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Malík M, Mika OJ, Navrátilová Z, Killi UK, Tlustoš P, Patočka J. Health and Environmental Hazards of the Toxic Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (Bracken Fern). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:18. [PMID: 38202326 PMCID: PMC10780724 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) is ubiquitous and acts as a cosmopolitan weed in pastures and similar environments. Despite its historical uses, it presents risks due to toxicity. This study, conducted in the second half of 2023, aimed to assess the environmental and health hazards of P. aquilinum, primarily focusing on its carcinogenic compound, ptaquiloside. The literature was comprehensively reviewed using diverse databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Information was synthesized from original research articles, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and relevant animal studies. Animals grazing on bracken fern face annual production losses due to toxin exposure. The substantial impact on biodiversity, animal health, and human well-being arises from the presence of ptaquiloside and related compounds in milk, meat, and water, along with the increasing global prevalence of P. aquilinum and its swift colonization in acidic soil and fire-damaged areas. The objectives were to identify major bioactive compounds and explore their effects at molecular, cellular, pathological, and population levels. Various cooking techniques were considered to mitigate toxin exposure, although complete elimination remains unattainable. Therefore, the findings emphasize the need for cautious consumption. In conclusion, continued research is necessary to better understand and manage its environmental and health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matěj Malík
- Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic; (M.M.); (P.T.)
| | - Otakar Jiří Mika
- Department of Crisis Management, Faculty of Security Management, Police Academy of the Czech Republic, Lhotecká 559/7, 143 01 Praha 4, Czech Republic
- Department of Radiology, Toxicology and Civil Protection, Faculty of Health and Social Studies, University of South Bohemia, J. Boreckého 1167/27, 370 11 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (U.K.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Zdeňka Navrátilová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 433/2, 128 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic;
| | - Uday Kumar Killi
- Department of Radiology, Toxicology and Civil Protection, Faculty of Health and Social Studies, University of South Bohemia, J. Boreckého 1167/27, 370 11 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (U.K.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Pavel Tlustoš
- Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic; (M.M.); (P.T.)
| | - Jiří Patočka
- Department of Radiology, Toxicology and Civil Protection, Faculty of Health and Social Studies, University of South Bohemia, J. Boreckého 1167/27, 370 11 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (U.K.K.); (J.P.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradecká 1285, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Wong K, Abascal F, Ludwig L, Aupperle-Lellbach H, Grassinger J, Wright CW, Allison SJ, Pinder E, Phillips RM, Romero LP, Gal A, Roady PJ, Pires I, Guscetti F, Munday JS, Peleteiro MC, Pinto CA, Carvalho T, Cota J, Du Plessis EC, Constantino-Casas F, Plog S, Moe L, de Brot S, Bemelmans I, Amorim RL, Georgy SR, Prada J, Del Pozo J, Heimann M, de Carvalho Nunes L, Simola O, Pazzi P, Steyl J, Ubukata R, Vajdovich P, Priestnall SL, Suárez-Bonnet A, Roperto F, Millanta F, Palmieri C, Ortiz AL, Barros CSL, Gava A, Söderström ME, O'Donnell M, Klopfleisch R, Manrique-Rincón A, Martincorena I, Ferreira I, Arends MJ, Wood GA, Adams DJ, van der Weyden L. Cross-species oncogenomics offers insight into human muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Genome Biol 2023; 24:191. [PMID: 37635261 PMCID: PMC10464500 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-03026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In humans, muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is highly aggressive and associated with a poor prognosis. With a high mutation load and large number of altered genes, strategies to delineate key driver events are necessary. Dogs and cats develop urothelial carcinoma (UC) with histological and clinical similarities to human MIBC. Cattle that graze on bracken fern also develop UC, associated with exposure to the carcinogen ptaquiloside. These species may represent relevant animal models of spontaneous and carcinogen-induced UC that can provide insight into human MIBC. RESULTS Whole-exome sequencing of domestic canine (n = 87) and feline (n = 23) UC, and comparative analysis with human MIBC reveals a lower mutation rate in animal cases and the absence of APOBEC mutational signatures. A convergence of driver genes (ARID1A, KDM6A, TP53, FAT1, and NRAS) is discovered, along with common focally amplified and deleted genes involved in regulation of the cell cycle and chromatin remodelling. We identify mismatch repair deficiency in a subset of canine and feline UCs with biallelic inactivation of MSH2. Bovine UC (n = 8) is distinctly different; we identify novel mutational signatures which are recapitulated in vitro in human urinary bladder UC cells treated with bracken fern extracts or purified ptaquiloside. CONCLUSION Canine and feline urinary bladder UC represent relevant models of MIBC in humans, and cross-species analysis can identify evolutionarily conserved driver genes. We characterize mutational signatures in bovine UC associated with bracken fern and ptaquiloside exposure, a human-linked cancer exposure. Our work demonstrates the relevance of cross-species comparative analysis in understanding both human and animal UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Wong
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Federico Abascal
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Latasha Ludwig
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Heike Aupperle-Lellbach
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany and Institute of Pathology, Department Comparative Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Grassinger
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany and Institute of Pathology, Department Comparative Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Colin W Wright
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Simon J Allison
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Emma Pinder
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Roger M Phillips
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Laura P Romero
- Departmento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria Y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), CDMX, Mexico City, México
| | - Arnon Gal
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Patrick J Roady
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Isabel Pires
- Department of Veterinary Science, CECAV-Veterinary and Animal Research Center, University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Franco Guscetti
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John S Munday
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Maria C Peleteiro
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos A Pinto
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - João Cota
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Lars Moe
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Simone de Brot
- Institute of Animal Pathology, COMPATH, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Renée Laufer Amorim
- Veterinary Clinic Department, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Smitha R Georgy
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Justina Prada
- Department of Veterinary Science, CECAV-Veterinary and Animal Research Center, University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Jorge Del Pozo
- Royal Dick School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Pazzi
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Johan Steyl
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Rodrigo Ubukata
- E+ Especialidades Veterinárias - Veterinary Oncology, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Peter Vajdovich
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Oncology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Simon L Priestnall
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Alejandro Suárez-Bonnet
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Franco Roperto
- Dipartimento Di Biologia, Università Degli Studi Di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Palmieri
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ana L Ortiz
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Claudio S L Barros
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Aldo Gava
- Pathology Laboratory of the Centro de Ciencias Agro-Veterinarias, Universidade Do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, SC, Brazil
| | - Minna E Söderström
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marie O'Donnell
- Department of Pathology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Manrique-Rincón
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Inigo Martincorena
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ingrid Ferreira
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Mark J Arends
- University of Edinburgh Division of Pathology, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Cancer Centre, Institute of Genetics & Cancer, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Geoffrey A Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - David J Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
| | - Louise van der Weyden
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
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Park H, Cho Y, Lee J, Lee KM, Kim HJ, Lee J, Bahn YS, Son J. Evaluation and Monitoring of the Natural Toxin Ptaquiloside in Bracken Fern, Meat, and Dairy Products. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030231. [PMID: 36977122 PMCID: PMC10053987 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ptaquiloside, a naturally occurring cancer-causing substance in bracken fern, has been detected in the meat and milk of cows fed a diet containing bracken fern. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitative analysis of ptaquiloside in bracken fern, meat, and dairy products was developed using the QuEChERS method and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method was validated according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists guidelines and met the criteria. A single matrix-matched calibration method with bracken fern has been proposed, which is a novel strategy that uses one calibration for multiple matrices. The calibration curve ranged from 0.1 to 50 µg/kg and showed good linearity (r2 > 0.99). The limits of detection and quantification were 0.03 and 0.09 µg/kg, respectively. The intraday and interday accuracies were 83.5-98.5%, and the precision was <9.0%. This method was used for the monitoring and exposure assessment of ptaquiloside in all routes of exposure. A total of 0.1 µg/kg of ptaquiloside was detected in free-range beef, and the daily dietary exposure of South Koreans to ptaquiloside was estimated at up to 3.0 × 10-5 µg/kg b.w./day. The significance of this study is to evaluate commercially available products in which ptaquiloside may be present, to monitor consumer safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Park
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoeseph Cho
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - JiEun Lee
- KnA Consulting, Yongin-si 16942, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Mi Lee
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jun Kim
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeick Lee
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Sun Bahn
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Son
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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Kim MK, Kang JS, Kundu A, Kim HS, Lee BM. Risk Assessment and Risk Reduction of Ptaquiloside in Bracken Fern. TOXICS 2023; 11:115. [PMID: 36850990 PMCID: PMC9959108 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the optimal boiling time to reduce ptaquiloside (PTA) and to carry out a risk assessment for PTA, a representative toxic substance found in bracken fern (BF; Pteridium aquilinum), which is frequently consumed as food in East Asian countries. High-performance liquid chromatography showed that the concentration of PTA in BF was reduced by up to 99% after boiling for 20 min. Risk assessment results showed that the cancer margin of exposure (MOE; ≥ 25,000 = safe) to PTA for an average daily exposure scenario after boiling BF for 20 min was considered safe. In addition, the non-cancer MOE (≥ 300 = safe) to PTA under an average daily exposure scenario after BF boiling for 20 min was considered safe. However, human exposure to PTA was considered unsafe under the non-boiled BF exposure and maximum daily exposure scenarios. Therefore, boiling BF for at least 20 min is recommended before consumption, to reduce exposure to PTA as much as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kook Kim
- Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Soo Kang
- Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Amit Kundu
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Mu Lee
- Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si 16419, Republic of Korea
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Kobets T, Smith BPC, Williams GM. Food-Borne Chemical Carcinogens and the Evidence for Human Cancer Risk. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182828. [PMID: 36140952 PMCID: PMC9497933 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Commonly consumed foods and beverages can contain chemicals with reported carcinogenic activity in rodent models. Moreover, exposures to some of these substances have been associated with increased cancer risks in humans. Food-borne carcinogens span a range of chemical classes and can arise from natural or anthropogenic sources, as well as form endogenously. Important considerations include the mechanism(s) of action (MoA), their relevance to human biology, and the level of exposure in diet. The MoAs of carcinogens have been classified as either DNA-reactive (genotoxic), involving covalent reaction with nuclear DNA, or epigenetic, involving molecular and cellular effects other than DNA reactivity. Carcinogens are generally present in food at low levels, resulting in low daily intakes, although there are some exceptions. Carcinogens of the DNA-reactive type produce effects at lower dosages than epigenetic carcinogens. Several food-related DNA-reactive carcinogens, including aflatoxins, aristolochic acid, benzene, benzo[a]pyrene and ethylene oxide, are recognized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as causes of human cancer. Of the epigenetic type, the only carcinogen considered to be associated with increased cancer in humans, although not from low-level food exposure, is dioxin (TCDD). Thus, DNA-reactive carcinogens in food represent a much greater risk than epigenetic carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Kobets
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-914-594-3105; Fax: +1-914-594-4163
| | - Benjamin P. C. Smith
- Future Ready Food Safety Hub, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Gary M. Williams
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Bandyopadhyay A, Dey A. Medicinal pteridophytes: ethnopharmacological, phytochemical, and clinical attributes. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-022-00283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Almost from the very beginning of human existence, man has been interacting with plants. Throughout human history, plants have provided humans with basic needs such as sustenance, firewood, livestock feed, and wood. The world has approximately 3 million vascular plants. The treatment of primary health problems is provided primarily by traditional medicines by around 80% of the world's population. Compared to other vascular plants, pteridophytes remain underexplored in ethnobotanical aspects, despite being regarded as a valuable component of healthcare for centuries. As an alternative medicine, pteridophytes are being investigated for their pharmacological activity. Almost 2000 years ago, humans were exploring and using plant species from this lineage because of its beneficial properties since pteridophytes were the first vascular plants.
Main body of the abstract
All popular search engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Scopus were searched to retrieve the relevant literature using various search strings relevant to the topic. Pteridophytes belonging to thirty different families have been documented as medicinal plants. For instance, Selaginella sp. has been demonstrated to have numerous therapeutic properties, including antioxidative, inflammation-reducing, anti-carcinogenic, diabetes-fighting, virucidal, antibacterial, and anti-senile dementia effects. In addition, clinical trials and studies performed on pteridophytes and derived compounds are also discussed in details.
Short conclusion
This review offers a compilation of therapeutically valuable pteridophytes utilized by local ethnic groups, as well as the public.
Graphical Abstract
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Kisielius V, Drejer M, Dornhoff JK, Mrkajic NS, Lindqvist DN, Hansen HCB, Rasmussen LH. Occurrence and stability of ptesculentoside, caudatoside and ptaquiloside in surface waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:277-289. [PMID: 35043811 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00364j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The illudane glycosides ptesculentoside (PTE), caudatoside (CAU) and ptaquiloside (PTA) are found in bracken ferns (Pteridium sp.). PTA is known to contaminate water bodies adjacent to bracken ferns and hence contribute to water toxicity. This study for the first time reports the presence of PTE and CAU in surface waters with concentrations up to 5.3 μg L-1 and outlines their stability under semi-natural conditions using water of two diverse lakes at their natural pH or pH adjusted to 6.5, with temperature controlled at 5 or 15 °C, and in the presence or absence of microbial activity. Under the same set of tested conditions the three illudane glycosides degraded at similar rates: with half-lives of approximately two days at pH 7.4 and 15 °C, and approximately 12 days at pH 5.2-6.5 and 5 °C. The water origin had significant influence on the degradation rates, but only due to its difference in pH. In most cases, the degradation rates of all the three illudane glycosides could be predicted using the existing first-order model for PTA hydrolysis. As PTE and CAU exhibit the same leaching pattern and stability as PTA, previous predictions of bracken environmental impact are likely underestimated, as PTE and CAU have not been monitored and included in the risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaidotas Kisielius
- Department of Technology, University College Copenhagen, Sigurdsgade 26, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Drejer
- Department of Technology, University College Copenhagen, Sigurdsgade 26, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jimmy Kjellerup Dornhoff
- Department of Technology, University College Copenhagen, Sigurdsgade 26, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Natasa Skrbic Mrkajic
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
- Greater Copenhagen Utility HOFOR, Ørestads Boulevard 35, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dan Nybro Lindqvist
- Department of Technology, University College Copenhagen, Sigurdsgade 26, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Christian Bruun Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Lars Holm Rasmussen
- Department of Technology, University College Copenhagen, Sigurdsgade 26, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Novel Therapeutic Effects of Pterosin B on Ang II-Induced Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225279. [PMID: 33198253 PMCID: PMC7697794 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is characterized by an abnormal increase in cardiac muscle mass in the left ventricle, resulting in cardiac dysfunction. Although various therapeutic approaches are being continuously developed for heart failure, several studies have suggested natural compounds as novel potential strategies. Considering relevant compounds, we investigated a new role for Pterosin B for which the potential life-affecting biological and therapeutic effects on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy are not fully known. Thus, we investigated whether Pterosin B can regulate cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by angiotensin II (Ang II) using H9c2 cells. The antihypertrophic effect of Pterosin B was evaluated, and the results showed that it reduced hypertrophy-related gene expression, cell size, and protein synthesis. In addition, upon Ang II stimulation, Pterosin B attenuated the activation and expression of major receptors, Ang II type 1 receptor and a receptor for advanced glycation end products, by inhibiting the phosphorylation of PKC-ERK-NF-κB pathway signaling molecules. In addition, Pterosin B showed the ability to reduce excessive intracellular reactive oxygen species, critical mediators for cardiac hypertrophy upon Ang II exposure, by regulating the expression levels of NAD(P)H oxidase 2/4. Our results demonstrate the protective role of Pterosin B in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, suggesting it is a potential therapeutic candidate.
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García-Jorgensen DB, Hansen HCB, Abrahamsen P, Diamantopoulos E. A novel model concept for modelling the leaching of natural toxins: results for the case of ptaquiloside. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1768-1779. [PMID: 32716437 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00182a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phytotoxins are a large class of highly diverse emerging environmental contaminants that have been detected at high concentrations in plants, water and soils. This study presents a novel modelling approach for assessing the fate of plant toxins in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum, developed for the specific case of ptaquiloside (PTA), a carcinogenic phytotoxin produced by Pteridium aquilinum. The mechanistic model DAISY has been adapted for reproducing phytotoxin dynamics in plants, covering processes such as toxin generation in the canopy, wash off by precipitation and toxin recovery in the canopy after depletion events. Transport of the toxin in the soil was simulated by the advection-dispersion equation assuming weak sorption and degradation for two Danish soils. The model simulates realistic toxin contents in the plant during the growing season, where the actual PTA content is dynamic and a function of the biomass. An average of 48% of the PTA produced in the canopy is washed off by precipitation, with loads in the soil often in the order of mg m-2 and up to a maximum of 13 mg m-2 in a single rain event. Degradation in the soil removes 99.9% of the total PTA input to the soil, while only 0.1% leaches into the soil. The median annual flux-averaged predicted environmental concentrations during single events are often in the order of μg L-1, reaching up to 60 μg L-1 for the worst-case scenario. The simulated results for both degradation and wash off are of the same order of magnitude as the published data. Based on the results, we conclude that DAISY, with the newly implemented processes, is a useful tool for understanding, describing and predicting the fate of PTA in the soil. Further work comparing the model results with real data is needed for the calibration and validation of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B García-Jorgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Rathaur P, SR KJ. Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of Phytochemicals in the Human Body. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 20:1085-1102. [DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200103090757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background:Phytochemicals are obtained from various plants and used for the treatment of diseases as both traditional and modern medicines. Poor bioavailability of phytochemicals is a major concern in applying phytochemicals as a therapeutic agent. It is, therefore, necessary to understand the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of phytochemicals for its implication as a therapeutic agent.Methods:Articles on the metabolism of phytochemicals from the PubMed database. The articles were classified into the digestion, absorption, metabolism, excretion, toxicity, and bioavailability of phytochemicals and the effect of gut microbiota on the metabolism of phytochemicals.Results:The metabolism of each phytochemical is largely dependent on the individual's digestive ability, membrane transporters, metabolizing enzymes and gut microbiota. Further, the form of the phytochemical and genetic make-up of the individual greatly influences the metabolism of phytochemicals.Conclusion:The metabolism of phytochemicals is mostly depended on the form of phytochemicals and individualspecific variations in the metabolism of phytochemicals. Understanding the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of phytochemicals might help in applying plant-based medicines for the treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Rathaur
- Department of Life Science, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Kaid Johar SR
- Department of Zoology, Biomedical Technology and Human Genetics, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
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11
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Sarkar J, Chakraborty N, Chatterjee A, Bhattacharjee A, Dasgupta D, Acharya K. Green Synthesized Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Ameliorate Defence and Antioxidant Enzymes in Lens culinaris. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E312. [PMID: 32059367 PMCID: PMC7075127 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) in a cost-effective and eco-friendly way has gained its importance. CuONPs has been prepared from copper sulfate by using Adiantum lunulatum whole plant extract. CuONPs have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic, transmission electron microscope, etc. Mono-disperse, spherical, pure, and highly stable CuONPs have formed with an average diameter of 6.5 ± 1.5 nm. Biosynthesized CuONPs at different concentrations were applied to seeds of Lens culinaris. Physiological characteristics were investigated in the germinated seeds. Roots obtained from the seeds treated with 0.025 mgmL-1 concentration of CuONPs showed highest activity of different defence enzymes and total phenolics. However, at higher concentration it becomes close to control. It showed gradual increase of antioxidative enzymes, in accordance with the increasing dose of CuONPs. Likewise, lipid peroxidation and proline content gradually increased with the increasing concentration. Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide generation was also altered due to CuONPs treatment indicating stress signal transduction. Finally, this study provides a new approach of the production of valuable CuONPs, is a unique, economical, and handy tool for large scale saleable production which can also be used as a potent plant defence booster instead of other commercial uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Sarkar
- Department of Botany, Dinabandhu Andrews College, Garia, Kolkata 700084, India;
| | - Nilanjan Chakraborty
- Department of Botany, Scottish Church College, Kolkata 700006, India; (N.C.); (A.B.); (D.D.)
| | - Arindam Chatterjee
- Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia 741235, India;
| | - Avisek Bhattacharjee
- Department of Botany, Scottish Church College, Kolkata 700006, India; (N.C.); (A.B.); (D.D.)
| | - Disha Dasgupta
- Department of Botany, Scottish Church College, Kolkata 700006, India; (N.C.); (A.B.); (D.D.)
| | - Krishnendu Acharya
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India
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12
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Fast LC-MS quantification of ptesculentoside, caudatoside, ptaquiloside and corresponding pterosins in bracken ferns. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1138:121966. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Thomas F, Giraudeau M, Dheilly NM, Gouzerh F, Boutry J, Beckmann C, Biro PA, Hamede R, Abadie J, Labrut S, Bieuville M, Misse D, Bramwell G, Schultz A, Le Loc'h G, Vincze O, Roche B, Renaud F, Russell T, Ujvari B. Rare and unique adaptations to cancer in domesticated species: An untapped resource? Evol Appl 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eva.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Thomas
- CREECUMR IRD 224‐CNRS 5290‐Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Mathieu Giraudeau
- CREECUMR IRD 224‐CNRS 5290‐Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Nolwenn M. Dheilly
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
| | - Flora Gouzerh
- CREECUMR IRD 224‐CNRS 5290‐Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Justine Boutry
- CREECUMR IRD 224‐CNRS 5290‐Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Christa Beckmann
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Waurn Ponds VIC Australia
- School of Science Western Sydney UniversityParramatta NSW Australia
| | - Peter A. Biro
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Waurn Ponds VIC Australia
| | - Rodrigo Hamede
- School of Natural Sciences University of Tasmania Hobart TAS Australia
| | | | | | - Margaux Bieuville
- CREECUMR IRD 224‐CNRS 5290‐Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Dorothée Misse
- CREECUMR IRD 224‐CNRS 5290‐Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Georgina Bramwell
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Waurn Ponds VIC Australia
| | - Aaron Schultz
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Waurn Ponds VIC Australia
| | - Guillaume Le Loc'h
- Clinique des NAC et de la Faune Sauvage, UMR IHAP École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse Toulouse France
| | - Orsolya Vincze
- Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology Evolutionary Ecology Group Babeş‐Bolyai University Cluj‐Napoca Romania
- Department of Tisza Research MTA Centre for Ecological Research‐DRI Debrecen Hungary
| | - Benjamin Roche
- CREECUMR IRD 224‐CNRS 5290‐Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
- Unité mixte Internationale de Modélisation Mathématique et Informatique des Systèmes Complexes UMI IRD/Sorbonne UniversitéUMMISCO Bondy France
| | - François Renaud
- CREECUMR IRD 224‐CNRS 5290‐Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Tracey Russell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Beata Ujvari
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Waurn Ponds VIC Australia
- School of Natural Sciences University of Tasmania Hobart TAS Australia
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14
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O'Connor PJ, Alonso-Amelot ME, Roberts SA, Povey AC. The role of bracken fern illudanes in bracken fern-induced toxicities. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2019; 782:108276. [PMID: 31843140 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bracken fern is carcinogenic when fed to domestic and laboratory animals inducing bladder and ileal tumours and is currently classified as a possible human carcinogen by IARC. The carcinogenic illudane, ptaquiloside (PTQ) was isolated from bracken fern and is widely assumed to be the major bracken carcinogen. However, several other structurally similar illudanes are found in bracken fern, in some cases at higher levels than PTQ and so may contribute to the overall toxicity and carcinogenicity of bracken fern. In this review, we critically evaluate the role of illudanes in bracken fern induced toxicity and carcinogenicity, the mechanistic basis of these effects including the role of DNA damage, and the potential for human exposure in order to highlight deficiencies in the current literature. Critical gaps remain in our understanding of bracken fern induced carcinogenesis, a better understanding of these processes is essential to establish whether bracken fern is also a human carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J O'Connor
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Centre for Epidemiology, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - M E Alonso-Amelot
- Chemical Ecology Group, Faculty of Sciences, University of Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela
| | - S A Roberts
- Centre for Biostatistics, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - A C Povey
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Centre for Epidemiology, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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15
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Inhibition of β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 and cholinesterases by pterosins via a specific structure-activity relationship with a strong BBB permeability. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-18. [PMID: 30755593 PMCID: PMC6372667 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0205-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We extracted 15 pterosin derivatives from Pteridium aquilinum that inhibited β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and cholinesterases involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). (2R)-Pterosin B inhibited BACE1, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with an IC50 of 29.6, 16.2 and 48.1 µM, respectively. The Ki values and binding energies (kcal/mol) between pterosins and BACE1, AChE, and BChE corresponded to the respective IC50 values. (2R)-Pterosin B was a noncompetitive inhibitor against human BACE1 and BChE as well as a mixed-type inhibitor against AChE, binding to the active sites of the corresponding enzymes. Molecular docking simulation of mixed-type and noncompetitive inhibitors for BACE1, AChE, and BChE indicated novel binding site-directed inhibition of the enzymes by pterosins and the structure-activity relationship. (2R)-Pterosin B exhibited a strong BBB permeability with an effective permeability (Pe) of 60.3×10-6 cm/s on PAMPA-BBB. (2R)-Pterosin B and (2R,3 R)-pteroside C significantly decreased the secretion of Aβ peptides from neuroblastoma cells that overexpressed human β-amyloid precursor protein at 500 μM. Conclusively, our study suggested that several pterosins are potential scaffolds for multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) for AD therapeutics.
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16
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Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Domingo LR, Alonso-Amelot ME. A DFT Study of the Conversion of Ptaquiloside, a Bracken Fern Carcinogen, to Pterosin B in Neutral and Acidic Aqueous Medium. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mar Ríos-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Valencia; Dr Moliner 50 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
| | - Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Valencia; Dr Moliner 50 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
| | - Miguel E. Alonso-Amelot
- Departamento de Química; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Los Andes; Mérida Venezuela
- Av Joan Fuster, 22-A, 2°, pta 4 03700 Denia, Alicante Spain
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17
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Micheloud JF, Colque-Caro LA, Martinez OG, Gimeno EJ, da Silva Freitas Ribeiro D, Blanco BS. Bovine enzootic haematuria from consumption of Pteris deflexa and Pteris plumula in northwestern Argentina. Toxicon 2017; 134:26-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Araldi RP, Assaf SMR, Carvalho RFD, Carvalho MACRD, Souza JMD, Magnelli RF, Módolo DG, Roperto FP, Stocco RDC, Beçak W. Papillomaviruses: a systematic review. Genet Mol Biol 2017; 40:1-21. [PMID: 28212457 PMCID: PMC5409773 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, a group of viruses has received great attention due to its
relationship with cancer development and its wide distribution throughout the
vertebrates: the papillomaviruses. In this article, we aim to review some of the most
relevant reports concerning the use of bovines as an experimental model for studies
related to papillomaviruses. Moreover, the obtained data contributes to the
development of strategies against the clinical consequences of bovine
papillomaviruses (BPV) that have led to drastic hazards to the herds. To overcome the
problem, the vaccines that we have been developing involve recombinant DNA
technology, aiming at prophylactic and therapeutic procedures. It is important to
point out that these strategies can be used as models for innovative procedures
against HPV, as this virus is the main causal agent of cervical cancer, the second
most fatal cancer in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Pinheiro Araldi
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Jacqueline Mazzuchelli de Souza
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberta Fiusa Magnelli
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Franco Peppino Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Campania, Italy
| | | | - Willy Beçak
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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19
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Sakita JY, Gasparotto B, Garcia SB, Uyemura SA, Kannen V. A critical discussion on diet, genomic mutations and repair mechanisms in colon carcinogenesis. Toxicol Lett 2017; 265:106-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Mohammad RH, Nur-E-Alam M, Lahmann M, Parveen I, Tizzard GJ, Coles SJ, Fowler M, Drake AF, Heyes D, Thoss V. Isolation and characterisation of 13 pterosins and pterosides from bracken (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) rhizome. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 128:82-94. [PMID: 27177933 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Systematic phytochemical investigations of the underground rhizome of Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (Dennstaedtiaceae) afforded thirty-five pterosins and pterosides. By detailed analysis of one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD) and high-resolution mass spectrometric data, thirteen previously undescribed pterosins and pterosides have been identified. Interestingly, for the first time 12-O-β-D-glucopyranoside substituted pterosins, rhedynosides C and D, and the sulfate-containing pterosin, rhedynosin H, alongside the two known compounds, histiopterosin A and (2S)-pteroside A2, were isolated from the rhizomes of subsp. aquilinum of bracken. In addition, six-membered cyclic ether pterosins and pterosides, rhedynosin A and rhedynoside A, are the first examples of this type of pterosin-sesquiterpenoid. Additionally, the three previously reported compounds (rhedynosin I, (2S)-2-hydroxymethylpterosin E and (2S)-12-hydroxypterosin A) were obtained for the first time from plants as opposed to mammalian metabolic products. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was applied to the previously undescribed compounds (2R)-rhedynoside B, (2R)-pteroside B and (2S)-pteroside K, yielding the first crystal structures for pterosides, and three known pterosins, (2S)-pterosin A, trans-pterosin C and cis-pterosin C. Rhedynosin C is the only example of the cyclic lactone pterosins with a keto group at position C-14. Six selected pterosins ((2S)-pterosin A, (2R)-pterosin B and trans-pterosin C) and associated glycosides ((2S)-pteroside A, (2R)-pteroside B and pteroside Z) were assessed for their anti-diabetic activity using an intestinal glucose uptake assay; all were found to be inactive at 300 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Nur-E-Alam
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK; Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ifat Parveen
- IBERS, Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Graham J Tizzard
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Simon J Coles
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Mark Fowler
- Strategic Science Group, Unilever R&D, Colworth Science Park, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Alex F Drake
- Biomolecular Spectroscopy Centre, Pharmaceutical Optical & Chiroptical Spectroscopy Facility, King's College London, The Wolfson Wing, WWB10 Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Derren Heyes
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Vera Thoss
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK.
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21
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Hemeryck LY, Vanhaecke L. Diet-related DNA adduct formation in relation to carcinogenesis. Nutr Rev 2016; 74:475-89. [PMID: 27330144 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuw017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human diet contributes significantly to the initiation and promotion of carcinogenesis. It has become clear that the human diet contains several groups of natural foodborne chemicals that are at least in part responsible for the genotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic potential of certain foodstuffs. Electrophilic chemicals are prone to attack nucleophilic sites in DNA, resulting in the formation of altered nucleobases, also known as DNA adducts. Since DNA adduct formation is believed to signal the onset of chemically induced carcinogenesis, the DNA adduct-inducing potential of certain foodstuffs has been investigated to gain more insight into diet-related pathways of carcinogenesis. Many studies have investigated diet-related DNA adduct formation. This review summarizes work on known or suspected dietary carcinogens and the role of DNA adduct formation in hypothesized carcinogenesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieselot Y Hemeryck
- L.Y. Hemeryck and L. Vanhaecke are with the Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- L.Y. Hemeryck and L. Vanhaecke are with the Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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22
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Oliveros-Bastidas A, Calcagno-Pissarelli MP, Naya M, Ávila-Núñez JL, Alonso-Amelot ME. Human gastric cancer, Helicobacter pylori and bracken carcinogens: A connecting hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2016; 88:91-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Lim TK. Cibotium barometz. EDIBLE MEDICINAL AND NON-MEDICINAL PLANTS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7121400 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7276-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cibotium barometz plant habit
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Mutagenic Potential ofBos taurus Papillomavirus Type 1 E6 Recombinant Protein: First Description. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:806361. [PMID: 26783529 PMCID: PMC4689895 DOI: 10.1155/2015/806361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) is considered a useful model to study HPV oncogenic process. BPV interacts with the host chromatin, resulting in DNA damage, which is attributed to E5, E6, and E7 viral oncoproteins activity. However, the oncogenic mechanisms of BPV E6 oncoprotein per se remain unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the mutagenic potential of Bos taurus papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) E6 recombinant oncoprotein by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (CBMNA) and comet assay (CA). Peripheral blood samples of five calves were collected. Samples were subjected to molecular diagnosis, which did not reveal presence of BPV sequences. Samples were treated with 1 μg/mL of BPV-1 E6 oncoprotein and 50 μg/mL of cyclophosphamide (positive control). Negative controls were not submitted to any treatment. The samples were submitted to the CBMNA and CA. The results showed that BPV E6 oncoprotein induces clastogenesis per se, which is indicative of genomic instability. These results allowed better understanding the mechanism of cancer promotion associated with the BPV E6 oncoprotein and revealed that this oncoprotein can induce carcinogenesis per se. E6 recombinant oncoprotein has been suggested as a possible vaccine candidate. Results pointed out that BPV E6 recombinant oncoprotein modifications are required to use it as vaccine.
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25
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Fern-synthesized nanoparticles in the fight against malaria: LC/MS analysis of Pteridium aquilinum leaf extract and biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles with high mosquitocidal and antiplasmodial activity. Parasitol Res 2015; 115:997-1013. [PMID: 26612497 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4828-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains a major public health problem due to the emergence and spread of Plasmodium falciparum strains resistant to chloroquine. There is an urgent need to investigate new and effective sources of antimalarial drugs. This research proposed a novel method of fern-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) using a cheap plant extract of Pteridium aquilinum, acting as a reducing and capping agent. AgNP were characterized by UV-vis spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Phytochemical analysis of P. aquilinum leaf extract revealed the presence of phenols, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, proteins, carbohydrates, saponins, glycosides, steroids, and triterpenoids. LC/MS analysis identified at least 19 compounds, namely pterosin, hydroquinone, hydroxy-acetophenone, hydroxy-cinnamic acid, 5, 7-dihydroxy-4-methyl coumarin, trans-cinnamic acid, apiole, quercetin 3-glucoside, hydroxy-L-proline, hypaphorine, khellol glucoside, umbelliferose, violaxanthin, ergotamine tartrate, palmatine chloride, deacylgymnemic acid, methyl laurate, and palmitoyl acetate. In DPPH scavenging assays, the IC50 value of the P. aquilinum leaf extract was 10.04 μg/ml, while IC50 of BHT and rutin were 7.93 and 6.35 μg/ml. In mosquitocidal assays, LC50 of P. aquilinum leaf extract against Anopheles stephensi larvae and pupae were 220.44 ppm (larva I), 254.12 ppm (II), 302.32 ppm (III), 395.12 ppm (IV), and 502.20 ppm (pupa). LC50 of P. aquilinum-synthesized AgNP were 7.48 ppm (I), 10.68 ppm (II), 13.77 ppm (III), 18.45 ppm (IV), and 31.51 ppm (pupa). In the field, the application of P. aquilinum extract and AgNP (10 × LC50) led to 100 % larval reduction after 72 h. Both the P. aquilinum extract and AgNP reduced longevity and fecundity of An. stephensi adults. Smoke toxicity experiments conducted against An. stephensi adults showed that P. aquilinum leaf-, stem-, and root-based coils evoked mortality rates comparable to the permethrin-based positive control (57, 50, 41, and 49 %, respectively). Furthermore, the antiplasmodial activity of P. aquilinum leaf extract and green-synthesized AgNP was evaluated against CQ-resistant (CQ-r) and CQ-sensitive (CQ-s) strains of P. falciparum. IC50 of P. aquilinum were 62.04 μg/ml (CQ-s) and 71.16 μg/ml (CQ-r); P. aquilinum-synthesized AgNP achieved IC50 of 78.12 μg/ml (CQ-s) and 88.34 μg/ml (CQ-r). Overall, our results highlighted that fern-synthesized AgNP could be candidated as a new tool against chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum and different developmental instars of its primary vector An. stephensi. Further research on nanosynthesis routed by the LC/MS-identified constituents is ongoing.
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Virgilio A, Sinisi A, Russo V, Gerardo S, Santoro A, Galeone A, Taglialatela-Scafati O, Roperto F. Ptaquiloside, the major carcinogen of bracken fern, in the pooled raw milk of healthy sheep and goats: an underestimated, global concern of food safety. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4886-4892. [PMID: 25932502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) is a worldwide plant containing toxic substances, which represent an important chemical hazard for animals, including humans. Ptaquiloside, 1, a norsesquiterpenoid glucoside, is the major carcinogen of bracken detected in the food chain, particularly in the milk from farm animals. To date, ptaquiloside has been shown in the milk of cows feeding on a diet containing bracken fern. This is the first study that shows the systematic detection of ptaquiloside, 1, and reports its direct quantitation in pooled raw milk of healthy sheep and goats grazing on bracken. Ptaquiloside, 1, was detected by a sensitive method based on the chemical conversion of ptaquiloside, 1, into bromopterosine, 4, following gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The presence of ptaquiloside, 1, possibly carcinogenic to humans, in the milk of healthy animals is an unknown potential health risk, thus representing a harmful and potential global concern of food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Virgilio
- †Department of Pharmacy, Naples University Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Sinisi
- †Department of Pharmacy, Naples University Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Russo
- ‡Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Gerardo
- §Assessorato Politiche della Persona, Ufficio Veterinario, Igiene Alimenti, Tutela Sanitaria Consumatori, Regione Basilicata, Viale Verrastro 9, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Adriano Santoro
- ‡Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Aldo Galeone
- †Department of Pharmacy, Naples University Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Franco Roperto
- #Department of Biology, Naples University Federico II, Via Cinzia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
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Abstract
Consuming plants for their presumed health benefits has occurred since early civilizations. Phytochemicals are found in various plants that are frequently included in the human diet and are generally thought to be safe for consumption because they are produced naturally. However, this is not always the case and in fact many natural compounds found in several commonly consumed plants are potential carcinogens or tumor promoters and should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota.
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Tourchi-Roudsari M. Multiple Effects of Bracken Fern under in vivo and in vitro Conditions. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:7505-13. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.18.7505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Traditional use and safety of herbal medicines1. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Püssa T. Toxicological issues associated with production and processing of meat. Meat Sci 2013; 95:844-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Tomšík P. Ferns and lycopods--a potential treasury of anticancer agents but also a carcinogenic hazard. Phytother Res 2013; 28:798-810. [PMID: 24123573 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Many species of seedless vascular plants-ferns and lycopods-have been used as food and folk medicine since ancient times. Some of them have become the focus of intensive research concerning their anticancer properties. Studies on the anticancer effect of crude extracts are being increasingly replaced by bioactivity-guided fractionation, as well as detailed assessment of the mechanism of action. Numerous compounds-especially flavonoids such as amentoflavone and protoapigenone, and also simpler phenolic compounds, steroids, alkaloids and terpenoids-were isolated and found to be cytotoxic, particularly pro-apoptotic, or to induce cell cycle arrest in cancer cell lines in vitro. In in vivo experiments, some fern-derived compounds inhibited tumour growth with little toxicity. On the other hand, many ferns-not only the well-known Bracken (Pteridium)-may pose a significant hazard to human health due to the fact that they contain carcinogenic sesquiterpenoids and their analogues. The objective of this review is to summarise the recent state of research on the anticancer properties of ferns and lycopods, with a focus on their characteristic bioactive constituents. The carcinogenic hazard posed by ferns is also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Tomšík
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Šimkova 870, Hradec Králové, 500 01, Czech Republic
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Wang H, Wu S. Preparation and antioxidant activity of Pteridium aquilinum-derived oligosaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 61:33-5. [PMID: 23831535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Pteridium aquilinum-derived oligosaccharides (PAO) were prepared from Pteridium aquilinum polysaccharides by hydrolysis using hydrogen peroxide and their hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was investigated. The hydrolysis process was monitored by the yield of PAO. Factors affecting the hydrolysis of Pteridium aquilinum polysaccharides were investigated by using the response surface methodology, and the optimum hydrolysis conditions were determined as follows: time, 6.99 h; temperature, 56.82 °C; H2O2 concentration, 3.2% (v/v). The hydrolysates were filtered, concentrated to ~25% (w/v), precipitated with 6 volumes of ethanol, freeze-dried, and ground to yield a water soluble and white powder. The sugar content of the product was 96.8%, and the yield was 5.29% (w/w), respectively. The PAO show high hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (82%) at the concentration of 80 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbing Wang
- School of Food Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, 59 Cangwu Road, Xinpu, 222005, China
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Gil da Costa RM, Bastos MMSM, Oliveira PA, Lopes C. Bracken-associated human and animal health hazards: chemical, biological and pathological evidence. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 203-204:1-12. [PMID: 22226718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) is a widely distributed carcinogenic fern, to whose toxins human populations are exposed through multiple routes. Animals are also affected by bracken toxins, leading to serious production losses yearly. Accordingly, several governmental reports regarding the safeguard of public health against bracken carcinogens have been recently issued. This review describes the main bioactive compounds identified in bracken and their biological effects at the molecular, cellular, pathological and populational levels, with particular emphasis on ptaquiloside, the main bracken carcinogen. Recent biopathological studies shedding further light on the genotoxicity immunotoxicity and carcinogenicity of ptaquiloside are discussed. Key steps on the long effort to understand bracken toxicology are also reviewed, along with the latest findings on new bracken toxins and human exposures routes. The presence of ptaquiloside and related terpene glycosides in milk, meat and water are of particular concern from the viewpoints of both human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Gil da Costa
- Abel Salazar Institute for Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal.
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Froissard D, Fons F, Bessière JM, Buatois B, Rapior S. Volatiles of French Ferns and “fougère” Scent in Perfumery. Nat Prod Commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1100601138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Six French ferns were investigated for volatile organic compounds (VOC) by GC-MS using organic solvent extraction. Seventy-seven VOC biosynthesized from the shikimic, lipidic and terpenic pathways, including isoprenoid derivatives, were identified from these putative natural resources. Asplenium trichomanes subsp. trichomanes contained mainly polyketides with an oily or waxy odor. ( E)-2-Hexenal and ( Z)-3-hexenol, responsible for the “green odor”, were found in high contents in Polystichum setiferum, Dryopteris dilatata and Phegopteris connectilis. In the last, 7.4% of coumarin with a cut hay scent was highlighted from the volatile fraction. ( E)-3-Hexenoic acid and ( E)-2-hexenoic acid, both with herbal and fruity notes, were identified in Gymnocarpium dryopteris and Pteridium aquilinum. 1-Octen-3-ol, well-known for its mushroom-like odor, was abundant in all analyzed French ferns. While the “fougère” fragrance is claimed by the perfumers to be a fantasy scent, coumarin, ( E)-2-hexenal, ( Z)-3-hexenol and 1-octen-3-ol are the main odorous components of the perfumes belonging to the fougère accord family. This suggests that the fougère scent from the perfumers’ imagination is a natural fragrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Froissard
- Laboratoire de Botanique, Faculté de Pharmacie de Limoges, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, F-87025 Limoges cedex, France
| | - Françoise Fons
- Laboratoire de Botanique, Phytochimie et Mycologie, Faculté de Pharmacie (Université Montpellier 1), UMR 5175 CEFE, B.P. 14 491, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, F-34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Marie Bessière
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive – Plateforme d'analyses chimiques en écologie, UMR 5175 CEFE, 1919 Route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Bruno Buatois
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive – Plateforme d'analyses chimiques en écologie, UMR 5175 CEFE, 1919 Route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Sylvie Rapior
- Laboratoire de Botanique, Phytochimie et Mycologie, Faculté de Pharmacie (Université Montpellier 1), UMR 5175 CEFE, B.P. 14 491, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, F-34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Der JP, Barker MS, Wickett NJ, dePamphilis CW, Wolf PG. De novo characterization of the gametophyte transcriptome in bracken fern, Pteridium aquilinum. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:99. [PMID: 21303537 PMCID: PMC3042945 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Because of their phylogenetic position and unique characteristics of their biology and life cycle, ferns represent an important lineage for studying the evolution of land plants. Large and complex genomes in ferns combined with the absence of economically important species have been a barrier to the development of genomic resources. However, high throughput sequencing technologies are now being widely applied to non-model species. We leveraged the Roche 454 GS-FLX Titanium pyrosequencing platform in sequencing the gametophyte transcriptome of bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) to develop genomic resources for evolutionary studies. Results 681,722 quality and adapter trimmed reads totaling 254 Mbp were assembled de novo into 56,256 unique sequences (i.e. unigenes) with a mean length of 547.2 bp and a total assembly size of 30.8 Mbp with an average read-depth coverage of 7.0×. We estimate that 87% of the complete transcriptome has been sequenced and that all transcripts have been tagged. 61.8% of the unigenes had blastx hits in the NCBI nr protein database, representing 22,596 unique best hits. The longest open reading frame in 52.2% of the unigenes had positive domain matches in InterProScan searches. We assigned 46.2% of the unigenes with a GO functional annotation and 16.0% with an enzyme code annotation. Enzyme codes were used to retrieve and color KEGG pathway maps. A comparative genomics approach revealed a substantial proportion of genes expressed in bracken gametophytes to be shared across the genomes of Arabidopsis, Selaginella and Physcomitrella, and identified a substantial number of potentially novel fern genes. By comparing the list of Arabidopsis genes identified by blast with a list of gametophyte-specific Arabidopsis genes taken from the literature, we identified a set of potentially conserved gametophyte specific genes. We screened unigenes for repetitive sequences to identify 548 potentially-amplifiable simple sequence repeat loci and 689 expressed transposable elements. Conclusions This study is the first comprehensive transcriptome analysis for a fern and represents an important scientific resource for comparative evolutionary and functional genomics studies in land plants. We demonstrate the utility of high-throughput sequencing of a normalized cDNA library for de novo transcriptome characterization and gene discovery in a non-model plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Der
- Department of Biology and Center for Integrated Biosystems, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5305, USA.
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Fons F, Froissard D, Bessière JM, Buatois B, Rapior S. Biodiversity of Volatile Organic Compounds from Five French Ferns. Nat Prod Commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1000501028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Five French ferns belonging to different families were investigated for volatile organic compounds (VOC) by GC-MS using organic solvent extraction. Fifty-five VOC biosynthesized from the shikimic, lipidic and terpenic pathways including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and carotenoid-type compounds were identified. The main volatile compound of Adiantum Capillus-Veneris L. (Pteridaceae) was ( E)-2-decenal with a plastic or “stink bug” odor. The volatile profiles of Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth (Woodsiaceae) and Blechnum spicant (L.) Roth (Blechnaceae) showed similarities, with small amounts of isoprenoids and the same main volatile compounds, i.e., 2-phenylethanal (odor of lilac and hyacinth) and 1-octen-3-ol (mushroom-like odor). The main volatile compound of Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott (Dryopteridaceae) was ( E)-nerolidol with a woody or fresh bark note. Polyketides, as acylfilicinic acids, were mainly identified in this fern. Oreopteris limbosperma (Bellardi ex. All.) J. Holub (Thelypteridaceae), well-known for its lemon smell, contained the highest biodiversity of VOC. Eighty percent of the volatiles was issued from the terpenic pathway. The main volatiles were ( E)-nerolidol, α-terpineol, β-caryophyllene and other minor monoterpenes (for example, linalool, pinenes, limonene, and γ-terpinen-7-al). It was also the fern with the highest number of carotenoid-type derivatives, which were identified in large amounts. Our results were of great interest underlying new industrial valorisation for ferns based on their broad spectrum of volatiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Fons
- Laboratoire de Botanique, Phytochimie et Mycologie, Faculté de Pharmacie (Université Montpellier 1), UMR 5175 CEFE, B.P. 14 491, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, F-34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Didier Froissard
- Laboratoire de Botanique, Faculté de Pharmacie de Limoges. 2 rue du Dr Marcland, F-87025 Limoges cedex, France
| | - Jean-Marie Bessière
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive – Plateforme d'analyses chimiques en écologie - UMR 5175 – 1919 Route de Mende – F-34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Bruno Buatois
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive – Plateforme d'analyses chimiques en écologie - UMR 5175 – 1919 Route de Mende – F-34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Sylvie Rapior
- Laboratoire de Botanique, Phytochimie et Mycologie, Faculté de Pharmacie (Université Montpellier 1), UMR 5175 CEFE, B.P. 14 491, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, F-34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Ambrose CT. The curious death of Constantine Samuel Rafinesque (1783-1840): the case for the maidenhair fern. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL BIOGRAPHY 2010; 18:165-173. [PMID: 20798419 DOI: 10.1258/jmb.2010.010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Constantine Rafinesque, a French émigré to America in the early 19th century, was a forerunner of Charles Darwin and a zealous field naturalist who identified thousands of new species of plants and animals. His career was controversial in part because of his unfocused ambition to gain scientific recognition. In his later years he published in many areas apart from biology. His polymathic life ended in 1840 with his death (aged 57) from stomach cancer. In 1826 he had developed an illness he thought was consumption and which he believed was cured by a herbal mixture he devised. It may have contained one or more species of ferns related to one now known to induce human gastric carcinoma. Rafinesque's self-medication may have led to his death years later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T Ambrose
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Takasu K, Nagamoto Y, Takemoto Y. Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Spiro[n.2]alkenes by Ring Contraction of Fused-Cyclobutanols. Chemistry 2010; 16:8427-32. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Roperto S, Borzacchiello G, Brun R, Leonardi L, Maiolino P, Martano M, Paciello O, Papparella S, Restucci B, Russo V, Salvatore G, Urraro C, Roperto F. A Review of Bovine Urothelial Tumours and Tumour-Like Lesions of the Urinary Bladder. J Comp Pathol 2010; 142:95-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.08.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Antioxidant activity of a water-soluble polysaccharide purified from Pteridium aquilinum. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:217-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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van den Bout-van den Beukel CJP, Hamza OJM, Moshi MJ, Matee MIN, Mikx F, Burger DM, Koopmans PP, Verweij PE, Schoonen WGEJ, van der Ven AJAM. Evaluation of cytotoxic, genotoxic and CYP450 enzymatic competition effects of Tanzanian plant extracts traditionally used for treatment of fungal infections. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008; 102:515-26. [PMID: 18331392 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
HIV-infected patients in sub-Saharan countries highly depend on traditional medicines for the treatment of opportunistic oral infections as candidiasis. Previous investigations on antifungal activity of medicinal plant extracts utilized by traditional healers in Tanzania have revealed 12 extracts with potent antifungal activity. Although the plants may be good candidates for new treatment opportunities, they can be toxic or genotoxic and could cause pharmacokinetic interactions when used concomitantly with antiretroviral agents. Therefore, we investigated the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and cytochrome P450 interaction potential of these medicinal plants. Cytotoxicity was tested by Hoechst 33342, Alamar Blue, calcein-AM, glutathione depletion and O(2)-consumption assays and genotoxicity by a Vitotox assay. Competition of the 12 extracts on substrate metabolism by CYP3A4, 2C9, 2C19 and 2D6 was tested with high-throughput CYP inhibition screening. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) activation was tested using Chinese hamster ovary cell lines expressing human PXR. Herbal extracts inducing high human PXR activation were tested for enhanced CYP3A4 mRNA levels with quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Genotoxicity was found for Jatropha multifida, Sterculia africana and Spirostachys africana. All plant extracts showed high cytotoxic effects in almost all tests. Potent competition with CYP3A4, 2D6, 2C9 and 2C19 was found for 75% of the herbal extracts. Spirostachys africana did not affect CYP2D6 and for S. africana and Turraea holstii no effect on CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 (DBF) was found. Nine plant extracts showed significant activation of human PXR, but only Agaura salicifolia, Turraea holstii and S. africana significantly induced CYP3A4 mRNA levels. These results indicate the possibility of potential medicinal plant-antiretroviral interactions.
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Valerio LG, Arvidson KB, Chanderbhan RF, Contrera JF. Prediction of rodent carcinogenic potential of naturally occurring chemicals in the human diet using high-throughput QSAR predictive modeling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 222:1-16. [PMID: 17482223 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Consistent with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Critical Path Initiative, predictive toxicology software programs employing quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models are currently under evaluation for regulatory risk assessment and scientific decision support for highly sensitive endpoints such as carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and reproductive toxicity. At the FDA's Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition's Office of Food Additive Safety and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research's Informatics and Computational Safety Analysis Staff (ICSAS), the use of computational SAR tools for both qualitative and quantitative risk assessment applications are being developed and evaluated. One tool of current interest is MDL-QSAR predictive discriminant analysis modeling of rodent carcinogenicity, which has been previously evaluated for pharmaceutical applications by the FDA ICSAS. The study described in this paper aims to evaluate the utility of this software to estimate the carcinogenic potential of small, organic, naturally occurring chemicals found in the human diet. In addition, a group of 19 known synthetic dietary constituents that were positive in rodent carcinogenicity studies served as a control group. In the test group of naturally occurring chemicals, 101 were found to be suitable for predictive modeling using this software's discriminant analysis modeling approach. Predictions performed on these compounds were compared to published experimental evidence of each compound's carcinogenic potential. Experimental evidence included relevant toxicological studies such as rodent cancer bioassays, rodent anti-carcinogenicity studies, genotoxic studies, and the presence of chemical structural alerts. Statistical indices of predictive performance were calculated to assess the utility of the predictive modeling method. Results revealed good predictive performance using this software's rodent carcinogenicity module of over 1200 chemicals, comprised primarily of pharmaceutical, industrial and some natural products developed under an FDA-MDL cooperative research and development agreement (CRADA). The predictive performance for this group of dietary natural products and the control group was 97% sensitivity and 80% concordance. Specificity was marginal at 53%. This study finds that the in silico QSAR analysis employing this software's rodent carcinogenicity database is capable of identifying the rodent carcinogenic potential of naturally occurring organic molecules found in the human diet with a high degree of sensitivity. It is the first study to demonstrate successful QSAR predictive modeling of naturally occurring carcinogens found in the human diet using an external validation test. Further test validation of this software and expansion of the training data set for dietary chemicals will help to support the future use of such QSAR methods for screening and prioritizing the risk of dietary chemicals when actual animal data are inadequate, equivocal, or absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis G Valerio
- Division of Biotechnology and GRAS Notice Review, US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Food Additive Safety, HFS-255, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
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Yamada K, Ojika M, Kigoshi H. Ptaquiloside, the major toxin of bracken, and related terpene glycosides: chemistry, biology and ecology. Nat Prod Rep 2007; 24:798-813. [PMID: 17653360 DOI: 10.1039/b614160a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bracken (Pteridium spp.) is a ubiquitous fern which has been described as one of the five most common plants on the earth. The toxic effects of bracken on livestock have been recorded since the end of the 19th century, and extensive and intensive investigations for the bracken toxin(s) led to the isolation of ptaquiloside in 1983 as the major, but unstable, toxin of bracken. This review concentrates mainly on the results of the scientific investigations into ptaquiloside, and cites 133 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoyuki Yamada
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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Kurosawa M, Kikuchi S, Xu J, Inaba Y. Highly salted food and mountain herbs elevate the risk for stomach cancer death in a rural area of Japan. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 21:1681-6. [PMID: 16984589 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many case-control and experimental studies have shown that highly salted foods are risk factors for stomach cancer, only a few cohort studies have supported the relationship. METHODS In a cohort study conducted in a rural area of Japan, 8035 residents aged over 30 years (approx. 55% were female) filled out a questionnaire. Seventy-six of them died from stomach cancer during an 11-year follow-up period. In the questionnaire, intake frequencies of 29 food items, smoking and drinking habits were investigated. Tsukemono (pickled vegetables) and tsukudani (foods deep boiled in soy sauce) are highly salted foods in the area. Frequency of each food item intake was classified into three levels, and age- and sex-adjusted risks were calculated using proportional hazard models. RESULTS In the final model obtained by backward elimination, frequent intake of tsukemono and tsukudani and that of mountain herbs remained as significant risk factors. Compared with the least frequent intake, risk (95% confidence interval) of the most frequent intake was 5.4 (1.8-16.3) for highly salted foods (P for trend < 0.01) and 3.7 (1.4-9.6) for mountain herbs (P for trend = 0.04). CONCLUSION Highly salted foods and mountain herbs were important risk factors for death from stomach cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Kurosawa
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental health, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Cruz G, Bracarense A, Yamasaki L, Cortez D. Alterações anátomo-histopatológicas em ratos submetidos à dieta com extrato de broto de samambaia (Pteridium aquilinum var. arachnoideum) de dois municípios do estado do Paraná. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2005. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352005000300022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Beniston RG, Campo MS. Quercetin elevates p27(Kip1) and arrests both primary and HPV16 E6/E7 transformed human keratinocytes in G1. Oncogene 2003; 22:5504-14. [PMID: 12934110 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Our previous work with primary bovine fibroblasts demonstrated that quercetin, a potent mutagen found in high levels in bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum), arrested cells in G1 and G2/M, in correlation with p53 activation. The expression of bovine papillomavirus type 4 (BPV-4) E7 overcame this arrest and lead to the development of tumorigenic cells lines (Beniston et al., 2001). Given the possible link between papillomavirus infection, bracken fern in the diet and cancer of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract in humans, we investigated whether a similar situation would occur in human cells transformed by human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) oncoproteins. Quercetin arrested primary human foreskin keratinocytes in G1. Arrest was linked to an elevation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (cdki) p27(Kip1). Expression of the HPV16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins in transformed cells failed to abrogate cell cycle arrest. G1 arrest in the transformed cells was also linked to an increase of p27(Kip1) with a concomitant reduction of cyclin E-associated kinase activity. This elevation of p27(Kip1) was due not only to increased protein half-life, but also to increased mRNA transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Garry Beniston
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Glasgow University Veterinary School, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
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Castillo UF, Wilkins AL, Lauren DR, Smith BL, Alonso-Amelot M. Pteroside A2--a new illudane-type sesquiterpene glucoside from pteridium caudatum L. Maxon, and the spectrometric characterization of caudatodienone. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:2559-2564. [PMID: 12696937 DOI: 10.1021/jf026238j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fractionation of an extract of Pteridium caudatum L. Maxon. (syn P. aquilinum L. Kuhn var. caudatum) which had earlier yielded the illudane-type sesquiterpene glucosides, ptaquiloside (1a), isoptaquiloside (1b), and caudatoside (1c) afforded a mixture containing 1a and two minor components. Preparative HPLC afforded ptaquiloside Z (1d) and a new pteroside glucoside (pteroside A2) (3e), which was identified using a combination of mass spectral and one- and two-dimensional NMR analyses. The (1)H and (13)C NMR and mass spectrometric characterization of caudatodienone (2b), an unstable dienone derived from the degradation of caudatoside (1c) in pyridine solution, and the GC-MS characterization of some pterosin-type degradation products produced by reacting this solution with cosolvents is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uvidelio F Castillo
- Universidad de Los Andes, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química, Laboratorio de Química Ecológica, Mérida 5101, Venezuela
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Recouso RC, Santos RCSD, Freitas R, Santos RC, Freitas ACD, Brunner O, Becak W, Lindsey CJ. Clastogenic effect of bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum v. arachnoideum) diet in peripheral lymphocytes of human consumers: preliminary data. Vet Comp Oncol 2003; 1:22-9. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1476-5829.2003.00006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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