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Gholamnezhad Z, Safarian B, Esparham A, Mirzaei M, Esmaeilzadeh M, Boskabady MH. The modulatory effects of exercise on lipopolysaccharide-induced lung inflammation and injury: A systemic review. Life Sci 2022; 293:120306. [PMID: 35016883 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that proper exercise significantly restricts inflammatory responses through regulation of the immune system. This review discusses mechanisms of protective effects of exercise in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury. We performed a systematic search in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Sciences using the search components "physical exercise", "lung" and "LPS" to identify preclinical studies, which assessed physical activity effects on LPS-induced pulmonary injury. Articles (n = 1240) were screened and those that had the eligibility criteria were selected for data extraction and critical appraisal. In all of the 21 rodent-model studies included, pulmonary inflammation was induced by LPS. Exercise protocols included low and moderate intensity treadmill training and swimming. The results showed that aerobic exercise would prevent LPS-induced oxidative stress and inflammation as well as airways resistance, exhaled nitric oxide, protein leakage, increase in total WBC, macrophage and neutrophil population, levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor-α, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and CXCL1/KC, and improved IL-10 and IL-ra in lung tissue, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum. In addition, in trained animals, the expression of some anti-inflammatory factors such as heat shock protein72, IL-10, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 and irisin was increased, thus ameliorating lung injury complications. Aerobic exercise was shown to alleviate the LPS-induced lung injury in rodent models by suppressing oxidative stress and lowering the ratio of pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Gholamnezhad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Bahare Safarian
- Student Research Committee, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Ali Esparham
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mirzaei
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahla Esmaeilzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Ekrami N, Ahmadian M, Nourshahi M, Shakouri G H. Wet-cupping induces anti-inflammatory action in response to vigorous exercise among martial arts athletes: A pilot study. Complement Ther Med 2020; 56:102611. [PMID: 33197676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to investigate potential anti-inflammatory effects of wet-cupping prior to a moderate-to-vigorous exercise test among martial arts athletes. METHODS Twenty-one male karate athletes voluntarily participated in this study and were randomly divided into 3 groups: vigorous exercise (VE, n = 7), cupping (CT, n = 7) and cupping plus vigorous exercise (VECT, n = 7). Participants in exercise groups performed an exercise test while participants in CT received cupping therapy, and participants in VECT received cupping therapy plus exercise. Inflammatory markers (i.e., interlukin-6, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α) were assessed prior to, immediately, 30 min, and 24 h after cupping therapy, vigorous exercise test, and their combination. RESULTS IL-6 values were significantly lower immediately after cupping intervention in CT as compared to baseline (P < 0.025). IL-6 significantly increased immediately and 30 min post-exercise in VE in comparison with baseline (P < 0.025). IL-6 was also significantly higher at 24 h post-exercise in CTVE as compared to baseline (P < 0.025). TNF-α values were significantly lower in CT as compared to VE and CTVE at immediately and 30 min post-exercise (P < 0.01). TNF-α significantly decreased immediately and 30 min after cupping intervention in CT as compared to baseline (P < 0.01). Conversely, TNF-α significantly increased immediately after exercise in VE as compared to baseline (P < 0.025). TNF-α also significantly increased at 30 min and 24 h post-exercise in CTVE in comparison with baseline (P < 0.025). CONCLUSION Our findings showed that exercise-induced augmentation in inflammatory markers were lower in athletes who received cupping therapy, suggesting such therapy may be an avenue to mitigate the inflammatory response to vigorous exercise among martial arts athletes. A large-scale clinical study is needed to confirm the findings of the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Ekrami
- Faculty of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Ahmadian
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Maryam Nourshahi
- Faculty of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Shakouri G
- School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Giolo De Carvalho F, Sparks LM. Targeting White Adipose Tissue with Exercise or Bariatric Surgery as Therapeutic Strategies in Obesity. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:E16. [PMID: 30875990 PMCID: PMC6466059 DOI: 10.3390/biology8010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is critical to whole-body energy metabolism and has become recognized as a bona fide endocrine organ rather than an inert lipid reservoir. As such, adipose tissue is dynamic in its ability to secrete cytokines, free fatty acids, lipokines, hormones and other factors in response to changes in environmental stimuli such as feeding, fasting and exercise. While excess adipose tissue, as in the case of obesity, is associated with metabolic complications, mass itself is not the only culprit in obesity-driven metabolic abnormalities, highlighting the importance of healthy and metabolically adaptable adipose tissue. In this review, we discuss the fundamental cellular processes of adipose tissue that become perturbed in obesity and the impact of exercise on these processes. While both endurance and resistance exercise can promote positive physiological adaptations in adipose tissue, endurance exercise has a more documented role in remodeling adipocytes, increasing adipokine secretion and fatty acid mobilization and oxidation during post-exercise compared with resistance exercise. Exercise is considered a viable therapeutic strategy for the treatment of obesity to optimize body composition, in particular as an adjuvant therapy to bariatric surgery; however, there is a gap in knowledge of the molecular underpinnings of these exercise-induced adaptations, which could provide more insight and opportunity for precision-based treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Giolo De Carvalho
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14040-907, Brazil.
| | - Lauren M Sparks
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, 301 East Princeton Street, Orlando, FL 32804, USA.
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Peppler WT, Townsend LK, Meers GM, Panasevich MR, MacPherson REK, Rector RS, Wright DC. Acute administration of IL-6 improves indices of hepatic glucose and insulin homeostasis in lean and obese mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G166-G178. [PMID: 30383412 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00097.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Obesity can lead to impairments in hepatic glucose and insulin homeostasis, and although exercise is an effective treatment, the molecular targets remain incompletely understood. As IL-6 is an exercise-inducible cytokine, we aimed to identify whether IL-6 itself influences hepatic glucose and insulin homeostasis and whether this response differs during obesity. In vivo, male mice were fed a low-fat diet (LFD; 10% kcal) or a high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal) for 7 wk, which induced obesity and hepatic lipid accumulation. LFD- and HFD-fed mice were injected with IL-6 (400 ng, 75 min) or PBS and then with insulin (1 U/kg; ~15 min) or saline, at which point livers were collected. In both LFD- and HFD-fed mice, IL-6 decreased blood glucose and mRNA expression of gluconeogenic genes alongside increased phosphorylation of AKT in comparison to PBS controls, and this occurred without changes in circulating insulin. To determine whether this effect of IL-6 was directly on the liver, we completed in vitro isolated primary hepatocyte experiments from chow-fed mice and cultured with or without exposure to free fatty acid (250 μm palmitate and 250 μm oleate, 24 h) to induce lipid accumulation. In both control and free fatty acid-treated hepatocytes, IL-6 (20 ng/ml, 75 min) slightly attenuated insulin-stimulated (10 nM; ~15 min) AKT phosphorylation. Together, these data suggest that IL-6 may lead to improvements in indices of hepatic glucose and insulin homeostasis in vivo; however, this is likely due to an indirect effect on the hepatocyte. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we used lean and obese mice and found that a single injection of IL-6 improved glucose tolerance, decreased hepatic gluconeogenic gene expression, and increased hepatic phosphorylation of AKT. In primary hepatocytes cultured under control and lipid-laden conditions, IL-6 had a mild, but deleterious, effect on phosphorylation of AKT. Our results show that the beneficial effects of IL-6 on glucose and insulin homeostasis, in vivo, are maintained in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem T Peppler
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario , Canada
| | - Logan K Townsend
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario , Canada
| | - Grace M Meers
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Matthew R Panasevich
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital , Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - R Scott Rector
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital , Columbia, Missouri
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario , Canada
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Freitas DA, Rocha-Vieira E, Soares BA, Nonato LF, Fonseca SR, Martins JB, Mendonça VA, Lacerda AC, Massensini AR, Poortamns JR, Meeusen R, Leite HR. High intensity interval training modulates hippocampal oxidative stress, BDNF and inflammatory mediators in rats. Physiol Behav 2018; 184:6-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gudiksen A, Schwartz CL, Bertholdt L, Joensen E, Knudsen JG, Pilegaard H. Lack of Skeletal Muscle IL-6 Affects Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Activity at Rest and during Prolonged Exercise. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156460. [PMID: 27327080 PMCID: PMC4915712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) plays a key role in the regulation of skeletal muscle substrate utilization. IL-6 is produced in skeletal muscle during exercise in a duration dependent manner and has been reported to increase whole body fatty acid oxidation, muscle glucose uptake and decrease PDHa activity in skeletal muscle of fed mice. The aim of the present study was to examine whether muscle IL-6 contributes to exercise-induced PDH regulation in skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle-specific IL-6 knockout (IL-6 MKO) mice and floxed littermate controls (control) completed a single bout of treadmill exercise for 10, 60 or 120 min, with rested mice of each genotype serving as basal controls. The respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was overall higher (P<0.05) in IL-6 MKO than control mice during the 120 min of treadmill exercise, while RER decreased during exercise independent of genotype. AMPK and ACC phosphorylation also increased with exercise independent of genotype. PDHa activity was in control mice higher (P<0.05) at 10 and 60 min of exercise than at rest but remained unchanged in IL-6 MKO mice. In addition, PDHa activity was higher (P<0.05) in IL-6 MKO than control mice at rest and 60 min of exercise. Neither PDH phosphorylation nor acetylation could explain the genotype differences in PDHa activity. Together, this provides evidence that skeletal muscle IL-6 contributes to the regulation of PDH at rest and during prolonged exercise and suggests that muscle IL-6 normally dampens carbohydrate utilization during prolonged exercise via effects on PDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Gudiksen
- Section for cell biology and physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Camilla Lindgren Schwartz
- Section for cell biology and physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lærke Bertholdt
- Section for cell biology and physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ella Joensen
- Section for cell biology and physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob G. Knudsen
- Section for cell biology and physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henriette Pilegaard
- Section for cell biology and physiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ikeda SI, Tamura Y, Kakehi S, Sanada H, Kawamori R, Watada H. Exercise-induced increase in IL-6 level enhances GLUT4 expression and insulin sensitivity in mouse skeletal muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:947-952. [PMID: 27040770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A single bout of exercise is known to increase the insulin sensitivity of skeletal muscle; however, the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon is not fully understood. Because a single bout of exercise induces a transient increase in blood interleukin-6 (IL-6) level, we hypothesized that the enhancement of insulin sensitivity after a single bout of exercise in skeletal muscle is mediated at least in part through IL-6-dependent mechanisms. To test this hypothesis, C57BL6J mice were intravenously injected with normal IgG or an IL-6 neutralizing antibody before exercise. Twenty-four hours after a single bout of exercise, the plantaris muscle was harvested to measure insulin sensitivity and glucose transporter (GLUT)-4 expression levels by ex-vivo insulin-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) uptake and Western blotting, respectively. Compared with sedentary mice, mice that performed exercise showed enhanced IL-6 concentration, insulin-stimulated 2-DG uptake, and GLUT-4 expression in the plantaris muscle. The enhanced insulin sensitivity and GLUT4 expression were canceled by injection of the IL-6 neutralizing antibody before exercise. In addition, IL-6 injection increased GLUT4 expression, both in the plantaris muscle and the soleus muscle in C57BL6J mice. Furthermore, a short period of incubation with IL-6 increased GLUT4 expression in differentiated C2C12 myotubes. In summary, these results suggested that IL-6 increased GLUT4 expression in muscle and that this phenomenon may play a role in the post-exercise enhancement of insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Ikeda
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Tamura
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Saori Kakehi
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sanada
- Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuzo Kawamori
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Watada
- Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Therapeutic Innovations in Diabetes, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Center for Molecular Diabetology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Engelmann AJ, Aparicio MB, Kim A, Sobieraj JC, Yuan CJ, Grant Y, Mandyam CD. Chronic wheel running reduces maladaptive patterns of methamphetamine intake: regulation by attenuation of methamphetamine-induced neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 219:657-72. [PMID: 23443965 PMCID: PMC3702684 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether prior exposure to chronic wheel running (WR) alters maladaptive patterns of excessive and escalating methamphetamine intake under extended access conditions, and intravenous methamphetamine self-administration-induced neurotoxicity. Adult rats were given access to WR or no wheel (sedentary) in their home cage for 6 weeks. A set of WR rats were injected with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to determine WR-induced changes in proliferation (2-h old) and survival (28-day old) of hippocampal progenitors. Another set of WR rats were withdrawn (WRw) or continued (WRc) to have access to running wheels in their home cages during self-administration days. Following self-administration [6 h/day], rats were tested on the progressive ratio (PR) schedule. Following PR, BrdU was injected to determine levels of proliferating progenitors (2-h old). WRc rats self-administered significantly less methamphetamine than sedentary rats during acquisition and escalation sessions, and demonstrated reduced motivation for methamphetamine seeking. Methamphetamine reduced daily running activity of WRc rats compared with that of pre-methamphetamine days. WRw rats self-administered significantly more methamphetamine than sedentary rats during acquisition, an effect that was not observed during escalation and PR sessions. WR-induced beneficial effects on methamphetamine self-administration were not attributable to neuroplasticity effects in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex, but were attributable to WR-induced inhibition of methamphetamine-induced increases in the number of neuronal nitric oxide synthase expressing neurons and apoptosis in the nucleus accumbens shell. Our results demonstrate that WR prevents methamphetamine-induced damage to forebrain neurons to provide a beneficial effect on drug-taking behavior. Importantly, WR-induced neuroprotective effects are transient and continued WR activity is necessary to prevent compulsive methamphetamine intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Engelmann
- Skaggs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark B. Aparicio
- Skaggs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Airee Kim
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-2400, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeffery C. Sobieraj
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-2400, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Clara J. Yuan
- Skaggs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yanabel Grant
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-2400, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chitra D. Mandyam
- Skaggs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-2400, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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de Almeida AA, Gomes da Silva S, Fernandes J, Peixinho-Pena LF, Scorza FA, Cavalheiro EA, Arida RM. Differential effects of exercise intensities in hippocampal BDNF, inflammatory cytokines and cell proliferation in rats during the postnatal brain development. Neurosci Lett 2013; 553:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Gomes da Silva S, Simões PSR, Mortara RA, Scorza FA, Cavalheiro EA, da Graça Naffah-Mazzacoratti M, Arida RM. Exercise-induced hippocampal anti-inflammatory response in aged rats. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:61. [PMID: 23663962 PMCID: PMC3657539 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is often accompanied by cognitive decline, memory impairment and an increased susceptibility to neurodegenerative disorders. Most of these age-related alterations have been associated with deleterious processes such as changes in the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Indeed, higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and lower levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines are found in the aged brain. This perturbation in pro- and anti-inflammatory balance can represent one of the mechanisms that contribute to age-associated neuronal dysfunction and brain vulnerability. We conducted an experimental study to investigate whether an aerobic exercise program could promote changes in inflammatory response in the brains of aged rats. To do so, we evaluated the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin 1 beta (IL1β), interleukin 6 (IL6) and interleukin 10 (IL10) in the hippocampal formation of 18 month old rats that underwent treadmill training over 10 consecutive days. Quantitative immunoassay analyses showed that the physical exercise increased anti-inflammatory cytokine levels IL10 in the hippocampal formation of aged rats, when compared to the control group. The hippocampal levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL1β, IL6 and TNFα were not statistically different between the groups. However, a significant reduction in IL1β/IL10, IL6/IL10 and TNFα/IL10 ratio was observed in the exercised group in relation to the control group. These findings indicate a favorable effect of physical exercise in the balance between hippocampal pro- and anti-inflammatory during aging, as well as reinforce the potential therapeutic of exercise in reducing the risk of neuroinflammation-linked disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Gomes da Silva
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 862, Ed. Ciências Biomédicas, 5 andar. Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Zip Code 04023-900, Brazil
- Faculdade do Clube Náutico Mogiano, Zip Code 08773-000,, Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil
| | | | - Renato Arruda Mortara
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Zip Code 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Fulvio Alexandre Scorza
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Zip Code 04023-900, Brazil
| | - Esper Abrão Cavalheiro
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Zip Code 04023-900, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Mario Arida
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 862, Ed. Ciências Biomédicas, 5 andar. Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Zip Code 04023-900, Brazil
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Cytokine response to acute running in recreationally-active and endurance-trained men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113:1871-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2615-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Benrick A, Wallenius V, Asterholm IW. Interleukin-6 mediates exercise-induced increase in insulin sensitivity in mice. Exp Physiol 2012; 97:1224-35. [PMID: 22523382 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2012.065508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is released from working skeletal muscle during exercise. We investigated the acute and the long-term beneficial effects of IL-6 on exercise-induced glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and insulin sensitivity. The acute effect on exercise-induced glucose uptake was measured in IL-6-deficient (IL-6(-/-)) mice and wild-type control animals using a tracer technique. There was no difference in serum disappearance of (3)[H]2-deoxyglucose after a single bout of exercise between IL-6(-/-) and wild-type mice (13565 ± 426 versus 14343 ± 1309 d.p.m. min ml(-1), P = 0.5). The glucose uptake rate in the extensor digitorum longus muscle was, however, lower in IL-6(-/-) compared with wild-type mice (398 ± 44 versus 657 ± 41 nmol g(-1) min(-1), P < 0.01). In a long-term study, we monitored insulin sensitivity, serum retinol-binding protein-4 (RBP-4) levels, running activity, food intake, body weight and body composition in IL-6(-/-) and wild-type mice on a high-fat diet (HFD), with or without access to running wheels. In sedentary IL-6(-/-) and wild-type mice, the HFD decreased insulin sensitivity (glucose area under the concentration-time curve increased about 20% during an insulin tolerance test, P < 0.05 for both genotypes versus baseline) and led to a 30% increase in serum RBP-4 levels (P < 0.01 for both genotypes versus baseline). Wild-type mice with access to running wheels were protected against these effects of the HFD and maintained their baseline insulin sensitivity and serum RBP-4 levels. In contrast, IL-6(-/-) mice did not benefit from running to the same extent as wild-type animals. The IL-6(-/-) mice with access to running wheels had a similar decrease in insulin sensitivity to their sedentary littermates (glucose area under the concentration-time curve during an insulin tolerance test in runners versus sedentary IL-6(-/-) HFD mice, 312 ± 14 versus 340 ± 22 mmol min l(-1), P = 0.4) and displayed a 14% increase in serum RBP-4 compared with baseline levels (P < 0.01). Our results indicate that endogenous IL-6 contributes to the exercise-induced increase in insulin sensitivity, but plays only a minor role for glucose uptake into skeletal muscle during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Benrick
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology/ Endocrinology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Scott JPR, Sale C, Greeves JP, Casey A, Dutton J, Fraser WD. Effect of exercise intensity on the cytokine response to an acute bout of running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 43:2297-306. [PMID: 21552156 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31822113a9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We compared the effects of exercise intensity (EI) on the cytokine response to an acute bout of running. METHODS Ten males (mean ± SD VO(2max)= 56.2 ± 8.1 mL·min(-1)·kg(-1)) completed three, counterbalanced, 8-d trials. After three control days, on day 4, participants completed 60 min of running at 55%, 65%, and 75% VO(2max). The cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-1 receptor antagonist (ra), and creatine kinase were measured during and for 3 h after exercise and on four follow-up days (FU1-FU4). RESULTS RER was higher at 75% V(O2max) compared with both 55% (P < 0.001) and 65% (P < 0.01) VO(2max). IL-1β was undetectable in six participants. There was a small (18%-27%) increase in TNF-α during exercise but no effect of EI. IL-6 concentrations peaked at the end of exercise, with a greater increase at 75% VO(2max), resulting in higher concentrations at the end of exercise and at 30 min after exercise compared with 55% (P < 0.001) and 65% VO(2max) (P < 0.01). IL-1ra concentrations peaked at the end of exercise at 75% VO(2max), resulting in higher (P < 0.05) concentrations at 1-2 h after exercise compared with 55% and 65% VO(2max). Creatine kinase was increased at FU1 and FU2, but there was no effect of EI. CONCLUSIONS Sixty minutes of treadmill running at 75% VO(2max) results in a greater increase in IL-6 but not TNF-α compared with 55% and 65% V(O2max). The higher IL-1ra concentrations at 75% VO(2max) might be related to the higher IL-6 concentrations that precede them.
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Bianchi RCG, Ropelle ER, Katashima CK, Carvalheira JBC, Lopes LR, Andreollo NA. Analysis of the physical activity effects and measurement of pro-inflammatory cytokines in irradiated lungs in rats. Acta Cir Bras 2012; 27:223-30. [PMID: 22460252 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502012000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study if the pre-radiotherapy physical activity has radio-protective elements, by measuring the radio-induced activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines as interleukin-6 (il-6), transforming growth factor -β (tgf -β), tumor necrosis factor -α (tnf-α) and protein beta kinase β (ikkβ), through western blotting analysis. METHODS A randomized study with 28 Wistar hannover rats, males, with a mean age of 90 days and weighing about 200 grams. The animals were divided into three groups: (GI, GII and GIII). GIII group were submitted to swimming for eight weeks (zero load, three times a week, about 30 minutes). Then, the groups (except the control group) were submitted to irradiation by cobalt therapy, single dose of 3.5 gray in the whole body. All animals were sacrificed by overdose of pentobarbital, according to the time for analysis of cytokines, and then a fragment of the lower lobe of the right lung went to western blotting analysis. RESULTS The cytokines IKK β, TNF-α and IL-6 induced by radiation in the lung were lower in the exercised animals. However, exercise did not alter the radiation-induced increase in tgf-β. CONCLUSION The results show a lower response in relation to inflammatory cytokines in the group that practiced the exercise pre-radiotherapy, showing that exercise can protect tissues from tissue damage due to irradiation.
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Yano H, Uchida M, Oyanagi E, Kawanishi N, Shiva D, Kitamura H. The suppression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in response to pathogen stimulation by strenuous exercise and underlying mechanisms. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND SPORTS MEDICINE 2012. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.1.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Vasoprotection by dietary supplements and exercise: role of TNFα signaling. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2011; 2012:972679. [PMID: 22110483 PMCID: PMC3206370 DOI: 10.1155/2012/972679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Vascular dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases. Dietary supplements, including fish oil, dietary fibers, and various natural products, and exercise training exert vasoprotective effects. However, the mechanisms underlying the vasoprotective benefits of dietary supplements and physical activity demand extensive investigation. Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) plays a pivotal role in the dysregulation of macrovascular and microvascular function. TNFα induces vascular inflammation, monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells, vascular oxidative stress, apoptosis, and atherogenic response and participates in the regulation of thrombosis and coagulation through multiple signaling pathways involving NFκB, Sp1, activator protein 1, JNK, p38, STAT3, and so forth. Dietary supplements and exercise training decrease TNFα production and ameliorate TNFα-mediated pathological changes in vasculature. Thus, the inhibitory effects of dietary supplements and physical exercise on TNFα production and TNFα signaling may contribute to their vasoprotective properties.
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Campi-Azevedo AC, Cleto LS, Silva RSD, Sousa-Franco JD, Magalhães JCD, Penaforte CL, Castro Pinto KMD, Rocha-Vieira E. Divergent cytokine response following maximum progressive swimming in hot water. Cell Biochem Funct 2011; 29:610-6. [PMID: 21887695 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Exercise promotes transitory alterations in cytokine secretion, and these changes are affected by exercise duration and intensity. Considering that exercise responses also are affected by environmental factors, the goal of the present study was to investigate the effect of water temperature on the cytokine response to maximum swimming. Swiss mice performed a maximum progressive swimming exercise at 31 or 38°C, and plasma cytokine levels were evaluated immediately or 1, 6 or 24 h after exercise. The cytokine profile after swimming at 31°C was characterized by increased interleukin (IL)-6 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) levels, which peaked 1 h after exercise, suggesting an adequate inflammatory milieu to induce muscle regeneration. Transitory reductions in IL-10 and IL-12 levels also were observed after swimming at 31°C. The cytokine response to swimming was modified when the water temperature was increased to 38°C. Although exercise at 38°C also led to IL-6 secretion, the peak in IL-6 production occurred 6 h after exercise, and IL-6 levels were significantly lower than those observed after maximum swimming at 31°C (p = 0·030). Furthermore, MCP-1 levels were lower and tumour necrosis factor-α levels were higher immediately after swimming at 38°C, suggesting a dysregulated pro-inflammatory milieu. These alterations in the cytokine profile can be attributed in part to reduced exercise total work because exhaustion occurred sooner in mice swimming at 38°C than in those swimming at 31°C.
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Funk JA, Gohlke J, Kraft AD, McPherson CA, Collins JB, Harry GJ. Voluntary exercise protects hippocampal neurons from trimethyltin injury: possible role of interleukin-6 to modulate tumor necrosis factor receptor-mediated neurotoxicity. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:1063-77. [PMID: 21435392 PMCID: PMC3138904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the periphery, exercise induces interleukin (IL)-6 to downregulate tumor necrosis factor (TNF), elevate interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), decreasing inflammation. Exercise also offers neuroprotection and facilitates brain repair. IL-6 production in the hippocampus following exercise suggests the potential of a similar protective role as in the periphery to down-regulate TNFα and inflammation. Using a chemical-induced model of hippocampal dentate granule cell death (trimethyltin, TMT 2.4 mg/kg, ip) dependent upon TNF receptor signaling, we demonstrate neuroprotection in mice with 2 weeks access to running wheel. Exercise attenuated neuronal death and diminished elevations in TNFα, TNF receptor 1, myeloid differentiation primary response gene (MyD) 88, transforming growth factor β, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), and CCL3. Elevated mRNA levels for IL-1α, IL-1RA, occurred with injury and protection. mRNA and protein levels of IL-6 and neuronal expression of IL-6 receptor α, were elevated with injury and protection. Microarray pathway analysis supported an up-regulation of TNFα cell death signaling pathways with TMT and inhibition by exercise. IL-6 pathway recruitment occurred in both conditions. IL-6 downstream signal events differed in the level of STAT3 activation. Exercise did not increase mRNA levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor, or glial derived neurotrophic factor. In IL-6 deficient mice, exercise did not attenuate TMT-induced tremor and a diminished level of neuroprotection was observed. These data suggest a contributory role for IL-6 induced by exercise for neuroprotection in the CNS similar to that seen in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A. Funk
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Dept of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Julia Gohlke
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Dept of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Andrew D. Kraft
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Dept of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Christopher A. McPherson
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Dept of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Jennifer B. Collins
- Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Dept of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - G. Jean Harry
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Dept of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC,corresponding author: G. Jean Harry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, MD C1-04, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Ph. (919) 541-0927, Fax. (919) 541-4634,
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Cleto LS, Oleto AF, Sousa LP, Barreto TO, Cruz JS, Penaforte CL, Magalhães JC, Sousa-Franco J, Pinto KMC, Campi-Azevedo AC, Rocha-Vieira E. Plasma cytokine response, lipid peroxidation and NF-kB activation in skeletal muscle following maximum progressive swimming. Braz J Med Biol Res 2011; 44:546-52. [PMID: 21519639 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2011007500050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to determine lipid peroxidation and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation in skeletal muscle and the plasma cytokine profile following maximum progressive swimming. Adult male Swiss mice (N = 15) adapted to the aquatic environment were randomly divided into three groups: immediately after exercise (EX1), 3 h after exercise (EX2) and control. Animals from the exercising groups swam until exhaustion, with an initial workload of 2% of body mass attached to the tail. Control mice did not perform any exercise but were kept immersed in water for 20 min. Maximum swimming led to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in skeletal muscle, as indicated by increased thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) levels (4062.67 ± 1487.10 vs 19,072.48 ± 8738.16 nmol malondialdehyde (MDA)/mg protein, control vs EX1). Exercise also promoted NF-κB activation in soleus muscle. Cytokine secretion following exercise was marked by increased plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels 3 h post-exercise (P < 0.05). Interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels were reduced following exercise and remained reduced 3 h post-exercise (P < 0.05). Plasma levels of other cytokines investigated, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-12 (IL-12), were not altered by exercise. The present findings showed that maximum swimming, as well as other exercise models, led to lipid peroxidation and NF-κB activation in skeletal muscle and increased plasma IL-6 levels. The plasma cytokine response was also marked by reduced IL-10 levels. These results were attributed to exercise type and intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Cleto
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Ambientais e da Saúde, Centro Universitário de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Morimoto Y, Zhang Q, Adachi K. Increased Blood Quinolinic Acid after Exercise in Mice: Implications for Sensation of Fatigue after Exercise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.57.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Qian Zhang
- Kampo Research Laboratories, Kracie Pharma, Ltd
| | - Koji Adachi
- Kampo Research Laboratories, Kracie Pharma, Ltd
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21
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Gomes da Silva S, Unsain N, Mascó DH, Toscano-Silva M, de Amorim HA, Silva Araújo BH, Simões PSR, Naffah-Mazzacoratti MDG, Mortara RA, Scorza FA, Cavalheiro EA, Arida RM. Early exercise promotes positive hippocampal plasticity and improves spatial memory in the adult life of rats. Hippocampus 2010; 22:347-58. [PMID: 21136521 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
There is a great deal of evidence showing the capacity of physical exercise to enhance cognitive function, reduce anxiety and depression, and protect the brain against neurodegenerative disorders. Although the effects of exercise are well documented in the mature brain, the influence of exercise in the developing brain has been poorly explored. Therefore, we investigated the morphological and functional hippocampal changes in adult rats submitted to daily treadmill exercise during the adolescent period. Male Wistar rats aged 21 postnatal days old (P21) were divided into two groups: exercise and control. Animals in the exercise group were submitted to daily exercise on the treadmill between P21 and P60. Running time and speed gradually increased over this period, reaching a maximum of 18 m/min for 60 min. After the aerobic exercise program (P60), histological and behavioral (water maze) analyses were performed. The results show that early-life exercise increased mossy fibers density and hippocampal expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its receptor tropomyosin-related kinase B, improved spatial learning and memory, and enhanced capacity to evoke spatial memories in later stages (when measured at P96). It is important to point out that while physical exercise induces hippocampal plasticity, degenerative effects could appear in undue conditions of physical or psychological stress. In this regard, we also showed that the exercise protocol used here did not induce inflammatory response and degenerating neurons in the hippocampal formation of developing rats. Our findings demonstrate that physical exercise during postnatal development results in positive changes for the hippocampal formation, both in structure and function.
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22
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Allen DL, Uyenishi JJ, Cleary AS, Mehan RS, Lindsay SF, Reed JM. Calcineurin activates interleukin-6 transcription in mouse skeletal muscle in vivo and in C2C12 myotubes in vitro. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 298:R198-210. [PMID: 19907005 PMCID: PMC2806210 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00325.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) by skeletal muscle is hugely increased in response to a single bout of endurance exercise, and this appears to be mediated by increases in intracellular calcium. We examined the effects of endurance exercise on IL-6 mRNA levels and promoter activity in skeletal muscle in vivo, and the role of the calcium-activated calcineurin signaling pathway on muscle IL-6 expression in vivo and in vitro. IL-6 mRNA levels in the mouse tibialis anterior (TA) were increased 2-10-fold by a single bout of treadmill exercise or by 3 days of voluntary wheel running. Moreover, an IL-6 promoter-driven luciferase transgene was activated in TA by both treadmill and wheel-running exercise and by injection with a calcineurin plasmid. Exercise also increased muscle mRNA expression of the calcineurin regulatory gene MCIP1, as did treatment of C(2)C(12) myotubes with the calcium ionophore A23187. Cotransfection of C(2)C(12) myotubes with a constitutively active calcineurin construct significantly increased while cotransfection with the calcineurin inhibitor CAIN inhibited activity of a mouse IL-6 promoter-reporter construct. Cotransfection with a myocyte enhancer-factor-2 (MEF-2) expression construct increased basal IL-6 promoter activity and augmented the effects of calcineurin cotransfection, while cotransfection with the MEF-2 antagonist MITR repressed calcineurin-activated IL-6 promoter activity in vitro. Surprisingly, cotransfection with a dominant-negative form of another calcineurin-activated transcription factor, nuclear factor activator of T cells (NFAT), greatly potentiated both basal and calcineurin-stimulated IL-6 promoter activity in C(2)C(12) myotubes. Mutation of the MEF-2 DNA binding sites attenuated, while mutation of the NFAT DNA binding sites potentiated basal and calcineurin-activated IL-6 promoter activity. Finally, CREB and C/EBP were necessary for basal IL-6 promoter activity and sufficient to increase IL-6 promoter activity but had minimal roles in calcineurin-activated IL-6 promoter activity. Together, these results suggest that IL-6 transcription in skeletal muscle cells can be activated by a calcineurin-MEF-2 axis which is antagonized by NFAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Allen
- Dept. of Integrative Physiology, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, Campus Box 354, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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23
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Rosa JS, Flores RL, Oliver SR, Pontello AM, Zaldivar FP, Galassetti PR. Resting and exercise-induced IL-6 levels in children with Type 1 diabetes reflect hyperglycemic profiles during the previous 3 days. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 108:334-42. [PMID: 20007854 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01083.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Poor glycemic control in Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) causes long-term cardiovascular complications, at least in part via chronic, low-grade inflammation associated with recurrent hyperglycemia. While physical activity can reduce both inflammation and cardiovascular risks, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This is particularly important for T1DM children, for whom the prevention of long-term cardiovascular complications must include optimization of exercise-related anti-inflammatory strategies. We therefore studied the effect of prior hyperglycemia on resting and exercise-induced inflammatory status (plasma IL-6) in T1DM children. Glycemia was continuously recorded with a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) system for 63 h preceding a 30-min intermittent cycling exercise protocol at approximately 80% peak rate of oxygen uptake (VO2max). Euglycemia (4.4-6.1 mM) was maintained for 90 min before, during, and 30 min after exercise. IL-6 plasma concentration (pg/ml) was measured at baseline, at end exercise, and 30 min postexercise. Subjects were then divided into quartiles based on average glycemia during the CGMS recording. IL-6 levels (pg/ml) were lowest in the quartile with lowest average 3-day glycemia and increased proportionally to greater hyperglycemic exposure; this was observed at baseline (0.86 +/- 0.10, 1.06 +/- 0.16, 1.14 +/- 0.14, 1.20 +/- 0.16), absolute IL-6 change (Delta) at end exercise (0.20 +/- 0.16, 0.32 +/- 0.10, 0.48 +/- 0.09, 0.62 +/- 0.13), and Delta at 30 min postexercise (0.49 +/- 0.13, 0.71 +/- 0.16, 0.89 +/- 0.14, 1.38 +/- 0.33). Therefore, poorly controlled glycemic profile, even in the 63 h preceding an exercise challenge, can alter inflammatory adaptation in T1DM children. Our data underscore the necessity to fully understand all molecular aspects of physical activity to provide the scientific rationale for exercise regimens that will be able to maximize health benefits for T1DM children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime S Rosa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, USA.
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Dorresteijn MJ, Draisma A, van der Hoeven JG, Pickkers P. Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated whole blood cytokine production does not predict the inflammatory response in human endotoxemia. Innate Immun 2009; 16:248-53. [DOI: 10.1177/1753425909339923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A widely applied method to study the activation of the innate immune system is in vitro stimulation of whole blood using lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, it is unclear if in vitro cytokine production relates to in vivo cytokine levels elicited during experimental endotoxemia or sepsis. To determine the correlation between in vitro cytokine production and the in vivo inflammatory response, blood was obtained from 15 healthy volunteers for in vitro incubation with Escherichia coli LPS, immediately followed by experimental E. coli endotoxemia. Correlations of in vitro and peak in vivo cytokine concentrations were determined using Pearson correlation coefficient. In stimulated whole blood, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and interferon (IFN)-γ were induced to 279 ± 53, 392 ± 64, 5312 ± 624, 83 ± 20 and 343 ± 85 pg/ml, respectively, whereas in vivo cytokine induction led to cytokine levels of 603 ± 123, 11 ± 1, 4999 ± 1228, 167 ± 25 and 194 ± 40 pg/ml, respectively. Correlation coefficients between the in vitro and in vivo cytokine concentrations were for TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-γ -0.10 (P = 0.7), 0.09 (P = 0.8), 0.36 (P = 0.2), 0.19 (P = 0.5) and 0.40 (P = 0.1), respectively. Comparison between in vitro and in vivo stimulation with LPS shows no correlation between the amount of cytokines produced. In vitro cytokine production, therefore, does not predict the in vivo inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirrin J. Dorresteijn
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies Draisma
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes G. van der Hoeven
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, , Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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McKenzie MJ, Goldfarb AH. Aerobic exercise bout effects on gene transcription in the rat soleus. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39:1515-21. [PMID: 17805083 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318074c256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was designed to identify changes in gene transcription that occur in the soleus muscle of untrained, 10-wk-old rats after a single aerobic exercise bout, and to identify which families of genes are most likely affected. METHODS Rats were either run for 2 h and killed 1 h after exercise, or they remained sedentary and were killed at a matched time. Soleus muscles from each animal were examined using DNA microarrays, four genes related to RONS were analyzed by PCR, and two proteins were checked by Western blot analysis. RESULTS The microarray identified 52 genes significantly altered by the exercise. The major gene families altered were metabolism, apoptosis, muscle contraction, transcription/cell signaling, tissue generation, and inflammation. Real-time PCR was performed on four genes (NFkappaB, TNFalpha, Atf3, and Mgst1), and the results from PCR analysis agreed with the microarray results. NFkappaB and TNFalpha were unaltered, whereas Atf3 was upregulated and Mgst1 was downregulated in the exercised soleus muscles. NFkappaB protein level was not different between the two groups, whereas Atf3 protein level was elevated in the exercise group according to Western blot analysis. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that 1 h after a 2-h run at approximately 65% of VO2max, the soleus muscle undergoes significant gene-transcript changes. Also, the genes examined with the real-time PCR matched the microarray results and the measured protein concentration concentrations agreed with gene-transcript data at the 1-h postexercise time point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McKenzie
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
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Vassilakopoulos T, Divangahi M, Rallis G, Kishta O, Petrof B, Comtois A, Hussain SNA. Differential Cytokine Gene Expression in the Diaphragm in Response to Strenuous Resistive Breathing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170:154-61. [PMID: 15117743 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200308-1071oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Strenuous resistive breathing induces plasma cytokines that do not originate from circulating monocytes. We hypothesized that cytokine production is induced inside the diaphragm in response to resistive loading. Anesthetized, tracheostomized, spontaneously breathing Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 1, 3, or 6 hours of inspiratory resistive loading, corresponding to 45-50% of the maximum inspiratory pressure. Unloaded sham-operated rats breathing spontaneously served as control animals. The diaphragm and the gastrocnemius muscles were excised at the end of the loading period, and messenger ribonucleic acid expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, tumor necrosis factor-beta, interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-gamma, and two housekeeping genes was analyzed using multiprobe RNase protection assay. IL-6, IL-1beta, and, to lesser extents, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-10, IFN-gamma, and IL-4 were significantly increased in a time-dependent fashion in the diaphragms but not the gastrocnemius of loaded animals or in the diaphragm of control animals. Elevation of protein levels of IL-6 and IL-1beta in the diaphragm of loaded animals was confirmed with immunoblotting. Immunostaining revealed IL-6 protein localization inside diaphragmatic muscle fibers. We conclude that increased ventilatory muscle activity during resistive loading induces differential elevation of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokine gene expression in the ventilatory muscles.
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Fäldt J, Wernstedt I, Fitzgerald SM, Wallenius K, Bergström G, Jansson JO. Reduced exercise endurance in interleukin-6-deficient mice. Endocrinology 2004; 145:2680-6. [PMID: 14988384 DOI: 10.1210/en.2003-1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
IL-6 is produced and released in large amounts from skeletal muscle during prolonged exercise in both mice and humans, but there are few data indicating the biological significance of this. IL-6 exerts metabolic effects such as stimulating energy expenditure and reducing body fat mass. We have now investigated the effects of IL-6 deficiency on exercise endurance and energy expenditure in preobese and obese IL-6-deficient (IL-6(-/-)) mice. Four-month-old preobese and 7-month-old obese IL-6(-/-) male mice backcrossed to C57BL/6 and their littermate controls were exercised on a treadmill, and energy expenditure was measured as oxygen consumption with the use of indirect calorimetry. The preobese IL-6(-/-) mice were significantly leaner than the control mice, whereas the older IL-6(-/-) mice, as expected, had developed obesity. Resting young, but not older, IL-6(-/-) mice had an elevated respiratory exchange ratio (RER), indicating that they oxidize carbohydrates rather than fat for energy utilization. During exercise, the young and older IL-6(-/-) mice had a reduced endurance and a progressive decrease in oxygen consumption compared with control mice. There was no difference in RER in young IL-6(-/-) mice, whereas RER was enhanced in older IL-6(-/-), mice during exercise. In summary, IL-6(-/-) mice have reduced endurance and energy expenditure during exercise, suggesting that IL-6 is necessary for normal exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Fäldt
- Research Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Grona Straket 8, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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28
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Dalsgaard MK, Ott P, Dela F, Juul A, Pedersen BK, Warberg J, Fahrenkrug J, Secher NH. The CSF and arterial to internal jugular venous hormonal differences during exercise in humans. Exp Physiol 2004; 89:271-7. [PMID: 15123562 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2003.026922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Strenuous exercise increases the cerebral uptake of carbohydrate out of proportion to that of oxygen, but it is unknown whether such enhanced carbohydrate uptake is influenced by the marked endocrine response to exercise. During exhaustive exercise this study evaluated the a-v differences across the brain (a-v diff) of hormones that could influence its carbohydrate uptake (n= 9). In addition, neuroendocrine activity and a potential uptake of hormones via the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were assessed by lumbar puncture postexercise and at rest (n= 6). Exercise increased the arterial concentration of noradrenaline and adrenaline, but there was no cerebral uptake. However, following exercise CSF noradrenaline was 1.4 (0.73-5.5) nmol l(-1), and higher than at rest, 0.3 (0.19-1.84) nmol l(-1) (P < 0.05), whereas adrenaline could not be detected. Exercise increased both the arterial concentration of NH(4)(+) and its a-v diff, which increased from 1 (-12 to 5) to 17 (5-41) micromol l(-1) (P < 0.05), while the CSF NH(4)(+) was reduced to 7 (0-10) versus 11 (7-16) micromol l(-1) (P < 0.05). There was no release from, or accumulation in the brain of interleukin (IL)-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), heatshock protein (HSP72), insulin, or insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I. The findings indicate that for maximal exercise, the concentration of noradrenaline is increased within the brain, whereas blood borne hormones and cytokines are seemingly unimportant. The results support the notion that the exercise-induced changes in brain metabolism are controlled by factors intrinsic to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads K Dalsgaard
- Department of Anaesthesia, Rigshospitalet 2041, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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Herrmann M, Schorr H, Obeid R, Scharhag J, Urhausen A, Kindermann W, Herrmann W. Homocysteine increases during endurance exercise. Clin Chem Lab Med 2004; 41:1518-24. [PMID: 14656035 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2003.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular and other diseases. Recently many endogenous and exogenous modulators of homocysteine (Hcy) have become known, e.g., B-vitamins. However, little is known about the effect of exercise on Hcy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of three different types of acute endurance exercise on serum Hcy. We measured Hcy in 100 recreational athletes (87 males, 13 females) who participated in a marathon race (n = 46), a 100 km run (100 km; n = 12) or a 120 km mountain bike race (n = 42). Blood samples were taken before, 15 min and 3 h after the race. In athletes with pre-race Hcy > 12 micromol/l we also determined folate and vitamin B12. Marathon running induced a Hcy increase of 64%, while mountain biking and 100 km running had no significant effect on Hcy. Pre-race Hcy (25th-75th percentile) overall; marathon race; 100 km; mountain bike race was 9.7 (7.1-11.5) micromol/l; 9.8 (7.4-11.1) micromol/l; 10.2 (6.6-13.2) micromol/l; 9.1 (6.9-13.5) micromol/l, respectively. At 15 min and 3 h post-race, Hcy was 11.9 (8.4-16.4) micromol/l; 16.1 (12.7-20.4) micromol/l; 9.5 (7.8-15.9) micromol/l; 8.8 (7.1-11.2) micromol/l, respectively, and 11.5 (8.9-15.7) micromol/l; 14.9 (11.5-20.0) micromol/l; 10.0 (8.1-11.8) micromol/l; 9.4 (7.4-12.1) micromol/l, respectively. The change in Hcy correlated negatively with the running time. Twenty-three athletes had pre-race Hcy levels > 12 micromol/l, which were associated with relatively low folate (14.3 (11.6-18.9) nmol/l) and vitamin B12 levels (231 (183-261) pmol/l). Endurance exercise may induce a considerable Hcy increase, which varies between different disciplines and is most probably determined by the duration and intensity of exercise. Furthermore, about 25% of recreational endurance athletes exhibited hyperhomocysteinemia in association with low vitamin B12 and folate levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Herrmann
- Department of Clinical Chemistry/Central Laboratory, University Hospital of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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30
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Alisjahbana B, Netea MG, van der Meer JWM. Pro-inflammatory cytokine response in acute infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 531:229-40. [PMID: 12916795 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0059-9_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bachti Alisjahbana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Padjadjaran, Dr Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
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Vassilakopoulos T, Karatza MH, Katsaounou P, Kollintza A, Zakynthinos S, Roussos C. Antioxidants attenuate the plasma cytokine response to exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003; 94:1025-32. [PMID: 12571133 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00735.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise increases plasma TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6, yet the stimuli and sources of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta remain largely unknown. We tested the role of oxidative stress and the potential contribution of monocytes in this cytokine (especially IL-1beta) response in previously untrained individuals. Six healthy nonathletes performed two 45-min bicycle exercise sessions at 70% of Vo(2 max) before and after a combination of antioxidants (vitamins E, A, and C for 60 days; allopurinol for 15 days; and N-acetylcysteine for 3 days). Blood was drawn at baseline, end-exercise, and 30 and 120 min postexercise. Plasma cytokines were determined by ELISA and monocyte intracellular cytokine level by flow cytometry. Before antioxidants, TNF-alpha increased by 60%, IL-1beta by threefold, and IL-6 by sixfold secondary to exercise (P < 0.05). After antioxidants, plasma IL-1beta became undetectable, the TNF-alpha response to exercise was abolished, and the IL-6 response was significantly blunted (P < 0.05). Exercise did not increase the percentage of monocytes producing the cytokines or their mean fluorescence intensity. We conclude that in untrained humans oxidative stress is a major stimulus for exercise-induced cytokine production and that monocytes play no role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Vassilakopoulos
- Department of Critical Care and Pulmonary Services, University of Athens Medical School, Evangelismos Hospital, GR-10675 Athens, Greece.
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