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Wu S, Gou F, Meng J, Jin X, Liu W, Ding W, Xu W, Gu C, Hu X, Cheng G, Tao P, Zhang W. Porcine kobuvirus enhances porcine epidemic diarrhea virus pathogenicity and alters the number of intestinal lymphocytes in piglets. Vet Microbiol 2024; 293:110100. [PMID: 38718527 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
Recent epidemiological studies have discovered that a lot of cases of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection are frequently accompanied by porcine kobuvirus (PKV) infection, suggesting a potential relationship between the two viruses in the development of diarrhea. To investigate the impact of PKV on PEDV pathogenicity and the number of intestinal lymphocytes, piglets were infected with PKV or PEDV or co-infected with both viruses. Our findings demonstrate that co-infected piglets exhibit more severe symptoms, acute gastroenteritis, and higher PEDV replication compared to those infected with PEDV alone. Notably, PKV alone does not cause significant intestinal damage but enhances PEDV's pathogenicity and alters the number of intestinal lymphocytes. These results underscore the complexity of viral interactions in swine diseases and highlight the need for comprehensive diagnostic and treatment strategies addressing co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Fang Gou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Jie Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Xin Jin
- Hubei Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Wanchen Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Weishuai Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Weihang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Changqin Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Xueying Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Guofu Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Pan Tao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Wanpo Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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Vargas-Bermudez DS, Diaz A, Polo G, Mogollon JD, Jaime J. Infection and Coinfection of Porcine-Selected Viruses (PPV1 to PPV8, PCV2 to PCV4, and PRRSV) in Gilts and Their Associations with Reproductive Performance. Vet Sci 2024; 11:185. [PMID: 38787157 PMCID: PMC11125912 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11050185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Seven novel porcine parvoviruses (nPPVs) (PPV2 through PPV8) have been described, although their pathogenicity and possible effects on porcine reproductive failure (PRF) are undefined. In this study, these nPPVs were assessed in gilts from Colombia; their coinfections with PPV1, PCV2, PCV3, PCV4, and PRRSV and an association between the nPPVs and the reproductive performance parameters (RPPs) in sows were determined. For this, 234 serum samples were collected from healthy gilts from 40 herds in five Colombian regions, and the viruses were detected via real-time PCR. The results confirmed the circulation of PPV2 through PPV7 in Colombia, with PPV3 (40%), PPV5 (20%), and PPV6 (17%) being the most frequent. Additionally, no PCV4 or PPV8 was detected. PPV2 to PPV7 were detected in concurrence with each other and with the primary PRF viruses, and these coinfections varied from double to sextuple coinfections. Additionally, the association between nPPVs and PRF primary viruses was statistically significant for the presence of PPV6 in PCV3-positive (p < 0.01) and PPV5 in PPRSV-positive (p < 0.05) gilts; conversely, there was a significant presence of PPV3 in both PCV2-negative (p < 0.01) and PRRSV-negative (p < 0.05) gilts. Regarding the RPPs, the crude association between virus detection (positive or negative) and a high or low RPP was only statistically significant for PCV3 and the farrowing rate (FR), indicating that the crude odds of a low FR were 94% lower in herds with PCV3-positive gilts. This finding means that the detection of PCV3 in gilts (PCV3-positive by PCR) is associated with a higher FR in the farm or that these farms (with positive gilts) have lower odds (OR 0.06, p-value 0.0043) of a low FR. Additionally, a low FR tended to be associated with the detection of PPV4 and PPV5 (p-value < 0.20). This study is important for establishing the possible participation of nPPVs in PRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana S. Vargas-Bermudez
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Departamento de Salud Animal, Centro de Investigación en Infectología e Inmunología Veterinaria—CI3V.Cra. 30 # 45-03, Bogotá 11001, Colombia; (D.S.V.-B.); (J.D.M.)
| | - Andres Diaz
- Pig Improvement Company, Hendersonville, TN 37075, USA;
| | - Gina Polo
- Instituto de Salud Pública, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota 110231, Colombia;
| | - Jose Dario Mogollon
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Departamento de Salud Animal, Centro de Investigación en Infectología e Inmunología Veterinaria—CI3V.Cra. 30 # 45-03, Bogotá 11001, Colombia; (D.S.V.-B.); (J.D.M.)
| | - Jairo Jaime
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Departamento de Salud Animal, Centro de Investigación en Infectología e Inmunología Veterinaria—CI3V.Cra. 30 # 45-03, Bogotá 11001, Colombia; (D.S.V.-B.); (J.D.M.)
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3
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Faustini G, Tucciarone CM, Franzo G, Donneschi A, Boniotti MB, Alborali GL, Drigo M. Molecular Survey on Porcine Parvoviruses (PPV1-7) and Their Association with Major Pathogens in Reproductive Failure Outbreaks in Northern Italy. Viruses 2024; 16:157. [PMID: 38275967 PMCID: PMC10818816 DOI: 10.3390/v16010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Successful reproductive performance is key to farm competitiveness in the global marketplace. Porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) has been identified as a major cause of reproductive failure, and since 2001 new species of porcine parvoviruses, namely PPV2-7, have been identified, although their role is not yet fully understood yet. The present study aimed to investigate PPVs' presence in reproductive failure outbreaks occurring in 124 farms of northern Italy. Fetuses were collected from 338 sows between 2019 and 2021 and tested for PPVs by real-time PCR-based assays and for other viruses responsible for reproductive disease. At least one PPV species was detected in 59.7% (74/124) of the tested farms. In order, PPV1, PPV5, PPV6, PPV7 and PPV4 were the most frequently detected species, whereas fewer detections were registered for PPV2 and PPV3. Overall, the new PPV2-7 species were detected in 26.6% (90/338) of the cases, both alone or in co-infections: PCV-2 (7.1%, 24/338), PCV-3 (8.2%, 28/338), and PRRSV-1 (6.2%, 21/338) were frequently identified in association with PPVs. Single PPVs detections or co-infections with other agents commonly responsible for reproductive failure should encourage future studies investigating their biological, clinical, and epidemiological role, for a better preparedness for potential emerging challenges in intensive pig production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Faustini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (G.F.); (G.F.); (M.D.)
| | - Claudia Maria Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (G.F.); (G.F.); (M.D.)
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (G.F.); (G.F.); (M.D.)
| | - Anna Donneschi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER) “B. Ubertini”, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (A.D.); (M.B.B.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Maria Beatrice Boniotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER) “B. Ubertini”, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (A.D.); (M.B.B.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER) “B. Ubertini”, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (A.D.); (M.B.B.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Michele Drigo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (G.F.); (G.F.); (M.D.)
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Vargas-Bermudez DS, Mogollon JD, Franco-Rodriguez C, Jaime J. The Novel Porcine Parvoviruses: Current State of Knowledge and Their Possible Implications in Clinical Syndromes in Pigs. Viruses 2023; 15:2398. [PMID: 38140639 PMCID: PMC10747800 DOI: 10.3390/v15122398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Parvoviruses (PVs) affect various animal species causing different diseases. To date, eight different porcine parvoviruses (PPV1 through PPV8) are recognized in the swine population, all of which are distributed among subfamilies and genera of the Parvoviridae family. PPV1 is the oldest and is recognized as the primary agent of SMEDI, while the rest of the PPVs (PPV2 through PPV8) are called novel PPVs (nPPVs). The pathogenesis of nPPVs is still undefined, and whether these viruses are putative disease agents is unknown. Structurally, the PPVs are very similar; the differences occur mainly at the level of their genomes (ssDNA), where there is variation in the number and location of the coding genes. Additionally, it is considered that the genome of PVs has mutation rates similar to those of ssRNA viruses, that is, in the order of 10-5-10-4 nucleotide/substitution/year. These mutations manifest mainly in the VP protein, constituting the viral capsid, affecting virulence, tropism, and viral antigenicity. For nPPVs, mutation rates have already been established that are similar to those already described; however, within this group of viruses, the highest mutation rate has been reported for PPV7. In addition to the mutations, recombinations are also reported, mainly in PPV2, PPV3, and PPV7; these have been found between strains of domestic pigs and wild boars and in a more significant proportion in VP sequences. Regarding affinity for cell types, nPPVs have been detected with variable prevalence in different types of organs and tissues; this has led to the suggestion that they have a broad tropism, although proportionally more have been found in lung and lymphoid tissue such as spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes. Regarding their epidemiology, nPPVs are present on all continents (except PPV8, only in Asia), and within pig farms, the highest prevalences detecting viral genomes have been seen in the fattener and finishing groups. The relationship between nPPVs and clinical manifestations has been complicated to establish. However, there is already some evidence that establishes associations. One of them is PPV2 with porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC), where causality tests (PCR, ISH, and histopathology) lead to proposing the PPV2 virus as a possible agent involved in this syndrome. With the other nPPVs, there is still no clear association with any pathology. These have been detected in different systems (respiratory, reproductive, gastrointestinal, urinary, and nervous), and there is still insufficient evidence to classify them as disease-causing agents. In this regard, nPPVs (except PPV8) have been found to cause porcine reproductive failure (PRF), with the most prevalent being PPV4, PPV6, and PPV7. In the case of PRDC, nPPVs have also been detected, with PPV2 having the highest viral loads in the lungs of affected pigs. Regarding coinfections, nPPVs have been detected in concurrence in healthy and sick pigs, with primary PRDC and PRF viruses such as PCV2, PCV3, and PRRSV. The effect of these coinfections is not apparent; it is unknown whether they favor the replication of the primary agents, the severity of the clinical manifestations, or have no effect. The most significant limitation in the study of nPPVs is that their isolation has been impossible; therefore, there are no studies on their pathogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. For all of the above, it is necessary to propose basic and applied research on nPPVs to establish if they are putative disease agents, establish their effect on coinfections, and measure their impact on swine production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jairo Jaime
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Departamento de Salud Animal, Centro de Investigación en Infectología e Inmunología Veterinaria (CI3V), Carrera 30 No. 45-03, Bogotá 111321, CP, Colombia; (D.S.V.-B.); (J.D.M.); (C.F.-R.)
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Jiao Q, Yang L, Liu X, Wen Y, Tian L, Qian P, Chen H, Li X. Isolation and pathogenicity of porcine circovirus type 2 in mice from Guangxi province, China. Virol J 2023; 20:195. [PMID: 37644571 PMCID: PMC10466715 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), a member of the genus Circovirus and family Circoviridae, is a closed, small, circular, and single-stranded DNA virus, and it is a crucial swine pathogen of porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVADs). PCV2 was first detected in PK-15(ATCC-CCL) cells in 1974, which has caused significant economic loss to the swine industry throughout the world. And the first case of PCV2 was reported in China in 2000. At present, PCV2d is the main genotype circulating widely in China. METHODS Lymph samples were obtained from piglets with emaciation and respiratory disease in Guangxi province, China. The main pathogens were detected via PCR from lymph samples, and then PCV2-single positive samples were used to inoculate with PK-15 cells. After successive generations, the isolate was subsequently identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunofluorescence assay (IFA), Western blot (WB), and transmission electron microscopic (TEM). The full-length genome and genetic characterization of isolates were analyzed by Sanger sequencing. The TCID50 of the PCV2-GX-6 was determined by IFA, and the pathogenicity of PCV2 in BALB/c mice was analyzed via the mouse model. RESULTS The isolates were successfully isolated from clinical samples. The complete genome of PCV2-GX-4, PCV2-GX-6, PCV2-GX-7, PCV2-GX-11 and PCV2-GX-16 have been amplified, sequenced, and deposited in GenBank (accession no.: OR133747, OQ803314, OR133748, OR133749, OR133750). Homology and phylogenetic analysis with reference strains showed that the isolates belonged to the PCV2d genotype. The PCV2-GX-6 could be stably passaged more than 30 times in PK-15 cells. PCV2-GX-6 was identified by PCR, IFA, WB and TEM. The results of homology showed that PCV2-GX-6 was closely related to the reference strains PCV2-JS17-8 (GenBank accession no.: MH211363). Pathogenicity studies in mice have shown that PCV2-GX-6 can lead to growth inhibition of mice. Meanwhile PCV2-GX-6 caused the typical lesions of spleen, lung and kidney. The results of qPCR showed that PCV2 can effectively proliferate in the liver, spleen, lung, and kidney. CONCLUSION PCV2-GX-6 can successfully infect BLAB/c mice, effectively proliferate in major organs, and possessed high pathogenicity. In conclusion, combined with the genotype and pathogenicity of PCV2d currently prevalent, PCV2-GX-6 can be used as a candidate vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiulin Jiao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Liuyue Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Xiangzu Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Yanwen Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Linxing Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Ping Qian
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China.
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Eddicks M, Gründl J, Seifert A, Eddicks L, Reese S, Tabeling R, Swam H, Strutzberg-Minder K, Ritzmann M, Fux R. Examination on the Occurrence of Coinfections in Diagnostic Transmittals in Cases of Stillbirth, Mummification, Embryonic Death, and Infertility (SMEDI) Syndrome in Germany. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1675. [PMID: 37512848 PMCID: PMC10383851 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, and infertility (SMEDI) syndrome is most commonly associated with porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) infections. Little is known about the occurrence of coinfections with SMEDI-associated pathogens and the associations among these pathogens. In our study, we included 40 SMEDI-affected litters from 18 different farms. In total, 158 out of 358 available fetuses from diagnostic transmittals were selected by systematic random sampling and examined for PCV2, PCV3, PPV1, and Leptospira spp. by q-PCR. Results from diagnostic materials showed the following results: in eleven farms, PCV2 was present; in nine farms, PPV1 was present; in five farms, PCV3 was present; and in two farms, Leptospira spp. was present. The detection of Leptospira spp. was significantly associated with a PCV2 coinfection (OR: 26.3; p < 0.001). PCV3 positivity resulted in a reduced probability of detecting PCV2 in the corresponding fetus (OR: 0.078; p = 0.008). Fetal maceration was associated with Leptospira spp. detection (OR: 8.6; p = 0.003), whereas mummification (p = 0.047), reduced crown-rump length (p < 0.001), and bodyweight (p = 0.001) of fetuses were significantly associated with PPV1 and PCV2 coinfection and thus, presumably, a shorter time to death after infection, indicating an enhanced negative effect on the development of fetuses with PCV2 + PPV1 coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Eddicks
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Julia Gründl
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Annika Seifert
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Lina Eddicks
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Sven Reese
- Institute for Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Robert Tabeling
- MSD Animal Health, Intervet Deutschland GmbH, 85716 Unterschleissheim, Germany
| | - Hanny Swam
- Intervet International B.V., 5831 AK Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | - Katrin Strutzberg-Minder
- IVD Innovative Veterinary Diagnostics (IVD GmbH), DVG-Consiliary Laboratory for Leptospira spp., 30926 Seelze, Germany
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Robert Fux
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
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7
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Yu C, Cao M, Wei Y, Liu J, Zhang H, Liu C, Feng L, Huang L. Evaluation of cross-immunity among major porcine circovirus type 2 genotypes by infection with PCV2b and PCV2d circulating strains. Vet Microbiol 2023; 283:109796. [PMID: 37285792 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There are three main genotypes of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), namely PCV2a, PCV2b and PCV2d, of which PCV2b and PCV2d are currently the most common. There are antigenic differences between these different genotypes. To explore the effect of PCV2 antigen differences on the immune protection provided by vaccines, a cross-immune protection test was carried out in pigs. Three genotype strains, PCV2a-CL, PCV2b-MDJ and PCV2d-LNHC, were inactivated and emulsified to prepare inactivated vaccines to immunize pigs, who were then challenged with the circulating strains PCV2b-BY and PCV2d-LNHC. Immunoperoxidase monolayer assays (IPMAs) and micro-neutralization assays were used to detect antibodies against the three different genotypes of PCV2. The results showed that the three genotype vaccines induced pigs to produce antibodies against the same and different genotypes of PCV2, but the levels of IPMA and neutralizing antibodies against the same genotype were higher than those against different genotypes. Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), virus titration and immunohistochemistry were used to detect PCV2 genomic DNA, live virus and antigen, respectively, in inguinal lymph nodes of experimental pigs. Following challenge with the PCV2b-BY strain, the viral DNA load in the inguinal lymph nodes of pigs immunized with the three genotype vaccines was reduced by more than 99 % compared to the unimmunized group. Following challenge with the PCV2d-LNHC strain, the viral DNA loads in the inguinal lymph nodes of pigs immunized with PCV2a, PCV2b and PCV2d genotype vaccines were reduced by 93.8 %, 99.8 % and 98.3 %, respectively, compared to unimmunized controls. In addition, neither live PCV2 virus nor antigen were detected in the inguinal lymph nodes of pigs immunized with any of the genotype vaccines (0/18), but both were detected in the lymph nodes of experimental pigs in the unimmunized control group (6/6). These findings suggest that, although the antigenic differences of the three genotype strains induce significant differences in antibody levels, they seem to have little effect on cross-protection between different genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Yu
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Mengxiang Cao
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yanwu Wei
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Jianhang Liu
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Changming Liu
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Li Feng
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Liping Huang
- Division of Swine Digestive System Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
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8
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Hung LC. Carboxyl-Terminal Decoy Epitopes in the Capsid Protein of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Are Immunogenicity-Enhancers That Elicit Predominantly Specific Antibodies in Non-Vaccinated Pigs. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112373. [PMID: 36366471 PMCID: PMC9693397 DOI: 10.3390/v14112373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In the context of the carboxyl-terminus (C-terminus) of the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2a (PCV2a) and PCV2a vaccines, this study aimed to explore its unrevealing cryptic epitope and its relation to PCV2-infected herd immunity. To discover the C-terminus of the capsid protein of PCV2a, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated in this work. Two mAbs bound the two minimal linear epitopes (229PPLKP233 and 228DPPLNP233 (or 229PPLNP233)), which were located at the C-terminus of the capsid proteins of PCV2a and PCV2b, respectively. One mAb bound to the minimal linear epitope (220QFREFNLK227, peptide P82), but it neither bound the virus-like particle (VLP) of PCV2a nor produced positive staining in PCV2a-infected cells by immunofluorescence assay. Further, the residues 220-227 were not accessible on the surface of the VLP on the three-dimensional model, but the residues 228-231 extend toward the VLP exterior. Immunoassays were conducted in this study to screen anti-viral peptide-specific IgGs, which could differentiate vaccinated pigs from non-vaccinated ones. The data show two 220QFREFNLKDPPLKP233-containing peptides had a significantly higher binding reactivity with sera from PCV2-infected pigs in the control group than with sera from the VLP-vaccine group, particularly seen in sera from swine aged 15 weeks to 24 weeks. However, the peptide P82 had not this phenomenon in that test. This study confirmed that C-terminal epitopes play an important role in PCV2-induced decoy of swine humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Chu Hung
- Animal Drugs Inspection Branch, Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Miaoli County 35054, Taiwan; ; Tel.: +88-637584811
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan
- Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Tainan 71246, Taiwan
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9
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Uribe‐García HF, Suarez‐Mesa RA, Rondón‐Barragán IS. Survey of porcine circovirus type 2 and parvovirus in swine breeding herds of Colombia. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:2451-2459. [PMID: 36137294 PMCID: PMC9677394 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the consequences of the presentation of reproductive failures in sows is the economic losses in production because it alters the estimated values of the volume of production, decreasing the productivity of the farm. Porcine circovirosis by porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) has been associated with reproductive disorders, and porcine parvovirus (PVP) is one of the pathological agents most related to the presentation of reproductive failure in pigs. In Colombia, there are reports of the presence of PCV2 through molecular techniques, and PVP through serum tests; however, in the department of Tolima, the prevalence of these two viruses is unknown. Objective In this study, the aim was to establish a report of the prevalence of viruses in five municipalities of the department of Tolima‐Colombia. Methods Blood samples from 150 breeding sows of five municipalities in Tolima, Colombia, were obtained. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to detect the PCV2 and PVP virus in the blood samples followed by PCR and sequencing of 16 PCR products of the amplification of the cap gene of PCV2. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to identify the genotype of the PCV2 virus. Results The presence of PCV2d in sows was detected in 135 samples (90%), as well as the identification of PVP in 2.6% of the samples. In addition, the phylogenetic analysis showed that 16 isolates were the PCV2d2 genotype. Conclusion PCV2d and PVP were found to coinfect the females, and the identification of variability in regions in the predicted amino acid sequence of the PCV2 capsid may be associated with virus pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinner F. Uribe‐García
- Research Group in Immunobiology and Pathogenesis, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics University of Tolima Ibagué Colombia
| | - Rafael A. Suarez‐Mesa
- Research Group in Immunobiology and Pathogenesis, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics University of Tolima Ibagué Colombia
| | - Iang S. Rondón‐Barragán
- Research Group in Immunobiology and Pathogenesis, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics University of Tolima Ibagué Colombia
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10
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Noh YH, Kim SC, Jeong CG, Lee SC, Lee DU, Yoon IJ, Kim WI. Pathological Evaluation of Porcine Circovirus 2d (PCV2d) Strain and Comparative Evaluation of PCV2d and PCV2b Inactivated Vaccines against PCV2d Infection in a Specific Pathogen-Free (SPF) Yucatan Miniature Pig Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091469. [PMID: 36146547 PMCID: PMC9501194 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an economically important swine pathogen that causes porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVADs). The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of specific pathogen-free Yucatan miniature pigs (YMPs) as an experimental model for PCV2d challenge and vaccine assessment because PCV2-negative pigs are extremely rare in conventional swine herds in Korea. In the first experiment, every three pigs were subjected to PCV2d field isolate or mock challenge. During three weeks of experiments, the PCV2d infection group exhibited clinical outcomes of PCVAD with high viral loads, lymphoid depletion, and detection of PCV2d antigens in lymphoid organs by immunohistochemistry. In the second experiment, three groups of pigs were challenged with PCV2d after immunization for three weeks: a nonvaccinated group (three pigs), a PCV2b-Vac group vaccinated with a commercial PCV2b-based inactivated vaccine SuiShot® Circo-ONE (five pigs), and a PCV2d-Vac group vaccinated with an experimental PCV2d-based inactivated vaccine (five pigs). During the three weeks of the challenge period, nonvaccinated pigs showed similar clinical outcomes to those observed in the PCV2d infection group from the first experiment. In contrast, both the PCV2b and PCV2d vaccinations produced good levels of protection against PCV2d challenge, as evidenced by reduced viral loads, improved growth performance, high virus-neutralizing antibody titers, and less development of PCV2-associated pathological lesions. Taken together, these data suggest that YMPs could be an alternative model for PCV2 challenge experiments, and these animals displayed typical clinical and pathological features and characteristics of protective immunity induced by the vaccines that were consistent with those resulting from PCV2 infections in conventional pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hee Noh
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratories Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34055, Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Seung-Chai Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Chang-Gi Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Seung-Chul Lee
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratories Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34055, Korea
| | - Dong-Uk Lee
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratories Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34055, Korea
| | - In-Joong Yoon
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratories Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34055, Korea
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-270-3981
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11
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Wen S, Song Y, Lv X, Meng X, Liu K, Yang J, Diao F, He J, Huo X, Chen Z, Zhai J. Detection and Molecular Characterization of Porcine Parvovirus 7 in Eastern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:930123. [PMID: 35873677 PMCID: PMC9298536 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.930123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine parvoviruses (PPV) and porcine circoviruses type 2 (PCV2) are widespread in the pig population. Recently, it was suggested that PPV7 may stimulate PCV2 and PCV3 replication. The present study aimed to make detection and molecular characterization of PPV7 for the first time in eastern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. Twenty-seven of ninety-four samples (28.72%) and five in eight pig farms were PPV7 positive. Further detection showed that the co-infection rate of PPV7 and PCV2 was 20.21% (19/94), and 9.59% (9/94) for PPV7 and PCV3. In addition, the positive rate of PPV7 in PCV2 positive samples was higher than that in PCV2 negative samples, supporting that PCV2 could act as a co-factor for PPV7 infection. In total, four PPV7 strains were sequenced and designated as NM-14, NM-19, NM-4, and NM-40. The amplified genome sequence of NM-14 and NM-40 were 3,999nt in length, while NM-19 and NM-4 were 3,996nt with a three nucleotides deletion at 3,097–3,099, resulting in an amino acid deletion in the Cap protein. Phylogenetic analysis based on the capsid amino acid (aa) sequences showed that 52 PPV7 strains were divided into two clades, and the four PPV7 strains in this study were all clustered in clade 1. The genome and capsid amino acid sequence of the four PPV7 strains identified in this study shared 80.0–96.9% and 85.9–100% similarity with that of 48 PPV7 reference strains selected in NCBI. Simplot analysis revealed that NM-19 and NM-4 strains were probably produced by recombination of two PPV7 strains from China. The amino acid sequence alignment analysis of capsid revealed that the four PPV7 strains detected in Inner Mongolia had multiple amino acid mutations in the 6 B cell linear epitopes compared with the reference strains, suggesting that the four PPV7 strains may have different characteristics in receptor binding and immunogenicity. In summary, this paper reported the PPV7 infection and molecular characterization in the eastern of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region for the first time, which is helpful to understand the molecular epidemic characteristics of PPV7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubo Wen
- Preventive Veterinary Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China.,Brucellosis Prevention and Treatment Technology Research Center, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Yang Song
- Preventive Veterinary Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China.,Brucellosis Prevention and Treatment Technology Research Center, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Xiangyu Lv
- Preventive Veterinary Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Xiaogang Meng
- Preventive Veterinary Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Preventive Veterinary Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Jingfeng Yang
- Preventive Veterinary Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Fengying Diao
- Preventive Veterinary Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Jinfei He
- Preventive Veterinary Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Xiaowei Huo
- Preventive Veterinary Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Zeliang Chen
- Preventive Veterinary Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China.,Brucellosis Prevention and Treatment Technology Research Center, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Jingbo Zhai
- Preventive Veterinary Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China.,Brucellosis Prevention and Treatment Technology Research Center, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
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12
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Hao X, Li Y, Chen H, Chen B, Liu R, Wu Y, Xiao X, Zhou P, Li S. Canine Circovirus Suppresses the Type I Interferon Response and Protein Expression but Promotes CPV-2 Replication. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126382. [PMID: 35742826 PMCID: PMC9224199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine circovirus (CanineCV) is an emerging virus in canines. Since the first strain of CanineCV was reported in 2012, CanineCV infection has shown a trend toward becoming a global epidemic. CanineCV infection often occurs with coinfection with other pathogens that may aggravate the symptoms of disease in affected dogs. Currently, CanineCV has not been successfully isolated by laboratories, resulting in a lack of clarity regarding its physicochemical properties, replication process, and pathogenic characteristics. To address this knowledge gap, the following results were obtained in this study. First, a CanineCV strain was rescued in F81 cells using infectious clone plasmids. Second, the Rep protein produced by the viral packaging rescue process was found to be associated with cytopathic effects. Additionally, the Rep protein and CanineCV inhibited the activation of the type I interferon (IFN-I) promoter, blocking subsequent expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Furthermore, Rep was found to broadly inhibit host protein expression. We speculate that in CanineCV and canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) coinfection cases, CanineCV promotes CPV-2 replication by inducing immunosuppression, which may increase the severity of clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqi Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.H.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (B.C.); (R.L.); (Y.W.); (X.X.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yanchao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.H.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (B.C.); (R.L.); (Y.W.); (X.X.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.H.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (B.C.); (R.L.); (Y.W.); (X.X.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bo Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.H.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (B.C.); (R.L.); (Y.W.); (X.X.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ruohan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.H.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (B.C.); (R.L.); (Y.W.); (X.X.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yidan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.H.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (B.C.); (R.L.); (Y.W.); (X.X.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiangyu Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.H.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (B.C.); (R.L.); (Y.W.); (X.X.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.H.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (B.C.); (R.L.); (Y.W.); (X.X.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (P.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Shoujun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.H.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (B.C.); (R.L.); (Y.W.); (X.X.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Pet Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (P.Z.); (S.L.)
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13
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Feng H, Fu J, Zhang B, Xue T, Liu C. A Novel Virus-Like Agent Originated From Genome Rearrangement of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Enhances PCV2 Replication and Regulates Intracellular Redox Status In Vitro. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:855920. [PMID: 35493731 PMCID: PMC9043654 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.855920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome rearrangement occurs to porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) during in vitro and in vivo infections, and a number of rearranged PCV2 genomes have been isolated and characterized. This study was conducted to investigate the role of the rearranged PCV2 (rPCV2) in PCV2 replication and the biological effect of rPCV2 in host cells. Two whole rPCV2 genome sequences (358 nt and 1125 nt in length) were synthesized and recombinant plasmids pBSK(+)-rPCV2 (pBSK(+)-1125 and pBSK(+)-358) were constructed. A novel virus-like agent (rPCV2-1125) was rescued by in vitro transfection of porcine kidney cell line (PK-15) and porcine alveolar macrophage 3D4/21 cells. The data indicate that rPCV2-1125 significantly enhanced PCV2 replication in vitro. Furthermore, rPCV2-1125 led to oxidative stress in host cells, as indicated by decreased intracellular glutathione (GSH) and total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, as well as increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. These results provide new insights into genome rearrangement of PCV2 and will contribute to future studies of PCV2 replication and associated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huicheng Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Jinping Fu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Diagnosis, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Xue
- School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Chuanmin Liu, ; Tao Xue,
| | - Chuanmin Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Diagnosis, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Chuanmin Liu, ; Tao Xue,
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14
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The first report of porcine parvovirus 7 (PPV7) in Colombia demonstrates the presence of variants associated with modifications at the level of the VP2-capsid protein. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258311. [PMID: 34914702 PMCID: PMC8675767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There are a wide variety of porcine parvoviruses (PPVs) referred to as PPV1 to PPV7. The latter was discovered in 2016 and later reported in some countries in America, Asia, and Europe. PPV7 as a pathogenic agent or coinfection with other pathogens causing disease has not yet been determined. In the present study, we report the identification of PPV7 for the first time in Colombia, where it was found retrospectively since 2015 in 40% of the provinces that make up the country (13/32), and the virus was ratified for 2018 in 4/5 provinces evaluated. Additionally, partial sequencing (nucleotides 380 to 4000) was performed of four Colombian strains completely covering the VP2 and NS1 viral genes. A sequence identity greater than 99% was found when comparing them with reference strains from the USA and China. In three of the four Colombian strains, an insertion of 15 nucleotides (five amino acids) was found in the PPV7-VP2 capsid protein (540–5554 nt; 180–184 aa). Based on this insertion, the VP2 phylogenetic analysis exhibited two well-differentiated evolutionarily related groups. To evaluate the impact of this insertion on the structure of the PPV7-VP2 capsid protein, the secondary structure of two different Colombian strains was predicted, and it was determined that the insertion is located in the coil region and not involved in significant changes in the structure of the protein. The 3D structure of the PPV7-VP2 capsid protein was determined by threading and homology modeling, and it was shown that the insertion did not imply a change in the shape of the protein. Additionally, it was determined that the insertion is not involved in suppressing a potential B cell epitope, although the increase in length of the epitope could affect the interaction with molecules that allow a specific immune response.
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15
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Abstract
AbstractPorcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), which serves as a major causative agent of PCV2-associated diseases and causes severe loss to the pig industry worldwide, can dysregulate the immune response and induce immunosuppression in PCV2-infected pigs. Similar to PCV2, porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3), a newly identified swine circovirus which might be closely associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, reproductive disorder, and multisystemic inflammatory responses, also interferes with host immune defense. Interaction between host immune system and PCVs is considered to be a crucial determinant of pathogenicity in pigs. Here, we sought to briefly discuss the current knowledge regarding the interaction of porcine circovirus type 2 and/or 3 with host immune cells and immune responses to better depict the viral immunomodulatory capacity, pathogenic mechanisms, and the future research direction in host immune responses to infection with PCV2 and PCV3.
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16
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Identification of a novel circovirus in blood sample of giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 95:105077. [PMID: 34506957 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The members of the family Circoviridae are considered to be one of the smallest autonomously replicating viruses that are classified into two genera, Circovirus and Cyclovirus. Circoviruses have been found in a variety of vertebrates, but whether they infect endangered protected animals has not been studied in much detail. Here, viral metagenomics and PCR methods were used to detect and verify viral nucleic acid in the blood sample from giant pandas. According to these methods, the complete genome sequence of a novel circovirus, the giant panda associated circovirus (GPCV) from the blood sample of three giant pandas was identified. The GPCV genome is 2090 bp in size and reveals two putative ambisense open-reading frames, encoding the major structural capsid protein and the replication associated protein, respectively, the latter having two predicted introns. Pairwise sequence comparison and phylogenetic analyses indicated GPCV was a putative new species within genus Circovirus based on the species demarcation criteria of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses. It is the first time that circovirus has been identified from blood sample of giant pandas. These efforts will contribute to future analyses to illuminate the evolutionary relationships between classified and newly identified members of the family Circoviridae.
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17
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Nelsen A, Lin CM, Hause BM. Porcine Parvovirus 2 Is Predominantly Associated With Macrophages in Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:726884. [PMID: 34485445 PMCID: PMC8414833 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.726884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is a significant source of morbidity and mortality, manifested by pneumonia of multiple etiologies, where a variety of pathogens and environment and management practices play a role in the disease. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), influenza A virus (IAV), and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) are well-established pathogens in PRDC. Porcine parvovirus 2 (PPV2) has been identified in both healthy and clinically diseased pigs at a high prevalence worldwide. Despite widespread circulation, the significance of PPV2 infection in PRDC and its association with other co-infections are unclear. Here, PPV2 was detected in the lung tissue in 39 of 100 (39%) PRDC-affected pigs by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Using in situ hybridization (ISH) in conjunction with tissue microarrays (TMA), PPV2 infection was localized in alveolar macrophages and other cells in the lungs with interstitial pneumonia in 28 of 99 (28.2%) samples. Viral load tended to correlate with the number of macrophages in the lungs. Assessment of the frequency, viral titers, and tissue distributions showed no association between infection of PPV2 and other major viral respiratory pathogens. In one-third of the PPV2-positive samples by qPCR, no other known viruses were identified by metagenomic sequencing. The genome sequences of PPV2 were 99.7% identical to the reference genomes. Although intensive intranuclear and intracytoplasmic signals of PPV2 were mainly detected in alveolar macrophages by ISH, no obvious virus replication was noted in in vitro cell culture. Together, these results suggest that PPV2 is associated, but may not be the sole causative agent, with PRDC, warranting the control and prevention of this underdiagnosed virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Nelsen
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Chun-Ming Lin
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States.,Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Ben M Hause
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States.,Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
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Mai J, Wang D, Zou Y, Zhang S, Meng C, Wang A, Wang N. High Co-infection Status of Novel Porcine Parvovirus 7 With Porcine Circovirus 3 in Sows That Experienced Reproductive Failure. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:695553. [PMID: 34395577 PMCID: PMC8358293 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.695553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine parvoviruses (PPVs) and porcine circoviruses (PCVs) infect pigs worldwide, with PPV1–7 and PCV2 infections common in pigs. Although PPV7 was only identified in 2016, co-infection of PPV7 and PCV2 is already common, and PPV7 may stimulate PCV2 replication. PCV3, a novel type of circovirus, is prevalent in pig populations worldwide and considered to cause reproductive disorders and dermatitis nephrotic syndrome. In recent studies, pigs were commonly infected with both PCV3 and PPV7. Our objective was to investigate the co-infections between PPV7 and PCV3 in samples from swine on farms in Hunan, China, and assess the potential impacts of PPV7 on PCV3 viremia. A total of 209 samples, known to be positive (105) or negative (104) for PCV3, were randomly selected from serum samples that were collected from commercial swine herds in seven regions from 2016 to 2018 in our previous studies; these samples were subjected to real-time PCR to detect PPV7. Of these samples, 23% (48/209) were positive for PPV7. Furthermore, the PPV7 positive rate was significantly higher in PCV3 positive serum (31.4%, 33/105) than in PCV3 negative serum (14.4%, 15/104). Another 62 PCV3 positive sow serum samples and 20 PCV3 positive aborted fetuses were selected from 2015 to 2016 in our other previous study. These samples were designated as being from farms with or without long-standing histories of reproductive failure (RF or non-RF), respectively, and they were also subjected to real-time PCR to detect PPV7 and to determine whether PPV7 affected PCV3 viremia. Among the 62 serum samples (39 PCV3 positive RF-serum and 23 PCV3 positive non-RF-serum), 45.1% (28/62) were positive for PPV7 and PCV3, and the PPV7 positive rate was significantly higher in PCV3 positive RF-serum (51.2%, 20/39) than in PCV3 positive non-RF-serum (34.8%, 8/23). In addition, there was a higher positive rate of PPV7 (55%, 11/20) in PCV3 positive aborted fetus samples. In addition, the copy number of PCV3 in PPV7 positive samples was significantly higher than that in PPV7 negative serum samples. Based on these findings, we concluded that PPV7 may stimulate PCV3 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Mai
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics (LFP), Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology (RCRV), College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Dongliang Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics (LFP), Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology (RCRV), College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yawen Zou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics (LFP), Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology (RCRV), College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Sujiao Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics (LFP), Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology (RCRV), College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Chenguang Meng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics (LFP), Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology (RCRV), College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Aibing Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics (LFP), Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology (RCRV), College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Naidong Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics (LFP), Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology (RCRV), College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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He Y, Chen W, Fan J, Fan S, Ding H, Chen J, Yi L. Recombinase-Aided Amplification Coupled with Lateral Flow Dipstick for Efficient and Accurate Detection of Porcine Parvovirus. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080762. [PMID: 34440506 PMCID: PMC8401844 DOI: 10.3390/life11080762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) infection is the primary cause of SMEDI (stillbirth; mummification; embryonic death; infertility) syndrome, which is a global burden for the swine industry. Thus, it is crucial to establish a rapid and efficient detection method against PPV infection. In the present work, we developed a recombinase-aided amplification (RAA) assay, coupled with a lateral flow dipstick (LFD), to achieve an amplification of PPV DNA at 37 °C within 15 min. The detection limits of PPV RAA-LFD assay were 102 copies/μL recombinant plasmid pMD19-T-VP1, 6.38 × 10-7 ng/μL PPV DNA, and 10-1 TCID50/mL virus, respectively. This method was highly specific for PPV detection with no cross-reactivity for other swine pathogens. In contrast to polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the PPV RAA-LFD assay is more sensitive and cost-saving. Hence, the established PPV RAA-LFD assay provided an alternative for PPV detection, especially in resource-limited regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.H.); (W.C.); (J.F.); (S.F.); (H.D.)
| | - Wenxian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.H.); (W.C.); (J.F.); (S.F.); (H.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jindai Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.H.); (W.C.); (J.F.); (S.F.); (H.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.H.); (W.C.); (J.F.); (S.F.); (H.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hongxing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.H.); (W.C.); (J.F.); (S.F.); (H.D.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.H.); (W.C.); (J.F.); (S.F.); (H.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (L.Y.)
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.H.); (W.C.); (J.F.); (S.F.); (H.D.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (L.Y.)
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Temeeyasen G, Lierman S, Arruda BL, Main R, Vannucci F, Gimenez-Lirola LG, Piñeyro PE. Pathogenicity and immune response against porcine circovirus type 3 infection in caesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 33206034 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a novel PCV species (PCV3) has been detected in cases associated with sow mortality, lesions consistent with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, reproductive failure and multisystemic inflammation. The pathogenesis and clinical significance of PCV3 is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the immunopathogenesis of PCV3 in CD/CD pigs. Four treatment groups, PCV3 (n=6), PCV3-KLH (n=6), control (n=3) and control-KLH (n=3), were included with PCV3-positive tissue homogenate (gc=3.38×1012 ml-1 and gc=1.04×1011 ml-1), confirmed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and next-generation sequencing. Clinical signs, viremia, viral shedding, systemic cytokines, humoral (IgG) and T-cellular response were evaluated for 42 days. At necropsy, tissues were collected for histological evaluation and PCV3 detection by qPCR and in situ hybridization. No significant clinical signs were observed through the study. Viremia was detected in both PCV3-inoculated groups from 3 days post-inoculation (p.i.) until the end of the study. Nasal shedding was detected from 3 to 28 days p.i. and faecal shedding was transient. PCV3 induced an early (7 days p.i.) and sustained (42 days p.i.) IgG response. No significant T-cell response was observed. Histological evaluation demonstrated lesions consistent with multisystemic inflammation and perivasculitis. All tissues evaluated were positive by qPCR and virus replication was confirmed by positive in situ hybridization. This study demonstrated the potential role of PCV3 in subclinical infection, producing a mild, multisystemic inflammatory response, prolonged viremia detectable for 42 days p.i., presence of IgG humoral response and viral shedding in nasal secretions. More research is required to understand and elucidate potential co-factors necessary in the manifestation and severity of clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun Temeeyasen
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, IA, USA
| | - Shay Lierman
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, IA, USA
| | - Bailey L Arruda
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, IA, USA
| | - Rodger Main
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, IA, USA
| | - Fabio Vannucci
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Ave, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Luis G Gimenez-Lirola
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, IA, USA
| | - Pablo E Piñeyro
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, IA, USA
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21
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Kim SC, Jeong CG, Nazki S, Lee SI, Baek YC, Jung YJ, Kim WI. Evaluation of a multiplex PCR method for the detection of porcine parvovirus types 1 through 7 using various field samples. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245699. [PMID: 33508002 PMCID: PMC7842984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine parvoviruses (PPVs) are small, nonenveloped DNA viruses that are widespread in the global pig population. PPV type 1 (PPV1) is a major causative agent of reproductive failure and has been recognized since the 1960s. In recent decades, novel PPVs have been identified and designated as PPVs 2 through 7 (PPV2~PPV7). Although the epidemiological impacts of these newly recognized parvoviruses on pigs are largely unknown, continuous surveillance of these PPVs is needed. The aim of this study was to develop an improved and efficient detection tool for these PPVs and to assess the developed method with field samples. Using 7 sets of newly designed primers, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) protocol was developed for the simultaneous detection of the seven genotypes of PPV (PPV1~PPV7). The sensitivity of the mPCR assay was analyzed, and the detection limit was determined to be 3×103 viral copies. The assay was highly specific in detecting one or more of the viruses in various combinations in specimens. The mPCR method was evaluated with 80 serum samples, 40 lung or lymph node samples and 40 intestine or fecal samples. When applied to these samples, the mPCR method could detect the 7 viruses simultaneously, providing rapid results regarding infection and coinfection status. In conclusion, the developed mPCR assay can be utilized as an effective and accurate diagnostic tool for rapid differential detection and epidemiological surveillance of various PPVs in numerous types of field samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Chai Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Chang-Gi Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Salik Nazki
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Sim-In Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Korea
| | - Ye-Chan Baek
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Yong-Jin Jung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
- * E-mail:
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22
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Wen L, Gao X, Sheng S, Xiao Q, Wang W, He K. Characterization of porcine circovirus-like virus P1 replication and lesions in BALB/c mice. Virology 2021; 556:33-38. [PMID: 33545554 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Five-week-old male BALB/c mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with a single (sP1) or multiple doses (mP1) of porcine circovirus-like virus P1 or cell culture medium. None of the mice exhibited clinical signs or gross lesions throughout the study. However, the body weights of the mP1 mice were significantly decreased, and the mice inoculated with P1 exhibited viral replication, seroconversion, and microscopic lesions. P1 nucleic acid was detected in the heart, liver, spleen, lung, bladder, testis, brain, thymus, and pancreatic tissues. Special P1 antibody was found in the P1-inoculated mice. Microscopic lesions in the sP1 and mP1 mice were characterized by interstitial pneumonia, including edema in the connective tissue around the pulmonary vessels, mild inflammatory cell infiltrate, thickened alveolar walls, myocardial necrosis, and dissolution of Purkinje cell nuclei. The results showed that the P1 virus could infect BALB/c mice. Thus, BALB/c mice may serve as models for P1 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Wen
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China.
| | | | | | - Qi Xiao
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Kongwang He
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China.
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23
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Shi F, Li Q, Zou Z, Wang Y, Hou X, Zhang Y, Song Q, Zhou S, Li H. The changes of immune-related molecules within the ileal mucosa of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type 2. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e78. [PMID: 33016023 PMCID: PMC7533395 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enteritis is one of the most frequently reported symptoms in piglets infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), but the immunopathogenesis has not been reported. Objectives This study examined the effect of a PCV2 infection on the intestinal mucosal immune function through morphological observations and immune-related molecular detection. Methods Morphological changes within the ileum of piglets during a PCV2 infection were observed. The expression of the related-molecules was analyzed using a gene chip. The immunocyte subsets were analyzed by flow cytometry. The secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) content was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The PCV2 infection caused ileal villus damage, intestinal epithelial cells exfoliation, and an increase in lymphocytes in the lamina propria at 21 days post-infection. Differentially expressed genes occurred in the defense response, inflammatory response, and the complement and coagulation cascade reactions. Most of them were downregulated significantly at the induction site and upregulated at the effector site. The genes associated with SIgA production were downregulated significantly at the induction site. In contrast, the expression of the Toll-like receptor-related genes was upregulated significantly at the effector site. The frequencies of dendritic cells, B cells, and CD8+T cells were upregulated at the 2 sites. The SIgA content decreased significantly in the ileal mucosa. Conclusions PCV2 infections can cause damage to the ileum that is associated with changes in immune-related gene expression, immune-related cell subsets, and SIgA production. These findings elucidated the molecular changes in the ileum after a PCV2 infection from the perspective of intestinal mucosal immunity, which provides insights into a further study for PCV2-induced enteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyang Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qiuming Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhanming Zou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaolin Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qinye Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Shuanghai Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Huanrong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China.
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24
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Lagan Tregaskis P, Staines A, Gordon A, Sheridan P, McMenamy M, Duffy C, Collins PJ, Mooney MH, Lemon K. Co-infection status of novel parvovirus's (PPV2 to 4) with porcine circovirus 2 in porcine respiratory disease complex and porcine circovirus-associated disease from 1997 to 2012. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1979-1994. [PMID: 32969579 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As global pig health diseases, porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) and porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD) generate substantial economic losses despite pigs been vaccinated against the primary causative virus, highlighting the importance of understanding virome interactions and specifically co-factor infections. Established primary endemic pathogens for PRDC include porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv) and swine influenza virus (SIV), and PCV2 aetiology in interaction with other co-infecting viruses can result in PCVAD. Porcine parvovirus (PPV) 1 is a well-characterized virus with an available vaccine preventing reproductive failure in sows. However, whilst novel PPV 2 to 7 viruses have been identified since 2001, their viral pathogenic potential in clinical and subclinical disease remains to be determined. Therefore, this study has sought to develop a better understanding of their potential role as associated co-infections in PRDC and PCVAD by examining archival samples for the presence of PCV2 and the novel parvoviruses PPV2-4 from clinically diseased pigs across production age stages. Epidemiologically, the novel PPV2 was found to be the most prevalent within the fattener age group with PPV2-4 statistically associated with pig respiratory disease and enteric ulcers. Additionally, statistical modelling by latent class analysis (LCA) on veterinary pathology scored pigs found a clustering co-factor association between PPV2 and PCV2, suggesting the novel PPV may be involved in PRDC and PCVAD. Phylogenetic analysis of novel PPVs revealed the PPV2 capsid evolution to be diverged from the original strains with a low nucleotide homology of 88%-96% between two distinct clades. These findings determine that novel PPV 2-4 viruses are statistically associated as co-infectors in a diseased pig population, and significantly detected PPV2 clustering co-infection frequency with PCV2 in PRDC and PCVAD diseased pigs through LCA analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Lagan Tregaskis
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK.,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Anthony Staines
- Department of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan Gordon
- Statistical Services Branch, Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Pauline Sheridan
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Michael McMenamy
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Catherine Duffy
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - P J Collins
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Mark H Mooney
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Ken Lemon
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Science Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
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Giraldo-Ramirez S, Rendon-Marin S, Vargas-Bermudez DS, Jaime J, Ruiz-Saenz J. First detection and full genomic analysis of Canine Circovirus in CPV-2 infected dogs in Colombia, South America. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17579. [PMID: 33067527 PMCID: PMC7567816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74630-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine Circovirus (CanineCV) is an emerging virus which since its first report in USA in 2012, it has been described worldwide. It was the second mammalian circovirus species identified in dogs and its role in canine enteritis is still being uncertain as much as its association in disease with the Canine Parvovirus-2 (CPV-2). Here, we aim to confirm for the first time the presence of CanineCV in Colombia and to develop phylogenetic evolutive analyses of CanineCV in CPV-2 positive animals. DNA from samples were extracted and PCR, full genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis was performed to detect and characterize CanineCV. From a total of 30 CPV-2 positive samples, 16.6% (n = 5) were positives for CanineCV. Sequencing analysis of Colombian CanineCV wild-type strains displayed high identity to each other (99.5–99.7% nt; 99.7% aa). The full genome phylogenetic analysis confirmed that worldwide reported CanineCV strains were separated into four distinct genotypes in addition to a European origin of the South American CanineCV strains. This study demonstrated the importance of continue surveillance of emerging viruses in canine populations and confirm for the first time the circulation and origin of CanineCV in Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Giraldo-Ramirez
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales - GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria Y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, sede Bucaramanga, Calle 30A # 33-51, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Santiago Rendon-Marin
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales - GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria Y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, sede Bucaramanga, Calle 30A # 33-51, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Diana S Vargas-Bermudez
- Departamento de Salud Animal, Centro de Investigación en Infectología E Inmunología Veterinaria (CI3V), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria Y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Carrera 30 No. 45-03, CP 1100, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jairo Jaime
- Departamento de Salud Animal, Centro de Investigación en Infectología E Inmunología Veterinaria (CI3V), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria Y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Carrera 30 No. 45-03, CP 1100, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Julian Ruiz-Saenz
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales - GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria Y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, sede Bucaramanga, Calle 30A # 33-51, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
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26
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Payne N, Kraberger S, Fontenele RS, Schmidlin K, Bergeman MH, Cassaigne I, Culver M, Varsani A, Van Doorslaer K. Novel Circoviruses Detected in Feces of Sonoran Felids. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091027. [PMID: 32942563 PMCID: PMC7551060 DOI: 10.3390/v12091027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sonoran felids are threatened by drought and habitat fragmentation. Vector range expansion and anthropogenic factors such as habitat encroachment and climate change are altering viral evolutionary dynamics and exposure. However, little is known about the diversity of viruses present in these populations. Small felid populations with lower genetic diversity are likely to be most threatened with extinction by emerging diseases, as with other selective pressures, due to having less adaptive potential. We used a metagenomic approach to identify novel circoviruses, which may have a negative impact on the population viability, from confirmed bobcat (Lynx rufus) and puma (Puma concolor) scats collected in Sonora, Mexico. Given some circoviruses are known to cause disease in their hosts, such as porcine and avian circoviruses, we took a non-invasive approach using scat to identify circoviruses in free-roaming bobcats and puma. Three circovirus genomes were determined, and, based on the current species demarcation, they represent two novel species. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that one circovirus species is more closely related to rodent associated circoviruses and the other to bat associated circoviruses, sharing highest genome-wide pairwise identity of approximately 70% and 63%, respectively. At this time, it is unknown whether these scat-derived circoviruses infect felids, their prey, or another organism that might have had contact with the scat in the environment. Further studies should be conducted to elucidate the host of these viruses and assess health impacts in felids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Payne
- Genetics Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA;
| | - Simona Kraberger
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001, USA; (S.K.); (R.S.F.); (K.S.)
| | - Rafaela S Fontenele
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001, USA; (S.K.); (R.S.F.); (K.S.)
| | - Kara Schmidlin
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001, USA; (S.K.); (R.S.F.); (K.S.)
| | - Melissa H Bergeman
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
| | | | - Melanie Culver
- Genetics Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA;
- U.S. Geological Survey, Arizona Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001, USA; (S.K.); (R.S.F.); (K.S.)
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
- Correspondence: (A.V.); (K.V.D.)
| | - Koenraad Van Doorslaer
- Genetics Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA;
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
- The BIO5 Institute, Department of Immunobiology, Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- Correspondence: (A.V.); (K.V.D.)
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The Monoclonal Antibody Recognized the Open Reading Frame Protein in Porcine Circovirus Type 2-Infected Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090961. [PMID: 32872497 PMCID: PMC7551997 DOI: 10.3390/v12090961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study in the context of the open reading frame 3 (ORF3) protein of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) was especially its location and its relation to the capsid protein and the apoptosis protein in PCV2-infected porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). To detect the ORF3 protein, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated in this study. The mAb 7D3 binds to the ORF3 peptide (residues 35–66) and the native ORF3 protein in PCV2-infected PBMCs, as shown by immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The data show that 3–5% of PBMCs were positive for ORF3 protein or p53 protein. Further, 78–82% of PBMCs were positive for the capsid. This study confirmed the ORF3 protein not only colocalized with the capsid protein but also colocalized with the p53 protein in PBMCs. Immunoassays were conducted in this study to detect the capsid protein, the ORF3 protein, anti-capsid IgG, and anti-ORF3 IgG. The data show the correlation (r = 0.758) of the ORF3 protein and the capsid protein in the blood samples from the PCV2-infected herd. However, each anti-viral protein IgG had a different curve of the profile in the same herd after vaccination. Overall, this study provides a blueprint to explore the ORF3 protein in PCV2-infected PBMCs.
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Effect of Goose Parvovirus and Duck Circovirus Coinfection in Ducks. J Vet Res 2020; 64:355-361. [PMID: 32984623 PMCID: PMC7497759 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Coinfection of goose parvovirus (GPV) and duck circovirus (DuCV) occurs commonly in field cases of short beak and dwarfism syndrome (SBDS). However, whether there is synergism between the two viruses in replication and pathogenicity remains undetermined. Material and Methods We established a coinfection model of GPV and DuCV in Cherry Valley ducks. Tissue samples were examined histopathologically. The viral loads in tissues were detected by qPCR, and the distribution of the virus in tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results Coinfection of GPV and DuCV significantly inhibited growth and development of ducks, and caused atrophy and pallor of the immune organs and necrosis of the liver. GPV and DuCV synergistically amplified pathogenicity in coinfected ducks. In the early stage of infection, viral loads of both pathogens in coinfected ducks were significantly lower than those in monoinfected ducks (P < 0.05). With the development of the infection process, GPV and DuCV loads in coinfected ducks were significantly higher than those in monoinfected ducks (P < 0.05). Extended viral distribution in the liver, kidney, duodenum, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius was consistent with the viral load increases in GPV and DuCV coinfected ducks. Conclusion These results indicate that GPV and DuCV synergistically potentiate their replication and pathogenicity in coinfected ducks.
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29
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Opriessnig T, Karuppannan AK, Castro AMMG, Xiao CT. Porcine circoviruses: current status, knowledge gaps and challenges. Virus Res 2020; 286:198044. [PMID: 32502553 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Circoviruses (CV) include some of the smallest viruses known. They were named after their circularly arranged single-stranded DNA genome with a gene encoding a conserved replicase protein on the sense strand. Circoviruses are widely distributed in mammals, fish, avian species and even insects. In pigs, four different CVs have been identified and named with consecutive numbers based on the order of their discovery: Porcine circovirus 1 (PCV1), Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) and most recently Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4). PCVs are ubiquitous in global pig populations and uninfected herds are rarely found. It is generally accepted that PCV1 is non-pathogenic. In contrast, PCV2 is considered an important, economically challenging pathogen on a global scale with comprehensive vaccination schemes in place. The role of PCV3 is still controversial several years after its discovery. Propagation of PCV3 appears to be challenging and only one successful experimental infection model has been published to date. Similarly to PCV2, PCV3 is widespread and found in many pigs regardless of their health history, including high health herds. PCV4 has only recently been discovered and further information on this virus is required to understand its potential impact. This review summarizes current knowledge on CVs in pigs and aims to contrast and compare known facts on PCVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK; Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.
| | - Anbu K Karuppannan
- Vaccine Research Centre-Viral Vaccines, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | | | - Chao-Ting Xiao
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
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30
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Saporiti V, Huerta E, Correa-Fiz F, Grosse Liesner B, Duran O, Segalés J, Sibila M. Detection and genotyping of Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) and detection of Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) in sera from fattening pigs of different European countries. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2521-2531. [PMID: 32356364 PMCID: PMC7754154 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PCV‐2 is considered one of the most economically important viral agents in swine worldwide. Recently, PCV‐3 has been found in pigs affected by different disorders and in healthy animals. The objective of this epidemiological work was to describe the frequency of detection of PCV‐2 and PCV‐3 in pig farms of 9 European countries. Moreover, a second aim was to assess the most frequent PCV‐2 genotypes found in the studied farms. Sera from 5 to 10 pigs per farm were collected from 2 to 11 farms per studied country. A total of 624 sera of fattening pigs (10–25 week old) from 64 farms from Spain (n = 11), Belgium (n = 10), France (n = 8), Germany (n = 8), Italy (n = 7), Denmark (n = 8), the Netherlands (n = 5), Ireland (n = 5) and Sweden (n = 2) were analysed by conventional PCR. In addition, one or two PCV‐2‐positive samples per farm were genotyped by sequencing the ORF2 gene. PCV‐3 PCR‐positive samples with relatively low Ct values were also sequenced and phylogenetically analysed. PCV‐2 DNA was detected in pig sera from all European tested countries, but Sweden. A total of 132 out of 624 (21%) sera were positive for PCV‐2 PCR, corresponding to 30 out of the 64 (47%) tested farms. PCV‐3 DNA was detected in 52 out of 624 (8%) sera, corresponding also to 30 out of the 64 (47%) studied farms from all tested countries. A total of 48 PCV‐2 PCR‐positive samples were successfully sequenced and genotyped, being PCV‐2d the most frequently genotype found (n = 28), followed by PCV‐2b (n = 11) and PCV‐2a (n = 9). These results pointed out PCV‐2d as the most prevalent genotype currently in Europe. The PCV‐3 phylogenetic analysis showed high identity (>98%) among sequences from all the analysed countries. The relatively low co‐infection (3%), likely suggest an independent circulation patterns of PCV‐2 and PCV‐3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Saporiti
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Eva Huerta
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Florencia Correa-Fiz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Oliver Duran
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH AH Swine, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain
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31
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Liu G, Qiao X, Chang C, Hua T, Wang J, Tang B, Zhang D. Reduction of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome-Associated Clinical Symptoms by Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Against Porcine Parvovirus and Porcine Circovirus Type 2. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:444-456. [PMID: 32255758 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) capsid (Cap) protein and porcine parvovirus (PPV) VP2 protein have been studied in vaccines to control postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines are nonreplicative vectors that deliver epitopes and induce immune responses. However, most VLP vaccines are recombinant proteins expressed in eukaryotic systems and are expensive and complex. In this study, the full-length PCV2-Cap and PPV-VP2 proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli, which self-assembled into VLPs. The highly soluble proteins were purified using Ni-chelating affinity chromatography. The proteins self-assembled into VLPs of ∼20 nm (Cap VLP) and 25 nm (VP2 VLP) in diameter. The immunogenicities of Cap VLP and VP2 VLP were determined in piglets coinfected with PPV and PCV2 postimmunization. The results suggested that Cap VLP and VP2 VLP did not antagonize each other. The combined vaccine induced stronger humoral and cellular immune responses and provided the best protection against PPV and PCV2 coinfection. On a farm containing PMWS-infected pigs, the combined Cap VLP and VP2 VLP vaccine significantly improved piglet growth indices; the average daily weight gains were significantly higher than those of the Cap VLP vaccine and nonimmunized groups. Thus, Cap and VP2 protein expression in E. coli is feasible for large-scale VLP vaccine production. The combined vaccine may be a promising candidate vaccine for better preventing PMWS-associated diseases coinfected with PCV2 and PPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyang Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xuwen Qiao
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chen Chang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tao Hua
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jichun Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daohua Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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32
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Li J, Song D, Wang S, Dai Y, Zhou J, Gu J. Antiviral Effect of Epigallocatechin Gallate via Impairing Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Attachment to Host Cell Receptor. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020176. [PMID: 32033244 PMCID: PMC7077276 DOI: 10.3390/v12020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The green tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) exhibits antiviral activity against various viruses. Whether EGCG also inhibits the infectivity of circovirus remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated the antiviral effect of EGCG on porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). EGCG targets PCV2 virions directly and blocks the attachment of virions to host cells. The microscale thermophoresis assay showed EGCG could interact with PCV2 capsid protein in vitro with considerable affinity (Kd = 98.03 ± 4.76 μM), thereby interfering with the binding of the capsid to the cell surface receptor heparan sulfate. The molecular docking analysis of capsid–EGCG interaction identified the key amino acids which formed the binding pocket accommodating EGCG. Amino acids ARG51, ASP70, ARG73 and ASP78 of capsid were found to be critical for maintaining the binding, and the arginine residues were also essential for the electrostatic interaction with heparan sulfate. The rescued mutant viruses also confirm the importance of the key amino acids of the capsid to the antiviral effect of EGCG. Our findings suggest that catechins could act as anti-infective agents against circovirus invasion, as well as provide the basic information for the development and synthesis of structure-based anti-circovirus drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Li
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.L.); (D.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Dongfeng Song
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.L.); (D.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Shengnan Wang
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.L.); (D.S.); (S.W.)
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.D.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yadong Dai
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.D.); (J.Z.)
- Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.D.); (J.Z.)
- Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jinyan Gu
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.L.); (D.S.); (S.W.)
- Correspondence:
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33
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Masuda A, Lee JM, Miyata T, Sato T, Hayashi S, Hino M, Morokuma D, Karasaki N, Mon H, Kusakabe T. Purification and characterization of immunogenic recombinant virus-like particles of porcine circovirus type 2 expressed in silkworm pupae. J Gen Virol 2019; 99:917-926. [PMID: 29851377 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a primary causative agent of postweaningmultisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), which has a significant economic impact on the swine industry. The capsid protein (Cap) encoded by ORF2 of the viral genome has been used effectively as a vaccine against PCV2 infection. The Cap protein can spontaneously assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs) that are safe and highly immunogenic for vaccine applications. Several expression systems, including bacteria, yeast and insect cells, have been utilized to produce PCV2 VLPs. However, in some cases, the recombinant Cap (rCap) proteins produced in bacteria and yeast do not assemble spontaneously. In this study, we expressed rCap protein using a silkworm-baculovirus expression vector system (silkworm-BEVS) for mass production of PCV2 VLPs and established a simple three-step protocol for its purification from pupae: extraction by detergent, ammonium sulfate precipitation and anion exchange column chromatography. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) analysis and transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation showed that purified rCap proteins formed VLPs with a similar morphology to that of the original virus. Furthermore, the VLPs produced in silkworms were capable of inducing neutralizing antibodies against PCV2 in mice. Our results demonstrated that the silkworm system is a powerful tool for the production of PCV2 VLPs and will be useful for the development of a reliable and cost-effective PCV2 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitsu Masuda
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Jae Man Lee
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyata
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Sato
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Shizuka Hayashi
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shin-machi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Masato Hino
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Daisuke Morokuma
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Noriko Karasaki
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mon
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kusakabe
- Laboratory of Insect Genome Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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34
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Abid M, Teklue T, Li Y, Wu H, Wang T, Qiu HJ, Sun Y. Generation and Immunogenicity of a Recombinant Pseudorabies Virus Co-Expressing Classical Swine Fever Virus E2 Protein and Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Capsid Protein Based on Fosmid Library Platform. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040279. [PMID: 31805703 PMCID: PMC6963705 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR), classical swine fever (CSF), and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-associated disease (PCVAD) are economically important infectious diseases of pigs. Co-infections of these diseases often occur in the field, posing significant threat to the swine industry worldwide. gE/gI/TK-gene-deleted vaccines are safe and capable of providing full protection against PR. Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) E2 glycoprotein is mainly used in the development of CSF vaccines. PCV2 capsid (Cap) protein is the major antigen targeted for developing PCV2 subunit vaccines. Multivalent vaccines, and especially virus-vectored vaccines expressing foreign proteins, are attractive strategies to fight co-infections for various swine diseases. The gene-deleted pseudorabies virus (PRV) can be used to develop promising and economical multivalent live virus-vectored vaccines. Herein, we constructed a gE/gI/TK-gene-deleted PRV co-expressing E2 of CSFV and Cap of PCV2 by fosmid library platform established for PRV, and the expression of E2 and Cap proteins was confirmed using immunofluorescence assay and western blotting. The recombinant virus propagated in porcine kidney 15 (PK-15) cells for 20 passages was genetically stable. The evaluation results in rabbits and pigs demonstrate that rPRVTJ-delgE/gI/TK-E2-Cap elicited detectable anti-PRV antibodies, but not anti-PCV2 or anti-CSFV antibodies. These findings provide insights that rPRVTJ-delgE/gI/TK-E2-Cap needs to be optimally engineered as a promising trivalent vaccine candidate against PRV, PCV2 and CSFV co-infections in future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- Correspondence: (H.-J.Q.); (Y.S.); Tel.: +86-451-5105-1708
| | - Yuan Sun
- Correspondence: (H.-J.Q.); (Y.S.); Tel.: +86-451-5105-1708
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35
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Afolabi KO, Iweriebor BC, Okoh AI, Obi LC. Increasing diversity of swine parvoviruses and their epidemiology in African pigs. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019; 73:175-183. [PMID: 31048075 PMCID: PMC7106291 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Detection of infectious viral agents has been on the increase globally with the advent and usage of more sensitive and selective novel molecular techniques in the epidemiological study of viral diseases of economic importance to the swine industry. The observation is not different for the pig-infecting member of the subfamily Parvovirinae in the family Parvoviridae as the application of novel molecular methods like metagenomics has brought about the detection of many other novel members of the group. Surprisingly, the list keeps increasing day by day with some of them possessing zoonotic potentials. In the last one decade, not less than ten novel swine-infecting viruses have been added to the subfamily, and ceaseless efforts have been in top gear to determine the occurrence and prevalence of the old and new swine parvoviruses in herds of pig-producing countries worldwide. The story, however, is on the contrary on the African continent as there is presently a dearth of information on surveillance initiatives of the viruses among swine herds of pig-producing countries in the region. Timely detection and characterization of the viral pathogens is highly imperative for the implementation of effective control and prevention of its spread. This review therefore presents a concise overview on the epidemiology of novel porcine parvoviruses globally and also provides up-to-date highlights on the reported cases of the viral agents in the African sub-region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayode Olayinka Afolabi
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, Eastern Cape Province, 5700, South Africa; Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa; Department of Biological Sciences, Anchor University, Ayobo, Lagos, Nigeria.
| | - Benson Chuks Iweriebor
- School of Science and Technology, Sefako Makghato Health Sciences University, Medunsa, 0204 Pretoria, Gauteng Province, South Africa
| | - Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, Eastern Cape Province, 5700, South Africa; Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
| | - Larry Chikwelu Obi
- School of Science and Technology, Sefako Makghato Health Sciences University, Medunsa, 0204 Pretoria, Gauteng Province, South Africa
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36
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Wang W, Cao L, Sun W, Xin J, Zheng M, Tian M, Lu H, Jin N. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of novel porcine parvovirus 7 isolates from pigs in Guangxi, China. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219560. [PMID: 31291362 PMCID: PMC6619813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvoviruses are a diverse group of viruses that infect a wide range of animals and humans. In recent years, advances in molecular techniques have resulted in the identification of several novel parvoviruses in swine. In this study, porcine parvovirus 7 (PPV7) isolates from clinical samples collected in Guangxi, China, were examined to understand their molecular epidemiology and co-infection with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). In this study, among the 385 pig serum samples, 105 were positive for PPV7, representing a 27.3% positive detection rate. The co-infection rate of PPV7 and PCV2 was 17.4% (67/385). Compared with the reference strains, we noted 93.9%-97.9% similarity in the NS1 gene and 87.4%-95.0% similarity in the cap gene. Interestingly, compared with the reference strains, sixteen of the PPV7 strains in this study contained an additional 3 to 15 nucleotides in the middle of the cap gene. Therefore, the Cap protein of fourteen strains encoded 474 amino acids, and the Cap protein of the other two strains encoded 470 amino acids. However, the Cap protein of the reference strain PPV7 isolate 42 encodes 469 amino acids. This is the first report of sequence variation within the cap gene, confirming an increase in the number of amino acids in the Cap protein of PPV7. Our findings provide new insight into the prevalence of PPV7 in swine in Guangxi, China, as well as sequence data and phylogenetic analysis of these novel PPV7 isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Cao
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenchao Sun
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jialiang Xin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Zheng
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingyao Tian
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (MYT); (HJL); (NYJ)
| | - Huijun Lu
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (MYT); (HJL); (NYJ)
| | - Ningyi Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Military Veterinary, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Academy of Military Sciences, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (MYT); (HJL); (NYJ)
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Kotsias F, Bucafusco D, Nuñez DA, Lago Borisovsky LA, Rodriguez M, Bratanich AC. Genomic characterization of canine circovirus associated with fatal disease in dogs in South America. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218735. [PMID: 31237902 PMCID: PMC6592543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine circovirus (CanineCV) was detected, together with canine parvovirus (CPV), in samples from an outbreak of fatal gastroenteritis in dogs in Argentina. We obtained the full-length genome of this recently discovered virus by overlapping PCR, designated strain UBA-Baires. Sequence analysis revealed a highly conserved genome but also showed several unique mutations in amino acids from the capsid protein that have not been previously reported. Phylogenetic analysis shows that this strain is more closely related to European strains than to viruses detected in North America or Asia. Although the pathogenic role of CanineCV in dogs is still unclear, this study highlights the importance of CanineCV as a coinfecting virus in disease development. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the involvement of CanineCV in severe clinical disease in dogs in South America. Our results expand our information on the geographical extent of this virus and contribute to the understanding of its role in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Kotsias
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) – Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Danilo Bucafusco
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Denise Anabel Nuñez
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Ana Cristina Bratanich
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) – Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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de Souza AR, Yamin M, Gava D, Zanella JRC, Gatti MSV, Bonafe CFS, de Lima Neto DF. Porcine parvovirus VP1/VP2 on a time series epitope mapping: exploring the effects of high hydrostatic pressure on the immune recognition of antigens. Virol J 2019; 16:75. [PMID: 31159841 PMCID: PMC6547530 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is a DNA virus that causes reproductive failure in gilts and sows, resulting in embryonic and fetal losses worldwide. Epitope mapping of PPV is important for developing new vaccines. In this study, we used spot synthesis analysis for epitope mapping of the capsid proteins of PPV (NADL-2 strain) and correlated the findings with predictive data from immunoinformatics. The virus was exposed to three conditions prior to inoculation in pigs: native (untreated), high hydrostatic pressure (350 MPa for 1 h) at room temperature and high hydrostatic pressure (350 MPa for 1 h) at − 18 °C, and was compared with a commercial vaccine produced using inactivated PPV. The screening of serum samples detected 44 positive spots corresponding to 20 antigenic sites. Each type of inoculated antigen elicited a distinct epitope set. In silico prediction located linear and discontinuous epitopes in B cells that coincided with several epitopes detected in spot synthesis of sera from pigs that received different preparations of inoculum. The conditions tested elicited antibodies against the VP1/VP2 antigen that differed in relation to the response time and the profile of structurally available regions that were recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancelmo Rabelo de Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade Estadual de Campimas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Marriam Yamin
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade Estadual de Campimas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Danielle Gava
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Laboratório de Virologia de Suínos, Concórdia, SC, 89715-899, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Sílvia Viccari Gatti
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade Estadual de Campimas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Carlos Francisco Sampaio Bonafe
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade Estadual de Campimas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Daniel Ferreira de Lima Neto
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade Estadual de Campimas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil. .,Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil.
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Miłek D, Woźniak A, Guzowska M, Stadejek T. Detection Patterns of Porcine Parvovirus (PPV) and Novel Porcine Parvoviruses 2 through 6 (PPV2-PPV6) in Polish Swine Farms. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050474. [PMID: 31137628 PMCID: PMC6563502 DOI: 10.3390/v11050474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is a major causative agent in reproductive failure, but in the last two decades many novel porcine parvoviruses were described and designated as porcine parvovirus 2 through 6 (PPV2–PPV6). However, their role for pig health is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to better understand the on-farm prevalence of PPVs in different age groups of pigs, and to assess the diagnostic applicability of testing different diagnostic materials. In total, 271 oral fluids, 1244 serum samples, and 1238 fecal samples were collected from 3–21-week-old pigs from 19 farms, and after pooling by 4–6, tested by real-time PCR. The results showed that PPVs are widely spread in Poland and that the highest detection rates were obtained for oral fluids (ranging from 10.7% (PPV1) to 48.7% (PPV2)). Fattening pigs were the age group with the most frequent detection of PPVs (ranging from 8.6% (PPV1) to 49.1% (PPV2)). Porcine parvoviruses were detected mostly in growing-finishing pigs and the infection persisted until the late fattening period, which may suggest the chronic character of the infection (especially for PPV2, which was found to commonly infect animals of all ages). Particularly low Ct values detected for PPV2, PPV3, PPV5, and PPV6 in serum pools from some farms suggested that these viruses may cause high levels of viremia in one or more individuals included in these pools. Further studies are needed to quantify the levels of PPVs viremia and to assess the impact in co-infections with other, often endemic pig viruses, such as porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Miłek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Woźniak
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Guzowska
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Prinz C, Stillfried M, Neubert LK, Denner J. Detection of PCV3 in German wild boars. Virol J 2019; 16:25. [PMID: 30795772 PMCID: PMC6387533 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine circovirus 3 is a newly described circovirus circulating worldwide. PCV3 may play an etiologic role in different pig diseases. Two different genotypes of PCV3 were described, PCV3a and PCV3b. In order to analyse whether PCV3 is also present in wild boars, animals living in and near Berlin were studied. The animals had been analysed previously and were found to form two genetically distinct and geographically coherent clusters. METHODS To detect PCV3 in wild boars, a PCR was performed, to analyse the virus in detail, parts of the sequence of the capsid protein were sequenced. In addition, a screening for PCV1 and PCV2 was performed using PCR. RESULTS For the first time, PCV3 was detected in German wild boars, with 50% of the animals infected in one genetic cluster, and 23% in the second cluster. In both populations which were divided in the years of division of Berlin, PCV3b was detected, in one case also PCV3a was detected. In some animals, co-infections with PCV1 and PCV2 or triple infections were detected. CONCLUSION The data show a high prevalence of PCV3 and co-infections with PCV1 and PCV2 in German wild boars. The finding of PCV3 in both clusters suggests that the virus was introduced into the animal populations before Berlin was divided. Furthermore, the methods used will be indispensable for screening for circoviruses in pigs genetically modified for xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Milena Stillfried
- Department of Ecological Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
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Ouyang T, Zhang X, Liu X, Ren L. Co-Infection of Swine with Porcine Circovirus Type 2 and Other Swine Viruses. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020185. [PMID: 30795620 PMCID: PMC6410029 DOI: 10.3390/v11020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is the etiological agent that causes porcine circovirus diseases and porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVD/PCVAD), which are present in every major swine-producing country in the world. PCV2 infections may downregulate the host immune system and enhance the infection and replication of other pathogens. However, the exact mechanisms of PCVD/PCVAD are currently unknown. To date, many studies have reported that several cofactors, such as other swine viruses or bacteria, vaccination failure, and stress or crowding, in combination with PCV2, lead to PCVD/PCVAD. Among these cofactors, co-infection of PCV2 with other viruses, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine parvovirus, swine influenza virus and classical swine fever virus have been widely studied for decades. In this review, we focus on the current state of knowledge regarding swine co-infection with different PCV2 genotypes or strains, as well as with PCV2 and other swine viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ouyang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Xinwei Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Linzhu Ren
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
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Induction of Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome in Piglets by Infection with Porcine Circovirus Type 3. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02045-18. [PMID: 30487279 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02045-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is an emerging porcine circovirus that has been associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)-like clinical signs, reproductive failure, cardiac pathologies, and multisystemic inflammation in piglets and sows. Many aspects of PCV3 infection biology and pathogenesis, however, remain unknown. Here, we used a PCV3 virus stock from the rescue of an infectious PCV3 DNA clone to intranasally inoculate 4- and 8-week-old specific-pathogen-free piglets for evaluation of PCV3 pathogenesis. For 4-week-old piglets, typical clinical signs resembling those of PDNS-like disease were observed when piglets were inoculated with PCV3 alone or PCV3 combined with immunostimulation by keyhole limpet hemocyanin, with a mortality of 40% (2/5) for both types of inoculated piglets during a 28-day observation period postinoculation. Both types of inoculated piglets showed similar progressive increases in viral loads in the sera and had seroconverted to PCV3 capsid antibody after inoculation. Pathological lesions and PCV3-specific antigen were detected in various tissues and organs, including the lung, heart, kidney, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and small intestine, in both types of inoculated piglets. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-23α, gamma interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), were significantly upregulated in both groups of inoculated piglets. Eight-week-old piglets also exhibited a similar PDNS-like disease but without death after PCV3 inoculation, as evidenced by pathological lesions and PCV3 antigen in various tissues and organs. These results show for the first time successful reproduction of PDNS-like disease by PCV3 infection and further provide significant information regarding the pathogenesis of PCV3 in piglets.IMPORTANCE Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3), an emerging porcine circovirus, is considered the cause of porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)-like clinical signs and other systemic diseases in piglets and sows. To evaluate the pathogenesis of PCV3 infection in vivo, we used a PCV3 virus stock from the rescue of an infectious PCV3 DNA clone to intranasally inoculate 4- and 8-week-old specific-pathogen-free piglets and demonstrated successful reproduction of PDNS-like disease in animals that were inoculated with PCV3 alone or PCV3 combined with immunostimulation by keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Both 4- and 8-week-old PCV3-inoculated piglets showed similar increases in viral loads in the sera and had seroconverted to PCV3 capsid antibody. Pathological lesions and PCV3-specific antigen were detected in various tissues and organs, while numerous proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the sera were significantly upregulated after PCV3 inoculation. These results will provide significant information regarding the pathogenesis of PCV3 in piglets.
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Franzo G, Kekarainen T, Llorens A, Correa-Fiz F, Segalés J. Exploratory metagenomic analyses of periweaning failure-to-thrive syndrome-affected pigs. Vet Rec 2019; 184:25. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.105125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS); University of Padua; Legnaro Italy
| | | | - Anna Llorens
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
| | - Florencia Correa-Fiz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB; Bellaterra Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashpal Singh Malik
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Mahendra Pal Yadav
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, India
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Klaumann F, Correa-Fiz F, Franzo G, Sibila M, Núñez JI, Segalés J. Current Knowledge on Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3): A Novel Virus With a Yet Unknown Impact on the Swine Industry. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:315. [PMID: 30631769 PMCID: PMC6315159 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) is a recently described virus belonging to the family Circoviridae. It represents the third member of genus Circovirus able to infect swine, together with PCV-1, considered non-pathogenic, and PCV-2, one of the most economically relevant viruses for the swine worldwide industry. PCV-3 was originally found by metagenomics analyses in 2015 in tissues of pigs suffering from porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, reproductive failure, myocarditis and multisystemic inflammation. The lack of other common pathogens as potential infectious agents of these conditions prompted the suspicion that PCV-3 might etiologically be involved in disease occurrence. Subsequently, viral genome was detected in apparently healthy pigs, and retrospective studies indicated that PCV-3 was already present in pigs by early 1990s. In fact, current evidence suggests that PCV-3 is a rather widespread virus worldwide. Recently, the virus DNA has also been found in wild boar, expanding the scope of infection susceptibility among the Suidae family; also, the potential reservoir role of this species for the domestic pig has been proposed. Phylogenetic studies with available PCV-3 partial and complete sequences from around the world have revealed high nucleotide identity (>96%), although two main groups and several subclusters have been described as well. Moreover, it has been proposed the existence of a most common ancestor dated around 50 years ago. Taking into account the economic importance and the well-known effects of PCV-2 on the swine industry, a new member of the same family like PCV-3 should not be neglected. Studies on epidemiology, pathogenesis, immunity and diagnosis are guaranteed in the next few years. Therefore, the present review will update the current knowledge and future trends of research on PCV-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francini Klaumann
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, Brazil.,IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Florencia Correa-Fiz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José I Núñez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Mudroňová D, Karaffová V, Csank T, Király J, Revajová V, Gancarčíková S, Nemcová R, Pistl J, Vilček Š, Levkut M. Systemic immune response of gnotobiotic mice infected with porcine circovirus type 2 after administration of Lactobacillus reuteri L26 Biocenol™. Benef Microbes 2018; 9:951-961. [PMID: 30232907 DOI: 10.3920/bm2017.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study we confirmed an antiviral activity of probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri L26 which was mediated by stimulation of local intestinal immunity. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the influence of L. reuteri L26 on the systemic immune response in gnotobiotic mice infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). A total of 30 germ-free mice were divided into 3 groups and animals in noninfected and infected control groups (NC and IC; n=10) received sterile de Man-Rogosa-Sharpe broth for 7 days and animals in experimental group L+PCV (n=10) were inoculated with L. reuteri L26. Subsequently, mice in L+PCV and IC groups were infected with PCV2; however, mice in the control group received virus cultivation medium (mock). The results showed an increase of percentage of cytotoxic cells (CD8+ and CD49b+CD8-) and oxidative burst of phagocytes, up-regulation of the gene expression of RANTES, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-γ and immunoglobulin A in blood above all in the later phase of infection (14 dpi) in L+PCV group accompanied by higher load of PCV2 in the serum. These findings indicate that L. reuteri L26 has a potential to induce systemic immune reaction, but in gnotobiotic mice immune stimulation can increase virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mudroňová
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - V Karaffová
- 1 Department of Pathological Anatomy and Pathological Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - T Csank
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - J Király
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - V Revajová
- 1 Department of Pathological Anatomy and Pathological Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - S Gancarčíková
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - R Nemcová
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - J Pistl
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Š Vilček
- 3 Department of Epizootiology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - M Levkut
- 1 Department of Pathological Anatomy and Pathological Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
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Miłek D, Woźniak A, Stadejek T. The detection and genetic diversity of novel porcine parvovirus 7 (PPV7) on Polish pig farms. Res Vet Sci 2018; 120:28-32. [PMID: 30170185 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In the last years several novel parvoviruses (PPVs) were discovered in pigs worldwide. The most recently discovered porcine parvovirus species is PPV7, which was detected in USA and China to date. This study reports the first evidence of PPV7 in Europe. Overall, 902 serum samples and 896 fecal samples were collected between 2014 and 2017 from 3 to 20 weeks old pigs from 14 conventional swine farms in Poland. PPV7 DNA was detected in samples from all examined farms. Overall, PPV7 was detected in 39,0% fecal pools and in 19,6% serum pools. No positive results were obtained from 3 to 6-week-old pigs. In growing pigs and fatteners the virus was detected in 26,1% serum pools and 51,4% fecal pools. PPV7 infection dynamics was similar in all tested farms. Five complete REP gene sequences of PPV7 from Poland were obtained. The identity of Polish sequences ranged from 94.3 to 96.7% and from 93.5 to 96.7% at the nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively. Their identity to previously discovered sequences from USA and China ranged from 93.9 to 95.0% and from 91.8 to 95.4% at the nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Miłek
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Woźniak
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Mészáros I, Olasz F, Cságola A, Tijssen P, Zádori Z. Biology of Porcine Parvovirus (Ungulate parvovirus 1). Viruses 2017; 9:v9120393. [PMID: 29261104 PMCID: PMC5744167 DOI: 10.3390/v9120393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is among the most important infectious agents causing infertility in pigs. Until recently, it was thought that the virus had low genetic variance, and that prevention of its harmful effect on pig fertility could be well-controlled by vaccination. However, at the beginning of the third millennium, field observations raised concerns about the effectiveness of the available vaccines against newly emerging strains. Subsequent investigations radically changed our view on the evolution and immunology of PPV, revealing that the virus is much more diverse than it was earlier anticipated, and that some of the “new” highly virulent isolates cannot be neutralized effectively by antisera raised against “old” PPV vaccine strains. These findings revitalized PPV research that led to significant advancements in the understanding of early and late viral processes during PPV infection. Our review summarizes the recent results of PPV research and aims to give a comprehensive update on the present understanding of PPV biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Mészáros
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1143 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ferenc Olasz
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1143 Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | - Peter Tijssen
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Québec, QC H7V 1B7, Canada.
| | - Zoltán Zádori
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1143 Budapest, Hungary.
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49
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Identification and functional analysis of the novel ORF6 protein of porcine circovirus type 2 in vitro. Vet Res Commun 2017; 42:1-10. [PMID: 29177583 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-017-9702-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the function of a novel ORF6 gene in the PCV2 genome was determined and functionally analyzed in vitro. ORF6 expression was demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence in PCV2-infected cells. The antibody against ORF6 was detected in PCV2-infected pigs. The start codon of ORF6 was mutated and an infectious clone was used to create an ORF6-deficient mutant virus. Viral DNA replication curves and immunofluorescence analysis indicated that ORF6 is unnecessary for viral replication and ORF6 deletion reduces viral DNA replication in PK-15 cells. The activities of caspases 3 and 8 in ORF6-deficient virus-infected cells were significantly different from those in wild-type virus-infected cells. The ORF6 protein can increase the expression of IFN-β, TNF-α, IL-1b, IL-10, and IL-12p40. These results demonstrated that the newly discovered ORF6 protein may be involved in caspases regulation and the expression of multiple cytokines in PCV2-infected cells. The functions of this gene in viral pathogenesis remain to be further elucidated.
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50
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Liu S, Li W, Wang Y, Gu C, Liu X, Charreyre C, Fan S, He Q. Coinfection with Haemophilus parasuis serovar 4 increases the virulence of porcine circovirus type 2 in piglets. Virol J 2017; 14:227. [PMID: 29157279 PMCID: PMC5696968 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) is an emerging disease in swine. Pigs with PMWS are often infected with a variety of other pathogens, including bacteria, viruses and mycoplasm, in addition to porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). PCV2 and Haemophilus parasuis serovar 4 (HPS4) coinfection remain epidemic in China. Methods Here we report construction of a three-week-old naturally farrowed, colostrum-deprived (NFCD) piglet’s infection model and demonstrate that PCV2-infected piglets with the HPS4 coinfection increased the virulence of PCV2 and these pathogens interact acquired PMWS. Results All the single infected piglets were transiently bacteremic or viremic. All the PCV2/HPS4 coinfected piglets developed PMWS, characterized by dyspnea, anorexia, prostration and lose weight severely. Co-infection with PCV2 and HPS4 resulted in an increased amount of virus in serum and tissues, presented a slower generation and lower levels of antibodies against PCV2. Co-infection with PCV2 and HPS4 resulted in further reductions in total and differential peripheral blood leukocyte counts. Meantime, PCV2/ HPS4 coinfection potentiated the severity of lung and lymphoid lesions by PCV2-associated, increased the virulence of PCV2-antigen and enhanced the incidence of PMWS in piglets. Conclusion Co-infection with PCV2 and HPS4 induce the exacerbation of system injuries and enhance the pathogenicity of PCV2 in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Wentao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Changqin Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | | | - Shenxian Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China. .,Department of Animal Infectious Disease, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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