1
|
Wu X, Roberto JB, Knupp A, Greninger AL, Truong CD, Hollingshead N, Kenerson HL, Tuefferd M, Chen A, Koelle DM, Horton H, Jerome KR, Polyak SJ, Yeung RS, Crispe IN. Response of Human Liver Tissue to Innate Immune Stimuli. Front Immunol 2022; 13:811551. [PMID: 35355993 PMCID: PMC8959492 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.811551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision-cut human liver slice cultures (PCLS) have become an important alternative immunological platform in preclinical testing. To further evaluate the capacity of PCLS, we investigated the innate immune response to TLR3 agonist (poly-I:C) and TLR4 agonist (LPS) using normal and diseased liver tissue. Pathological liver tissue was obtained from patients with active chronic HCV infection, and patients with former chronic HCV infection cured by recent Direct-Acting Antiviral (DAA) drug therapy. We found that hepatic innate immunity in response to TLR3 and TLR4 agonists was not suppressed but enhanced in the HCV-infected tissue, compared with the healthy controls. Furthermore, despite recent HCV elimination, DAA-cured liver tissue manifested ongoing abnormalities in liver immunity: sustained abnormal immune gene expression in DAA-cured samples was identified in direct ex vivo measurements and in TLR3 and TLR4 stimulation assays. Genes that were up-regulated in chronic HCV-infected liver tissue were mostly characteristic of the non-parenchymal cell compartment. These results demonstrated the utility of PCLS in studying both liver pathology and innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jessica B Roberto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Allison Knupp
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Camtu D Truong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Nicole Hollingshead
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Heidi L Kenerson
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Marianne Tuefferd
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Antony Chen
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Helen Horton
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stephen J Polyak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Raymond S Yeung
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ian N Crispe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Read SA, Wijaya R, Ramezani-Moghadam M, Tay E, Schibeci S, Liddle C, Lam VWT, Yuen L, Douglas MW, Booth D, George J, Ahlenstiel G. Macrophage Coordination of the Interferon Lambda Immune Response. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2674. [PMID: 31798594 PMCID: PMC6878940 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lambda interferons (IFN-λs) are a major component of the innate immune defense to viruses, bacteria, and fungi. In human liver, IFN-λ not only drives antiviral responses, but also promotes inflammation and fibrosis in viral and non-viral diseases. Here we demonstrate that macrophages are primary responders to IFN-λ, uniquely positioned to bridge the gap between IFN-λ producing cells and lymphocyte populations that are not intrinsically responsive to IFN-λ. While CD14+ monocytes do not express the IFN-λ receptor, IFNLR1, sensitivity is quickly gained upon differentiation to macrophages in vitro. IFN-λ stimulates macrophage cytotoxicity and phagocytosis as well as the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferon stimulated genes that mediate immune cell chemotaxis and effector functions. In particular, IFN-λ induced CCR5 and CXCR3 chemokines, stimulating T and NK cell migration, as well as subsequent NK cell cytotoxicity. Using immunofluorescence and cell sorting techniques, we confirmed that human liver macrophages expressing CD14 and CD68 are highly responsive to IFN-λ ex vivo. Together, these data highlight a novel role for macrophages in shaping IFN-λ dependent immune responses both directly through pro-inflammatory activity and indirectly by recruiting and activating IFN-λ unresponsive lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Read
- Blacktown Medical School, Western Sydney University, Blacktown, NSW, Australia.,Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Ratna Wijaya
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Mehdi Ramezani-Moghadam
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Enoch Tay
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Steve Schibeci
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Vincent W T Lam
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Surgery, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lawrence Yuen
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Surgery, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark W Douglas
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - David Booth
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Golo Ahlenstiel
- Blacktown Medical School, Western Sydney University, Blacktown, NSW, Australia.,Storr Liver Centre, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Blacktown Hospital, Western Sydney Local Health District (WSLHD), Blacktown, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Urbanowicz A, Zagożdżon R, Ciszek M. Modulation of the Immune System in Chronic Hepatitis C and During Antiviral Interferon-Free Therapy. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2018; 67:79-88. [PMID: 30443787 PMCID: PMC6420452 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-018-0532-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has changed tremendously over the past 2 years, with an increasing variety of all-oral direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment regimens available for different HCV genotypes and distinct clinical settings. These treatments have significantly improved safety in patients with advanced liver disease compared with interferon (IFN)-based regimens. HCV modifies the human immune system to escape immunosurveillance via several mechanisms. One of the basic mechanisms of HCV is the ability to “switch” the immune response by reducing the activity of cells responsible for the elimination of virus-infected cells. IFN-free DAA treatment regimens provide a unique opportunity to assess the effect of HCV elimination on the immune system. Abrupt changes in the immune system can in some cases be responsible for two alarming processes: viral reactivation in patients with chronic hepatitis B and recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with previous successful cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Urbanowicz
- Department of Immunology, Transplant Medicine and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Radosław Zagożdżon
- Department of Immunology, Transplant Medicine and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Ciszek
- Department of Immunology, Transplant Medicine and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Obajemu AA, Rao N, Dilley KA, Vargas JM, Sheikh F, Donnelly RP, Shabman RS, Meissner EG, Prokunina-Olsson L, Onabajo OO. IFN-λ4 Attenuates Antiviral Responses by Enhancing Negative Regulation of IFN Signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3808-3820. [PMID: 29070670 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Type III IFNs are important mediators of antiviral immunity. IFN-λ4 is a unique type III IFN because it is produced only in individuals who carry a dG allele of a genetic variant rs368234815-dG/TT. Counterintuitively, those individuals who can produce IFN-λ4, an antiviral cytokine, are also less likely to clear hepatitis C virus infection. In this study, we searched for unique functional properties of IFN-λ4 that might explain its negative effect on hepatitis C virus clearance. We used fresh primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) treated with recombinant type III IFNs or infected with Sendai virus to model acute viral infection and subsequently validated our findings in HepG2 cell line models. Endogenous IFN-λ4 protein was detectable only in Sendai virus-infected PHHs from individuals with the dG allele, where it was poorly secreted but highly functional, even at concentrations < 50 pg/ml. IFN-λ4 acted faster than other type III IFNs in inducing antiviral genes, as well as negative regulators of the IFN response, such as USP18 and SOCS1 Transient treatment of PHHs with IFN-λ4, but not IFN-λ3, caused a strong and sustained induction of SOCS1 and refractoriness to further stimulation with IFN-λ3. Our results suggest unique functional properties of IFN-λ4 that can be important in viral clearance and other clinical conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adeola A Obajemu
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Nina Rao
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kari A Dilley
- Virology Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Joselin M Vargas
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Faruk Sheikh
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993; and
| | - Raymond P Donnelly
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993; and
| | - Reed S Shabman
- Virology Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Eric G Meissner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Ludmila Prokunina-Olsson
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Olusegun O Onabajo
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Interferon-alpha treatment rapidly clears Hepatitis E virus infection in humanized mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8267. [PMID: 28811492 PMCID: PMC5557905 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07434-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiviral treatment options for chronic Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) infections are limited and immunological determinants of viral persistence remain largely unexplored. We studied the antiviral potency of pegylated interferon-α (pegIFNα) against HEV infections in humanized mice and modelled intrahepatic interferon stimulated gene (ISG) responses. Human gene expression levels in humanized mouse livers were analyzed by qPCR and Nanostring. Human CXCL10 was measured in mouse serum. HEV genotype 3 (gt3) infections were cleared from liver and feces within 8 pegIFNα doses in all mice and relapsed after a single pegIFNα injection in only half of treated animals. Rapid viral clearance by pegIFNα was confirmed in HEV gt1, but not in Hepatitis B Virus infected animals. No ISG induction was observed in untreated HEV gt3 and gt1 infected humanized livers compared to control chimeric mice, irrespective of the human hepatocyte donor, viral isolate or HEV infection duration. Human specific ISG transcript levels in mouse liver increased significantly after pegIFNα treatment and induced high circulating human CXCL10 in mouse serum. In conclusion, HEV gt1 and gt3 infections do not elicit innate intrahepatic immune responses and remain highly sensitive to pegIFNα in immunocompromised humanized mice.
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang P, Yao Y, Yue M, Tian T, Chen H, Chen M, Wang J, Zhang Y, Yu R. Genetic variants in interferon-λ 4 influences HCV clearance in Chinese Han population. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42408. [PMID: 28186161 PMCID: PMC5301237 DOI: 10.1038/srep42408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent many studies indicated a novel dinucleotide variant in ss469415590 (TT vs. ΔG) of interferon-λ 4 (IFNL4) gene strongly associated with hepatitis C virus clearance. To evaluate the impact and clinical usefulness of IFNL4 ss469415590 genotype on predicting both spontaneous HCV clearance and response to therapy in Chinese population, we genotyped 795 chronic HCV carriers, 460 subjects with HCV natural clearance and 362 patients with pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin (PEG IFN-α/RBV) treatment. IFNL4 ss469415590 variant genotypes significantly decreased host HCV clearance, both spontaneous (dominant model: OR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.36-0.71) and IFN-α induced (dominant model: OR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.18-0.56). Multivariate stepwise analysis indicated that ss469415590, rs12979860, the level of baseline HCV RNA and platelet were as independent predictors for sustained virological response (SVR). But the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was only 0.58 for ss469415590, and it was elevated to 0.71 by adding rs12979860, baseline HCV RNA and platelet in the prediction model of SVR. Therefore, these findings underscore that although genetic factors of host and pathogen were commonly important during HCV clearance, ss469415590 may be also a strongly predictive marker in the Chinese population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yinan Yao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Ming Yue
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the People’s Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ting Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Hongbo Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Jurong Peoples’ Hospital, Jurong 212400, China
| | - Mingzhu Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Huadong Research Institute for Medicine and Biotechnics, No. 293 Zhongshan East Road, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongbin Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
O'Connor KS, Read SA, Wang M, Schibeci S, Eslam M, Ong A, Weltman MD, Douglas MW, Mazzola A, Craxì A, Petta S, Stewart GJ, Liddle C, George J, Ahlenstiel G, Booth DR. IFNL3/4 genotype is associated with altered immune cell populations in peripheral blood in chronic hepatitis C infection. Genes Immun 2016; 17:328-34. [PMID: 27307212 PMCID: PMC5399140 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2016.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms near the interferon lambda 3 (IFNL3) gene predict outcomes to infection and anti-viral treatment in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. To identify IFNL3 genotype effects on peripheral blood, we collected phenotype data on 400 patients with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C (CHC). The IFNL3 responder genotype predicted significantly lower white blood cells (WBCs), as well as lower absolute numbers of monocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes for both rs8099917 and rs12979860. We sought to define the WBC subsets driving this association using flow cytometry of 67 untreated CHC individuals. Genotype-associated differences were seen in the ratio of CD4CD45RO+ to CD4CD45RO-; CD8CD45RO+ to CD8CD45RO-, NK CD56 dim to bright and monocyte numbers and percentages. Whole blood expression levels of IFNL3, IFNLR1 (interferon lambda receptor 1), IFNLR1-mem (a membrane-associated receptor), IFNLR1-sol (a truncated soluble receptor), MxA and T- and NK (natural killer) cell transcription factors TBX21, GATA3, RORC, FOXP3 and EOMES in two subjects were also determined. CHC patients demonstrated endogenous IFN activation with higher levels of MxA, IFNLR1, IFNLR1-mem and IFNLR1-sol, and IFNL3 genotype-associated differences in transcription factors. Taken together, these data provide evidence of an IFNL3 genotype association with differences in monocyte, T- and NK cell levels in the peripheral blood of patients with CHC. This could underpin genotype associations with spontaneous and treatment-induced HCV clearance and hepatic necroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S O'Connor
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - S A Read
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M Wang
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - S Schibeci
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M Eslam
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - A Ong
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M D Weltman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M W Douglas
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - A Mazzola
- Sezione di Gastroenterologia, Di.Bi.M.I.S., University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - A Craxì
- Sezione di Gastroenterologia, Di.Bi.M.I.S., University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - S Petta
- Sezione di Gastroenterologia, Di.Bi.M.I.S., University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - G J Stewart
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - C Liddle
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - G Ahlenstiel
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - D R Booth
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Krämer B, Finnemann C, Sastre B, Lutz P, Glässner A, Wolter F, Goeser F, Kokordelis P, Kaczmarek D, Nischalke HD, Strassburg CP, Spengler U, Nattermann J. IL-28B Genetic Variants Determine the Extent of Monocyte-Induced Activation of NK Cells in Hepatitis C. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162068. [PMID: 27583440 PMCID: PMC5008784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immuno-genetic studies suggest a functional link between NK cells and λ-IFNs. We recently showed that NK cells are negative for the IFN-λ receptor IFN-λR1 and do not respond to IFN-λ, suggesting a rather indirect association between IL-28B genotype and NK cell activity. METHODS A total of 75 HCV(+) patients and 67 healthy controls were enrolled into this study. IL-28B (rs12979860) and IFNL-4 (rs368234815) genotypes were determined by rtPCR. Total PBMC, monocytes, and NK cells were stimulated with IL-29, the TLR-7/8 agonist R848, or a combination of both. NK cell IFN-γ response was analysed by FACS. IL-12 and IL-18 secretion of monocytes was studied by ELISA. In blocking experiments anti-IL-12/anti-IL-18 were used. RESULTS Following stimulation of total PBMCs with R848 we found NK cell IFN- γ responses to vary with the IL-28B genotype, with carriers of a T/T genotype displaying the lowest frequency of IFN-γ(+)NK cells. When isolated NK cells were studied no such associations were observed, indicating an indirect association between IL-28B genotype and NK cell activity. Accordingly, we found R848-stimulated monocytes of patients with a T/T genotype to be significantly less effective in triggering NK cell IFN- γ production than monocytes from carriers of a non-T/T genotype. In line with these findings we observed monocytes from T/T patients to secrete significantly lower concentrations of IL-12 than monocytes from non-T/T individuals. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that monocytes from carriers of an IL-28B T/T genotype display a reduced ability to stimulate NK cell activity and, thus, provide a link between IL-28B genotype and NK functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Krämer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn, Germany
| | - Claudia Finnemann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn, Germany
| | - Beatriz Sastre
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- AIDS Research Network (RIS-RETICS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Philipp Lutz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Glässner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn, Germany
| | - Franziska Wolter
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn, Germany
| | - Felix Goeser
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn, Germany
| | - Pavlos Kokordelis
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn, Germany
| | - Dominik Kaczmarek
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Nischalke
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian P. Strassburg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Spengler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn, Germany
| | - Jacob Nattermann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen Yi Mei SLG, Burchell J, Skinner N, Millen R, Matthews G, Hellard M, Dore GJ, Desmond PV, Sundararajan V, Thompson AJ, Visvanathan K, Sasadeusz J. Toll-like Receptor Expression and Signaling in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Correlate With Clinical Outcomes in Acute Hepatitis C Virus Infection. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:739-47. [PMID: 27284092 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanisms by which spontaneous clearance of acute hepatitis C occurs are unclear. A critical role for the innate immune system and IFNL4 polymorphisms has been proposed. This study investigates whether Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression and signaling during acute hepatitis C correlates with clinical outcomes. METHODS Participants identified from the Australian Trial in Acute Hepatitis C and the Networks study were followed longitudinally from the time of diagnosis of acute hepatitis C. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma were collected at and 2 time points after diagnosis. At each time point, TLR2, TLR4, and CD86 expression on peripheral blood monocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and NK T cells was measured, as well as the response of PBMCs to stimulation with TLR ligands. Cytokine and chemokine levels were measured in stimulated PBMCs and plasma. RESULTS We identified 20 participants with acute hepatitis C (10 with hepatitis C virus [HCV] monoinfection and 10 with HCV and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection). Eleven participants (55%) spontaneously cleared HCV. Acute hepatitis C and spontaneous clearance was associated with lower TLR4 expression on monocytes (P = .009) and NK cells (P = .029). Acute hepatitis C and spontaneous clearance was also associated with a reduced interferon γ response to TLR4 (P = .038) and TLR7/8 stimulation (P = .035), a reduced interleukin 6 response to TLR7/8 stimulation (P = .037), and reduced IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) response to TLR2 stimulation (P = .042). Lower plasma IP-10 levels were associated with spontaneous clearance (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS These findings implicate TLR4 signaling as playing a critical role in the outcome of acute hepatitis C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swee Lin G Chen Yi Mei
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital and the University of Melbourne
| | - Jodie Burchell
- Centre of Research Excellence, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne
| | - Narelle Skinner
- Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital and the University of Melbourne
| | - Rosie Millen
- Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital and the University of Melbourne
| | - Gail Matthews
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney
| | - Margaret Hellard
- Centre for Population Health, Burnet Institute Department of Infectious Diseases, the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Vijaya Sundararajan
- Centre of Research Excellence, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne
| | - Alexander J Thompson
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital and the University of Melbourne
| | - Kumar Visvanathan
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital and the University of Melbourne
| | - Joe Sasadeusz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Melbourne Hospital
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lipopolysaccharide and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Inhibit Interferon Signaling in Hepatocytes by Increasing Ubiquitin-Like Protease 18 (USP18) Expression. J Virol 2016; 90:5549-5560. [PMID: 27009955 PMCID: PMC4886784 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02557-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation may be maladaptive to the control of viral infection when it impairs interferon (IFN) responses, enhancing viral replication and spread. Dysregulated immunity as a result of inappropriate innate inflammatory responses is a hallmark of chronic viral infections such as, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that expression of an IFN-stimulated gene (ISG), ubiquitin-like protease (USP)18 is upregulated in chronic HCV infection, leading to impaired hepatocyte responses to IFN-α. We examined the ability of inflammatory stimuli, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-10 to upregulate hepatocyte USP18 expression and blunt the IFN-α response. Human hepatoma cells and primary murine hepatocytes were treated with TNF-α/LPS/IL-6/IL-10 and USP18, phosphorylated (p)-STAT1 and myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1 (Mx1) expression was determined. Treatment of Huh7.5 cells and primary murine hepatocytes with LPS and TNF-α, but not IL-6 or IL-10, led to upregulated USP18 expression and induced an IFN-α refractory state, which was reversed by USP18 knockdown. Liver inflammation was induced in vivo using a murine model of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury led to an induction of USP18 expression in liver tissue and promotion of lymphocytic choriomeningitis replication. These data demonstrate that certain inflammatory stimuli (TNF-α and LPS) but not others (IL-6 and IL-10) target USP18 expression and thus inhibit IFN signaling. These findings represent a new paradigm for how inflammation alters hepatic innate immune responses, with USP18 representing a potential target for intervention in various inflammatory states. IMPORTANCE Inflammation may prevent the control of viral infection when it impairs the innate immune response, enhancing viral replication and spread. Blunted immunity as a result of inappropriate innate inflammatory responses is a common characteristic of chronic viral infections. Previous studies have shown that expression of certain interferon-stimulated genes is upregulated in chronic HCV infection, leading to impaired hepatocyte responses. In this study, we show that multiple inflammatory stimuli can modulate interferon stimulated gene expression and thus inhibit hepatocyte interferon signaling via USP18 induction. These findings represent a new paradigm for how inflammation alters hepatic innate immune responses, with the induction of USP18 representing a potential target for intervention in various inflammatory states.
Collapse
|
11
|
Duarte-Rojo A, Fischer SE, Adeyi O, Zita D, Deneke MG, Selzner N, Chen L, Malespin M, Cotler SJ, McGilvray ID, Feld JJ. Protease inhibitors partially overcome the interferon nonresponse phenotype in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Viral Hepat 2016; 23:340-7. [PMID: 26710754 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The outcome of triple therapy with protease inhibitors (PI) depends on the intrinsic response to interferon. Interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression differs by cell type in the liver and is a strong predictor of interferon responsiveness. Patients who respond well to interferon have low/absent ISG expression in hepatocytes but significant ISG expression in macrophages. Nonresponders (NRs) show the opposite pattern. We aimed to determine the association between cell-type-specific ISG staining and treatment outcome with PI-based triple therapy. Liver biopsy tissue from consecutive patients treated with boceprevir or telaprevir with peginterferon and ribavirin was stained for myxovirus A (MxA). Staining was scored 0-3 in macrophages (M-MxA) and hepatocytes (H-MxA), and IL28B genotyping was performed. Of 56 patients included 41 achieved SVR (73%) (sustained virological response), 2 (4%) relapsed, 10 (18%) were NRs, and 3 (5%) were lost to follow-up. Median M-MxA staining was stronger and H-MxA staining was weaker in patients who achieved SVR. MxA staining correlated with IL28B genotype and with the HCV RNA decline during lead-in phase. However, unlike with dual therapy, the negative predictive value (NPV) of absent or weak M-MxA staining was poor (42%), while the positive predictive value improved (93%). Although by multivariable logistic regression M-MxA staining was significantly associated with SVR (OR 4.35, 1.32-14.28, P = 0.012), the predictive ability was inadequate to withhold therapy. The interaction between macrophages and hepatocytes plays a critical role in interferon responsiveness; however, the addition of a PI at least partially overcomes the interferon nonresponse phenotype making the predictive ability of ISG staining less clinically useful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Duarte-Rojo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - S E Fischer
- Department of Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - O Adeyi
- Department of Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - D Zita
- University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M G Deneke
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - N Selzner
- University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - L Chen
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Malespin
- Division of Hepatology, Loyola University Health System, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - S J Cotler
- Division of Hepatology, Loyola University Health System, Maywood, IL, USA
| | | | - J J Feld
- University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wei D, Li NL, Zeng Y, Liu B, Kumthip K, Wang TT, Huo D, Ingels JF, Lu L, Shang J, Li K. The Molecular Chaperone GRP78 Contributes to Toll-like Receptor 3-mediated Innate Immune Response to Hepatitis C Virus in Hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12294-309. [PMID: 27129228 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.711598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3) senses double-stranded RNA intermediates produced during hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication, leading to activation of interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF3) and NF-κB and subsequent antiviral and proinflammatory responses. Yet, how this TLR3-dependent pathway operates in hepatocytes is unclear. Upon fractionating cultured hepatocytes into various cellular organelles, we observed that TLR3 predominantly resides in endolysosomes of hepatocytes. To determine the critical regulators of TLR3 signaling in response to HCV infection in human hepatocytes, we isolated endolysosome fractions from mock-infected and HCV-infected hepatoma Huh7.5 cells that had been reconstituted for TLR3 expression, separated these fractions on two-dimensional gels, and identified up-regulated/down-regulated proteins by mass spectrometry. Approximately a dozen of cellular proteins were found to be differentially expressed in endolysosome fractions following HCV infection. Of these, expression of several molecular chaperone proteins was elevated. Knockdown of one of these chaperones, glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa (GRP78), compromised TLR3-dependent induction of interferon-stimulated genes and chemokines following HCV infection or poly(I:C) stimulation in cultured hepatocytes. Consistent with this finding, GRP78 depletion impaired TLR3-mediated establishment of an antiviral state. Mechanistically, although TLR3 trafficking to endolysosomes was not affected, phosphorylated IRF3 diminished faster following GRP78 knockdown. Remarkably, GRP78 transcript was significantly up-regulated in liver biopsies of chronic hepatitis C patients as compared with normal liver tissues. Moreover, the GRP78 expression level correlated with that of RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted) and CXCL10, two inflammatory chemokines most frequently elevated in HCV-infected liver. Altogether, our data suggest that GRP78 contributes to TLR3-mediated, IRF3-dependent innate immune response to HCV in hepatocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dahai Wei
- From the Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry and
| | - Nan L Li
- From the Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry and
| | - Yanli Zeng
- the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Baoming Liu
- From the Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry and
| | | | - Tony T Wang
- the SRI International, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22802, and
| | - Dezheng Huo
- the Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Jesse F Ingels
- Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Lu Lu
- Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Jia Shang
- the Department of Infectious Diseases, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Kui Li
- From the Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry and
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dultz G, Gerber L, Zeuzem S, Sarrazin C, Waidmann O. The macrophage activation marker CD163 is associated with IL28B genotype and hepatic inflammation in chronic hepatitis C virus infected patients. J Viral Hepat 2016; 23:267-73. [PMID: 26554542 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent data highlighted the association of the macrophage activation marker CD163 with histological inflammation and fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of successful antiviral treatment and IL28B genotypes on macrophage activation reflected by CD163 levels in HCV infected patients. In a retrospective cohort study, serum sCD163 levels were correlated with results of liver histopathology, IL28B genotyping and clinical parameters in 329 patients with HCV infection, 15 healthy controls and in 161 patients who achieved a sustained virologic response after antiviral treatment. sCD163 levels were significantly higher in patients with chronic HCV infection in comparison to healthy controls (5202 vs 896 ng/mL, P < 0.001). In the multivariate logistic regression analyses, sCD163 was independently associated with histologically determined inflammation (P = 0.043) but not with fibrosis (P = 0.091). sCD163 dropped significantly after successful antiviral treatment in comparison to baseline values (5202 vs 3093 ng/mL, P < 0.001). In the univariate analyses, sCD163 was significantly associated with IL28B genotype (C/C vs C/T+T/T) with higher values in the C/C group (6098 vs 4812 ng/mL, P = 0.003). In the multivariate logistic regression model, sCD163 levels were significantly associated with IL28B genotype (P = 0.003) and sustained virologic response (SVR) (P < 0.001). Our data support the association of activated liver macrophages with hepatic necroinflammation in chronic HCV infection as sCD163 levels drop rapidly after SVR. The irresponsiveness of IL28B minor genotypes to interferon might be related to a lower level of macrophage activation in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Dultz
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Schwerpunkt Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - L Gerber
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Schwerpunkt Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S Zeuzem
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Schwerpunkt Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - C Sarrazin
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Schwerpunkt Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - O Waidmann
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Schwerpunkt Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
IFN-λ: A New Class of Interferon with Distinct Functions-Implications for Hepatitis C Virus Research. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2015; 2015:796461. [PMID: 26078754 PMCID: PMC4452855 DOI: 10.1155/2015/796461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin (PEG-IFN/RBV) is widely used to treat chronic hepatitis C virus infection with notorious adverse reactions since the broad expression of IFN-α receptors on all nucleated cells. Accordingly, a Type III IFN with restricted receptors distribution is much safer as an alternative for HCV therapy. In addition, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near the human IFN-λ3 gene, IL-28B, correlate strongly with the ability to achieve a sustained virological response (SVR) to therapy with pegylated IFN-α plus ribavirin in patients infected with chronic hepatitis C. Furthermore, we also discuss the most recent findings: IFN-λ4 predicts treatment outcomes of HCV infection. In consideration of the apparent limitations of current HCV therapy, especially high failure rate and universal side effects, prediction of treatment outcomes prior to the initiation of treatment and developing new alternative drugs are two important goals in HCV research.
Collapse
|
15
|
Robinson MW, Swann R, Sigruener A, Barclay ST, Mills PR, McLauchlan J, Patel AH. Elevated interferon-stimulated gene transcription in peripheral blood mononuclear cells occurs in patients infected with genotype 1 but not genotype 3 hepatitis C virus. J Viral Hepat 2015; 22:384-90. [PMID: 25200131 PMCID: PMC4409080 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) can be classified into seven distinct genotypes that are associated with differing pathologies and respond differently to antiviral therapy. In the UK, genotype 1 and 3 are present in approximately equal proportions. Chronic infection with HCV genotype 3 is associated with increased liver steatosis and reduced peripheral total cholesterol levels, which potentially influences peripheral immune responses. To understand these differences, we investigated host gene transcription in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by microarray and quantitative PCR in patients with genotype 1 (n = 22) or genotype 3 infection (n = 22) and matched healthy controls (n = 15). Enrichment of genes involved in immune response and inflammatory pathways were present in patients infected with HCV genotype 1; however, no differences in genes involved in lipid or cholesterol metabolism were detected. This genotype-specific induction of genes is unrelated to IL28B genotype or previous treatment failure. Our data support the hypothesis that genotype 1 infection drives a skewed Type I interferon response and provides a foundation for future investigations into the host-pathogen interactions that underlie the genotype-specific clinical outcomes of chronic HCV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M W Robinson
- MRC – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgow, UK,School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College DublinDublin, Ireland
| | - R Swann
- MRC – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgow, UK,Gartnavel General Hospital, NHS Greater Glasgow and ClydeGlasgow, UK
| | - A Sigruener
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Medical CenterRegensburg, Germany
| | - S T Barclay
- Glasgow Royal Infirmary, NHS Greater Glasgow and ClydeGlasgow, UK
| | - P R Mills
- Gartnavel General Hospital, NHS Greater Glasgow and ClydeGlasgow, UK
| | - J McLauchlan
- MRC – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgow, UK,
Correspondence: Arvind H. Patel, MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, G11 5JR, UK., E-mail: , John Mclauchlan, MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK., E-mail:
| | - A H Patel
- MRC – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgow, UK,
Correspondence: Arvind H. Patel, MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, G11 5JR, UK., E-mail: , John Mclauchlan, MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK., E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Feld JJ, Jacobson IM, Jensen DM, Foster GR, Pol S, Tam E, Jablkowski M, Berak H, Vierling JM, Yoshida EM, Perez-Gomez HR, Scalori A, Hooper GJ, Tavel JA, Navarro MT, Shahdad S, Kulkarni R, Le Pogam S, Nájera I, Eng S, Lim CY, Shulman NS, Yetzer ES. Randomized study of danoprevir/ritonavir-based therapy for HCV genotype 1 patients with prior partial or null responses to peginterferon/ribavirin. J Hepatol 2015; 62:294-302. [PMID: 25239078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic hepatitis C treatment for prior non-responders to peginterferon (PegIFN)/ribavirin remains suboptimal. The MATTERHORN study evaluated regimens containing ritonavir-boosted danoprevir (danoprevir/r) in prior PegIFN alfa/ribavirin non-responders. METHODS Prior partial responders (N=152) were randomized to 24 weeks of twice-daily danoprevir/r 100/100mg, mericitabine 1000 mg and ribavirin 1000/1200 mg (IFN-free); danoprevir/r plus PegIFN alfa-2a/ribavirin (triple); or danoprevir/r, mericitabine and PegIFN alfa-2a/ribavirin (Quad). Prior null responders (N=229) were randomized to 24 weeks of IFN-free therapy, or quad alone (Quad 24) or quad plus 24-weeks of PegIFN alfa-2a/ribavirin (Quad 48). The primary endpoint was sustained virological response (HCV RNA <25 IU/ml) 24 weeks after end-of-treatment (SVR24). Due to high relapse rates, genotype (G) 1a patients in IFN-free arms were offered additional PegIFN alfa-2a/ribavirin. RESULTS Among prior partial responders, SVR24 rates were 46.2%, 51.0%, and 86.0%, in the IFN-free, Triple and Quad arms, respectively; among prior null responders, SVR24 rates were 45.5%, 80.5%, and 83.8% respectively. Relapse rates were lower and SVR24 rates higher in G1b-infected than G1a-infected patients. SVR24 rates in G1a and G1b patients randomized to Quad were 75.0% and 96.2%, respectively, in the partial Quad arm, and 68.1% and 100%, respectively, in the null Quad 24 arm. Treatment failure was associated with resistance to danoprevir, but not to mericitabine, and was more common in G1a infected patients. Treatment was well-tolerated. CONCLUSIONS Danoprevir/r, mericitabine plus PegIFN alfa-2a/ribavirin was well-tolerated and produced high overall SVR24 rates in prior partial and null responders to PegIFN alfa/ribavirin. In contrast, IFN-free regimens were associated with unacceptably high relapse rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan J Feld
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, McLaughlin-Rotman Centre for Global Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Ira M Jacobson
- Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donald M Jensen
- Center for Liver Diseases, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Graham R Foster
- Queen Mary, University of London, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, London, UK
| | - Stanislas Pol
- Hôpital Cochin, Université Paris Descartes and INSERM U1610, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Hanna Berak
- Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Héctor R Perez-Gomez
- Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, Instituto de Patologia Infecciosa, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Simon Eng
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Verstrepen BE, Boonstra A, Koopman G. Immune mechanisms of vaccine induced protection against chronic hepatitis C virus infection in chimpanzees. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:53-69. [PMID: 25624997 PMCID: PMC4295194 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is characterized by a high propensity for development of life-long viral persistence. An estimated 170 million people suffer from chronic hepatitis caused by HCV. Currently, there is no approved prophylactic HCV vaccine available. With the near disappearance of the most relevant animal model for HCV, the chimpanzee, we review the progression that has been made regarding prophylactic vaccine development against HCV. We describe the results of the individual vaccine evaluation experiments in chimpanzees, in relation to what has been observed in humans. The results of the different studies indicate that partial protection against infection can be achieved, but a clear correlate of protection has thus far not yet been defined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Babs E Verstrepen
- Babs E Verstrepen, Gerrit Koopman, Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - André Boonstra
- Babs E Verstrepen, Gerrit Koopman, Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Koopman
- Babs E Verstrepen, Gerrit Koopman, Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Assil S, Dreux M. [Modulation of permissiveness and antiviral response against hepatitis C virus by interferon lambda-associated polymorphism]. Med Sci (Paris) 2014; 30:1073-5. [PMID: 25537033 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20143012006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Assil
- Centre international de recherche en infectiologie ; université de Lyon ; Inserm U1111 ; École normale supérieure de Lyon, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon université Lyon 1 ; CNRS, UMR5308 ; LabEx Ecofect ; université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69007, France
| | - Marlène Dreux
- Centre international de recherche en infectiologie ; université de Lyon ; Inserm U1111 ; École normale supérieure de Lyon, 46, allée d'Italie, 69007 Lyon université Lyon 1 ; CNRS, UMR5308 ; LabEx Ecofect ; université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69007, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang J, Jiang D, Rao H, Yang R, Wang Y, Wei L. Association of interferon-γ-induced protein-10 serum levels with virological responses to PEG-interferon-based therapy in hepatitis C virus genotype 1 or 2 chronically infected Chinese patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 2014; 49:1349-58. [PMID: 25263691 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2014.962609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interferon (IFN)-γ-induced protein-10 (IP-10) serum level has been shown be associated with viral response in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients. However, little is known in Chinese population. We determined IP-10 serum levels in Chinese CHC patients undergoing PEG-IFN-based therapy. Predictive role of IP-10 level for virological responses was accessed. MATERIAL AND METHODS IP-10 serum levels were determined in 165 hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 and 33 genotype 2 patients. Multivariate analysis was performed to screen independent factors for sustained virological response (SVR) prediction. Predictive value of IP-10 level in combination with interleukin 28B (IL28B) genotype or rapid virological response was further investigated. RESULTS Our study showed that pretreatment IP-10 level was significantly higher in HCV genotype 1 patients. IP-10 levels were independently predictive for SVR with cut-off values of 250.60 pg/ml at baseline or 407.40 pg/ml at week 4. Positive predictive value (PPV) for SVR of low IP-10 level at baseline and IL28B CC genotype was 96.15% and negative predictive value (NPV) was 50.00%. PPV for SVR of low IP-10 level at week 4 and rapid viral response (RVR) was 95.24% and NPV was 50.00%. CONCLUSION Together our study indicated that higher IP-10 serum levels were associated with HCV genotype 1 CHC Chinese patients. IP-10 levels at baseline and week 4 were both predictive of SVR and improved predictive performances of IL28B genotype and RVR for SVR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianghua Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hepatitis C and Immunotherapy for Liver Diseases , No.11, Xizhimen South Street, Beijing 100044 , China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
MacParland SA, Bilodeau M, Grebely J, Bruneau J, Cooper C, Klein M, Sagan SM, Choucha N, Balfour L, Bialystok F, Krajden M, Raven J, Roberts E, Russell R, Houghton M, Tyrrell DL, Feld JJ. The 3rd Canadian Symposium on Hepatitis C Virus: expanding care in the interferon-free era. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 28:481-7. [PMID: 25314353 PMCID: PMC4205903 DOI: 10.1155/2014/704919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) currently infects approximately 250,000 individuals in Canada and causes more years of life lost than any other infectious disease in the country. In August 2011, new therapies were approved by Health Canada that have achieved higher response rates among those treated, but are poorly tolerated. By 2014⁄2015, short-course, well-tolerated treatments with cure rates >95% will be available. However, treatment uptake is poor due to structural, financial, geographical, cultural and social barriers. As such, 'Barriers to access to HCV care in Canada' is a crucial topic that must be addressed to decrease HCV disease burden and potentially eliminate HCV in Canada. Understanding how to better care for HCV-infected individuals requires integration across multiple disciplines including researchers, clinical services and policy makers to address the major populations affected by HCV including people who inject drugs, baby boomers, immigrants and Aboriginal and⁄or First Nations people. In 2012, the National CIHR Research Training Program in Hepatitis C organized the 1st Canadian Symposium on Hepatitis C Virus (CSHCV) in Montreal, Quebec. The 2nd CSHCV was held in 2013 in Victoria, British Columbia. Both symposia were highly successful, attracting leading international faculty with excellent attendance leading to dialogue and knowledge translation among attendees of diverse backgrounds. The current article summarizes the 3rd CSHCV, held February 2014, in Toronto, Ontario.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Bilodeau
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec
| | - Jason Grebely
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Julie Bruneau
- Department of Family Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec
| | - Curtis Cooper
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario
| | | | - Selena M Sagan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Norma Choucha
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec
| | - Louise Balfour
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario
| | | | - Mel Krajden
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Jennifer Raven
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research – Institute of Infection and Immunity, Ottawa, Ontario
| | | | - Rodney Russell
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John’s, Newfoundland & Labrador
| | - Michael Houghton
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - D Lorne Tyrrell
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fernández-Carrillo C, Coto-Llerena M, González P, Crespo G, Mensa L, Caro-Pérez N, Gambato M, Navasa M, Forns X, Pérez-del-Pulgar S. IFNL4 polymorphism predicts response to hepatitis C treatment after liver transplantation. J Clin Virol 2014; 61:282-5. [PMID: 25130512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies in chronic hepatitis C patients have shown that rs368234815 polymorphism nearby IL28B is a better predictor of response to antiviral treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin than IL28B polymorphisms (rs12979860 and rs8099917). Its effect could be related to interferon lambda 4 (IFNL4), a protein which seems to confer some paradoxical disadvantages in hepatitis C virus (HCV) immune response. OBJECTIVES To assess the role of IFNL4 rs368234815 polymorphism on the response to antiviral treatment after liver transplantation (LT). STUDY DESIGN IFNL4 and IL28B polymorphisms were genotyped in 86 HCV-infected LT recipients and in their donors; all patients had undergone antiviral treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin after LT. RESULTS IFNL4 polymorphism strongly correlated with IL28B ones (p < 0.001). The favorable IFNL4 genotype (TT/TT) was significantly more frequent among donors than recipients (60% donors vs. 22% recipients, p <0.001). Recipient TT/TT genotype was associated with a higher sustained virological response rate after LT (p = 0.024). Nevertheless, the highest sustained virological response frequency was found when both donors and recipients had favorable genotypes (73% vs. 25%, p = 0.002), suggesting a role for donor genotype. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that IFNL4 rs368234815 polymorphism is an important predictor of response to antiviral treatment in the LT setting. These findings warrant further studies on IFNL4 role in immune response against HCV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gonzalo Crespo
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Laura Mensa
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Martina Gambato
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Miquel Navasa
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xavier Forns
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Campos-Varela I, Esteban JI, Bes M, Caralt M, Allende H, Rodríguez-Frías F, Salcedo MT, Sauleda S, Charco R, Guardia J, Esteban R, Castells L. Early predictors of antiviral treatment response in liver transplant recipients with recurrent hepatitis C genotype 1. J Viral Hepat 2014; 21:e118-28. [PMID: 24620835 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The success of current antiviral treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) recurrence in liver transplant (LT) recipients remains limited. We aimed at evaluating the value of IL28B genotype and early viral kinetics to predict response to standard treatment in the transplant setting. We retrospectively evaluated 104 LT recipients treated for HCV genotype 1 recurrence between 2001 and 2010. Baseline variables, including IL28B genotype, and early viral kinetics were compared among patients who did or did not achieve a sustained virological response (SVR). Logistic regression analyses of candidate variables were conducted to generate a reliable predictive model based on the minimum set of variables. Twenty-nine (28%) achieved an SVR. On multivariate analysis, the magnitude of HCV RNA decline at 4 weeks (OR: 3.74, 95% CI: 1.64-9.39; P = 0.003) and treatment compliance (OR: 35.27, 95% CI: 3.35-365.54; P = 0.003) were the only independent predictors of SVR. Favourable recipient IL28B genotype significantly correlates with virological response at week 4 (OR 3.23; 95% CI, 1.12-9.15; P = 0.03). By logistic regression analysis, a model including donor age, recipient rs12979860 genotype and viral load at 4 weeks showed the best predictive value for SVR with an area under the receiver operating curve of 0.861. Favourable recipient IL28B genotype strongly correlates with the viral response at week 4 which is the strongest predictor of response. The combination of recipient IL28B genotype and donor age with the week 4 response reliably estimates the probability of SVR early on-treatment and may facilitate therapeutic strategies incorporating new antiviral agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Campos-Varela
- Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Meissner EG, Wu D, Osinusi A, Bon D, Virtaneva K, Sturdevant D, Porcella S, Wang H, Herrmann E, McHutchison J, Suffredini AF, Polis M, Hewitt S, Prokunina-Olsson L, Masur H, Fauci AS, Kottilil S. Endogenous intrahepatic IFNs and association with IFN-free HCV treatment outcome. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3352-63. [PMID: 24983321 PMCID: PMC4109554 DOI: 10.1172/jci75938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects approximately 170 million people worldwide and may lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in chronically infected individuals. Treatment is rapidly evolving from IFN-α-based therapies to IFN-α-free regimens that consist of directly acting antiviral agents (DAAs), which demonstrate improved efficacy and tolerability in clinical trials. Virologic relapse after DAA therapy is a common cause of treatment failure; however, it is not clear why relapse occurs or whether certain individuals are more prone to recurrent viremia. METHODS. We conducted a clinical trial using the DAA sofosbuvir plus ribavirin (SOF/RBV) and performed detailed mRNA expression analysis in liver and peripheral blood from patients who achieved either a sustained virologic response (SVR) or relapsed. RESULTS. On-treatment viral clearance was accompanied by rapid downregulation of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in liver and blood, regardless of treatment outcome. Analysis of paired pretreatment and end of treatment (EOT) liver biopsies from SVR patients showed that viral clearance was accompanied by decreased expression of type II and III IFNs, but unexpectedly increased expression of the type I IFN IFNA2. mRNA expression of ISGs was higher in EOT liver biopsies of patients who achieved SVR than in patients who later relapsed. CONCLUSION. These results suggest that restoration of type I intrahepatic IFN signaling by EOT may facilitate HCV eradication and prevention of relapse upon withdrawal of SOF/RBV. TRIAL REGISTRATION. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01441180.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric G. Meissner
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Institute of Biostatistics and Mathematical Modeling, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany. Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA. Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA. Department of Pathology, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David Wu
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Institute of Biostatistics and Mathematical Modeling, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany. Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA. Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA. Department of Pathology, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anu Osinusi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Institute of Biostatistics and Mathematical Modeling, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany. Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA. Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA. Department of Pathology, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dimitra Bon
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Institute of Biostatistics and Mathematical Modeling, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany. Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA. Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA. Department of Pathology, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kimmo Virtaneva
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Institute of Biostatistics and Mathematical Modeling, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany. Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA. Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA. Department of Pathology, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dan Sturdevant
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Institute of Biostatistics and Mathematical Modeling, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany. Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA. Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA. Department of Pathology, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Steve Porcella
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Institute of Biostatistics and Mathematical Modeling, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany. Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA. Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA. Department of Pathology, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Honghui Wang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Institute of Biostatistics and Mathematical Modeling, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany. Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA. Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA. Department of Pathology, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eva Herrmann
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Institute of Biostatistics and Mathematical Modeling, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany. Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA. Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA. Department of Pathology, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John McHutchison
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Institute of Biostatistics and Mathematical Modeling, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany. Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA. Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA. Department of Pathology, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anthony F. Suffredini
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Institute of Biostatistics and Mathematical Modeling, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany. Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA. Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA. Department of Pathology, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Polis
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Institute of Biostatistics and Mathematical Modeling, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany. Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA. Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA. Department of Pathology, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen Hewitt
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Institute of Biostatistics and Mathematical Modeling, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany. Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA. Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA. Department of Pathology, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ludmila Prokunina-Olsson
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Institute of Biostatistics and Mathematical Modeling, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany. Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA. Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA. Department of Pathology, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Henry Masur
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Institute of Biostatistics and Mathematical Modeling, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany. Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA. Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA. Department of Pathology, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anthony S. Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Institute of Biostatistics and Mathematical Modeling, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany. Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA. Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA. Department of Pathology, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shyamasundaran Kottilil
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Institute of Biostatistics and Mathematical Modeling, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany. Genomics Unit, Research Technologies Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA. Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA. Department of Pathology, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Vasconcelos LRS, Moura P, do Carmo RF, Pereira LB, Cavalcanti MDSDM, Aroucha DCBL, Dutra RA, Pereira LMMB. Low IL10 serum levels as key factor for predicting the sustained virological response to IFNα/ribavirin in Brazilian patients with HCV carrying IL28B CT/TT genotype. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:895-900. [PMID: 24994464 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PROPOSE IL28B polymorphisms rs12979860 CC genotype was associated to protection of HCV infection and sustained virological response (SVR) in HCV infected patients treated with pegIFNα/ribavirin (IFNα/RIB), however, this polymorphism frequency varies depending on genetic components. Studies with larger number of Brazilian individuals, determining IL28B polymorphisms is lacking. Regarding to treatment response, the levels of IL10 seem to influence response to IFNα/RIB therapy. Thus, the IL28B polymorphism frequency was investigated in health controls and infected HCV patients, as well as, in patients who reach SVR vs Non-SVR. Also, to gain insight into the interplay between IL28B genotypes, IL10 levels and therapy response, a subgroup of genotyped HCV patients SVR and Non-SVR were analyzed regarding the IL10 production. METHODS It was enrolled 487 HCV infected patients and 234 healthy individuals. Patients with response to IFNα/RIB were classified as SVR (n = 81) and Non-SVR (n = 123). TAQMAN probes were used for genotyping the SNP rs12979860, resulting in CC, CT or TT genotypes. In one hundred one patients, the levels IL10 were measured at week 4 of IFNα/RIB. RESULTS CC genotype was associated to SVR (p = 0.029) and its frequency was higher in healthy individuals vs patients (p = 0.02). Patients carrying CT/TT with IL10<10 pg/mL, had a chance of 2.72 to achieve SVR in multivariate model (p = 0.043). CONCLUSION CC genotype was associated to SVR and protection to HCV infection. Moreover, IL28B genotyping and IL10 serum levels could be further explored as a useful algorithm for identify the CT/TT SVR patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rodrigo Feliciano do Carmo
- Post-Graduate Program-RENORBIO, UECE, Fortaleza, CE 60714-903, Brazil; Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Petrolina, PE 56304-917, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
O'Connor KS, Ahlenstiel G, Suppiah V, Schibeci S, Ong A, Leung R, van der Poorten D, Douglas MW, Weltman MD, Stewart GJ, Liddle C, George J, Booth DR. IFNL3 mediates interaction between innate immune cells: Implications for hepatitis C virus pathogenesis. Innate Immun 2014; 20:598-605. [PMID: 24045339 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913503385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Common IFN lambda 3 (IFNL3) variants have been demonstrated to affect spontaneous and treatment-induced clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The functional basis of these genetic variants has yet to be determined. Data examining the effect of IFNL3, specifically, in innate immune cells is lacking. Here, we determined the expression of IFNL3 and its receptor IFNLR1 in blood immune cell subsets and in HCV-infected livers. Next we assessed their sensitivity to IFNL3. All participants were genotyped for the IFNL3 SNPs rs8099917 and rs12979860. Importantly, unstimulated blood immune cells express significantly higher levels of IFNL3 than HCV liver biopsies. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are the predominant producers of IFNLR1, especially in response to IFN-α. PBMCs, monocytes and pDCs all respond to IFNL3 based on MxA up-regulation. No differences in IFNL3 expression levels between rs8099917 or rs12979860 genotypes were detected. This is the first study to show peripheral blood pDCs to be the main producers of IFNL3, especially compared with HCV-infected livers. This makes innate immune cells the key players in determining the functional significance of INFL3 polymorphisms in patients with HCV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate S O'Connor
- Institute for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Golo Ahlenstiel
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vijayaprakash Suppiah
- Institute for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stephen Schibeci
- Institute for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Adrian Ong
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Emerging infections and Biosecurity Institute, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Sydney Australia
| | - Reynold Leung
- Institute for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - David van der Poorten
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark W Douglas
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Emerging infections and Biosecurity Institute, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Sydney Australia
| | - Martin D Weltman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nepean Hospital, Sydney Australia
| | - Graeme J Stewart
- Institute for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - David R Booth
- Institute for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bourke NM, O’Neill MT, Sarwar S, Norris S, Stewart S, Hegarty JE, Stevenson NJ, O’Farrelly C. In vitro blood cell responsiveness to IFN-α predicts clinical response independently of IL28B in hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infected patients. J Transl Med 2014; 12:206. [PMID: 25048205 PMCID: PMC4112837 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment with interferon-alpha (IFN-α) and ribavirin successfully clears hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in 50% of patients infected with genotype 1. Addition of NS3-4A protease inhibitors (PIs) increases response rates but results in additional side effects and significant economic costs. Here, we hypothesised that in vitro responsiveness of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to IFN-α stimulation would identify patients who achieved sustained virological response (SVR) on dual therapy alone and thus not require addition of PIs. METHODS PBMCs were isolated from HCV infected patients (n = 42), infected with either HCV genotype 1 or genotype 3, before commencing therapy and stimulated in vitro with IFN-α. Expression of the IFN stimulated genes (ISGs) PKR, OAS and MxA was measured and correlated with subsequent treatment response and IL28B genotype. RESULTS Genotype 1 infected patients who achieved SVR had significantly higher pre-treatment expression of PKR (p = 0.0148), OAS (p = 0.0019) and MxA (p = 0.0019) in IFN-α stimulated PBMCs, compared to genotype 1 infected patients who did not achieve SVR or patients infected with genotype 3, whose in vitro ISG expression did not correlate with clinical responsiveness. IL28B genotype (rs12979860) did not correlate with endogenous or IFN-α stimulated ISG responsiveness. CONCLUSIONS In vitro responsiveness of PBMCs to IFN-α from genotype 1 infected patients predicts clinical responsiveness to dual therapy, independently of IL28B genotype. These results indicate that this sub-group of HCV infected patients could be identified pre-treatment and successfully treated without PIs, thus reducing adverse side effects and emergence of PI resistant virus while making significant economic savings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nollaig M Bourke
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mary-Teresa O’Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Liver Centre, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Shahzad Sarwar
- Liver Unit, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Suzanne Norris
- Hepatology Unit, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
- School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Stephen Stewart
- Liver Centre, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - John E Hegarty
- Liver Unit, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Nigel J Stevenson
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Cliona O’Farrelly
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chinnaswamy S. Genetic variants at the IFNL3 locus and their association with hepatitis C virus infections reveal novel insights into host-virus interactions. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014; 34:479-97. [PMID: 24555572 PMCID: PMC4080901 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human genetic variation plays a critical role in both spontaneous clearance of and response to interferon (IFN)-based therapies against hepatitis C virus (HCV) as shown by the success of recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Several GWAS and later validation studies have shown that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the IFNL3 (formerly IL28B) locus on chromosome 19 are involved in eliminating HCV in human patients. No doubt that this information is helping clinicians worldwide in making better clinical decisions in anti-HCV therapy, but the biological mechanisms involving the SNPs leading to differential responses to therapy and spontaneous clearance of HCV remain elusive. Recent reports including the discovery of a novel IFN (IFN-λ4) gene at the IFNL3 locus and in vitro functional studies implicating 2 SNPs as causal variants lead to novel conclusions and perhaps to new directions in research. An attempt is made in this review to summarize the major findings of the GWAS, the efforts involved in the discovery of causal SNPs; and to explain the biological basis for spontaneous clearance and response to treatment in HCV infections.
Collapse
|
28
|
Abdel-Hakeem MS, Shoukry NH. Protective immunity against hepatitis C: many shades of gray. Front Immunol 2014; 5:274. [PMID: 24982656 PMCID: PMC4058636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of individuals who become acutely infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) develop chronic infection and suffer from progressive liver damage while approximately 25% are able to eliminate the virus spontaneously. Despite the recent introduction of new direct-acting antivirals, there is still no vaccine for HCV. As a result, new infections and reinfections will remain a problem in developing countries and among high risk populations like injection drug users who have limited access to treatment and who continue to be exposed to the virus. The outcome of acute HCV is determined by the interplay between the host genetics, the virus, and the virus-specific immune response. Studies in humans and chimpanzees have demonstrated the essential role of HCV-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in protection against viral persistence. Recent data suggest that antibody responses play a more important role than what was previously thought. Individuals who spontaneously resolve acute HCV infection develop long-lived memory T cells and are less likely to become persistently infected upon reexposure. New studies examining high risk cohorts are identifying correlates of protection during real life exposures and reinfections. In this review, we discuss correlates of protective immunity during acute HCV and upon reexposure. We draw parallels between HCV and the current knowledge about protective memory in other models of chronic viral infections. Finally, we discuss some of the yet unresolved questions about key correlates of protection and their relevance for vaccine development against HCV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Abdel-Hakeem
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) , Montréal, QC , Canada ; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal , Montréal, QC , Canada ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Naglaa H Shoukry
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) , Montréal, QC , Canada ; Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal , Montréal, QC , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Funk E, Kottilil S, Gilliam B, Talwani R. Tickling the TLR7 to cure viral hepatitis. J Transl Med 2014; 12:129. [PMID: 24884741 PMCID: PMC4039542 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B and C are the leading causes of liver disease and liver transplantation worldwide. Ability to mount an effective immune response against both HBV and HCV is associated with spontaneous clearance of both infections, while an inability to do so leads to chronicity of both infections. To mount an effective immune response, both innate and adaptive immune responses must work in tandem. Hence, developing protective immunity to hepatitis viruses is an important goal in order to reduce the global burden of these two infections and prevent development of long-term complications. In this regard, the initial interactions between the pathogen and immune system are pivotal in determining the effectiveness of immune response and subsequent elimination of pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important regulators of innate and adaptive immune responses to various pathogens and are often involved in initiating and augmenting effective antiviral immunity. Immune-based therapeutic strategies that specifically induce type I interferon responses are associated with functional cure for both chronic HBV and HCV infections. Precisely, TLR7 stimulation mediates an endogenous type I interferon response, which is critical in development of a broad, effective and protective immunity against hepatitis viruses. This review focuses on anti-viral strategies that involve targeting TLR7 that may lead to development of protective immunity and eradication of hepatitis B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Funk
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shyam Kottilil
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bruce Gilliam
- Institute of Human Virology at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard St. N151, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Rohit Talwani
- Institute of Human Virology at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard St. N151, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Li Y, Li S, Duan X, Liu B, Yang C, Zeng P, McGilvray I, Chen L. Activation of endogenous type I IFN signaling contributes to persistent HCV infection. Rev Med Virol 2014; 24:332-42. [PMID: 24806972 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
HCV infection is a major world health problem, leading to both end-stage liver disease and primary liver cancer. Great efforts have been made in developing new therapies for HCV infection; however, combination therapy with pegylated IFN-α and ribavirin (pegIFN-RBV) remains the first choice of treatment for chronic HCV infection in most countries. The treatment response to pegIFN-RBV remains relatively low. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of persistent HCV infection and pegIFN-RBV resistance will suggest ways of improving the current standard of care and offers new antiviral therapies for both HCV and other viral infections. Recent data suggest that increased expression of hepatic IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) before treatment is associated with treatment nonresponse in patients chronically infected with HCV. Although ISGs are generally antiviral in nature, in the case of HCV, the virus may exploit some of them to its benefit. This is not unique to HCV: Blockade of type I IFN signaling has been shown to control persistent LCMV infection. Thus, in certain viral infections, preactivation or overactivation of type I IFN signaling may contribute to viral persistence. In this review, we briefly summarize the findings from high-throughput gene expression profiling from patients chronically infected with HCV, then focus on a novel ubiquitin-like signaling pathway (ISG15/USP18) and its potential role in HCV persistence. Finally, the role of activation of endogenous type I IFN signaling in persistent HCV infection will be discussed in the context of recent studies indicating that blocking IFN signaling controls persistent LCMV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Li
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gatselis NK, Zachou K, Saitis A, Samara M, Dalekos GN. Individualization of chronic hepatitis C treatment according to the host characteristics. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:2839-53. [PMID: 24659876 PMCID: PMC3961989 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i11.2839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global health problem that affects more than 170 million people worldwide. It is a major cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, making the virus the most common cause of liver failure and transplantation. The standard-of-care treatment for chronic hepatitis C (CHC) has been changed during the last decade and direct acting antiviral drugs have already been used. Besides, understanding of the pathogenesis of CHC has evolved rapidly during the last years and now several host factors are known to affect the natural history and response to treatment. Recent genome-wide association studies have shown the important role of interleukin-28B and inosine triphosphatase in HCV infection. The present review article attempts to summarize the current knowledge on the role of host factors towards individualization of HCV treatment.
Collapse
|
32
|
Protein interferon-stimulated gene 15 conjugation delays but does not overcome coronavirus proliferation in a model of fulminant hepatitis. J Virol 2014; 88:6195-204. [PMID: 24648452 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03801-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Coronaviruses express a deubiquitinating protein, the papain-like protease-2 (PLP2), that removes both ubiquitin and the ubiquitin-like interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) protein from target proteins. ISG15 has antiviral activity against a number of viruses; therefore, we examined the effect of ISG15 conjugation (ISGylation) in a model of acute viral hepatitis induced by the murine hepatitis virus strain 3 (MHV-3) coronavirus. Mice deficient in the ISG15 deconjugating enzyme, ubiquitin-specific peptidase-18 (USP18), accumulate high levels of ISG15-conjugated proteins and are hypersensitive to type I IFN. Infecting USP18(-/-) mice with MHV-3 resulted in extended survival (8 ± 1.2 versus 4 days) and in improved liver histology, a decreased inflammatory response, and viral titers 1 to 2 logs lower than in USP18(+/+) mice. The suppression of viral replication was not due to increased IFN since infected USP18(-/-) mice had neither increased hepatic IFN-α, -β, or -γ mRNA nor circulating protein. Instead, delayed MHV-3 replication coincided with high levels of cellular ISGylation. Decreasing ISGylation by knockdown of the ISG15 E1 enzyme, Ube1L, in primary USP18(+/+) and USP18(-/-) hepatocytes led to increased MHV-3 replication. Both in vitro and in vivo, increasing MHV-3 titers were coincident with increased PLP2 mRNA and decreased ISGylation over the course of infection. The pharmacologic inhibition of the PLP2 enzyme in vitro led to decreased MHV-3 replication. Overall, these results demonstrate the antiviral effect of ISGylation in an in vivo model of coronavirus-induced mouse hepatitis and illustrate that PLP2 manipulates the host innate immune response through the ISG15/USP18 pathway. IMPORTANCE There have been a number of serious worldwide pandemics due to widespread infections by coronavirus. This virus (in its many forms) is difficult to treat, in part because it is very good at finding "holes" in the way that the host (the infected individual) tries to control and eliminate the virus. In this study, we demonstrate that an important host viral defense-the ISG15 pathway-is only partially effective in controlling severe coronavirus infection. Activation of the pathway is very good at suppressing viral production, but over time the virus overwhelms the host response and the effects of the ISG15 pathway. These data provide insight into host-virus interactions during coronavirus infection and suggest that the ISG15 pathway is a reasonable target for controlling severe coronavirus infection although the best treatment will likely involve multiple pathways and targets.
Collapse
|
33
|
O'Connor KS, Parnell G, Patrick E, Ahlenstiel G, Suppiah V, van der Poorten D, Read SA, Leung R, Douglas MW, Yang JYH, Stewart GJ, Liddle C, George J, Booth DR. Hepatic metallothionein expression in chronic hepatitis C virus infection is IFNL3 genotype-dependent. Genes Immun 2014; 15:88-94. [PMID: 24335707 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2013.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The IFNL3 genotype predicts the clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV), spontaneously and with interferon (IFN)-based therapy. The responder genotype is associated with lower expression of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) in liver biopsies from chronic hepatitis C patients. However, ISGs represent many interacting molecular pathways, and we hypothesised that the IFNL3 genotype may produce a characteristic pattern of ISG expression explaining the effect of genotype on viral clearance. For the first time, we identified an association between a cluster of ISGs, the metallothioneins (MTs) and IFNL3 genotype. Importantly, MTs were significantly upregulated (in contrast to most other ISGs) in HCV-infected liver biopsies of rs8099917 responders. An association between lower fibrosis scores and higher MT levels was demonstrated underlying clinical relevance of this association. As expected, overall ISGs were significantly downregulated in biopsies from subjects with the IFNL3 rs8099917 responder genotype (P=2.38 × 10(-7)). Peripheral blood analysis revealed paradoxical and not previously described findings with upregulation of ISGs seen in the responder genotype (P=1.00 × 10(-4)). The higher MT expression in responders may contribute to their improved viral clearance and MT-inducing agents may be useful adjuncts to therapy for HCV. Upregulation of immune cell ISGs in responders may also contribute to the IFNL3 genotype effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S O'Connor
- Institute for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G Parnell
- Institute for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - E Patrick
- Department of Mathematics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G Ahlenstiel
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - V Suppiah
- 1] Institute for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia [2] Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D van der Poorten
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S A Read
- 1] Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia [2] Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Emerging infections and Biosecurity Institute, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R Leung
- 1] Institute for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia [2] Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M W Douglas
- 1] Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia [2] Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Emerging infections and Biosecurity Institute, University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J Y H Yang
- Department of Mathematics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G J Stewart
- Institute for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Liddle
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J George
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D R Booth
- Institute for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Feld JJ. The beginning of the end: what is the future of interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis C? Antiviral Res 2014; 105:32-8. [PMID: 24548815 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interferon has been the backbone of therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection for over 20years. Initial response rates were poor, however they have slowly but steadily improved, such that with the addition of the nucleotide analogue ribavirin and the pegylation of interferon, over 50% of infected individuals could be cured with a course of therapy. However, interferon therapy is not ideal, requiring up to a year of weekly injections and associated with numerous systemic side effects. Advances in understanding of the HCV lifecycle have led to the development of numerous highly effective, well-tolerated oral direct acting antivirals (DAAs). Although the first DAAs were combined with peginterferon and ribavirin, with the rapid progress in the field, it is likely that interferon-free therapy will be available for most patients in the relatively near future. In the short term, peginterferon will be required with either the protease inhibitor simeprevir, or the nucleotide analogue polymerase inhibitor, sofosbuvir, for the treatment of genotype 1 infection. Peginterferon also appears to be a useful adjunct to sofosbuvir and ribavirin for patients with genotype 3 infection, particularly those with cirrhosis. In the future, once combination DAA therapies are available, peginterferon will serve a smaller and smaller role. Peginterferon may be useful as part of QUAD therapy with 2 DAAs and ribavirin in prior null responders or in patients who fail DAA regimens with multi-drug resistant HCV. Peginterferon may also have a role in resource-limited regions to reduce the number and/or duration of DAAs required. Ultimately, although peginterferon will remain a salvage therapy, its days as a mainstay of therapy are definitely numbered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan J Feld
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Sandra Rotman Centre for Global Health, University of Toronto, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Covolo L, Bibert S, Donato F, Bochud PY, Lagging M, Negro F, Fattovich G. The novel ss469415590 variant predicts virological response to therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus type 1 infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 39:322-30. [PMID: 24308755 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A novel dinucleotide variant TT/∆G (ss469415590) has been associated with hepatitis C virus clearance. AIM To assess the role of the ss469415590 variant, compared with the known IL28B polymorphisms (rs8099917, rs12979860 and rs12980275) for predicting virological response to therapy in chronic hepatitis C, and its association with the CXCL10 chemokine serum levels - a surrogate marker of interferon-stimulated genes activation. METHODS Multivariate analysis of factors predicting rapid and sustained virological response in 280 consecutive, treatment-naïve, nondiabetic, Caucasian patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with peginterferon alpha and ribavirin. RESULTS In hepatitis C virus genotype 1, the OR (95% CI) for rapid and sustained virological response for the wild-type ss469415590 TT was 9.88 (1.99-48.99) and 7.25 (1.91-27.51), respectively, similar to those found for rs12979860 CC [9.55 (1.93-47.37) and 6.30 (1.71-23.13)] and for rs12980275 AA [9.62 (1.94-47.77] and 7.83 (2.02-30.34)], but higher than for rs8099917 TT [4.8 (1.73-13.33) and 4.75 (2.05-10.98)]. In hepatitis C virus genotype 1, mean (SD) CXCL10 levels in patients with the TT/TT, TT/∆G and ∆G/∆G variants were, respectively, 355.1 (240.6), 434.4 (247.4) and 569.9 (333.3) (P = 0.04). In patients with genotypes 2 and 3 no significant association was found for TT/∆G with viral response. The predictive value of ss469415590 was stronger in patients with advanced fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS The novel IL28B variants at marker ss469415590 predict response to IFN alpha in chronic hepatitis C patients, especially in those with advanced fibrosis. Their determination may be superior to that of known IL28B variants for patient management using IFN-based regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Covolo
- Unit of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sehgal M, Zeremski M, Talal AH, Khan ZK, Capocasale R, Philip R, Jain P. Host Genetic Factors and Dendritic Cell Responses Associated with the Outcome of Interferon/Ribavirin Treatment in HIV-1/HCV Co-Infected Individuals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 5. [PMID: 25705565 PMCID: PMC4332701 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1/HCV co-infection is a significant health problem. Highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) against HIV-1 has proved to be fairly successful. On the other hand, direct acting antiviral drugs against HCV have improved cure rates but high cost and development of drug resistance are important concerns. Therefore PEGylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) still remain essential components of HCV treatment, and identification of host factors that predict IFN/RBV treatment response is necessary for effective clinical management of HCV infection. Impaired dendritic cell (DC) and T cell responses are associated with HCV persistence. It has been shown that IFN/RBV treatment enhances HCV-specific T cell functions and it is likely that functional restoration of DCs is the underlying cause. To test this hypothesis, we utilized an antibody cocktail (consisting of DC maturation, adhesion and other surface markers) to perform comprehensive phenotypic characterization of myeloid DCs (mDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) in a cohort of HIV-1/HCV co-infected individuals undergoing IFN/RBV treatment. Our results show that pre-treatment frequencies of mDCs are lower in non-responders (NRs) compared to responders (SVRs) and healthy controls. Although, the treatment was able to restore the frequency of mDCs in NRs, it downregulated the frequency of CCR7+, CD54+ and CD62L+ mDCs. Pre-treatment frequencies of pDCs were lower in NRs and decreased further upon treatment. Compared to SVRs, NRs exhibited higher ratio of PD-L1+/CD86+ pDCs prior to treatment; and this ratio remained high even after treatment. These findings demonstrate that enumeration and phenotypic assessment of DCs before/during therapy can help predict the treatment outcome. We also show that before treatment, PBMCs from SVRs secrete higher amounts of IFN-γ compared to controls and NRs. Upon genotyping IFNL3 polymorphisms rs12979860, rs4803217 and ss469415590, we found rs12979860 to be a better predictor of treatment outcome. Collectively, our study led to identification of important correlates of IFN/RBV treatment response in HIV-1/HCV co-infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Sehgal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marija Zeremski
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Andrew H Talal
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Zafar K Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Renold Capocasale
- Flowmetric, Inc., Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Ramila Philip
- Immunotope, Inc., Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA, USA
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
McFarland AP, Horner SM, Jarret A, Joslyn RC, Bindewald E, Shapiro BA, Delker DA, Hagedorn CH, Carrington M, Gale M, Savan R. The favorable IFNL3 genotype escapes mRNA decay mediated by AU-rich elements and hepatitis C virus-induced microRNAs. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:72-9. [PMID: 24241692 PMCID: PMC4183367 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IFNL3, which encodes interferon-λ3 (IFN-λ3), has received considerable attention in the hepatitis C virus (HCV) field, as many independent genome-wide association studies have identified a strong association between polymorphisms near IFNL3 and clearance of HCV. However, the mechanism underlying this association has remained elusive. In this study, we report the identification of a functional polymorphism (rs4803217) in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of IFNL3 mRNA that dictated transcript stability. We found that this polymorphism influenced AU-rich element (ARE)-mediated decay (AMD) of IFNL3 mRNA, as well as the binding of HCV-induced microRNAs during infection. Together these pathways mediated robust repression of the unfavorable IFNL3 polymorphism. Our data reveal a previously unknown mechanism by which HCV attenuates the antiviral response and indicate new potential therapeutic targets for HCV treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adelle P McFarland
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stacy M Horner
- 1] Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. [2]
| | - Abigail Jarret
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rochelle C Joslyn
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Eckart Bindewald
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Bruce A Shapiro
- Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Don A Delker
- Divison of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Curt H Hagedorn
- 1] Divison of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. [2]
| | - Mary Carrington
- 1] Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA. [2] Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ram Savan
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Feld JJ, Grebely J, Matthews GV, Applegate T, Hellard M, Sherker A, Cherepanov V, Petoumenos K, Yeung B, Kaldor JM, Lloyd AR, Dore GJ. Plasma interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 levels are associated with early, but not sustained virological response during treatment of acute or early chronic HCV infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80003. [PMID: 24278230 PMCID: PMC3835825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High plasma levels of interferon-gamma inducible protein-10 (IP-10) have been shown to be associated with impaired treatment response in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Whether IP-10 levels predict treatment in acute HCV infection is unknown. Methods Patients with acute or early chronic HCV infection from the Australian Trial in Acute Hepatitis C (ATAHC) cohort were evaluated. Baseline and on-treatment plasma IP-10 levels were measured by ELISA. IL28B genotype was determined by sequencing. Results Overall, 74 HCV mono-infected and 35 HIV/HCV co-infected patients were treated in ATAHC, of whom 89 were adherent to therapy and were included for analysis. IP-10 levels correlated with HCV RNA levels at baseline (r = 0.48, P<0.001) and during treatment. Baseline IP-10 levels were higher in patients who failed to achieve rapid virological response (RVR). Only one patient with a plasma IP-10 level >600 pg/mL achieved RVR. There was no association with IP-10 levels and early virological response (EVR) or sustained virological response (SVR). Conclusions Baseline IP-10 levels are associated with early viral kinetics but not ultimate treatment outcome in acute HCV infection. Given previous data showing that patients with high baseline IP-10 are unlikely to spontaneously clear acute HCV infection, they should be prioritized for early antiviral therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan J. Feld
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, McLaughlin-Rotman Centre for Global Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Jason Grebely
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gail V. Matthews
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- HIV/Immunology/Infectious Diseases Clinical Services Unit, St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tanya Applegate
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Margaret Hellard
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alana Sherker
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, McLaughlin-Rotman Centre for Global Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vera Cherepanov
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, McLaughlin-Rotman Centre for Global Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kathy Petoumenos
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Barbara Yeung
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - John M. Kaldor
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew R. Lloyd
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gregory J. Dore
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- HIV/Immunology/Infectious Diseases Clinical Services Unit, St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Activation and evasion of antiviral innate immunity by hepatitis C virus. J Mol Biol 2013; 426:1198-209. [PMID: 24184198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) chronically infects 130-170 million people worldwide and is a major public health burden. HCV is an RNA virus that infects hepatocytes within liver, and this infection is sensed as non-self by the intracellular innate immune response to program antiviral immunity to HCV. HCV encodes several strategies to evade this antiviral response, and this evasion of innate immunity plays a key role in determining viral persistence. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms of how the intracellular innate immune system detects HCV infection, including how HCV pathogen-associated molecular patterns are generated during infection and where they are recognized as foreign by the innate immune system. Further, this review highlights the key innate immune evasion strategies used by HCV to establish persistent infection within the liver, as well as how host genotype influences the outcome of HCV infection. Understanding these HCV-host interactions is key in understanding how to target HCV during infection and for the design of more effective HCV therapies at the immunological level.
Collapse
|
40
|
Rehermann B. Pathogenesis of chronic viral hepatitis: differential roles of T cells and NK cells. Nat Med 2013; 19:859-68. [PMID: 23836236 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections account for 57% of cases of liver cirrhosis and 78% of cases of primary liver cancer worldwide and cause a million deaths per year. Although HBV and HCV differ in their genome structures, replication strategies and life cycles, they have common features, including their noncytopathic nature and their capacity to induce chronic liver disease, which is thought to be immune mediated. However, the rate of disease progression from chronic hepatitis to cirrhosis varies greatly among infected individuals, and the factors that regulate it are largely unknown. This review summarizes our current understanding of the roles of antigen-specific and nonspecific immune cells in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B and C and discusses recent findings that identify natural killer cells as regulators of T cell function and liver inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Conteduca V, Sansonno D, Russi S, Pavone F, Dammacco F. Therapy of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in the era of direct-acting and host-targeting antiviral agents. J Infect 2013; 68:1-20. [PMID: 24012819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection represents a leading worldwide medical and social problem. The expanding knowledge of HCV lifecycle has led to the development of novel antiviral agents that: a) specifically target a viral function (direct-acting antivirals), or b) specifically inhibit viral replication. The present review describes the novel anti-HCV drugs that have been better studied at the time of this writing and the current two types of treatment, namely interferon-based and interferon-free regimens. In addition, predictive factors, virological responses, side-effects, and resistance mechanisms of the novel agents are summarized. CONCLUSIONS The introduction of novel antiviral agents is remarkably changing the therapeutic combinations aimed at improving virological responses both for easy-to-cure and difficult-to-treat patients. Since additional, effective drugs are under advanced development, it seems reasonable to expect that further therapeutic and prognostic improvements will be achieved in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Conteduca
- Section of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Horner SM, Gale M. Regulation of hepatic innate immunity by hepatitis C virus. Nat Med 2013; 19:879-88. [PMID: 23836238 PMCID: PMC4251871 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a global public health problem involving chronic infection of the liver, which can cause liver disease and is linked with liver cancer. Viral innate immune evasion strategies and human genetic determinants underlie the transition of acute HCV infection to viral persistence and the support of chronic infection. Host genetic factors, such as sequence polymorphisms in IFNL3, a gene in the host interferon system, can influence both the outcome of the infection and the response to antiviral therapy. Recent insights into how HCV regulates innate immune signaling within the liver reveal a complex interaction of patient genetic background with viral and host factors of innate immune triggering and control that imparts the outcome of HCV infection and immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy M Horner
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Grebely J, Feld JJ, Applegate T, Matthews GV, Hellard M, Sherker A, Petoumenos K, Zang G, Shaw I, Yeung B, George J, Teutsch S, Kaldor JM, Cherepanov V, Bruneau J, Shoukry NH, Lloyd AR, Dore GJ. Plasma interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) levels during acute hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 2013; 57:2124-34. [PMID: 23325615 PMCID: PMC3663887 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Systemic levels of interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) are predictive of treatment-induced clearance in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV). In the present study, factors associated with plasma IP-10 levels at the time of acute HCV detection and the association between IP-10 levels and spontaneous clearance were assessed in three cohorts of acute HCV infection. Among 299 individuals, 245 (181 male, 47 human immunodeficiency virus-positive [HIV+]) were HCV RNA+ at acute HCV detection. In adjusted analysis, factors independently associated with IP-10 levels ≥150 pg/mL (median level) included HCV RNA levels >6 log IU/mL, HIV coinfection and non-Aboriginal ethnicity. Among 245 HCV RNA+ at acute HCV detection, 214 were untreated (n = 137) or had persistent infection (infection duration ≥26 weeks) at treatment initiation (n = 77). Spontaneous clearance occurred in 14% (29 of 214). Individuals without spontaneous clearance had significantly higher mean plasma IP-10 levels at the time of acute HCV detection than those with clearance (248 ± 32 versus 142 ± 22 pg/mL, P = 0.008). The proportion of individuals with spontaneous clearance was 0% (0 of 22, P = 0.048) and 16% (27 of 165) and in those with and without plasma IP-10 levels ≥380 pg/mL. In adjusted analyses, favorable IL28B genotype was associated with spontaneous clearance, while higher HCV RNA level was independently associated with lower odds of spontaneous clearance. CONCLUSION High IP-10 levels at acute HCV detection were associated with failure to spontaneously clear HCV. Patients with acute HCV and high baseline IP-10 levels, particularly >380 pg/mL, should be considered for early therapeutic intervention, and those with low levels should defer therapy for potential spontaneous clearance. (HEPATOLOGY 2013;).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Grebely
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | | | - Tanya Applegate
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gail V. Matthews
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia,HIV/Immunology/Infectious Diseases Clinical Services Unit, St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Margaret Hellard
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia,Infectious Diseases Unit, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne
| | | | - Kathy Petoumenos
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Geng Zang
- Centre de Recheche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
| | - Ineke Shaw
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Barbara Yeung
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney
| | - Suzy Teutsch
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - John M. Kaldor
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Julie Bruneau
- Centre de Recheche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
| | - Naglaa H. Shoukry
- Centre de Recheche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
| | - Andrew R. Lloyd
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gregory J. Dore
- The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Rallon NI, Lopez-Fernandez LA, Garcia MI, Benguria A, Fiorante S, Soriano V, Benito JM. Interferon-stimulated genes are associated with peginterferon/ribavirin treatment response regardless of IL28B alleles in hepatitis C virus/HIV-coinfected patients. AIDS 2013; 27:687-96. [PMID: 23196939 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32835ce2c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction between interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) expression, IL28B genotypes and hepatitis C treatment outcomes has been mainly evaluated in the liver tissue from hepatitis C virus (HCV)-monoinfected patients but with controversial results. Herein, we examined whether more easily accessible peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) could be used for this purpose in HIV-HCV coinfected patients, a population in whom HCV-induced liver disease progression occurs more rapidly and treatment response is lower. METHODS Gene expression profiles were examined using the human whole genome Agilent microarray platform in PBMCs collected from HIV/HCV-coinfected patients who had completed a course of peginterferon/ribavirin therapy with validated outcomes. Patients were split out according to the achievement of sustained virological response (SVR) and IL28B rs12979860 genotypes. The GeneSpringGX software was used to select genes differentially expressed in the different groups. RESULTS Nineteen HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy and having undetectable plasma HIV-RNA were examined. Global gene expression profiles showed 42 genes differentially expressed according to treatment outcome and 56 according to IL28B genotype. Common genes were not found and functions differed for genes belonging to either group. Whereas at least 26 out of 37 repressed genes (70.3%) in SVR patients were ISGs, none of the 56 differentially expressed genes in carriers of distinct IL28B variants were ISGs (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Baseline expression of ISGs in PBMCs from HCV/HIV-coinfected patients influence the response to peginterferon/ribavirin therapy, regardless of IL28B genotypes. PBMC specimens can reliably be used for evaluating ISGs expression in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norma I Rallon
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Carlos III, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. Due to shared transmission routes, the prevalence of HCV is especially high among individuals infected with HIV. HIV uninfected individuals spontaneously clear HCV approximately 30 % of the time, while the rate of control in HIV infected individuals who subsequently acquire HCV is substantially lower. In addition, complications of HCV are more frequent in those with HIV infection, making liver disease the leading cause of non-AIDS-related death in HIV infected individuals. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the role of the innate and adaptive immune responses to HCV in those with and without HIV. Further defining the interaction between hepatitis C and the host immune system will potentially reveal insights into HCV pathogenesis and the host's ability to prevent persistent infection, as well as direct the development of vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Terilli
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Rangos Building, Suite 536, 855 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Duarte-Rojo A, Deneke MG, Charlton MR. Interleukin-28B polymorphism in hepatitis C and liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2013; 19:49-58. [PMID: 23008132 DOI: 10.1002/lt.23554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of interleukin-28B (IL-28B) single-nucleotide polymorphisms has opened an important new area of research in liver transplantation (LT) for hepatitis C virus (HCV). Both recipient- and donor-derived IL-28B genotypes affect the post-LT treatment response, with sustained virological response (SVR) rates oscillating from >50% in homozygotes for the favorable allele (up to 90% when this is present in both the recipient and the donor) to <15% in homozygotes for the unfavorable allele and from 30% to 50% in heterozygotes. Other key posttransplant outcomes affected by the IL-28B genotype are the time to histological recurrence, HCV RNA and alanine aminotransferase levels, histological variables (including the rate of fibrosis progression), and hepatocellular carcinoma. Interactions between donor and recipient IL-28B genotypes are complex and may affect outcomes not directly related to HCV infections, such as acute cellular rejection (ACR) and metabolic diseases. A preferential allocation system in which livers from donors homozygous for the favorable allele are given to HCV patients might be postulated to improve SVR rates and post-LT outcomes in recipients with HCV infections (a 25% increase in SVR and an 8% decrease in mortality at 5 years). Although negative effects from this are difficult to predict, they could include an accelerated progression of fibrosis in patients with failed HCV eradication and an increase in ACR in non-HCV patients. Our knowledge of the precise role of IL-28B genotypes in the course of post-LT HCV is evolving, but existing knowledge suggests the possibility of exploring strategies that use IL-28B genotyping to reduce the impact of post-LT adverse outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andres Duarte-Rojo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
|
48
|
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified polymorphisms located near the gene encoding IL28B, which turned out to be the best predictor of response to pegylated interferon plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 infection. This association was extended to spontaneous clearance of HCV, suggesting shared mechanisms of treatment and natural control of this virus. In addition to the biologic implications for innate immunity and HCV, a variety of clinical studies have suggested possible translation to a useful genetic test for practitioners. This article reviews the discovery, biology, and potential clinical applications that have stemmed from the seminal observation that IL28B polymorphisms are a main predictor of HCV clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph T. Berger
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard Medical School
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Y. Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Noguchi S, Hijikata M, Hamano E, Matsushita I, Ito H, Ohashi J, Nagase T, Keicho N. MxA transcripts with distinct first exons and modulation of gene expression levels by single-nucleotide polymorphisms in human bronchial epithelial cells. Immunogenetics 2012; 65:107-14. [PMID: 23160781 PMCID: PMC7079882 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-012-0663-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Myxovirus resistance A (MxA) is a major interferon (IFN)-inducible antiviral protein. Promoter single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of MxA near the IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) have been frequently associated with various viral diseases, including emerging respiratory infections. We investigated the expression profile of MxA transcripts with distinct first exons in human bronchial epithelial cells. For primary culture, the bronchial epithelium was isolated from lung tissues with different genotypes, and total RNA was subjected to real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The previously reported MxA transcript (T1) and a recently registered transcript with a distinct 5′ first exon (T0) were identified. IFN-β and polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid induced approximately 100-fold higher expression of the T1 transcript than that of the T0 transcript, which also had a potential ISRE motif near its transcription start site. Even without inducers, the T1 transcript accounted for approximately two thirds of the total expression of MxA, levels of which were significantly associated with its promoter and exon 1 SNPs (rs17000900, rs2071430, and rs464138). Our results suggest that MxA observed in respiratory viral infections is possibly dominated by the T1 transcript and partly influenced by relevant 5′ SNPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Noguchi
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Cell-type specific interferon stimulated gene staining in liver underlies response to interferon therapy in chronic HBV infected patients. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:2355-61. [PMID: 22585383 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon-α is approved as one of the main therapeutic treatments for chronic hepatitis B virus infection, but only a small number of patients achieve sustained virological response. The molecular mechanisms underlying IFN-α resistance in those patients who do not respond remain elusive. Previous work in our laboratory identified the pre-activation of IFN signaling leading to increased expression of a subset of interferon stimulated genes in the pretreatment liver tissues of chronic HBV infected patients correlated with treatment non-response. AIMS We studied the cell-type specific gene expression of interferon stimulated genes in the liver of chronic HBV infected patients and the cellular basis of the phenotype through ISG15 and MxA protein expression. METHODS Immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect the expression of ISG15 and MxA protein in the pretreatment liver tissues of chronic HBV infected patients and the expression patterns were correlated with treatment outcomes. RESULTS In the non-responders, ISG15 and MxA protein expression in the pretreatment liver tissues was more pronounced in hepatocytes while in the responders, ISG15 and MxA protein expression was more focused in macrophages. ISG15 and MxA proteins were occasionally expressed in hepatocytes in normal livers. CONCLUSION There were significant differences in the cell-type specific protein expression of ISG15 and MxA in the pretreatment liver tissues of chronic HBV infected patients between treatment responders and non-responders. An easy prediction method based on immunohistochemical stains of a subset of interferon stimulated genes may be developed to predict treatment outcomes of IFN therapy in chronic HBV infected patients.
Collapse
|