibly convert their cell identity, analogous to differentiation and dedifferentiation, to adapt to drug treatment. This phenotypical switch is driven by alteration of the transcriptome. Several pluripotent factors from the KLF and SOX families are closely associated with cancer pathogenesis and have been revealed to regulate tumor cell plasticity. In this review, we particularly summarize recent studies about KLF4, KLF5 and SOX factors in cancer development and evolution, focusing on their roles in cancer initiation, invasion, tumor hierarchy and heterogeneity, and lineage plasticity. In addition, we discuss the various regulation of these transcription factors and related cutting-edge drug development approaches that could be used to drug "undruggable" transcription factors, such as PROTAC and PPI targeting, for targeted cancer therapy. Advanced knowledge could pave the way for the development of novel drugs that target transcriptional regulation and could improve the outcome of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Department of Hematology and oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Yueming Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Department of Hematology and oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Carlos S Moreno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, USA.
| | - Yong Wan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Department of Hematology and oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, USA.
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3
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Zeng Y, Jin RU. Molecular pathogenesis, targeted therapies, and future perspectives for gastric cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:566-582. [PMID: 34933124 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a major source of global cancer mortality with limited treatment options and poor patient survival. As our molecular understanding of gastric cancer improves, we are now beginning to recognize that these cancers are a heterogeneous group of diseases with incredibly unique pathogeneses and active oncogenic pathways. It is this molecular diversity and oftentimes lack of common oncogenic driver mutations that bestow the poor treatment responses that oncologists often face when treating gastric cancer. In this review, we will examine the treatments for gastric cancer including up-to-date molecularly targeted therapies and immunotherapies. We will then review the molecular subtypes of gastric cancer to highlight the diversity seen in this disease. We will then shift our discussion to basic science and gastric cancer mouse models as tools to study gastric cancer molecular heterogeneity. Furthermore, we will elaborate on a molecular process termed paligenosis and the cyclical hit model as key events during gastric cancer initiation that impart nondividing mature differentiated cells the ability to re-enter the cell cycle and accumulate disparate genomic mutations during years of chronic inflammation and injury. As our basic science understanding of gastric cancer advances, so too must our translational and clinical efforts. We will end with a discussion regarding single-cell molecular analyses and cancer organoid technologies as future translational avenues to advance our understanding of gastric cancer heterogeneity and to design precision-based gastric cancer treatments. Elucidation of interpatient and intratumor heterogeneity is the only way to advance future cancer prevention, diagnoses and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongji Zeng
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Ramon U Jin
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.
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4
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Yang Y, Meng WJ, Wang ZQ. The origin of gastric cancer stem cells and their effects on gastric cancer: Novel therapeutic targets for gastric cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:960539. [PMID: 36185219 PMCID: PMC9520244 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.960539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most prevalent malignancies and the most common causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Furthermore, the prognosis of advanced GC remains poor even after surgery combined with chemoradiotherapy. As a small group of cells with unlimited differentiation and self-renewal ability in GC, accumulating evidence shows that GC stem cells (GCSCs) are closely associated with the refractory characteristics of GC, such as drug resistance, recurrence, and metastasis. With the extensive development of research on GCSCs, GCSCs seem to be promising therapeutic targets for GC. However, the relationship between GCSCs and GC is profound and intricate, and its mechanism of action is still under exploration. In this review, we elaborate on the source and key concepts of GCSCs, systematically summarize the role of GCSCs in GC and their underlying mechanisms. Finally, we review the latest information available on the treatment of GC by targeting GCSCs. Thus, this article may provide a theoretical basis for the future development of the novel targets based on GCSCs for the treatment of GC.
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5
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Penke LR, Speth JM, Huang SK, Fortier SM, Baas J, Peters-Golden M. KLF4 is a therapeutically tractable brake on fibroblast activation which promotes resolution of pulmonary fibrosis. JCI Insight 2022; 7:160688. [PMID: 35852857 PMCID: PMC9462506 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.160688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a paucity of information about potential molecular brakes on the activation of fibroblasts that drive tissue fibrosis. The transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is best known as a determinant of cell stemness and a tumor suppressor. We found that its expression was diminished in fibroblasts from fibrotic lung. Gain- and loss-of-function studies showed that KLF4 inhibited fibroblast proliferation, collagen synthesis, and differentiation to myofibroblasts, while restoring their sensitivity to apoptosis. Conditional deletion of KLF4 from fibroblasts potentiated the peak degree of pulmonary fibrosis and abrogated the subsequent spontaneous resolution in a model of transient fibrosis. A small molecule inducer of KLF4 was able to restore its expression in fibrotic fibroblasts and elicit resolution in an experimental model characterized by more clinically relevant persistent pulmonary fibrosis. These data identify KLF4 as a pivotal brake on fibroblast activation whose induction represents a therapeutic approach in fibrosis of the lung and perhaps other organs.
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6
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Otaegi-Ugartemendia M, Matheu A, Carrasco-Garcia E. Impact of Cancer Stem Cells on Therapy Resistance in Gastric Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061457. [PMID: 35326607 PMCID: PMC8946717 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer death worldwide, with an average 5-year survival rate of 32%, being of 6% for patients presenting distant metastasis. Despite the advances made in the treatment of GC, chemoresistance phenomena arise and promote recurrence, dissemination and dismal prognosis. In this context, gastric cancer stem cells (gCSCs), a small subset of cancer cells that exhibit unique characteristics, are decisive in therapy failure. gCSCs develop different protective mechanisms, such as the maintenance in a quiescent state as well as enhanced detoxification procedures and drug efflux activity, that make them insusceptible to current treatments. This, together with their self-renewal capacity and differentiation ability, represents major obstacles for the eradication of this disease. Different gCSC regulators have been described and used to isolate and characterize these cell populations. However, at the moment, no therapeutic strategy has achieved the effective targeting of gCSCs. This review will focus on the properties of cancer stem cells in the context of therapy resistance and will summarize current knowledge regarding the impact of the gCSC regulators that have been associated with GC chemoradioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ander Matheu
- Cellular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (M.O.-U.); (A.M.)
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Estefania Carrasco-Garcia
- Cellular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (M.O.-U.); (A.M.)
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-943-006296
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7
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Distinct roles of KLF4 in mesenchymal cell subtypes during lung fibrogenesis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7179. [PMID: 34893592 PMCID: PMC8664937 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27499-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During lung fibrosis, the epithelium induces signaling to underlying mesenchyme to generate excess myofibroblasts and extracellular matrix; herein, we focus on signaling in the mesenchyme. Our studies indicate that platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)-β+ cells are the predominant source of myofibroblasts and Kruppel-like factor (KLF) 4 is upregulated in PDGFR-β+ cells, inducing TGFβ pathway signaling and fibrosis. In fibrotic lung patches, KLF4 is down-regulated, suggesting KLF4 levels decrease as PDGFR-β+ cells transition into myofibroblasts. In contrast to PDGFR-β+ cells, KLF4 reduction in α-smooth muscle actin (SMA)+ cells non-cell autonomously exacerbates lung fibrosis by inducing macrophage accumulation and pro-fibrotic effects of PDGFR-β+ cells via a Forkhead box M1 to C-C chemokine ligand 2-receptor 2 pathway. Taken together, in the context of lung fibrosis, our results indicate that KLF4 plays opposing roles in PDGFR-β+ cells and SMA+ cells and highlight the importance of further studies of interactions between distinct mesenchymal cell types.
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8
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Adimulam T, Arumugam T, Foolchand A, Ghazi T, Chuturgoon AA. The Effect of Organoselenium Compounds on Histone Deacetylase Inhibition and Their Potential for Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312952. [PMID: 34884764 PMCID: PMC8657714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic and epigenetic changes alter gene expression, contributing to cancer. Epigenetic changes in cancer arise from alterations in DNA and histone modifications that lead to tumour suppressor gene silencing and the activation of oncogenes. The acetylation status of histones and non-histone proteins are determined by the histone deacetylases and histone acetyltransferases that control gene transcription. Organoselenium compounds have become promising contenders in cancer therapeutics. Apart from their anti-oxidative effects, several natural and synthetic organoselenium compounds and metabolites act as histone deacetylase inhibitors, which influence the acetylation status of histones and non-histone proteins, altering gene transcription. This review aims to summarise the effect of natural and synthetic organoselenium compounds on histone and non-histone protein acetylation/deacetylation in cancer therapy.
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9
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Feng L, Wang J, Zhang J, Diao J, He L, Fu C, Liao H, Xu X, Gao Y, Zhou C. Comprehensive Analysis of E3 Ubiquitin Ligases Reveals Ring Finger Protein 223 as a Novel Oncogene Activated by KLF4 in Pancreatic Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:738709. [PMID: 34722520 PMCID: PMC8551701 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.738709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the major malignancies and causes of mortality worldwide. E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases transfer activated ubiquitin from ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes to protein substrates and confer substrate specificity in cancer. In this study, we first downloaded data from The Cancer Genome Atlas pancreatic adenocarcinoma dataset, acquired all 27 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and identified genomic alterations. Then, the prognostic significance of DEGs was analyzed, and eight DEGs (MECOM, CBLC, MARCHF4, RNF166, TRIM46, LONRF3, RNF39, and RNF223) and two clinical parameters (pathological N stage and T stage) exhibited prognostic significance. RNF223 showed independent significance as an unfavorable prognostic marker and was chosen for subsequent analysis. Next, the function of RNF223 in the pancreatic cancer cell lines ASPC-1 and PANC-1 was investigated, and RNF223 silencing promoted pancreatic cancer growth and migration. To explore the potential targets and pathways of RNF223 in pancreatic cancer, quantitative proteomics was applied to analyze differentially expressed proteins, and metabolism-related pathways were primarily enriched. Finally, the reason for the elevated expression of RNF223 was analyzed, and KLF4 was shown to contribute to the increased expression of RNF233. In conclusion, this study comprehensively analyzed the clinical significance of E3 ligases. Functional assays revealed that RNF223 promotes cancer by regulating cell metabolism. Finally, the elevated expression of RNF223 was attributed to KLF4-mediated transcriptional activation. This study broadens our knowledge regarding E3 ubiquitin ligases and signal transduction and provides novel markers and therapeutic targets in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jieqing Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen university, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingfang Diao
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Chaoyi Fu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenjie Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Arora S, Singh P, Ahmad S, Ahmad T, Dohare R, Almatroodi SA, Alrumaihi F, Rahmani AH, Syed MA. Comprehensive Integrative Analysis Reveals the Association of KLF4 with Macrophage Infiltration and Polarization in Lung Cancer Microenvironment. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082091. [PMID: 34440860 PMCID: PMC8392240 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage polarization and infiltration to the tumor microenvironment (TME) is a critical determining factor for tumor progression. Macrophages are polarized into two states—M1 (pro-inflammatory, anti-tumorigenic and stimulated by LPS or IFN-γ) and M2 (anti-inflammatory pro-tumorigenic and stimulated by IL-4) phenotypes. Specifically, M2 macrophages enhance tumor cell growth and survival. Recent evidences suggest the pivotal role of microRNAs in macrophage polarization during the development of Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), thus proposing a new therapeutic option to target lung cancer. In silico analysis determined cogent upregulation of KLF4, downregulation of IL-1β and miR-34a-5p in NSCLC tissues, consequently worsening the overall survival of NSCLC patients. We observed a significant association of KLF4 with macrophage infiltration and polarization in NSCLC. We found that KLF4 is critically implicated in M2 polarization of macrophages, which, in turn, promotes tumorigenesis. KLF4 expression correlated with miR-34a-5p and IL-1β in a feed-forward loop (FFL), both of which are implicated in immune regulation. Mechanistic overexpression of miR-34a-5p in macrophages (IL-4 stimulated) inhibits KLF4, along with downregulation of ARG1, REL-1MB (M2 macrophage specific markers), and upregulation of IL-1β, IL-6, (M1 macrophage specific markers), demonstrating macrophage polarization switch from M2 to M1 phenotype. Moreover, co-culture of these macrophages with NSCLC cells reduces their proliferation, wound healing, clonogenic capacity and enhanced NO-mediated apoptosis. Further, transfection of miR-34a-5p in NSCLC cells, also degrades KLF4, but enhances the expression of KLF4 regulated genes—IL-1β, IL-6 (pro-inflammatory mediators), which is further enhanced upon co-culture with IL-4 stimulated macrophages. Additionally, we observed a significant increase in i-NOS/NO content upon co-culture, suggesting polarization reversion of macrophages from M2 to M1, and eventually leading to anti-tumor effects. Our findings thus show a significant role of KLF4 in tumorigenesis and TAM polarization of NSCLC. However, miR-34a-5p mediated targeting of these molecular networks will provide a better therapeutic intervention for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Arora
- Translational Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Prithvi Singh
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Srinivasa Ramanujan Block, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Shaniya Ahmad
- Translational Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Tanveer Ahmad
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advance Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Ravins Dohare
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Srinivasa Ramanujan Block, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Saleh A Almatroodi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faris Alrumaihi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arshad Husain Rahmani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansoor Ali Syed
- Translational Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
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Li K, Wu H, Wang A, Charron J, Mishina Y, Habib SL, Liu H, Li B. mTOR signaling regulates gastric epithelial progenitor homeostasis and gastric tumorigenesis via MEK1-ERKs and BMP-Smad1 pathways. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109069. [PMID: 33951440 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
mTOR, the sensor of nutrients and growth factors, has important roles in tissue homeostasis and tumorigenesis. However, how mTOR controls gastric epithelial cell turnover and gastric cancer development, a leading malignancy, remains poorly understood. Here, we provide genetic evidence that mTOR activation promotes proliferation and inhibits differentiation of Lgr5+ gastric epithelial progenitors (GEPs) in gastric homeostasis and tumorigenesis. mTOR signaling increases MEK1 and Smad1 expression and enhances activation of MEK1-ERKs and BMP-Smad1 pathways, respectively, in GEPs and gastric tumors. Mek1 deletion or inhibition rescues hyperproliferation, whereas Bmpr1a ablation or inhibition rescues differentiation defects of Tsc1-/- GEPs. Tsc1 deficiency in Lgr5+ GEPs accelerates gastric tumor initiation and development, which require MEK1-ERKs for hyperplasia and BMP-Smad1 for differentiation suppression. These findings reveal how mTOR signaling controls Lgr5+ GEP homeostasis and cancerization and suggest that ERKs and Smad1 signaling can be safely targeted to substitute mTOR inhibitors in gastric cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hongguang Wu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ao Wang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jean Charron
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 9 rue McMahon, Québec, QC G1R 2J6, Canada
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Samy L Habib
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Baojie Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Bio-X-Renji Hospital Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Stem Cell Research, the Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China.
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12
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Recent Discoveries on the Involvement of Krüppel-Like Factor 4 in the Most Common Cancer Types. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228843. [PMID: 33266506 PMCID: PMC7700188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is a transcription factor highly conserved in evolution. It is particularly well known for its role in inducing pluripotent stem cells. In addition, KLF4 plays many roles in cancer. The results of most studies suggest that KLF4 is a tumor suppressor. However, the functioning of KLF4 is regulated at many levels. These include regulation of transcription, alternative splicing, miRNA, post-translational modifications, subcellular localization, protein stability and interactions with other molecules. Simple experiments aimed at assaying transcript levels or protein levels fail to address this complexity and thus may deliver misleading results. Tumor subtypes are also important; for example, in prostate cancer KLF4 is highly expressed in indolent tumors where it impedes tumor progression, while it is absent from aggressive prostate tumors. KLF4 is important in regulating response to many known drugs, and it also plays a role in tumor microenvironment. More and more information is available about upstream regulators, downstream targets and signaling pathways associated with the involvement of KLF4 in cancer. Furthermore, KLF4 performs critical function in the overall regulation of tissue homeostasis, cellular integrity, and progression towards malignancy. Here we summarize and analyze the latest findings concerning this fascinating transcription factor.
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13
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Xiao S, Zhou L. Gastric Stem Cells: Physiological and Pathological Perspectives. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:571536. [PMID: 33043003 PMCID: PMC7527738 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.571536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric epithelium operates in a hazardous environment that curtails the lifespan of the constituent cells, imposing a requirement for continuous epithelial renewal. Stem cells that reside in the stomach are thus essential for regulating physiological tissue renewal and injury repair because of their self-renewal, high proliferation capacity and multiple differentiation potentials. Recent investigations using lineage tracing models have identified diverse populations of gastric stem cells and even fully differentiated cells that can regain stem cell capacity, so enriching our understanding on the identity and plasticity of gastric stem cells. These cell populations include the Villin promotor, Lgr5+, CCKR2+, Axin2+ and AQP5+ stem cells in the antrum, TFF2 mRNA, Mist1+ cells and Troy+ mature chief cells in the corpus, as well as Sox2, eR1, Lrig1, Bmi1-marked cell in both the antrum and the corpus. Establishment of gastric organoids derived from primary gastric tissues and pluripotent stem cells or embryonic stem cells characterizes niche factors required by the gastric stem cell populations, and further provides new insights into stomach development, host-Helicobacter pylori interactions and malignant transformation. Furthermore, focus on the gastric stem cells and their niches uncovers the initiation of stomach precancerous lesions and origin of gastric cancer, providing options for cancer prevention and intervention. In summary, with the development of stem cell research, gastric stem cells give us more opportunities to prevent and treat stomach diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Upper Gastrointestinal Diseases, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liya Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Upper Gastrointestinal Diseases, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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14
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Miao ZF, Adkins-Threats M, Burclaff JR, Osaki LH, Sun JX, Kefalov Y, He Z, Wang ZN, Mills JC. A Metformin-Responsive Metabolic Pathway Controls Distinct Steps in Gastric Progenitor Fate Decisions and Maturation. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 26:910-925.e6. [PMID: 32243780 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellular metabolism plays important functions in dictating stem cell behaviors, although its role in stomach epithelial homeostasis has not been evaluated in depth. Here, we show that the energy sensor AMP kinase (AMPK) governs gastric epithelial progenitor differentiation. Administering the AMPK activator metformin decreases epithelial progenitor proliferation and increases acid-secreting parietal cells (PCs) in mice and organoids. AMPK activation targets Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), known to govern progenitor proliferation and PC fate choice, and PGC1α, which we show controls PC maturation after their specification. PC-specific deletion of AMPKα or PGC1α causes defective PC maturation, which could not be rescued by metformin. However, metformin treatment still increases KLF4 levels and suppresses progenitor proliferation. Thus, AMPK activates KLF4 in progenitors to reduce self-renewal and promote PC fate, whereas AMPK-PGC1α activation within the PC lineage promotes maturation, providing a potential suggestion for why metformin increases acid secretion and reduces gastric cancer risk in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Miao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mahliyah Adkins-Threats
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joseph R Burclaff
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Luciana H Osaki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jing-Xu Sun
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Kefalov
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zheng He
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhen-Ning Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jason C Mills
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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15
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Zhao R, Liu Z, Xu W, Song L, Ren H, Ou Y, Liu Y, Wang S. Helicobacter pylori infection leads to KLF4 inactivation in gastric cancer through a TET1-mediated DNA methylation mechanism. Cancer Med 2020; 9:2551-2563. [PMID: 32017451 PMCID: PMC7131848 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) has a tumor suppressor role in the progression of gastric cancer (GC), and inhibition or loss of KLF4 expression was identified in GC. The aim of this study was to explore the new molecular mechanism of KLF4 inactivation in gastric cancer. Herein, we report that Helicobacter pylori infection or Cag pathogenicity island protein A (CagA) gene transduction resulted in KLF4 expression downregulation and promoted gastric epithelial cell and gastric cancel cell proliferation, migration, and colony formation. Mechanistically, we found that CagA gene transduction led to DNA methylation of the KLF4 promoter, an effect that was relevant to the significant downregulation of TET1 expression. Causally, knockdown of TET1 expression decreased KLF4 expression, whereas overexpression of TET1 had the opposite effect. Clinically, we found that KLF4 expression and the 5-hmC levels were lower in GC cells with H pylori infection than in GC cells without H pylori infection. Thus, our study not only sheds new light on how H pylori infection promotes the progression of GC but also elucidates a novel mechanism of KLF4 inactivation in GC pathogenesis. During pathogenesis, an alteration in the H pylori/CagA-TET1-KLF4 signaling pathway plays a critical role, suggesting that this pathway may be a prospective target for gastric carcinoma intervention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Zhao
- Department of Physiopathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhengxia Liu
- Department of Physiopathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wenting Xu
- Department of Physiopathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Le Song
- Department of Physiopathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Haifeng Ren
- Department of Physiopathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yang Ou
- Department of Physiopathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yakun Liu
- Department of Physiopathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Siying Wang
- Department of Physiopathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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16
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Wu Y, Lin L, Wang X, Li Y, Liu Z, Ye W, Huang W, Lin G, Liu H, Zhang J, Li T, Zhao B, Lv L, Li J, Wang N, Liu X. Overexpression of Krüppel-Like Factor 4 Suppresses Migration and Invasion of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Through c-Jun-NH2-Terminal Kinase/Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1512. [PMID: 31969824 PMCID: PMC6960180 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is a transcription factor and plays a vital role in cancer initiation and development. However, the role of Krüppel-like factor 4 in the metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is not clear. Here, we demonstrated that the expression of Krüppel-like factor 4 was significantly decreased in human non-small cell lung cancer tissues compared with that in normal tissues using Western blot. We performed immunohistochemical staining and observed the decreased expression of Krüppel-like factor 4 in human lung cancer tissues, and metastatic tumor tissues located in the trachea and main bronchus. We also found that the E-cadherin expression was decreased, while vimentin expression was increased in human NSCLC tissues and metastatic tumor tissues located in the trachea and main bronchus. Additionally, enforced expression of Krüppel-like factor 4 in mouse lungs significantly inhibited the metastasis of circulating Lewis lung carcinoma cells to the lungs by attenuating mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). Furthermore, cell scratch assays and Matrigel invasion assays revealed that overexpression of Krüppel-like factor 4 inhibited the migration and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer cell lines A549, H1299, H226, and H1650 cells. Moreover, overexpression of Krüppel-like factor 4 attenuated TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in A549, and inhibited the phosphorylation of c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), an important pathway in metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer. Our in vivo and in vitro findings illustrate that Krüppel-like factor 4 inhibited metastasis and migration of non-small cell lung cancer, and indicate that Krüppel-like factor 4 could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lianjun Lin
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhonghui Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Ye
- Department of Interventional Pulmonary Disease, Anhui Chest Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Weiming Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haibo Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jixin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Pathology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Beilei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science of Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Lv
- Department of Interventional Pulmonary Disease, Anhui Chest Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Nanping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science of Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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17
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Gupta MK, Gouda G, Donde R, Vadde R. Tumor Heterogeneity: Challenges and Perspectives for Gastrointestinal Cancer Therapy. IMMUNOTHERAPY FOR GASTROINTESTINAL MALIGNANCIES 2020:1-15. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-6487-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
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18
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Wroblewski LE, Choi E, Petersen C, Delgado AG, Piazuelo MB, Romero-Gallo J, Lantz TL, Zavros Y, Coffey RJ, Goldenring JR, Zemper AE, Peek RM. Targeted mobilization of Lrig1 + gastric epithelial stem cell populations by a carcinogenic Helicobacter pylori type IV secretion system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:19652-19658. [PMID: 31488717 PMCID: PMC6765285 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1903798116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis is the strongest risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma, a malignancy preceded by a series of well-defined histological stages, including metaplasia. One microbial constituent that augments cancer risk is the cag type 4 secretion system (T4SS), which translocates the oncoprotein CagA into host cells. Aberrant stem cell activation is linked to carcinogenesis, and Lrig1 (leucine-rich repeats and Ig-like domains 1) marks a distinct population of progenitor cells. We investigated whether microbial effectors with carcinogenic potential influence Lrig1 progenitor cells ex vivo and via lineage expansion within H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa. Lineage tracing was induced in Lrig1-CreERT2/+;R26R-YFP/+ (Lrig1/YFP) mice that were uninfected or subsequently infected with cag+H. pylori or an isogenic cagE- mutant (nonfunctional T4SS). In contrast to infection with wild-type (WT) H. pylori for 2 wk, infection for 8 wk resulted in significantly increased inflammation and proliferation in the corpus and antrum compared with uninfected or mice infected with the cagE- mutant. WT H. pylori-infected mice harbored significantly higher numbers of Lrig1/YFP epithelial cells that coexpressed UEA1 (surface cell marker). The number of cells coexpressing intrinsic factor (chief cell marker), YFP (lineage marker), and GSII lectin (spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia marker) were increased only by WT H. pylori In human samples, Lrig1 expression was significantly increased in lesions with premalignant potential compared with normal mucosa or nonatrophic gastritis. In conclusion, chronic H. pylori infection stimulates Lrig1-expressing progenitor cells in a cag-dependent manner, and these reprogrammed cells give rise to a full spectrum of differentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia E Wroblewski
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232;
| | - Eunyoung Choi
- Nashville VA Medical Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN 37212
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Christine Petersen
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Alberto G Delgado
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - M Blanca Piazuelo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Judith Romero-Gallo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Tyler L Lantz
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
| | - Yana Zavros
- Department of Pharmacology and System Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221
| | - Robert J Coffey
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Nashville VA Medical Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN 37212
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - James R Goldenring
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Nashville VA Medical Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN 37212
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Anne E Zemper
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
| | - Richard M Peek
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232;
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
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19
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Sokolova O, Naumann M. Crosstalk Between DNA Damage and Inflammation in the Multiple Steps of Gastric Carcinogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 421:107-137. [PMID: 31123887 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15138-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the last years, intensive investigations in molecular biology and cell physiology extended tremendously the knowledge about the association of inflammation and cancer. In frame of this paradigm, the human pathogen Helicobacter pylori triggers gastritis and gastric ulcer disease, and contributes to the development of gastric cancer. Mechanisms, by which the bacteria-induced inflammation in gastric mucosa leads to intestinal metaplasia and carcinoma, are represented in this review. An altered cell-signaling response and increased production of free radicals by epithelial and immune cells account for the accumulation of DNA damage in gastric mucosa, if infection stays untreated. Host genetics and environmental factors, especially diet, can accelerate the process, which offers the opportunity of intervention based on a balanced nutrition. It is supposed that inflammation might influence stem- or progenitor cells in gastric tissue predisposing for metaplasia or tumor relapse. Herein, DNA is strongly mutated and labile, which restricts therapy options. Thus, the understanding of the mechanisms that underlie gastric carcinogenesis will be of preeminent importance for the development of strategies for screening and early detection. As most gastric cancer patients face late-stage disease with a poor overall survival, the development of multi-targeted therapeutic intervention strategies is a major challenge for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sokolova
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Naumann
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
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20
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Zuo X, Deguchi Y, Xu W, Liu Y, Li HS, Wei D, Tian R, Chen W, Xu M, Yang Y, Gao S, Jaoude JC, Liu F, Chrieki SP, Moussalli MJ, Gagea M, Sebastian MM, Zheng X, Tan D, Broaddus R, Wang J, Ajami NJ, Swennes AG, Watowich SS, Shureiqi I. PPARD and Interferon Gamma Promote Transformation of Gastric Progenitor Cells and Tumorigenesis in Mice. Gastroenterology 2019; 157:163-178. [PMID: 30885780 PMCID: PMC6581611 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARD) regulates cell metabolism, proliferation, and inflammation and has been associated with gastric and other cancers. Villin-positive epithelial cells are a small population of quiescent gastric progenitor cells. We expressed PPARD from a villin promoter to investigate the role of these cells and PPARD in development of gastric cancer. METHODS We analyzed gastric tissues from mice that express the Ppard (PPARD1 and PPARD2 mice) from a villin promoter, and mice that did not carry this transgene (controls), by histology and immunohistochemistry. We performed cell lineage-tracing experiments and analyzed the microbiomes, chemokine and cytokine production, and immune cells and transcriptomes of stomachs of these mice. We also performed immunohistochemical analysis of PPARD levels in 2 sets of human gastric tissue microarrays. RESULTS Thirty-eight percent of PPARD mice developed spontaneous, invasive gastric adenocarcinomas, with severe chronic inflammation. Levels of PPARD were increased in human gastric cancer tissues, compared with nontumor tissues, and associated with gastric cancer stage and grade. We found an inverse correlation between level of PPARD in tumor tissue and patient survival time. Gastric microbiomes from PPARD and control mice did not differ significantly. Lineage-tracing experiments identified villin-expressing gastric progenitor cells (VGPCs) as the origin of gastric tumors in PPARD mice. In these mice, PPARD up-regulated CCL20 and CXCL1, which increased infiltration of the gastric mucosa by immune cells. Immune cell production of inflammatory cytokines promoted chronic gastric inflammation and expansion and transformation of VGPCs, leading to tumorigenesis. We identified a positive-feedback loop between PPARD and interferon gamma signaling that sustained gastric inflammation to induce VGPC transformation and gastric carcinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS We found PPARD overexpression in VPGCs to result in inflammation, dysplasia, and tumor formation. PPARD and VGPCs might be therapeutic targets for stomach cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangsheng Zuo
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Yasunori Deguchi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Weiguo Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Haiyan S. Li
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daoyan Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rui Tian
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Weidong Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yaying Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shen Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jonathan C. Jaoude
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fuyao Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sarah P. Chrieki
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Micheline J. Moussalli
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mihai Gagea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Manu M. Sebastian
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dongfeng Tan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Russell Broaddus
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nadim J. Ajami
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research and Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alton G. Swennes
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stephanie S. Watowich
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Imad Shureiqi
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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21
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Ou Y, Ren H, Zhao R, Song L, Liu Z, Xu W, Liu Y, Wang S. Helicobacter pylori CagA promotes the malignant transformation of gastric mucosal epithelial cells through the dysregulation of the miR-155/KLF4 signaling pathway. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:1427-1437. [PMID: 31162747 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) and Krüppel-like transcription factor (KLF4) were both closely associated with the development and progression of gastric cancer (GC). However, the nature of the interactions between CagA and KLF4 in GC development has not been elucidated. Therefore, we focused on the CagA-mediated promotion of the malignant transformation of gastric epithelial cells. Herein, we first examined the expression of KLF4 in both human cancer and paracarcinoma tissues with or without H. pylori infection and found that KLF4 expression was significantly decreased in H. pylori-positive GC cells compared with the H. pylori-negative GC cells. Further functional studies revealed that the increased expression of CagA could suppress KLF4 expression and promote the malignant transformation of normal epithelial cells. Subsequently, we found that CagA could upregulate miR-155 and further restrict the expression of downstream KLF4. More importantly, the overexpression of miR-155 in GES-1 promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition and eventually facilitated tumor growth in vivo. Overall, the identification of the CagA/miR-155/KLF4 signaling pathway provided a new insight into the development and treatment of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ou
- Department of physiopathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Haifeng Ren
- Department of physiopathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Rongrong Zhao
- Department of physiopathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Le Song
- Department of physiopathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Zhengxia Liu
- Department of physiopathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Wenting Xu
- Department of physiopathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Yakun Liu
- Department of physiopathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Siying Wang
- Department of physiopathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
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22
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Uotani T, Murakami K, Uchida T, Tanaka S, Nagashima H, Zeng XL, Akada J, Estes MK, Graham DY, Yamaoka Y. Changes of tight junction and interleukin-8 expression using a human gastroid monolayer model of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2019; 24:e12583. [PMID: 30950121 PMCID: PMC6918952 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lack of a model that mirrors Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric mucosal inflammation has hampered investigation of early host-bacterial interactions. We used an ex vivo model of human stomach, gastric epithelial organoid monolayers (gastroid monolayers) to investigate interactions of H pylori infection and the apical junctional complex and interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression. METHOD Morphology of human antral mucosal gastroid monolayers was evaluated using histology, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Functional and gross changes in the apical junctional complexes were assessed using transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), cytotoxicity assays, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. IL-8 expression was evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR and ELISA. RESULTS When evaluated by IHC and TEM, the morphology of gastroid monolayers closely resembled in vivo human stomach. Following inoculation of H pylori, TEER transiently declined (up to 51%) in an H pylori density-dependent manner. TEER recovered by 48 hours post-infection and remained normal despite continued presence and replication of H pylori. Confocal scanning microscopy showed minimal disruption of zonula occludens-1 or E-cadherin structure. IL-8 production was unchanged by infection with either CagA-positive or CagA-negative H pylori and JNK and MEK inhibitors did not suppress IL-8 production, whereas p38 and IKK inhibitor significantly did. CONCLUSION Human gastroid monolayers provide a model for experimental H pylori infection more consistent with in vivo human infections than seen with typical gastric epithelial cell lines. This ex vivo system should lead to better understanding of H pylori host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Uotani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas,Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
| | - Kosuke Murakami
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Tomohisa Uchida
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
| | - Shingo Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas,Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
| | | | - Xi-Lei Zeng
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Junko Akada
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - David Y. Graham
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas,Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
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23
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Zhang J, Zhu Z, Wu H, Yu Z, Rong Z, Luo Z, Xu Y, Huang K, Qiu Z, Huang C. PODXL, negatively regulated by KLF4, promotes the EMT and metastasis and serves as a novel prognostic indicator of gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2019; 22:48-59. [PMID: 29748877 PMCID: PMC6314994 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-018-0833-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Podocalyxin-like 1 (PODXL) was reported to be closely associated with the development of various cancers, yet its functional roles and molecular mechanisms remain vague. The aim of our study was to investigate the clinical significance, biological function and molecular mechanism of PODXL in gastric cancer (GC). METHODS The level of PODXL in GC tissues was detected applying GC tissues microarray, fresh GC tissues and public database (Oncomine). The invasion, metastasis and tumorigenesis role of PODXL were performed in vitro and in vivo. The correlations between KLF4 and PODXL was determined in GC tissues microarray and fresh GC tissues, and the molecular regulatory mechanism between KLF4 and PODXL was explored in vitro. RESULTS The high level of PODXL was detected in GC tissues with advanced T stage, lymph node metastasis, Union for International Cancer Control stage and poor differentiation. And Cox proportional hazards model revealed that PODXL can serve as an independent prognostic indicator for disease-free survival and overall survival of GC patients. Moreover, downregulation of PODXL could inhibit EMT and reduce invasion and metastasis in vitro as well as tumorigenesis in vivo. Additionally, our findings showed that PODXL may be a significant downstream target of KLF4. CONCLUSIONS KLF4/PODXL signaling pathway assumes an irreplaceable role in tumorigenesis, invasion and metastasis of human GC and PODXL serves as an independent prognostic indicator for GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
- Department of General Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Zhonglin Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Huijing Wu
- Department of Medical Affairs, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Zhilong Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Zeyin Rong
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Zai Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yiwei Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wan Nan Medical College, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Kejian Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Zhengjun Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China.
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24
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review integrates the new thinking about relationships between gastric cancer and intestinal metaplasia/pseudopyloric metaplasia (SPEM). We address whether recent studies have closed or widened the knowledge gap regarding gastric cancer pathogenesis in mice or humans. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies in mouse models have provided a variety of new insights into the cellular origin and progression of events resulting in gastric cancer. Many suggest a direct transformation from intestinal metaplasia/pseudopyloric metaplasia/SPEM to gastric cancer. However, results from different investigator and models are conflicting and often describe events not present in studies in humans. SUMMARY Both Helicobacter pylori-associated and autoimmune gastritis may produce gastric atrophy with extensive intestinal metaplasia and an abnormal gastric microbiome. However, only H. pylori gastritis carries a risk for adenocarcinoma. The differences reported with mouse models can best be explained as the results of different models of regeneration and repair rather than as models of gastric cancer. Overall, the data remains consistent with the original hypothesis that gastric cancer results from increased genetic instability of gastric stem cells rather than a direct transition from metaplasia to cancer. Intestinal metaplasia, pseudopyloric metaplasia, and SPEM have all been falsely accused based on guilt by association.
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25
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Liu W, Pan HF, Wang Q, Zhao ZM. The application of transgenic and gene knockout mice in the study of gastric precancerous lesions. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:1929-1939. [PMID: 30477641 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gastric intestinal metaplasia is a precursor for gastric dysplasia, which is in turn, a risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma. Gastric metaplasia and dysplasia are known as gastric precancerous lesions (GPLs), which are essential stages in the progression from normal gastric mucosa to gastric cancer (GC) or gastric adenocarcinoma. Genetically-engineered mice have become essential tools in various aspects of GC research, including mechanistic studies and drug discovery. Studies in mouse models have contributed significantly to our understanding of the pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms underlying GPLs and GC. With the development and improvement of gene transfer technology, investigators have created a variety of transgenic and gene knockout mouse models for GPLs, such as H/K-ATPase transgenic and knockout mutant mice and gastrin gene knockout mice. Combined with Helicobacter infection, and treatment with chemical carcinogens, these mice develop GPLs or GC and thus provide models for studying the molecular biology of GC, which may lead to the discovery and development of novel drugs. In this review, we discuss recent progress in the use of genetically-engineered mouse models for GPL research, with particular emphasis on the importance of examining the gastric mucosa at the histological level to investigate morphological changes of GPL and GC and associated protein and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
| | - Hua-Feng Pan
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zi-Ming Zhao
- Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of T.C.M., Guangzhou 510095, China
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26
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Wang L, Shen F, Stroehlein JR, Wei D. Context-dependent functions of KLF4 in cancers: Could alternative splicing isoforms be the key? Cancer Lett 2018; 438:10-16. [PMID: 30217565 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is an important transcription factor that is expressed in a variety of tissues and regulates many critical physiologic and cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, stem cell reprogramming, maintenance of genomic stability, and normal tissue homeostasis. KLF4 has both tumor suppressive and oncogenic functions in gastrointestinal and other cancers. These functions are thought to be context dependent, but how KLF4 exerts these differential functions and the molecular mechanisms behind them remain poorly understood. Recent studies have shown that the KLF4 gene undergoes alternative splicing, and the protein products of certain transcripts antagonize wild-type KLF4 function, suggesting an additional layer of regulation of KLF4 function. Therefore, detailed study of KLF4 alternative splicing may not only provide new insights into the complexity of KLF4 functions but also lead to rational targeting of KLF4 for cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Feng Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John R Stroehlein
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daoyan Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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27
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Yang VW, Liu Y, Kim J, Shroyer KR, Bialkowska AB. Increased Genetic Instability and Accelerated Progression of Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer through Intestinal Epithelium-specific Deletion of Klf4. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 17:165-176. [PMID: 30108164 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), a zinc finger transcription factor, regulates homeostasis of the intestinal epithelium. Previously, it was reported that KLF4 functions as a tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer. Here, evidence demonstrates that KLF4 mitigates the development and progression of colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) in a murine model. Mice with intestinal epithelium-specific deletion of Klf4 (Klf4ΔIS ) and control mice (Klf4fl/fl ) were used to explore the role of KLF4 in the development of azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced CAC. Upon AOM and DSS treatment, KLF4 expression was progressively lost in colonic tissues of Klf4fl/fl mice during tumor development. Klf4ΔIS mice treated with AOM/DSS developed significantly more adenomatous polyps and carcinomas in situ in comparison with treated Klf4fl/fl mice. Adenomatous polyps, but not normal-appearing mucosa, from colonic tissues of treated Klf4ΔIS mice contained a significantly increased number of mitotic cells with more than 2 centrosomes relative to treated control mice. KLF4 and p53 colocalize to the centrosomes in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF). Absence of KLF4 in Klf4-/- MEFs inhibits and its overexpression restores p53 localization to the centrosomes in Klf4-/- MEFs. IMPLICATIONS: Taken together, these results indicate that KLF4 plays a protective role against progression of CAC by guarding against genetic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent W Yang
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York. .,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Julie Kim
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Kenneth R Shroyer
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Agnieszka B Bialkowska
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York.
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28
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Gao JP, Xu W, Liu WT, Yan M, Zhu ZG. Tumor heterogeneity of gastric cancer: From the perspective of tumor-initiating cell. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:2567-2581. [PMID: 29962814 PMCID: PMC6021770 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i24.2567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) remains one of the most common and malignant types of cancer due to its rapid progression, distant metastasis, and resistance to conventional chemotherapy, although efforts have been made to understand the underlying mechanism of this resistance and to improve clinical outcome. It is well recognized that tumor heterogeneity, a fundamental feature of malignancy, plays an essential role in the cancer development and chemoresistance. The model of tumor-initiating cell (TIC) has been proposed to explain the genetic, histological, and phenotypical heterogeneity of GC. TIC accounts for a minor subpopulation of tumor cells with key characteristics including high tumorigenicity, maintenance of self-renewal potential, giving rise to both tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic cancer cells, and resistance to chemotherapy. Regarding tumor-initiating cell of GC (GATIC), substantial studies have been performed to (1) identify the putative specific cell markers for purification and functional validation of GATICs; (2) trace the origin of GATICs; and (3) decode the regulatory mechanism of GATICs. Furthermore, recent studies demonstrate the plasticity of GATIC and the interaction between GATIC and its surrounding factors (TIC niche or tumor microenvironment). All these investigations pave the way for the development of GATIC-targeted therapy, which is in the phase of preclinical studies and clinical trials. Here, we interpret the heterogeneity of GC from the perspectives of TIC by reviewing the above-mentioned fundamental and clinical studies of GATICs. Problems encountered during the GATIC investigations and the potential solutions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Peng Gao
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wen-Tao Liu
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Min Yan
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zheng-Gang Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
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29
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Jiang Y, Qi X, Liu X, Zhang J, Ji J, Zhu Z, Ren J, Yu Y. Fbxw7 haploinsufficiency loses its protection against DNA damage and accelerates MNU-induced gastric carcinogenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:33444-33456. [PMID: 28422719 PMCID: PMC5464881 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fbxw7, a subunit of the SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase, recognizes oncoprotein substrates and leads to their proteasomal degradation. Fbxw7 acts as a tumor suppressor via inducing apoptosis and growth arrest in various kinds of tumors. To clarify the initiating role in gastric carcinogenesis as well as the histologic characterization of tumor in Fbxw7 allele haploinsufficient mice, we generated Fbxw7 heterozygous knockout mice (Fbxw7+/−) and treated them with chemical carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) at 5–6 weeks of age. We also treated mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) from Fbxw7+/− and Fbxw7+/+ mice with MNU and examined cell DNA damage via comet assay. The protein expression of Fbxw7 and its substrate c-Myc from mouse tumors, as well as human tumors sampled from six patients, were detected by Western blot. As results, the tumor incidence was obviously higher in Fbxw7+/− mice (13/20) than in Fbxw7+/+ mice (6/20) after 35-week observation. Intestinal metaplasia (P = 0.013) and dysplasia (P = 0.036) were more severe in Fbxw7+/− mice than in Fbxw7+/+ mice. The repair potential of DNA damage was suppressed in MEFs from Fbxw7+/− mice after MNU exposure. Increased c-Myc expression was accompanied by decreased Fbxw7 protein expression in tumor tissues from mouse and patients. In conclusion, Fbxw7 haploinsufficiency increased the risk of gastric carcinogenesis induced by MNU, which is associated with the accumulation of DNA damage as well as c-Myc oncoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Jiang
- Department of Surgery of Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xinming Qi
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Surgery of Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Surgery of Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jun Ji
- Department of Surgery of Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhenggang Zhu
- Department of Surgery of Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jin Ren
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yingyan Yu
- Department of Surgery of Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
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30
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Subcellular localization of Klf4 in non-small cell lung cancer and its clinical significance. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 99:480-485. [PMID: 29665649 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kruppel-like factor 4 (Klf4) was reported to have both tumor suppressive and oncogenic roles on tumorigenesis, which is depend on its subcellular localization. In this study, the expression and subcellular localization of Klf4 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients as well as its clinical significance were analyzed, and the expression and subcellular localization of Klf4 in A549 cells and A549/DDP cells were detected. The results showed that the expression of Klf4 in nucleus was related to the histological grade and clinical stage of NSCLC patients. Moreover, the subcellular localization of Klf4 is the independent risk factor for NSCLC, and the high expression of Klf4 in nucleus could lead to a poor prognosis, while the high expression of Klf4 in cytoplasm could lead to a prominent prognosis for NSCLC patients. In addition, the nuclear Klf4 expression in A549/DDP cells was higher than that in A549 cells, while the cytoplasmic Klf4 expression in A549/DDP cells was lower than that in A549 cells, indicating that the subcellular localization of Klf4 might be related to the resistance of A549 cells to cisplatin. The study indicates that Klf4 could be a potential therapeutic target in NSCLC.
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31
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Kong F, Sun T, Kong X, Xie D, Li Z, Xie K. Krüppel-like Factor 4 Suppresses Serine/Threonine Kinase 33 Activation and Metastasis of Gastric Cancer through Reversing Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:2440-2451. [PMID: 29367428 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-3346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: Cancers with aberrant expression of Serine/threonine kinase 33 (STK33) has been reported to be particularly aggressive. However, its expression, clinical significance, and biological functions in gastric cancer remain largely unknown. In the present study, we determined the expression and function of STK33 in gastric cancer and delineated the clinical significance of the Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4)/STK33 signaling pathway.Methods: STK33 expression and its association with multiple clinicopathologic characteristics were analyzed immunohistochemically in human gastric cancer specimens. STK33 knockdown and overexpression were used to dissect the underlying mechanism of its functions in gastric cancer cells. Regulation and underlying mechanisms of STK33 expression by KLF4 in gastric cancer cells were studied using cell and molecular biological methods.Results: Drastically higher expression of STK33 was observed in gastric cancer and gastric intraepithelial neoplasia tissues compared with adjacent normal gastric tissues. Increased STK33 expression correlated directly with tumor size, lymph node, and distant metastasis; and patients with low STK33 expression gastric cancer were predicted to have a favorable prognosis. Enforced expression of STK33 promoted gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and in vivo, whereas reduced STK33 did the opposite. Moreover, STK33 promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro Mechanistically, KLF4 transcriptionally inhibited STK33 expression in gastric cancer cells. KLF4-mediated inhibition of gastric cancer cell invasion was reversed by upregulation of STK33 expression.Conclusions: STK33 has pro-tumor function and is a critical downstream mediator of KLF4 in gastric cancer. STK33 may serve as a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target for gastric cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 24(10); 2440-51. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyang Kong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gastroenterology, PLA Air Force General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Kong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Dacheng Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhaoshen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Keping Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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32
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Almora-Pinedo Y, Arroyo-Acevedo J, Herrera-Calderon O, Chumpitaz-Cerrate V, Hañari-Quispe R, Tinco-Jayo A, Franco-Quino C, Figueroa-Salvador L. Preventive effect of Oenothera rosea on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-(NMU) induced gastric cancer in rats. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2017; 10:327-332. [PMID: 29270029 PMCID: PMC5729836 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s142515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, gastric cancer (GC) is considered a public health problem worldwide. Using medicinal plants for the prevention of chronic diseases such as cancer constitutes new alternatives in traditional medicine. Oenothera rosea (OR) could be an option, but it needs to be evaluated. Aim The main objective of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of OR extract on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU)-induced GC in rats. Methods In total, 80 male Holtzman rats were randomized into five groups. Group A received the saline solution (5mL/kg), group B received NMU 500 μg/kg (cancer inductor) by oral administration for 16 weeks, and groups C, D, and E were treated with OR extract (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg, respectively) and NMU in order to evaluate the preventive effect on cancer induced by NMU for 16 weeks. Blood and histological samples of stomachs were collected to determine histopathological, biochemical, and hematological parameters between different experimental groups. Results Groups C, D, and E presented less histopathological changes such as anaplastic and hyperplastic cells, compared with group B. Hematological and biochemical parameters were recorded, and superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide levels were statistically less than those of NMU group (P<0.05, P<0.01, and P<0.01). Conclusion Considering the histopathological signs and the antioxidant activity in vivo as well as hematological and biochemical parameters of ethanolic extract of OR, we concluded that its administration in rats has a protective effect on GC, which is induced experimentally. This species could be studied in clinical trials for patients with GC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge Arroyo-Acevedo
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima
| | | | - Víctor Chumpitaz-Cerrate
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima
| | - Renán Hañari-Quispe
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Universidad Andina Néstor Cáceres Velasquez, Puno
| | - Aldo Tinco-Jayo
- Academic Department of Human Medicine, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad Nacional San Cristóbal de Huamanga, Ayacucho
| | - Cesar Franco-Quino
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima
| | - Linder Figueroa-Salvador
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
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33
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Xu X, Li J, Zhu Y, Xie B, Wang X, Wang S, Xie H, Yan H, Ying Y, Lin Y, Liu B, Wang W, Zheng X. CRISPR-ON-Mediated KLF4 overexpression inhibits the proliferation, migration and invasion of urothelial bladder cancer in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2017; 8:102078-102087. [PMID: 29254226 PMCID: PMC5731936 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Kruppel like factor 4 (KLF4), a transcription factor associated with carcinogenesis and tumor progression, plays an important role in various malignancies. In the present study, we utilized the CRISPR-ON system to upregulate KLF4 expression level and subsequently investigated the effect and mechanism of KLF4 in the carcinogenesis and progression of urothelial bladder cancer (UBC). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) were used to evaluate the expression of KLF4. The CpG methylation status of the promoter region was analyzed using bisulfite-sequencing PCR (BSP). CRISPR-ON system comprised sgRNA and dCas9 protein combined with a transcriptional activation domain. The cell proliferation and cell cycle were assessed by CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry and colony formation assay. The cell motility ability was evaluated using trans-well assay. In vivo tumorigenesis assay and lung metastasis model were also performed. The KLF4 expression was significantly downregulated in UBC tissues. The high CpG methylation status in the promoter of KLF4 was confirmed using BSP. KLF4 overexpression was successfully achieved via CRISPR-ON system, which inhibited the proliferation and induced G1-phase arrest in T24 cells through the regulation of AKT/p21 signal. Furthermore, enforced expression of KLF4 also abrogated the migration and invasion of T24 cells by suppressing EMT progression. Finally, in vivo models indicated that the upregulation of KLF4 could inhibit tumorigenesis and lung metastasis in nude mice. In conclusion, KLF4 overexpression mediated by CRISPR-ON inhibits tumorigenesis and EMT progression in UBC cells, representing a potential therapeutic target, and CRISPR-ON system could be a therapeutic strategy for UBC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Jiangfeng Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Bo Xie
- Department of Urology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Haiyun Xie
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Huaqing Yan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Yufan Ying
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Yiwei Lin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Ben Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyi Zheng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
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The Prognostic Value of Decreased KLF4 in Digestive System Cancers: A Meta-Analysis from 17 Studies. DISEASE MARKERS 2017; 2017:3064246. [PMID: 29062163 PMCID: PMC5618782 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3064246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The prognostic value of loss of Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) expression in digestive system cancers has not reached a consensus. This study aimed for a comprehensive investigation of the internal associations between KLF4 expression loss and prognostic implications in patients with digestive system cancers. Methods We searched for all relevant literatures in the electronic databases until February 1, 2017. The degree of association between KLF4 and prognosis was evaluated by pooled hazard ratios (HRs) as well as relevant 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Results Seventeen eligible studies with 2118 patients revealed that loss of KLF4 expression was connected with poor prognosis, with the pooled HRs of 1.61 (95% CI: 1.17–2.20, P = 0.003) for the overall survival (OS) and 1.99 (95% CI: 1.12–3.52, P = 0.001) for the disease-free survival (DFS)/recurrence-free survival (RFS)/metastasis-free survival (MFS). Additionally, loss of KLF4 expression was also related to a worse disease-special survival (DSS) yielding a pooled HR of 1.73 (95% CI: 1.08–2.77, P = 0.022). Conclusion Our findings suggest that loss of KLF4 expression is correlated with a bad outcome in most digestive system cancers, apart from esophagus squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).
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Kim CK, He P, Bialkowska AB, Yang VW. SP and KLF Transcription Factors in Digestive Physiology and Diseases. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:1845-1875. [PMID: 28366734 PMCID: PMC5815166 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Specificity proteins (SPs) and Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) belong to the family of transcription factors that contain conserved zinc finger domains involved in binding to target DNA sequences. Many of these proteins are expressed in different tissues and have distinct tissue-specific activities and functions. Studies have shown that SPs and KLFs regulate not only physiological processes such as growth, development, differentiation, proliferation, and embryogenesis, but pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer and inflammatory disorders. Consistently, these proteins have been shown to regulate normal functions and pathobiology in the digestive system. We review recent findings on the tissue- and organ-specific functions of SPs and KLFs in the digestive system including the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, pancreas, and liver. We provide a list of agents under development to target these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Kyung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Ping He
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Agnieszka B. Bialkowska
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY,Corresponding Authors: Vincent W. Yang & Agnieszka B. Bialkowska, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, HSC T-16, Rm. 020; Stony Brook, NY, USA. Tel: (631) 444-2066; Fax: (631) 444-3144; ;
| | - Vincent W. Yang
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY,Corresponding Authors: Vincent W. Yang & Agnieszka B. Bialkowska, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, HSC T-16, Rm. 020; Stony Brook, NY, USA. Tel: (631) 444-2066; Fax: (631) 444-3144; ;
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Song Y, Wang Y, Tong C, Xi H, Zhao X, Wang Y, Chen L. A unified model of the hierarchical and stochastic theories of gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:973-989. [PMID: 28301871 PMCID: PMC5396111 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a life-threatening disease worldwide. Despite remarkable advances in treatments for GC, it is still fatal to many patients due to cancer progression, recurrence and metastasis. Regarding the development of novel therapeutic techniques, many studies have focused on the biological mechanisms that initiate tumours and cause treatment resistance. Tumours have traditionally been considered to result from somatic mutations, either via clonal evolution or through a stochastic model. However, emerging evidence has characterised tumours using a hierarchical organisational structure, with cancer stem cells (CSCs) at the apex. Both stochastic and hierarchical models are reasonable systems that have been hypothesised to describe tumour heterogeneity. Although each model alone inadequately explains tumour diversity, the two models can be integrated to provide a more comprehensive explanation. In this review, we discuss existing evidence supporting a unified model of gastric CSCs, including the regulatory mechanisms of this unified model in addition to the current status of stemness-related targeted therapy in GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Song
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Chuan Tong
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hongqing Xi
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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Taniguchi H, Moriya C, Igarashi H, Saitoh A, Yamamoto H, Adachi Y, Imai K. Cancer stem cells in human gastrointestinal cancer. Cancer Sci 2017; 107:1556-1562. [PMID: 27575869 PMCID: PMC5132287 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought to be responsible for tumor initiation, drug and radiation resistance, invasive growth, metastasis, and tumor relapse, which are the main causes of cancer-related deaths. Gastrointestinal cancers are the most common malignancies and still the most frequent cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Because gastrointestinal CSCs are also thought to be resistant to conventional therapies, an effective and novel cancer treatment is imperative. The first reported CSCs in a gastrointestinal tumor were found in colorectal cancer in 2007. Subsequently, CSCs were reported in other gastrointestinal cancers, such as esophagus, stomach, liver, and pancreas. Specific phenotypes could be used to distinguish CSCs from non-CSCs. For example, gastrointestinal CSCs express unique surface markers, exist in a side-population fraction, show high aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 activity, form tumorspheres when cultured in non-adherent conditions, and demonstrate high tumorigenic potential in immunocompromised mice. The signal transduction pathways in gastrointestinal CSCs are similar to those involved in normal embryonic development. Moreover, CSCs are modified by the aberrant expression of several microRNAs. Thus, it is very difficult to target gastrointestinal CSCs. This review focuses on the current research on gastrointestinal CSCs and future strategies to abolish the gastrointestinal CSC phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Taniguchi
- The Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiharu Moriya
- The Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Igarashi
- The Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anri Saitoh
- The Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Adachi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kohzoh Imai
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Jiang Y, Yu Y. Transgenic and gene knockout mice in gastric cancer research. Oncotarget 2017; 8:3696-3710. [PMID: 27713138 PMCID: PMC5356912 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse models are useful tool for carcinogenic study. They will greatly enrich the understanding of pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms for gastric cancer. However, only few of mice could develop gastric cancer spontaneously. With the development and improvement of gene transfer technology, investigators created a variety of transgenic and knockout/knockin mouse models of gastric cancer, such as INS-GAS mice and gastrin knockout mice. Combined with helicobacter infection and carcinogens treatment, these transgenic/knockout/knockin mice developed precancerous or cancerous lesions, which are proper for gene function study or experimental therapy. Here we review the progression of genetically engineered mouse models on gastric cancer research, and emphasize the effects of chemical carcinogens or infectious factors on carcinogenesis of genetically modified mouse. We also emphasize the histological examination on mouse stomach. We expect to provide researchers with some inspirations on this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Jiang
- Department of Surgery of Ruijin Hospital and Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingyan Yu
- Department of Surgery of Ruijin Hospital and Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
In this chapter we summarize the pros and cons of the notion that Runx3 is a major tumor suppressor gene (TSG). Inactivation of TSGs in normal cells provides a viability/growth advantage that contributes cell-autonomously to cancer. More than a decade ago it was suggested that RUNX3 is involved in gastric cancer development, a postulate extended later to other epithelial cancers portraying RUNX3 as a major TSG. However, evidence that Runx3 is not expressed in normal gastric and other epithelia has challenged the RUNX3-TSG paradigm. In contrast, RUNX3 is overexpressed in a significant fraction of tumor cells in various human epithelial cancers and its overexpression in pancreatic cancer cells promotes their migration, anchorage-independent growth and metastatic potential. Moreover, recent high-throughput quantitative genome-wide studies on thousands of human samples of various tumors and new investigations of the role of Runx3 in mouse cancer models have unequivocally demonstrated that RUNX3 is not a bona fide cell-autonomous TSG. Importantly, accumulating data demonstrated that RUNX3 functions in control of immunity and inflammation, thereby indirectly influencing epithelial tumor development.
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Lee JY, Kim N, Choi YJ, Nam RH, Choi YJ, Lee S, Choi D, Lee HS, Kim JW, Lee DH. Effect of N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea on Helicobacter-induced Gastric Carcinogenesis in C57BL/6 Mice. J Cancer Prev 2016; 21:182-186. [PMID: 27722144 PMCID: PMC5051592 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2016.21.3.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) treatment followed by chronic Helicobacter pylori SS1 and H. felis colonization on the stomachs of C57BL/6 mice. The role of MNU and Helicobacter species in gastric carcinogenesis was also elucidated. METHODS A total of 69 C57BL/6 mice at 4 weeks of age were divided into 6 groups according to MNU treatment and H. pylori SS1 or H. felis infection. The mice were sacrificed at 21 and 50 weeks. The degree of inflammation was determined by histopathology. The levels of gastric mucosal myeloperoxidase, TNF-α, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were measured by ELISA. RESULTS In the H. felis groups with or without MNU, the incidence of gastric tumors was 21.1% and 35.0% at 21 and 50 weeks, respectively. No gastric tumors were observed in all control mice. At 50 weeks, 37.5% of gastric adenoma cases were observed in the H. felis alone and MNU + H. felis groups. Furthermore, 12.5% of gastric adenocarcinoma cases were observed in the MNU alone and MNU + H. felis groups. The gastric mucosal IL-1β level was significantly higher in the MNU + H. felis group at 21 weeks and H. felis group at 50 weeks, respectively, than that for control mice (P < 0.05). However, the effect of MNU on H. pylori SS1-induced gastric carcinogenesis was low compared to that on H. felis. CONCLUSIONS Administration of MNU before H. felis infection provokes severe inflammation through IL-1β, and eventually induces gastric cancer. However, the role of MNU in H. pylori SS1-induced gastric carcinogenesis model is minor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yup Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yoon Jeong Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ryoung Hee Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yoon Jin Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Seonmin Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Daeun Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hye Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jin-Wook Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Dong Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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Tian X, Dai S, Sun J, Jin G, Jiang S, Meng F, Li Y, Wu D, Jiang Y. F-box protein FBXO22 mediates polyubiquitination and degradation of KLF4 to promote hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Oncotarget 2016; 6:22767-75. [PMID: 26087183 PMCID: PMC4673198 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), a member of the KLF family of transcription factors, has been considered as a crucial tumor suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Using affinity purifications and mass spectrometry, we identified FBXO22, Cullin1 and SKP1 as interacting proteins of KLF4. We demonstrate that F-box only protein 22 (FBXO22) interacts with and thereby destabilizes KLF4 via polyubiquitination. As a result, FBXO22 could promote HCC cells proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. However, KLF4 deficiency largely blocked the proliferative roles of FBXO22. Importantly, FBXO22 expression was markedly increased in human HCC tissues, which was correlated with down-regulation of KLF4. Therefore, our results suggest that FBXO22 might be a major regulator of HCC development through direct degradation of KLF4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tian
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory of Cancer Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Shundong Dai
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.,Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Immunology and Biotherapy, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, 110042, China
| | - Guojiang Jin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Shenyi Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Fandong Meng
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory of Cancer Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Yan Li
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory of Cancer Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Di Wu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory of Cancer Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Youhong Jiang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory of Cancer Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
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Guo K, Cui J, Quan M, Xie D, Jia Z, Wei D, Wang L, Gao Y, Ma Q, Xie K. The Novel KLF4/MSI2 Signaling Pathway Regulates Growth and Metastasis of Pancreatic Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:687-696. [PMID: 27449499 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Musashi 2 (MSI2) is reported to be a potential oncoprotein in cases of leukemia and several solid tumors. However, its expression, function, and regulation in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cases have yet to be demonstrated. Therefore, in the current study, we investigated the clinical significance and biologic effects of MSI2 expression in PDAC cases and sought to delineate the clinical significance of the newly identified Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4)/MSI2 regulatory pathway. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN MSI2 expression and its association with multiple clinicopathologic characteristics in human PDAC specimens were analyzed immunohistochemically. The biological functions of MSI2 regarding PDAC cell growth, migration, invasion, and metastasis were studied using gain- and loss-of-function assays both in vitro and in vivo Regulation of MSI2 expression by KLF4 was examined in several cancer cell lines, and the underlying mechanisms were studied using molecular biologic methods. RESULTS MSI2 expression was markedly increased in both PDAC cell lines and human PDAC specimens, and high MSI2 expression was associated with poor prognosis for PDAC. Forced MSI2 expression promoted PDAC proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and growth and metastasis in vivo, whereas knockdown of MSI2 expression did the opposite. Transcriptional inhibition of MSI2 expression by KLF4 occurred in multiple PDAC cell lines as well as mouse models of PDAC. CONCLUSIONS Lost expression of KLF4, a transcriptional repressor of MSI2 results in overexpression of MSI2 in PDACs, which may be a biomarker for accurate prognosis. A dysregulated KLF4/MSI2 signaling pathway promotes PDAC progression and metastasis. Clin Cancer Res; 23(3); 687-96. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jiujie Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ming Quan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Dacheng Xie
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhiliang Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Daoyan Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yong Gao
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China.
| | - Qingyong Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China.
| | - Keping Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Poh AR, O'Donoghue RJJ, Ernst M, Putoczki TL. Mouse models for gastric cancer: Matching models to biological questions. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31:1257-72. [PMID: 26809278 PMCID: PMC5324706 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. This is in part due to the asymptomatic nature of the disease, which often results in late-stage diagnosis, at which point there are limited treatment options. Even when treated successfully, gastric cancer patients have a high risk of tumor recurrence and acquired drug resistance. It is vital to gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying gastric cancer pathogenesis to facilitate the design of new-targeted therapies that may improve patient survival. A number of chemically and genetically engineered mouse models of gastric cancer have provided significant insight into the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to disease onset and progression. This review outlines the strengths and limitations of current mouse models of gastric cancer and their relevance to the pre-clinical development of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh R Poh
- Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Robert J J O'Donoghue
- School of Cancer MedicineLa Trobe University, Olivia Newton‐John Cancer Research InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- School of Cancer MedicineLa Trobe University, Olivia Newton‐John Cancer Research InstituteMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Tracy L Putoczki
- Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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Zhou L, Zhang W. Role of Helicobacter pylori infection in generation of gastric cancer stem cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:2767-2777. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i18.2767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a key cause of gastric cancer, and gastric cancer stem cells play an important role in the development of gastric cancer. Therefore in this paper, we try to explore the relationship between H. pylori infection and stem cells in gastric cancer. H. pylori infection promotes the generation of gastric cancer stem cells through the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In addition, H. pylori participates in the processes of the formation and progression of gastric cancer stem cells by affecting related signal pathways, such as Wnt/β-catenin, Hh/SHH, Notch, FGF/BMP. On this basis, we disscuss the challenges and future directions in the research of H. pylori infection and gastric cancer stem cells.
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KLF4 deletion alters gastric cell lineage and induces MUC2 expression. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2255. [PMID: 27277677 PMCID: PMC5143387 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in the world, particularly in underdeveloped countries. The mechanism of gastric cancer is less understood compared with other types of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is a zinc-finger transcription factor and is a potential tumor suppressor in GI cancers. In this study, we have generated two mouse models, Rosa-Cre;Klf4fl/fl and Lgr5-Cre;Klf4fl/fl. KLF4 was deleted by Rosa-Cre in the gastric epithelia cells or by Lgr5-Cre in the antral stem cells in the adult mice. KLF4 deletion resulted in increased proliferating cells and decreased pit mucous cells. Surprisingly, the intestinal goblet cell marker, MUC2, which is not expressed in normal gastric tissues, was strongly induced at the base of the KLF4-deleted antral glands. To understand the clinical relevance of these findings, we analyzed the expression of KLF4 and MUC2 in human gastric cancer. In a subset of human gastric cancer, the expression of KLF4 is negatively associated with MUC2 expression. In conclusion, KLF4 is essential for normal homeostasis of antral stem cells; loss of KLF4 and expression of MUC2 could be important markers for gastric cancer diagnosis.
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Kong LM, Yao L, Lu N, Dong YL, Zhang J, Wang YQ, Liu L, Zhang HL, Huang JG, Liao CG. Interaction of KLF6 and Sp1 regulates basigin-2 expression mediated proliferation, invasion and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:27975-87. [PMID: 27057625 PMCID: PMC5053703 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the tumor suppressor gene Krüppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) plays important roles in both development and progression of cancer. However, the role of KLF6 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. Cancer-related molecule basigin-2 plays an important role in HCC progression and metastasis. Sp1, one of Sp/KLFs family members, regulates basigin-2 expression in HCC. The involvement of KLFs in basigin-2 regulation and HCC progression and metastasis has not been investigated. We first measured KLF6 expression levels in 50 pairs of HCC and adjacent normal tissues (ANTs) by immunohistochemistry. Specifically, low KLF6 expression but high Sp1 and basigin-2 expression were found in HCC tissues. By contrast, the ANTs showed high KLF6 expression but low Sp1 and basigin-2 expression. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that higher expression of KLF6 was associated with better overall survival. The survival rate of KLF6-negative patients was lower than that of KLF6-positive patients (P = 0.015). We also found that KLF6 binds to the basigin-2 and Sp1 promoters and decreases their expression. Thus, we identified a microcircuitry mechanism in which KLF6 can repress basigin-2 expression directly by binding to its promoter or indirectly by inhibiting the expression of the transcription factor Sp1 to block gene expression. Additionally, overexpression of KLF6 suppressed the invasion, metastasis and proliferation of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo by targeting basigin-2. Our study provides new evidence that interaction of KLF6 and Sp1 regulates basigin-2 expression in HCC and that KLF6 represses the invasive and metastatic capacities of HCC through basigin-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Min Kong
- Department of Cell Biology, National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Pathology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, P. R. China
| | - Ning Lu
- Department of Oncology, Urumqi General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Command of PLA, Urumqi, 830000, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Lu Dong
- Department of Oncology, Urumqi General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Command of PLA, Urumqi, 830000, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Urumqi General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Command of PLA, Urumqi, 830000, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Qiang Wang
- Department of Oncology, Urumqi General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Command of PLA, Urumqi, 830000, P. R. China
| | - Lili Liu
- Department of Oncology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, P. R. China
- Cancer Institute, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, P. R. China
| | - He-Long Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, P. R. China
- Cancer Institute, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Guo Huang
- Department of Oncology, Urumqi General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Command of PLA, Urumqi, 830000, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Gong Liao
- Department of Oncology, Urumqi General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Command of PLA, Urumqi, 830000, P. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, P. R. China
- Cancer Institute, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, P. R. China
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48
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Wei D, Wang L, Yan Y, Jia Z, Gagea M, Li Z, Zuo X, Kong X, Huang S, Xie K. KLF4 Is Essential for Induction of Cellular Identity Change and Acinar-to-Ductal Reprogramming during Early Pancreatic Carcinogenesis. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:324-338. [PMID: 26977883 PMCID: PMC4794756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms of tumor initiation has significant impact on early cancer detection and intervention. To define the role of KLF4 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) initiation, we used molecular biological analyses and mouse models of klf4 gain- and loss-of-function and mutant Kras. KLF4 is upregulated in and required for acinar-to-ductal metaplasia. Klf4 ablation drastically attenuates the formation of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia induced by mutant Kras(G12D), whereas upregulation of KLF4 does the opposite. Mutant KRAS and cellular injuries induce KLF4 expression, and ectopic expression of KLF4 in acinar cells reduces acinar lineage- and induces ductal lineage-related marker expression. These results demonstrate that KLF4 induces ductal identity in PanIN initiation and may be a potential target for prevention of PDA initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoyan Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yongmin Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhiliang Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mihai Gagea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiangsheng Zuo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiangyu Kong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Suyun Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Keping Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Unit 1644, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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49
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Park CS, Shen Y, Lewis A, Lacorazza HD. Role of the reprogramming factor KLF4 in blood formation. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 99:673-85. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1ru1215-539r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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50
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Yan Y, Li Z, Kong X, Jia Z, Zuo X, Gagea M, Huang S, Wei D, Xie K. KLF4-Mediated Suppression of CD44 Signaling Negatively Impacts Pancreatic Cancer Stemness and Metastasis. Cancer Res 2016; 76:2419-31. [PMID: 26880805 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
KLF4 and CD44 regulate cancer cell stemness, but their precise functions and roles in metastatic progression are not well understood. In this study, we used both inducible and genetic engineering approaches to assess whether the activities of these two factors intersect in pancreatic cancer. We found that genetic ablation of Klf4 in pancreatic cancer cells isolated from Klf4(flox/flox) mice drastically increased CD44 expression and promoted the acquisition of stem-like properties, whereas tetracycline-inducible expression of KLF4 suppressed these properties in vitro and in vivo Further mechanistic investigation revealed that KLF4 bound to the CD44 promoter to negatively regulate transcription and also the expression of the CD44 variant. Moreover, in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tissues, the expression patterns of KLF4 and CD44 were mutually exclusive, and this inverse relationship was particularly striking in human metastatic pancreatic tumors and in autochthonous mouse models of PDAC. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that KLF4 acts as a tumor suppressor in PDAC cells that restricts metastatic behaviors through direct negative regulation of CD44, providing support for the clinical investigation of therapeutic approaches focusing on targeted KLF4 activation in advanced tumors. Cancer Res; 76(8); 2419-31. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmin Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. School of Medical Sciences and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiangyu Kong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiliang Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiangsheng Zuo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mihai Gagea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Suyun Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Daoyan Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Keping Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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