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Al-Osaimi HM, Kanan M, Marghlani L, Al-Rowaili B, Albalawi R, Saad A, Alasmari S, Althobaiti K, Alhulaili Z, Alanzi A, Alqarni R, Alsofiyani R, Shrwani R. A systematic review on malaria and dengue vaccines for the effective management of these mosquito borne diseases: Improving public health. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2337985. [PMID: 38602074 PMCID: PMC11017952 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2337985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Insect vector-borne diseases (VBDs) pose significant global health challenges, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. The WHO has launched the "Global Vector Control Response (GVCR) 2017-2030" to address these diseases, emphasizing a comprehensive approach to vector control. This systematic review investigates the potential of malaria and dengue vaccines in controlling mosquito-borne VBDs, aiming to alleviate disease burdens and enhance public health. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, the review incorporated 39 new studies out of 934 identified records. It encompasses various studies assessing malaria and dengue vaccines, emphasizing the significance of vaccination as a preventive measure. The findings indicate variations in vaccine efficacy, duration of protection, and safety considerations for each disease, influencing public health strategies. The review underscores the urgent need for vaccines to combat the increasing burden of VBDs like malaria and dengue, advocating for ongoing research and investment in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hind M. Al-Osaimi
- Department of Pharmacy Services Administration, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh Second Health Cluster, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Kanan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Lujain Marghlani
- Department of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Badria Al-Rowaili
- Pharmaceutical Services Department, Northern Area Armed Forces Hospital, King Khalid Military, Hafr Al Batin, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Albalawi
- Department of Medicine, Tabuk University, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abrar Saad
- Pharmacy Department, Royal Commission Hospital, Yanbu, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Saba Alasmari
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Althobaiti
- Department of Medicine, Taif University, Ta’if, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Zainab Alhulaili
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Dammam Medical Complex, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer Alanzi
- Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Hospital, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawan Alqarni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Razan Alsofiyani
- Department of Medicine, Taif University, Ta’if, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Shrwani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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2
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Boyle MJ, Engwerda CR, Jagannathan P. The impact of Plasmodium-driven immunoregulatory networks on immunity to malaria. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:637-653. [PMID: 38862638 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Malaria, caused by infection with Plasmodium parasites, drives multiple regulatory responses across the immune landscape. These regulatory responses help to protect against inflammatory disease but may in some situations hamper the acquisition of adaptive immune responses that clear parasites. In addition, the regulatory responses that occur during Plasmodium infection may negatively affect malaria vaccine efficacy in the most at-risk populations. Here, we discuss the specific cellular mechanisms of immunoregulatory networks that develop during malaria, with a focus on knowledge gained from human studies and studies that involve the main malaria parasite to affect humans, Plasmodium falciparum. Leveraging this knowledge may lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches to increase protective immunity to malaria during infection or after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Boyle
- Life Sciences Division, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | | | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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3
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Wang LT, Idris AH, Kisalu NK, Crompton PD, Seder RA. Monoclonal antibodies to the circumsporozoite proteins as an emerging tool for malaria prevention. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:1530-1545. [PMID: 39198635 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01938-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Despite various public health strategies, malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum parasites remains a major global health challenge that requires development of new interventions. Extended half-life human monoclonal antibodies targeting the P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein on sporozoites, the infective form of malaria parasites, prevent malaria in rodents and humans and have been advanced into clinical development. The protective epitopes on the circumsporozoite protein targeted by monoclonal antibodies have been defined. Cryogenic electron and multiphoton microscopy have enabled mechanistic structural and functional investigations of how antibodies bind to the circumsporozoite protein and neutralize sporozoites. Moreover, innovations in bioinformatics and antibody engineering have facilitated enhancement of antibody potency and durability. Here, we summarize the latest scientific advances in understanding how monoclonal antibodies to the circumsporozoite protein prevent malaria and highlight existing clinical data and future plans for how this emerging intervention can be used alone or alongside existing antimalarial interventions to control malaria across at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence T Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Azza H Idris
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Neville K Kisalu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- PATH's Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Peter D Crompton
- Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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4
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Tang WK, Salinas ND, Kolli SK, Xu S, Urusova DV, Kumar H, Jimah JR, Subramani PA, Ogbondah MM, Barnes SJ, Adams JH, Tolia NH. Multistage protective anti-CelTOS monoclonal antibodies with cross-species sterile protection against malaria. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7487. [PMID: 39209843 PMCID: PMC11362571 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51701-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
CelTOS is a malaria vaccine antigen that is conserved in Plasmodium and other apicomplexan parasites and plays a role in cell-traversal. The structural basis and mechanisms of CelTOS-induced protective immunity to parasites are unknown. Here, CelTOS-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 7g7 and 4h12 demonstrated multistage activity, protecting against liver infection and preventing parasite transmission to mosquitoes. Both mAbs demonstrated cross-species activity with sterile protection against in vivo challenge with transgenic parasites containing either P. falciparum or P. vivax CelTOS, and with transmission reducing activity against P. falciparum. The mAbs prevented CelTOS-mediated pore formation providing insight into the protective mechanisms. X-ray crystallography and mutant-library epitope mapping revealed two distinct broadly conserved neutralizing epitopes. 7g7 bound to a parallel dimer of CelTOS, while 4h12 bound to a novel antiparallel dimer architecture. These findings inform the design of antibody therapies and vaccines and raise the prospect of a single intervention to simultaneously combat P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Animals
- Plasmodium falciparum/immunology
- Plasmodium vivax/immunology
- Malaria Vaccines/immunology
- Antibodies, Protozoan/immunology
- Mice
- Malaria, Falciparum/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/prevention & control
- Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Epitopes/immunology
- Malaria, Vivax/prevention & control
- Malaria, Vivax/immunology
- Malaria, Vivax/parasitology
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Humans
- Female
- Epitope Mapping
- Malaria/immunology
- Malaria/prevention & control
- Malaria/parasitology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- Protozoan Proteins/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Kwan Tang
- Host‒Pathogen Interactions and Structural Vaccinology Section, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nichole D Salinas
- Host‒Pathogen Interactions and Structural Vaccinology Section, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Surendra Kumar Kolli
- Center of Global Health and Interdisciplinary Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Shulin Xu
- Center of Global Health and Interdisciplinary Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Darya V Urusova
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hirdesh Kumar
- Host‒Pathogen Interactions and Structural Vaccinology Section, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John R Jimah
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Pradeep Annamalai Subramani
- Center of Global Health and Interdisciplinary Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Madison M Ogbondah
- Center of Global Health and Interdisciplinary Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Samantha J Barnes
- Center of Global Health and Interdisciplinary Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - John H Adams
- Center of Global Health and Interdisciplinary Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Niraj H Tolia
- Host‒Pathogen Interactions and Structural Vaccinology Section, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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5
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Pinheiro L, Freitas M, Branco PS. Phosphate-Containing Glycolipids: A Review on Synthesis and Bioactivity. ChemMedChem 2024:e202400315. [PMID: 39031174 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Phosphate-containing glycolipids (PcGL) are scarcer than the better understood glycolipids. They are composed of arrangements of phosphate, carbohydrates and glycerol units and are always found associated with lipids. PcGL are often found associated with cell membranes, suggesting they play roles in cell membrane structure and intercellular interactions. This article aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the existing knowledge and research on PcGL, emphasizing their synthesis and wide range of biological activities. When it comes to the synthesis of PcGL compounds, the strategies for glycosylation mainly rely on the thioglycoside donor, the trichloroacetamidate donor and halide donor strategies, while phosphorylation is stapled and falls on either phosphite chemistry or phosphoryl chloride chemistry. Certain bacteria utilize PcGLs in their pathogenicity, triggering an inflammatory response within the host's defense mechanisms. The best-known examples of these structures are teichoic acids, lipopolysaccharide and the capsular polysaccharide found in bacteria, all of which are frequently implicated in bacterial infections. Given the degree of variability within PcGL structures, they were found to display a wide range of bioactivities. PcGL compounds were found to: (1) have anti-metastatic properties, (2) behave as agonists or antagonists of platelet aggregation, (3) be mostly pro-inflammatory, (4) display antifungal and antibiotic activity and (5) have neurogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Pinheiro
- Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Campus da Caparica, 2825-149, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Marisa Freitas
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula S Branco
- Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Campus da Caparica, 2825-149, Caparica, Portugal
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Duffy PE, Gorres JP, Healy SA, Fried M. Malaria vaccines: a new era of prevention and control. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024:10.1038/s41579-024-01065-7. [PMID: 39025972 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-024-01065-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Malaria killed over 600,000 people in 2022, a death toll that has not improved since 2015. Additionally, parasites and mosquitoes resistant to existing interventions are spreading across Africa and other regions. Vaccines offer hope to reduce the mortality burden: the first licensed malaria vaccines, RTS,S and R21, will be widely deployed in 2024 and should substantially reduce childhood deaths. In this Review, we provide an overview of the malaria problem and the Plasmodium parasite, then describe the RTS,S and R21 vaccines (the first vaccines for any human parasitic disease), summarizing their benefits and limitations. We explore next-generation vaccines designed using new knowledge of malaria pathogenesis and protective immunity, which incorporate antigens and platforms to elicit effective immune responses against different parasite stages in human or mosquito hosts. We describe a decision-making process that prioritizes malaria vaccine candidates for development in a resource-constrained environment. Future vaccines might improve upon the protective efficacy of RTS,S or R21 for children, or address the wider malaria scourge by preventing pregnancy malaria, reducing the burden of Plasmodium vivax or accelerating malaria elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - J Patrick Gorres
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sara A Healy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michal Fried
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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7
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Miura K, Flores-Garcia Y, Long CA, Zavala F. Vaccines and monoclonal antibodies: new tools for malaria control. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0007123. [PMID: 38656211 PMCID: PMC11237600 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00071-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYMalaria remains one of the biggest health problems in the world. While significant reductions in malaria morbidity and mortality had been achieved from 2000 to 2015, the favorable trend has stalled, rather significant increases in malaria cases are seen in multiple areas. In 2022, there were 249 million estimated cases, and 608,000 malaria-related deaths, mostly in infants and children aged under 5 years, globally. Therefore, in addition to the expansion of existing anti-malarial control measures, it is critical to develop new tools, such as vaccines and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), to fight malaria. In the last 2 years, the first and second malaria vaccines, both targeting Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite proteins (PfCSP), have been recommended by the World Health Organization to prevent P. falciparum malaria in children living in moderate to high transmission areas. While the approval of the two malaria vaccines is a considerable milestone in vaccine development, they have much room for improvement in efficacy and durability. In addition to the two approved vaccines, recent clinical trials with mAbs against PfCSP, blood-stage vaccines against P. falciparum or P. vivax, and transmission-blocking vaccine or mAb against P. falciparum have shown promising results. This review summarizes the development of the anti-PfCSP vaccines and mAbs, and recent topics in the blood- and transmission-blocking-stage vaccine candidates and mAbs. We further discuss issues of the current vaccines and the directions for the development of next-generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Yevel Flores-Garcia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Carole A Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Fidel Zavala
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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8
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Kusi KA, Amoah LE, Acquah FK, Ennuson NA, Frempong AF, Ofori EA, Akyea-Mensah K, Kyei-Baafour E, Osei F, Frimpong A, Singh SK, Theisen M, Remarque EJ, Faber BW, Belmonte M, Ganeshan H, Huang J, Villasante E, Sedegah M. Plasmodium falciparum AMA1 and CSP antigen diversity in parasite isolates from southern Ghana. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1375249. [PMID: 38808064 PMCID: PMC11132687 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1375249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diversity in malarial antigens is an immune evasion mechanism that gives malaria parasites an edge over the host. Immune responses against one variant of a polymorphic antigen are usually not fully effective against other variants due to altered epitopes. This study aimed to evaluate diversity in the Plasmodium falciparum antigens apical membrane antigen 1 (PfAMA1) and circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) from circulating parasites in a malaria-endemic community in southern Ghana and to determine the effects of polymorphisms on antibody response specificity. Methods The study involved 300 subjects, whose P. falciparum infection status was determined by microscopy and PCR. Diversity within the two antigens was evaluated by msp2 gene typing and molecular gene sequencing, while the host plasma levels of antibodies against PfAMA1, PfCSP, and two synthetic 24mer peptides from the conserved central repeat region of PfCSP, were measured by ELISA. Results Of the 300 subjects, 171 (57%) had P. falciparum infection, with 165 of the 171 (96.5%) being positive for either or both of the msp2 allelic families. Gene sequencing of DNA from 55 clonally infected samples identified a total of 56 non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for the Pfama1 gene and these resulted in 44 polymorphic positions, including two novel positions (363 and 365). Sequencing of the Pfcsp gene from 69 clonal DNA samples identified 50 non-synonymous SNPs that resulted in 42 polymorphic positions, with half (21) of these polymorphic positions being novel. Of the measured antibodies, only anti-PfCSP antibodies varied considerably between PCR parasite-positive and parasite-negative persons. Discussion These data confirm the presence of a considerable amount of unique, previously unreported amino acid changes, especially within PfCSP. Drivers for this diversity in the Pfcsp gene do not immediately seem apparent, as immune pressure will be expected to drive a similar level of diversity in the Pfama1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwadwo A. Kusi
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Linda E. Amoah
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Festus Kojo Acquah
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Nana Aba Ennuson
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Abena F. Frempong
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Ebenezer A. Ofori
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Kwadwo Akyea-Mensah
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Eric Kyei-Baafour
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Frank Osei
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Augustina Frimpong
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Susheel K. Singh
- Center for Medical Parasitology at the Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Congenital Diseases, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Theisen
- Center for Medical Parasitology at the Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Congenital Diseases, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Edmond J. Remarque
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Bart W. Faber
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Maria Belmonte
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Harini Ganeshan
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Jun Huang
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Eileen Villasante
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Martha Sedegah
- Malaria Department, Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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9
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Lyimo BM, Bakari C, Popkin-Hall ZR, Giesbrecht DJ, Seth MD, Pereus D, Shabani ZI, Moshi R, Boniface R, Mandara CI, Madebe R, Juliano JJ, Bailey JA, Ishengoma DS. Genetic polymorphism and evidence of signatures of selection in the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein gene in Tanzanian regions with different malaria endemicity. Malar J 2024; 23:139. [PMID: 38720288 PMCID: PMC11080125 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04974-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2021 and 2023, the World Health Organization approved RTS,S/AS01 and R21/Matrix M malaria vaccines, respectively, for routine immunization of children in African countries with moderate to high transmission. These vaccines are made of Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP), but polymorphisms in the gene raise concerns regarding strain-specific responses and the long-term efficacy of these vaccines. This study assessed the Pfcsp genetic diversity, population structure and signatures of selection among parasites from areas of different malaria transmission intensities in Mainland Tanzania, to generate baseline data before the introduction of the malaria vaccines in the country. METHODS The analysis involved 589 whole genome sequences generated by and as part of the MalariaGEN Community Project. The samples were collected between 2013 and January 2015 from five regions of Mainland Tanzania: Morogoro and Tanga (Muheza) (moderate transmission areas), and Kagera (Muleba), Lindi (Nachingwea), and Kigoma (Ujiji) (high transmission areas). Wright's inbreeding coefficient (Fws), Wright's fixation index (FST), principal component analysis, nucleotide diversity, and Tajima's D were used to assess within-host parasite diversity, population structure and natural selection. RESULTS Based on Fws (< 0.95), there was high polyclonality (ranging from 69.23% in Nachingwea to 56.9% in Muheza). No population structure was detected in the Pfcsp gene in the five regions (mean FST = 0.0068). The average nucleotide diversity (π), nucleotide differentiation (K) and haplotype diversity (Hd) in the five regions were 4.19, 0.973 and 0.0035, respectively. The C-terminal region of Pfcsp showed high nucleotide diversity at Th2R and Th3R regions. Positive values for the Tajima's D were observed in the Th2R and Th3R regions consistent with balancing selection. The Pfcsp C-terminal sequences revealed 50 different haplotypes (H_1 to H_50), with only 2% of sequences matching the 3D7 strain haplotype (H_50). Conversely, with the NF54 strain, the Pfcsp C-terminal sequences revealed 49 different haplotypes (H_1 to H_49), with only 0.4% of the sequences matching the NF54 strain (Hap_49). CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrate high diversity of the Pfcsp gene with limited population differentiation. The Pfcsp gene showed positive Tajima's D values, consistent with balancing selection for variants within Th2R and Th3R regions. The study observed differences between the intended haplotypes incorporated into the design of RTS,S and R21 vaccines and those present in natural parasite populations. Therefore, additional research is warranted, incorporating other regions and more recent data to comprehensively assess trends in genetic diversity within this important gene. Such insights will inform the choice of alleles to be included in the future vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatus M Lyimo
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania.
| | - Catherine Bakari
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Misago D Seth
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Dativa Pereus
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Zulfa I Shabani
- Dar Es Salaam University College of Education, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Ramadhan Moshi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Ruth Boniface
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Celine I Mandara
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Rashid Madebe
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Deus S Ishengoma
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Harvard T.H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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10
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Cummings JF, Polhemus ME, Kester KE, Ockenhouse CF, Gasser RA, Coyne P, Wortmann G, Nielsen RK, Schaecher K, Holland CA, Krzych U, Tornieporth N, Soisson LA, Angov E, Heppner DG. A phase IIa, randomized, double-blind, safety, immunogenicity and efficacy trial of Plasmodium falciparum vaccine antigens merozoite surface protein 1 and RTS,S formulated with AS02 adjuvant in healthy, malaria-naïve adults. Vaccine 2024; 42:3066-3074. [PMID: 38584058 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To improve the efficacy of Plasmodium falciparum malaria vaccine RTS,S/AS02, we conducted a study in 2001 in healthy, malaria-naïve adults administered RTS,S/AS02 in combination with FMP1, a recombinant merozoite surface-protein-1, C-terminal 42kD fragment. METHODS A double-blind Phase I/IIa study randomized N = 60 subjects 1:1:1:1 to one of four groups, N = 15/group, to evaluate safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of intra-deltoid half-doses of RTS,S/AS02 and FMP1/AS02 administered in the contralateral (RTS,S + FMP1-separate) or same (RTS,S + FMP1-same) sites, or FMP1/AS02 alone (FMP1-alone), or RTS,S/AS02 alone (RTS,S-alone) on a 0-, 1-, 3-month schedule. Subjects receiving three doses of vaccine and non-immunized controls (N = 11) were infected with homologous P. falciparum 3D7 sporozoites by Controlled Human Malaria Infection (CHMI). RESULTS Subjects in all vaccination groups experienced mostly mild or moderate local and general adverse events that resolved within eight days. Anti-circumsporozoite antibody levels were lower when FMP1 and RTS,S were co-administered at the same site (35.0 µg/mL: 95 % CI 20.3-63), versus separate arms (57.4 µg/mL: 95 % CI 32.3-102) or RTS,S alone (62.0 µg/mL: 95 % CI: 37.8-101.8). RTS,S-specific lymphoproliferative responses and ex vivo ELISpot CSP-specific interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) responses were indistinguishable among groups receiving RTS,S/AS02. There was no difference in antibody to FMP1 among groups receiving FMP1/AS02. After CHMI, groups immunized with a RTS,S-containing regimen had ∼ 30 % sterile protection against parasitemia, and equivalent delays in time-to-parasitemia. The FMP1/AS02 alone group showed no sterile immunity or delay in parasitemia. CONCLUSION Co-administration of RTS,S and FMP1/AS02 reduced anti-RTS,S antibody, but did not affect tolerability, cellular immunity, or efficacy in a stringent CHMI model. Absence of efficacy or delay of patency in the sporozoite challenge model in the FMP1/AS02 group did not rule out efficacy of FMP1/AS02 in an endemic population. However, a Phase IIb trial of FMP1/AS02 in children in malaria-endemic Kenya did not demonstrate efficacy against natural infection. CLINICALTRIALS gov identifier: NCT01556945.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Cummings
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - M E Polhemus
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - K E Kester
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - C F Ockenhouse
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - R A Gasser
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - P Coyne
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - G Wortmann
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - R K Nielsen
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - K Schaecher
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - C A Holland
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - U Krzych
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - L A Soisson
- Malaria Vaccine Development Program, United States Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, USA
| | - E Angov
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - D G Heppner
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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11
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van Dorst MMAR, Pyuza JJ, Nkurunungi G, Kullaya VI, Smits HH, Hogendoorn PCW, Wammes LJ, Everts B, Elliott AM, Jochems SP, Yazdanbakhsh M. Immunological factors linked to geographical variation in vaccine responses. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:250-263. [PMID: 37770632 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00941-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is one of medicine's greatest achievements; however, its full potential is hampered by considerable variation in efficacy across populations and geographical regions. For example, attenuated malaria vaccines in high-income countries confer almost 100% protection, whereas in low-income regions these same vaccines achieve only 20-50% protection. This trend is also observed for other vaccines, such as bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), rotavirus and yellow fever vaccines, in terms of either immunogenicity or efficacy. Multiple environmental factors affect vaccine responses, including pathogen exposure, microbiota composition and dietary nutrients. However, there has been variable success with interventions that target these individual factors, highlighting the need for a better understanding of their downstream immunological mechanisms to develop new ways of modulating vaccine responses. Here, we review the immunological factors that underlie geographical variation in vaccine responses. Through the identification of causal pathways that link environmental influences to vaccine responsiveness, it might become possible to devise modulatory compounds that can complement vaccines for better outcomes in regions where they are needed most.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes M A R van Dorst
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jeremia J Pyuza
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Gyaviira Nkurunungi
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Vesla I Kullaya
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Hermelijn H Smits
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Linda J Wammes
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Bart Everts
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alison M Elliott
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Simon P Jochems
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
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12
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Huang Z, Gong H, Sun Q, Yang J, Yan X, Xu F. Research progress on emulsion vaccine adjuvants. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24662. [PMID: 38317888 PMCID: PMC10839794 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most cost-effective method for preventing various infectious diseases. Compared with conventional vaccines, new-generation vaccines, especially recombinant protein or synthetic peptide vaccines, are safer but less immunogenic than crude inactivated microbial vaccines. The immunogenicity of these vaccines can be enhanced using suitable adjuvants. This is the main reason why adjuvants are of great importance in vaccine development. Several novel human emulsion-based vaccine adjuvants (MF59, AS03) have been approved for clinical use. This paper reviews the research progress on emulsion-based adjuvants and focuses on their mechanism of action. An outlook can be provided for the development of emulsion-based vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuanqing Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The No. 944 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Gansu 735000, China
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Division, Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Centre, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Division, Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Centre, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jinjin Yang
- The Fifth medical center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiaochuan Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The No. 944 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Gansu 735000, China
| | - Fenghua Xu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Division, Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Centre, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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13
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Corti N, Chiu C, Cox RJ, Demont C, Devaster JM, Engelhardt OG, Gorringe A, Hassan K, Hoefnagel M, Kamerling I, Krut O, Lane C, Liebers R, Luke C, Van Molle W, Morel S, Neels P, Roestenberg M, Rubbrecht M, Klaas Smits W, Stoughton D, Talaat K, Vehreschild MJGT, Wildfire A, Meln I, Olesen OF. Regulatory workshop on challenge strain development and GMP manufacture - A stakeholder meeting report. Biologicals 2024; 85:101746. [PMID: 38309984 PMCID: PMC11249085 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2024.101746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Within the Innovative Health Initiative (IHI) Inno4Vac CHIMICHURRI project, a regulatory workshop was organised on the development and manufacture of challenge agent strains for Controlled Human Infection Model (CHIM) studies. Developers are often uncertain about which GMP requirements or regulatory guidelines apply but should be guided by the 2022 technical white paper "Considerations on the Principles of Development and Manufacturing Qualities of Challenge Agents for Use in Human Infection Models" (published by hVIVO, Wellcome Trust, HIC-Vac consortium members). Where those recommendations cannot be met, regulators advise following the "Principles of GMP" until definitive guidelines are available. Sourcing wild-type virus isolates is a significant challenge for developers. Still, it is preferred over reverse genetics challenge strains for several reasons, including implications and regulations around genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Official informed consent guidelines for collecting isolates are needed, and the characterisation of these isolates still presents risks and uncertainty. Workshop topics included ethics, liability, standardised clinical endpoints, selection criteria, sharing of challenge agents, and addressing population heterogeneity concerning vaccine response and clinical course. The organisers are confident that the workshop discussions will contribute to advancing ethical, safe, and high-quality CHIM studies of influenza, RSV and C. difficile, including adequate regulatory frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Othmar G Engelhardt
- The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Khaole Hassan
- GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A., Rixensart, Belgium
| | | | | | - Oleg Krut
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (PEI), Langen, Germany
| | - Chelsea Lane
- National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIAID), Maryland, United States
| | | | - Catherine Luke
- National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIAID), Maryland, United States
| | | | - Sandra Morel
- GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A., Rixensart, Belgium
| | - Pieter Neels
- International Alliance of Biological Standardization (IABS-EU), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Meta Roestenberg
- Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Wiep Klaas Smits
- Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Stoughton
- National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIAID), Maryland, United States
| | - Kawsar Talaat
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Maryland, United States
| | - Maria J G T Vehreschild
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Irina Meln
- European Vaccine Initiative (EVI), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ole F Olesen
- European Vaccine Initiative (EVI), Heidelberg, Germany.
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14
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Lyimo BM, Bakari C, Popkin-Hall ZR, Giesbrecht DJ, Seth MD, Pereus D, Moshi R, Boniface R, Mandara CI, Madebe R, Juliano JJ, Bailey JA, Ishengoma DS. Genetic polymorphism and evidence of signatures of selection in the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein gene in Tanzanian regions with different malaria endemicity. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.01.23.24301587. [PMID: 38343796 PMCID: PMC10854334 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.24301587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Background In 2021 and 2023, the World Health Organization approved RTS, S/AS01 and R21/Matrix M malaria vaccines, respectively, for routine immunization of children in African countries with moderate to high transmission. These vaccines are made of Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (Pfcsp) but polymorphisms in this gene raises concerns regarding strain-specific responses and the long-term efficacy of these vaccines. This study assessed the Pfcsp genetic diversity, population structure and signatures of selection among parasites from areas of different malaria transmission in mainland Tanzania, to generate baseline data before the introduction of the malaria vaccines in the country. Methods The analysis involved 589 whole genome sequences generated by and as part of the MalariaGEN Community Project. The samples were collected between 2013 and January 2015 from five regions of mainland Tanzania: Morogoro and Tanga (Muheza) (moderate transmission areas), and Kagera (Muleba), Lindi (Nachingwea), and Kigoma (Ujiji) (high transmission areas). Wright's inbreeding coefficient (Fws), Wright's fixation index (FST), principal component analysis, nucleotide diversity, and Tajima's D were used to assess within-host parasite diversity, population structure and natural selection. Results Based on Fws (< 0.95), there was high polyclonality (ranged from 69.23% in Nachingwea to 56.9% in Muheza). No population structure was detected in the Pfcsp gene in the five regions (mean FST= 0.0068). The average nucleotide diversity (π), nucleotide differentiation (K) and haplotype diversity (Hd) in the five regions were 4.19, 0.973 and 0.0035, respectively. The C-terminal region of Pfcsp showed high nucleotide diversity at Th2R and Th3R regions. Positive values for the Tajima's D were observed in the Th2R and Th3R regions consistent with balancing selection. The Pfcsp C-terminal sequences had 50 different haplotypes (H_1 to H_50) and only 2% of sequences matched the 3D7 strain haplotype (H_50). Conclusions The findings demonstrate high diversity of the Pfcsp gene with limited population differentiation. The Pfcsp gene showed positive Tajima's D values for parasite populations, consistent with balancing selection for variants within Th2R and Th3R regions. This data is consistent with other studies conducted across Africa and worldwide, which demonstrate low 3D7 haplotypes and little population structure. Therefore, additional research is warranted, incorporating other regions and more recent data to comprehensively assess trends in genetic diversity within this important gene. Such insights will inform the choice of alleles to be included in the future vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatus M. Lyimo
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Catherine Bakari
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Misago D. Seth
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Dativa Pereus
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Ramadhan Moshi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Ruth Boniface
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Rashid Madebe
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | | | - Deus S. Ishengoma
- National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Harvard T.H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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15
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Barrett JR, Silk SE, Mkindi CG, Kwiatkowska KM, Hou MM, Lias AM, Kalinga WF, Mtaka IM, McHugh K, Bardelli M, Davies H, King LDW, Edwards NJ, Chauhan VS, Mukherjee P, Rwezaula S, Chitnis CE, Olotu AI, Minassian AM, Draper SJ, Nielsen CM. Analyses of human vaccine-specific circulating and bone marrow-resident B cell populations reveal benefit of delayed vaccine booster dosing with blood-stage malaria antigens. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1193079. [PMID: 38299155 PMCID: PMC10827869 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1193079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported primary endpoints of a clinical trial testing two vaccine platforms for the delivery of Plasmodium vivax malaria DBPRII: viral vectors (ChAd63, MVA), and protein/adjuvant (PvDBPII with 50µg Matrix-M™ adjuvant). Delayed boosting was necessitated due to trial halts during the pandemic and provides an opportunity to investigate the impact of dosing regimens. Here, using flow cytometry - including agnostic definition of B cell populations with the clustering tool CITRUS - we report enhanced induction of DBPRII-specific plasma cell and memory B cell responses in protein/adjuvant versus viral vector vaccinees. Within protein/adjuvant groups, delayed boosting further improved B cell immunogenicity compared to a monthly boosting regimen. Consistent with this, delayed boosting also drove more durable anti-DBPRII serum IgG. In an independent vaccine clinical trial with the P. falciparum malaria RH5.1 protein/adjuvant (50µg Matrix-M™) vaccine candidate, we similarly observed enhanced circulating B cell responses in vaccinees receiving a delayed final booster. Notably, a higher frequency of vaccine-specific (putatively long-lived) plasma cells was detected in the bone marrow of these delayed boosting vaccinees by ELISPOT and correlated strongly with serum IgG. Finally, following controlled human malaria infection with P. vivax parasites in the DBPRII trial, in vivo growth inhibition was observed to correlate with DBPRII-specific B cell and serum IgG responses. In contrast, the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses were impacted by vaccine platform but not dosing regimen and did not correlate with in vivo growth inhibition in a challenge model. Taken together, our DBPRII and RH5 data suggest an opportunity for protein/adjuvant dosing regimen optimisation in the context of rational vaccine development against pathogens where protection is antibody-mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R. Barrett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E. Silk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Mimi M. Hou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia M. Lias
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Kirsty McHugh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martino Bardelli
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Davies
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lloyd D. W. King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nick J. Edwards
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Virander S. Chauhan
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Chetan E. Chitnis
- Unité de Biologie de Plasmodium et Vaccins, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Angela M. Minassian
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Draper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn M. Nielsen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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16
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Powell TJ, Tang J, Mitchell R, DeRome ME, Jacobs A, Palath N, Cardenas E, Yorke M, Boyd JG, Kaba SA, Nardin E. Immunogenicity, Efficacy, and Safety of a Novel Synthetic Microparticle Pre-Erythrocytic Malaria Vaccine in Multiple Host Species. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1789. [PMID: 38140193 PMCID: PMC10748200 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported a protective antibody response in mice immunized with synthetic microparticle vaccines made using layer-by-layer fabrication (LbL-MP) and containing the conserved T1BT* epitopes from the P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein. To further optimize the vaccine candidate, a benchtop tangential flow filtration method (LbL-by-TFF) was developed and utilized to produce vaccine candidates that differed in the status of base layer crosslinking, inclusion of a TLR2 ligand in the antigenic peptide, and substitution of serine or alanine for an unpaired cysteine residue in the T* epitope. Studies in mice revealed consistent superiority of the Pam3Cys-modified candidates and a modest benefit of base layer crosslinking, as evidenced by higher and more persistent antibody titers (up to 18 months post-immunization), a qualitative improvement of T-cell responses toward a Th1 phenotype, and greater protection from live parasite challenges compared to the unmodified prototype candidate. Immunogenicity was also tested in a non-human primate model, the rhesus macaque. Base layer-crosslinked LbL-MP loaded with T1BT* peptide with or without covalently linked Pam3Cys elicited T1B-specific antibody responses and T1BT*-specific T-cell responses dominated by IFNγ secretion with lower levels of IL-5 secretion. The Pam3Cys-modified construct was more potent, generating antibody responses that neutralized wild-type P. falciparum in an in vitro hepatocyte invasion assay. IgG purified from individual macaques immunized with Pam3Cys.T1BT* LbL-MP protected naïve mice from challenges with transgenic P. berghei sporozoites that expressed the full-length PfCS protein, with 50-88% of passively immunized mice parasite-free for ≥15 days. Substitution of serine for an unpaired cysteine in the T* region of the T1BT* subunit did not adversely impact immune potency in the mouse while simplifying the manufacture of the antigenic peptide. In a Good Laboratory Practices compliant rabbit toxicology study, the base layer-crosslinked, Pam3Cys-modified, serine-substituted candidate was shown to be safe and immunogenic, eliciting parasite-neutralizing antibody responses and establishing the dose/route/regimen for a clinical evaluation of this novel synthetic microparticle pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Powell
- Artificial Cell Technologies, Inc., 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; (J.T.); (M.E.D.); (A.J.); (N.P.); (E.C.); (M.Y.); (J.G.B.)
| | - Jie Tang
- Artificial Cell Technologies, Inc., 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; (J.T.); (M.E.D.); (A.J.); (N.P.); (E.C.); (M.Y.); (J.G.B.)
| | - Robert Mitchell
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA; (R.M.); (E.N.)
| | - Mary E. DeRome
- Artificial Cell Technologies, Inc., 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; (J.T.); (M.E.D.); (A.J.); (N.P.); (E.C.); (M.Y.); (J.G.B.)
- Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation, 383 Main Avenue, 5th Floor, Norwalk, CT 06851, USA
| | - Andrea Jacobs
- Artificial Cell Technologies, Inc., 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; (J.T.); (M.E.D.); (A.J.); (N.P.); (E.C.); (M.Y.); (J.G.B.)
| | - Naveen Palath
- Artificial Cell Technologies, Inc., 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; (J.T.); (M.E.D.); (A.J.); (N.P.); (E.C.); (M.Y.); (J.G.B.)
- Pfizer, Inc., Andover, MA 01810, USA
| | - Edwin Cardenas
- Artificial Cell Technologies, Inc., 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; (J.T.); (M.E.D.); (A.J.); (N.P.); (E.C.); (M.Y.); (J.G.B.)
| | - Michelle Yorke
- Artificial Cell Technologies, Inc., 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; (J.T.); (M.E.D.); (A.J.); (N.P.); (E.C.); (M.Y.); (J.G.B.)
| | - James G. Boyd
- Artificial Cell Technologies, Inc., 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; (J.T.); (M.E.D.); (A.J.); (N.P.); (E.C.); (M.Y.); (J.G.B.)
| | - Stephen A. Kaba
- Malaria Vaccine Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA;
- GreenLight Biosciences, Inc., Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Elizabeth Nardin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA; (R.M.); (E.N.)
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17
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Abstract
Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. Despite significant declines in malaria-attributable morbidity and mortality over the last two decades, it remains a major public health burden in many countries. This underscores the critical need for improved strategies to prevent, treat and control malaria if we are to ultimately progress towards the eradication of this disease. Ideally, this will include the development and deployment of a highly effective malaria vaccine that is able to induce long-lasting protective immunity. There are many malaria vaccine candidates in development, with more than a dozen of these in clinical development. RTS,S/AS01 (also known as Mosquirix) is the most advanced malaria vaccine and was shown to have modest efficacy against clinical malaria in phase III trials in 5- to 17-month-old infants. Following pilot implementation trials, the World Health Organisation has recommended it for use in Africa in young children who are most at risk of infection with P. falciparum, the deadliest of the human malaria parasites. It is well recognised that more effective malaria vaccines are needed. In this review, we discuss malaria vaccine candidates that have progressed into clinical evaluation and highlight the most advanced candidates: Sanaria's irradiated sporozoite vaccine (PfSPZ Vaccine), the chemoattenuated sporozoite vaccine (PfSPZ-CVac), RTS,S/AS01 and the novel malaria vaccine candidate, R21, which displayed promising, high-level efficacy in a recent small phase IIb trial in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle I Stanisic
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, Australia.
| | - Michael F Good
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, Australia.
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18
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Ouédraogo A, Bougouma EC, Palacpac NMQ, Houard S, Nebie I, Sawadogo J, Berges GD, Soulama I, Diarra A, Hien D, Ouedraogo AZ, Konaté AT, Kouanda S, Myoui A, Ezoe S, Ishii KJ, Sato T, D’Alessio F, Leroy O, Tiono AB, Cousens S, Horii T, Sirima SB. Safety and immunogenicity of BK-SE36/CpG malaria vaccine in healthy Burkinabe adults and children: a phase 1b randomised, controlled, double-blinded, age de-escalation trial. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1267372. [PMID: 37908361 PMCID: PMC10613650 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1267372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background BK-SE36/CpG is a recombinant blood-stage malaria vaccine candidate based on the N-terminal Plasmodium falciparum serine repeat antigen5 (SE36), adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide gel and reconstituted, prior to administration, with synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides bearing CpG motifs. In healthy Japanese adult males, BK-SE36/CpG was well tolerated. This study assessed its safety and immunogenicity in healthy malaria-exposed African adults and children. Methods A double-blind, randomised, controlled, age de-escalating clinical trial was conducted in an urban area of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Healthy participants (n=135) aged 21-45 years (Cohort 1), 5-10 years (Cohort 2) and 12-24 months (Cohort 3) were randomised to receive three vaccine doses (Day 0, 28 and 112) of BK-SE36/CpG or rabies vaccine by intramuscular injection. Results One hundred thirty-four of 135 (99.2%) subjects received all three scheduled vaccine doses. Vaccinations were well tolerated with no related Grade 3 (severe) adverse events (AEs). Pain/limitation of limb movement, headache in adults and fever in younger children (all mild to moderate in intensity) were the most frequently observed local and systemic AEs. Eighty-three of BK-SE36/CpG (91%) recipients and 37 of control subjects (84%) had Grade 1/2 events within 28 days post vaccination. Events considered by the investigator to be vaccine related were experienced by 38% and 14% of subjects in BK-SE36/CpG and control arms, respectively. Throughout the trial, six Grade 3 events (in 4 subjects), not related to vaccination, were recorded in the BK-SE36/CpG arm: 5 events (in 3 subjects) within 28 days of vaccination. All serious adverse events (SAEs) (n=5) were due to severe malaria (52-226 days post vaccination) and not related to vaccination. In all cohorts, BK-SE36/CpG arm had higher antibody titres after Dose 3 than after Dose 2. Younger cohorts had stronger immune responses (12-24-month-old > 5-10 years-old > 21-45 years-old). Sera predominantly reacted to peptides that lie in intrinsically unstructured regions of SE36. In the control arm, there were no marked fold changes in antibody titres and participants' sera reacted poorly to all peptides spanning SE36. Conclusion BK-SE36/CpG was well-tolerated and immunogenic. These results pave the way for further proof-of-concept studies to demonstrate vaccine efficacy. Clinical trial registration https://pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=1921, PACTR201701001921166.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nirianne Marie Q. Palacpac
- Department of Malaria Vaccine Development, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Sophie Houard
- European Vaccine Initiative (EVI), Universitäts Klinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Issa Nebie
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Jean Sawadogo
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Issiaka Soulama
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Amidou Diarra
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Denise Hien
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Amadou T. Konaté
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Seni Kouanda
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Akira Myoui
- Medical Center for Translational Research, Osaka University Hospital, Suita, Japan
| | - Sachiko Ezoe
- Medical Center for Translational Research, Osaka University Hospital, Suita, Japan
- Department of Space Infection Control, Graduate School of Medicine, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken J. Ishii
- Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Japan
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanobu Sato
- Research and Development Division, Nobelpharma Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Flavia D’Alessio
- European Vaccine Initiative (EVI), Universitäts Klinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Odile Leroy
- European Vaccine Initiative (EVI), Universitäts Klinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alfred B. Tiono
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Simon Cousens
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Toshihiro Horii
- Department of Malaria Vaccine Development, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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19
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Wang Y, Zhang Q, Zhang W, Chen J, Dai J, Zhou X. A conserved protein of Babesia microti elicits partial protection against Babesia and Plasmodium infection. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:306. [PMID: 37649042 PMCID: PMC10469411 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05825-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The protozoan parasite Babesia microti that causes the zoonotic disease babesiosis resides in the erythrocytes of its mammalian host during its life-cycle. No effective vaccines are currently available to prevent Babesia microti infections. METHODS We previously identified a highly seroactive antigen, named Bm8, as a B. microti conserved erythrocyte membrane-associated antigen, by high-throughput protein chip screening. Bioinformatic and phylogenetic analysis showed that this membrane-associated protein is conserved among apicomplexan hemoprotozoa, such as members of genera Babesia, Plasmodium and Theileria. We obtained the recombinant protein Bm8 (rBm8) by prokaryotic expression and purification. RESULTS Immunofluorescence assays confirmed that Bm8 and its Plasmodium homolog were principally localized in the cytoplasm of the parasite. rBm8 protein was specifically recognized by the sera of mice infected with B. microti or P. berghei. Also, mice immunized with Bm8 polypeptide had a decreased parasite burden after B. microti or P. berghei infection. CONCLUSIONS Passive immunization with Bm8 antisera could protect mice against B. microti or P. berghei infection to a certain extent. These results lead us to hypothesize that the B. microti conserved erythrocyte membrane-associated protein Bm8 could serve as a novel broad-spectrum parasite vaccine candidate since it elicits a protective immune response against Babesiosis and Plasmodium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, No.199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, No.199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanruo Zhang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, No.199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (NHC), World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jianfeng Dai
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, No.199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xia Zhou
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, No.199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Genito CJ, Brooks K, Smith A, Ryan E, Soto K, Li Y, Warter L, Dutta S. Protective antibody threshold of RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine correlates antigen and adjuvant dose in mouse model. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:114. [PMID: 37563255 PMCID: PMC10415390 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00714-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse models are useful for the early down-selection of malaria vaccine candidates. The Walter Reed Army Institute of Research has optimized a transgenic Plasmodium berghei sporozoite challenge model to compare the efficacy of Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP) vaccines. GSK's RTS,S vaccine formulated in the adjuvant AS01 can protect malaria-naïve individuals against malaria. We report that the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine induces high level sterile protection in our mouse model. Down titration of the antigen at a constant AS01 dose revealed a potent antigen dose-sparing effect and the superiority of RTS,S/AS01 over a soluble CSP antigen. RTS,S-mediated protective immunity was associated with a threshold of major repeat antibody titer. Combined titration of the antigen and adjuvant showed that reducing the adjuvant could improve antibody boosting post-3rd vaccination and reduce the threshold antibody concentration required for protection. Mouse models can provide a pathway for preclinical assessment of strategies to improve CSP vaccines against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Genito
- Structural Vaccinology Laboratory, Biologics Research and Development Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Katherine Brooks
- Structural Vaccinology Laboratory, Biologics Research and Development Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Alexis Smith
- Structural Vaccinology Laboratory, Biologics Research and Development Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Emma Ryan
- Structural Vaccinology Laboratory, Biologics Research and Development Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Kim Soto
- Structural Vaccinology Laboratory, Biologics Research and Development Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Yuanzhang Li
- Center for Enabling Capabilities, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | | | - Sheetij Dutta
- Structural Vaccinology Laboratory, Biologics Research and Development Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA.
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21
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Aguirre-Botero MC, Wang LT, Formaglio P, Aliprandini E, Thiberge JM, Schön A, Flores-Garcia Y, Mathis-Torres S, Flynn BJ, da Silva Pereira L, Le Duff Y, Hurley M, Nacer A, Bowyer PW, Zavala F, Idris AH, Francica JR, Seder RA, Amino R. Cytotoxicity of human antibodies targeting the circumsporozoite protein is amplified by 3D substrate and correlates with protection. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112681. [PMID: 37389992 PMCID: PMC10468621 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human monoclonal antibodies (hmAbs) targeting the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) on the sporozoite surface are a promising tool for preventing malaria infection. However, their mechanisms of protection remain unclear. Here, using 13 distinctive PfCSP hmAbs, we provide a comprehensive view of how PfCSP hmAbs neutralize sporozoites in host tissues. Sporozoites are most vulnerable to hmAb-mediated neutralization in the skin. However, rare but potent hmAbs additionally neutralize sporozoites in the blood and liver. Efficient protection in tissues mainly associates with high-affinity and high-cytotoxicity hmAbs inducing rapid parasite loss-of-fitness in the absence of complement and host cells in vitro. A 3D-substrate assay greatly enhances hmAb cytotoxicity and mimics the skin-dependent protection, indicating that the physical stress imposed on motile sporozoites by the skin is crucial for unfolding the protective potential of hmAbs. This functional 3D cytotoxicity assay can thus be useful for downselecting potent anti-PfCSP hmAbs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela C Aguirre-Botero
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Malaria Infection and Immunity, BioSPC, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Lawrence T Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pauline Formaglio
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Malaria Infection and Immunity, BioSPC, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Eduardo Aliprandini
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Malaria Infection and Immunity, BioSPC, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Thiberge
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Malaria Infection and Immunity, BioSPC, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Arne Schön
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Yevel Flores-Garcia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Shamika Mathis-Torres
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Barbara J Flynn
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lais da Silva Pereira
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yann Le Duff
- Centre for Aids Reagents, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Mathew Hurley
- Centre for Aids Reagents, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Adéla Nacer
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Paul W Bowyer
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Fidel Zavala
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Azza H Idris
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph R Francica
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | - Rogerio Amino
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Malaria Infection and Immunity, BioSPC, F-75015, Paris, France.
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22
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Pendyala G, Calvo‐Calle JM, Moreno A, Kane RS. A multivalent Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein-based nanoparticle malaria vaccine elicits a robust and durable antibody response against the junctional epitope and the major repeats. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10514. [PMID: 37476056 PMCID: PMC10354751 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria continues to cause considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. The circumsporozoite protein (CSP) is a particularly attractive candidate for designing vaccines that target sporozoites-the first vertebrate stage in a malaria infection. Current PfCSP-based vaccines, however, do not include epitopes that have recently been shown to be the target of potent neutralizing antibodies. We report the design of a SpyCatcher-mi3-nanoparticle-based vaccine presenting multiple copies of a chimeric PfCSP (cPfCSP) antigen that incorporates these important "T1/junctional" epitopes as well as a reduced number of (NANP)n repeats. cPfCSP-SpyCatcher-mi3 was immunogenic in mice eliciting high and durable IgG antibody levels as well as a balanced antibody response against the T1/junctional region and the (NANP)n repeats. Notably, the antibody concentration elicited by immunization was significantly greater than the reported protective threshold defined in a murine challenge model. Refocusing the immune response toward functionally relevant subdominant epitopes to induce a more balanced and durable immune response may enable the design of a more effective second generation PfCSP-based vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetanjali Pendyala
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgia30332USA
| | - J. Mauricio Calvo‐Calle
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusetts01655USA
| | - Alberto Moreno
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research CenterEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgia30329USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgia30303USA
| | - Ravi S. Kane
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgia30332USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgia30332USA
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23
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El-Moamly AA, El-Sweify MA. Malaria vaccines: the 60-year journey of hope and final success-lessons learned and future prospects. Trop Med Health 2023; 51:29. [PMID: 37198702 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-023-00516-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The world has made great strides towards beating malaria, although about half of the world population is still exposed to the risk of contracting malaria. Developing an effective malaria vaccine was a huge challenge for medical science. In 2021 the World Health Organization (WHO) approved the first malaria vaccine, RTS,S/AS01 vaccine (Mosquirix™), for widespread use. This review highlights the history of development, and the different approaches and types of malaria vaccines, and the literature to date. It covers the developmental stages of RTS,S/AS01 and recommends steps for its deployment. The review explores other potential vaccine candidates and their status, and suggests options for their further development. It also recommends future roles for vaccines in eradicating malaria. Questions remain on how RTS,S vaccine will work in widespread use and how it can best be utilized to benefit vulnerable communities. CONCLUSION Malaria vaccines have been in development for almost 60 years. The RTS,S/AS01 vaccine has now been approved, but cannot be a stand-alone solution. Development should continue on promising candidates such as R21, PfSPZ and P. vivax vaccines. Multi-component vaccines may be a useful addition to other malaria control techniques in achieving eradication of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal A El-Moamly
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A El-Sweify
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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24
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Thanvi R, Nada S, Dissanayake R, Vartak A, Sebilleau CO, Alom NE, Prestwich EG, Wall KA, Sucheck SJ. Synthesis and Evaluation of a Self-Adjuvanting Pseudomonal Vaccine Based on Major Outer Membrane Porin OprF Epitopes Formulated with Low-Toxicity QS-21-Containing Liposomes. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:893-910. [PMID: 37092892 PMCID: PMC10723056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is a Gram-negative pathogen that the World Health Organization has ranked as a priority 1 (critical) threat. One potential prophylactic approach to preventing or reducing the incidence of PA would be development of a long sought-after vaccine. Both antibody and CD4+ T-cell responses have been noted as playing key roles in protection against infection. In these studies, we have designed a prototype vaccine consisting of several known linear B-cell epitopes derived from an outer membrane porin F (OprF). The resulting thiol-containing protein was conjugated to a version of the lipopeptide-based Toll-like receptor agonist Pam3CysSK4Mal (10) containing a maleimide moiety and formulated into dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC)/cholesterol (Chol) liposomes. Mice immunized with the resulting vaccine generated antibodies that bound PA14 (serotype O10) in vitro and induced opsonization in the presence of rabbit complement and murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. The liposome was optimized to contain 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC), 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol) (DMPG), Chol, Pam3CysSK4-OprF (12) and the Quillaja saponaria-derived saponin adjuvant QS-21. The resulting vaccine formulation produced significantly higher antibody titers, increased the IgG2a antibody isotype, and increased the number of IgG-producing B-cells as well as splenic primed T-cells. In summary, the liposomal vaccine platform was found highly useful for the generation of a robust and balanced TH1/TH2 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Thanvi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Shadia Nada
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States
| | - Ravindika Dissanayake
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States
| | - Abhishek Vartak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Chloé Olayinka Sebilleau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Nur-E Alom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Erin G Prestwich
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States
| | - Katherine A Wall
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States
| | - Steven J Sucheck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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25
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Oludada OE, Costa G, Burn Aschner C, Obraztsova AS, Prieto K, Canetta C, Hoffman SL, Kremsner PG, Mordmüller B, Murugan R, Julien JP, Levashina EA, Wardemann H. Molecular and functional properties of human Plasmodium falciparum CSP C-terminus antibodies. EMBO Mol Med 2023:e17454. [PMID: 37082831 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202317454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the central repeat and junction domain of Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) have been studied extensively to guide malaria vaccine design compared to antibodies against the PfCSP C terminus. Here, we describe the molecular characteristics and protective potential of 73 germline and mutated human mAbs against the highly immunogenic PfCSP C-terminal domain. Two mAbs recognized linear epitopes in the C-terminal linker with sequence similarity to repeat and junction motifs, whereas all others targeted conformational epitopes in the α-thrombospondin repeat (α-TSR) domain. Specificity for the polymorphic Th2R/Th3R but not the conserved RII+/CS.T3 region in the α-TSR was associated with IGHV3-21/IGVL3-21 or IGLV3-1 gene usage. Although the C terminus specific mAbs showed signs of more efficient affinity maturation and class-switching compared to anti-repeat mAbs, live sporozoite binding and inhibitory activity was limited to a single C-linker reactive mAb with cross-reactivity to the central repeat and junction. The data provide novel insights in the human anti-C-linker and anti-α-TSR antibody response that support exclusion of the PfCSP C terminus from malaria vaccine designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opeyemi Ernest Oludada
- B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Biosciences Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Giulia Costa
- Vector Biology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Anna S Obraztsova
- B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Biosciences Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katherine Prieto
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Caterina Canetta
- B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Peter G Kremsner
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre de Recherches de Lambaréné (CERMEL), Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Benjamin Mordmüller
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Tübingen, Germany
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rajagopal Murugan
- B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elena A Levashina
- Vector Biology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hedda Wardemann
- B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Ludwig J, Scally SW, Costa G, Hoffmann S, Murugan R, Lossin J, Prieto K, Obraztcova A, Lobeto N, Franke-Fayard B, Janse CJ, Lebas C, Collin N, Binter S, Kellam P, Levashina EA, Wardemann H, Julien JP. Glycosylated nanoparticle-based PfCSP vaccine confers long-lasting antibody responses and sterile protection in mouse malaria model. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:52. [PMID: 37029167 PMCID: PMC10080175 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00653-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of an effective and durable vaccine remains a central goal in the fight against malaria. Circumsporozoite protein (CSP) is the major surface protein of sporozoites and the target of the only licensed Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria vaccine, RTS,S/AS01. However, vaccine efficacy is low and short-lived, highlighting the need for a second-generation vaccine with superior efficacy and durability. Here, we report a Helicobacter pylori apoferritin-based nanoparticle immunogen that elicits strong B cell responses against PfCSP epitopes that are targeted by the most potent human monoclonal antibodies. Glycan engineering of the scaffold and fusion of an exogenous T cell epitope enhanced the anti-PfCSP B cell response eliciting strong, long-lived and protective humoral immunity in mice. Our study highlights the power of rational vaccine design to generate a highly efficacious second-generation anti-infective malaria vaccine candidate and provides the basis for its further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ludwig
- B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephen W Scally
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Giulia Costa
- Vector Biology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandro Hoffmann
- B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rajagopal Murugan
- B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Lossin
- B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katherine Prieto
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Obraztcova
- B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Lobeto
- B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Blandine Franke-Fayard
- Malaria Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chris J Janse
- Malaria Research Group, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Celia Lebas
- Vaccine Formulation Institute, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Collin
- Vaccine Formulation Institute, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Spela Binter
- Kymab a Sanofi Company, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Kellam
- Kymab a Sanofi Company, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Elena A Levashina
- Vector Biology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hedda Wardemann
- B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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27
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Verma SK, Mahajan P, Singh NK, Gupta A, Aggarwal R, Rappuoli R, Johri AK. New-age vaccine adjuvants, their development, and future perspective. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1043109. [PMID: 36911719 PMCID: PMC9998920 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1043109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present scenario, immunization is of utmost importance as it keeps us safe and protects us from infectious agents. Despite the great success in the field of vaccinology, there is a need to not only develop safe and ideal vaccines to fight deadly infections but also improve the quality of existing vaccines in terms of partial or inconsistent protection. Generally, subunit vaccines are known to be safe in nature, but they are mostly found to be incapable of generating the optimum immune response. Hence, there is a great possibility of improving the potential of a vaccine in formulation with novel adjuvants, which can effectively impart superior immunity. The vaccine(s) in formulation with novel adjuvants may also be helpful in fighting pathogens of high antigenic diversity. However, due to the limitations of safety and toxicity, very few human-compatible adjuvants have been approved. In this review, we mainly focus on the need for new and improved vaccines; the definition of and the need for adjuvants; the characteristics and mechanisms of human-compatible adjuvants; the current status of vaccine adjuvants, mucosal vaccine adjuvants, and adjuvants in clinical development; and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pooja Mahajan
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Nikhlesh K. Singh
- Integrative Biosciences Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Ankit Gupta
- Microbiology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - Rupesh Aggarwal
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Atul Kumar Johri
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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28
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Nielsen CM, Barrett JR, Davis C, Fallon JK, Goh C, Michell AR, Griffin C, Kwok A, Loos C, Darko S, Laboune F, Tekman M, Diouf A, Miura K, Francica JR, Ransier A, Long CA, Silk SE, Payne RO, Minassian AM, Lauffenburger DA, Seder RA, Douek DC, Alter G, Draper SJ. Delayed boosting improves human antigen-specific Ig and B cell responses to the RH5.1/AS01B malaria vaccine. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e163859. [PMID: 36692019 PMCID: PMC9977309 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.163859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Modifications to vaccine delivery that increase serum antibody longevity are of great interest for maximizing efficacy. We have previously shown that a delayed fractional (DFx) dosing schedule (0-1-6 month) - using AS01B-adjuvanted RH5.1 malaria antigen - substantially improves serum IgG durability as compared with monthly dosing (0-1-2 month; NCT02927145). However, the underlying mechanism and whether there are wider immunological changes with DFx dosing were unclear. Here, PfRH5-specific Ig and B cell responses were analyzed in depth through standardized ELISAs, flow cytometry, systems serology, and single-cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq). Data indicate that DFx dosing increases the magnitude and durability of circulating PfRH5-specific B cells and serum IgG1. At the peak antibody magnitude, DFx dosing was distinguished by a systems serology feature set comprising increased FcRn binding, IgG avidity, and proportion of G2B and G2S2F IgG Fc glycans, alongside decreased IgG3, antibody-dependent complement deposition, and proportion of G1S1F IgG Fc glycan. Concomitantly, scRNA-Seq data show a higher CDR3 percentage of mutation from germline and decreased plasma cell gene expression in circulating PfRH5-specific B cells. Our data, therefore, reveal a profound impact of DFx dosing on the humoral response and suggest plausible mechanisms that could enhance antibody longevity, including improved FcRn binding by serum Ig and a potential shift in the underlying cellular response from circulating short-lived plasma cells to nonperipheral long-lived plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christine Davis
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan K. Fallon
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cyndi Goh
- University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ashlin R. Michell
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Catherine Griffin
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew Kwok
- University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Center for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Carolin Loos
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samuel Darko
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Farida Laboune
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mehmet Tekman
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ababacar Diouf
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Amy Ransier
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carole A. Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah E. Silk
- University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth O. Payne
- University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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29
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Ngulube P. Humoral Immune Responses to P. falciparum Circumsporozoite Protein (Pfcsp) Induced by the RTS, S Vaccine - Current Update. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:2147-2157. [PMID: 37077252 PMCID: PMC10106824 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s401247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria vaccines targeting the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of the P. falciparum parasite have been overall relatively promising. RTS, S is a pre-erythrocytic recombinant protein-based malaria vaccine that targets CSP. RTS, S effectiveness shows some limited success regardless of its 58% efficacy for severe disease. P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein (Pfcsp) has stood to be the main candidate protein for most pre-erythrocytic stage vaccines. Studies on the structural and biophysical characteristics of antibodies specific to CSP (anti-CSP) are underway to achieve fine specificity with the CSP polymorphic regions. More recent studies have proposed the use of different kinds of monoclonal antibodies, the use of appropriate adjuvants, ideal vaccination dose and frequency, and improved targeting of particular epitopes for the robust production of functional antibodies and high complement-fixing activity as other potential methods for achieving long-lasting RTS, S. This review highlights recent findings regarding humoral immune responses to CSP elicited by RTS, S vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ngulube
- Department of Biological Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, Thyolo, Malawi
- Correspondence: Peter Ngulube, Email
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30
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Malaria Vaccines. Infect Dis (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2463-0_536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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31
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Duffy PE. Current approaches to malaria vaccines. Curr Opin Microbiol 2022; 70:102227. [PMID: 36343566 PMCID: PMC11127243 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The complex Plasmodium life cycle offers different vaccine approaches with distinct parasitological and clinical effects. The approaches and their rationales were established decades ago: vaccines targeting pre-erythrocytic (sporozoite and liver-stage) parasites prevent infection, those to blood-stage parasites reduce disease, and those to sexual-stage parasites or mosquito vector reduce transmission and eliminate malaria through herd immunity. The pre-erythrocytic RTS,S vaccine (Mosquirix, GlaskoSmithKline (GSK)), recommended by WHO in 2021, reduces clinical malaria in children. Knowledge of parasite biology, host-parasite interactions, and immune mechanisms is informing new concepts to improve on RTS,S and to target other parasite stages. This review emphasizes vaccine approaches and candidates currently in the clinic or likely to enter clinical testing soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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32
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Shivatare SS, Shivatare VS, Wong CH. Glycoconjugates: Synthesis, Functional Studies, and Therapeutic Developments. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15603-15671. [PMID: 36174107 PMCID: PMC9674437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates are major constituents of mammalian cells that are formed via covalent conjugation of carbohydrates to other biomolecules like proteins and lipids and often expressed on the cell surfaces. Among the three major classes of glycoconjugates, proteoglycans and glycoproteins contain glycans linked to the protein backbone via amino acid residues such as Asn for N-linked glycans and Ser/Thr for O-linked glycans. In glycolipids, glycans are linked to a lipid component such as glycerol, polyisoprenyl pyrophosphate, fatty acid ester, or sphingolipid. Recently, glycoconjugates have become better structurally defined and biosynthetically understood, especially those associated with human diseases, and are accessible to new drug, diagnostic, and therapeutic developments. This review describes the status and new advances in the biological study and therapeutic applications of natural and synthetic glycoconjugates, including proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. The scope, limitations, and novel methodologies in the synthesis and clinical development of glycoconjugates including vaccines, glyco-remodeled antibodies, glycan-based adjuvants, glycan-specific receptor-mediated drug delivery platforms, etc., and their future prospectus are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin S Shivatare
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Vidya S Shivatare
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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33
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Samuels AM, Ansong D, Kariuki SK, Adjei S, Bollaerts A, Ockenhouse C, Westercamp N, Lee CK, Schuerman L, Bii DK, Osei-Tutu L, Oneko M, Lievens M, Attobrah Sarfo MA, Atieno C, Morelle D, Bakari A, Sang T, Jongert E, Kotoh-Mortty MF, Otieno K, Roman F, Buabeng PBY, Ntiamoah Y, Ofori-Anyinam O, Agbenyega T, Sambian D, Agordo Dornudo A, Nana Badu L, Akoi K, Antwi E, Onoka K, K'Orimba K, Ndaya Oloo P, Leakey E, Gvozdenovic E, Cravcenco C, Vandoolaeghe P, Vekemans J, Ivinson K. Efficacy of RTS,S/AS01E malaria vaccine administered according to different full, fractional, and delayed third or early fourth dose regimens in children aged 5–17 months in Ghana and Kenya: an open-label, phase 2b, randomised controlled trial. THE LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 22:1329-1342. [PMID: 35753316 PMCID: PMC9420828 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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34
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Hutter JN, Robben PM, Lee C, Hamer M, Moon JE, Merino K, Zhu L, Galli H, Quinn X, Brown DR, Duncan E, Bolton J, Zou X, Angov E, Lanar DE, Rao M, Matyas GR, Beck Z, Bergmann-Leitner E, Soisson LA, Waters NC, Ngauy V, Regules J, Dutta S. First-in-human assessment of safety and immunogenicity of low and high doses of Plasmodium falciparum malaria protein 013 (FMP013) administered intramuscularly with ALFQ adjuvant in healthy malaria-naïve adults. Vaccine 2022; 40:5781-5790. [PMID: 36055874 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The global burden of malaria remains substantial. Circumsporozoite protein (CSP) has been demonstrated to be an effective target antigen, however, improvements that offer more efficacious and more durable protection are still needed. In support of research and development of next-generation malaria vaccines, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) has developed a CSP-based antigen (FMP013) and a novel adjuvant ALFQ (Army Liposome Formulation containing QS-21). We present a single center, open-label, dose-escalation Phase 1 clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the FMP013/ALFQ malaria vaccine candidate. In this first-in-human evaluation of both the antigen and adjuvant, we enrolled ten subjects; five received 20 μg FMP013 / 0.5 mL ALFQ (Low dose group), and five received 40 μg FMP013 / 1.0 mL ALFQ (High dose group) on study days 1, 29, and 57. Adverse events and immune responses were assessed during the study period. The clinical safety profile was acceptable and there were no serious adverse events. Both groups exhibited robust humoral and cellular immunological responses, and compared favorably with historical responses reported for RTS,S/AS01. Based on a lower reactogenicity profile, the 20 μg FMP013 / 0.5 mL ALFQ (Low dose) was selected for follow-on efficacy testing by controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) with a separate cohort. Trial Registration:Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier NCT04268420 (Registered February 13, 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack N Hutter
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States.
| | - Paul M Robben
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Christine Lee
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Melinda Hamer
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - James E Moon
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Kristen Merino
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Current Affiliation: Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center Covington, LA, United States
| | - Lei Zhu
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Heather Galli
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Xiaofei Quinn
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Dallas R Brown
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth Duncan
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Jessica Bolton
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Xiaoyan Zou
- Navy Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, United States
| | - Evelina Angov
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - David E Lanar
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Mangala Rao
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Gary R Matyas
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Zoltan Beck
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States; Henry Jackson Foundation for Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD. Present Address: Pfizer, Inc., 401 N Middletown Rd, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | | | - Lorraine A Soisson
- United States Agency for International Development Malaria Vaccine Development Program, Washington DC, United States
| | - Norman C Waters
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Viseth Ngauy
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Jason Regules
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Sheetij Dutta
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States.
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35
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Tursi NJ, Reeder SM, Flores-Garcia Y, Bah MA, Mathis-Torres S, Salgado-Jimenez B, Esquivel R, Xu Z, Chu JD, Humeau L, Patel A, Zavala F, Weiner DB. Engineered DNA-encoded monoclonal antibodies targeting Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein confer single dose protection in a murine malaria challenge model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14313. [PMID: 35995959 PMCID: PMC9395511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18375-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel approaches for malaria prophylaxis remain important. Synthetic DNA-encoded monoclonal antibodies (DMAbs) are a promising approach to generate rapid, direct in vivo host-generated mAbs with potential benefits in production simplicity and distribution coupled with genetic engineering. Here, we explore this approach in a malaria challenge model. We engineered germline-reverted DMAbs based on human mAb clones CIS43, 317, and L9 which target a junctional epitope, major repeat, and minor repeat of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP) respectively. DMAb variants were encoded into a plasmid vector backbone and their expression and binding profiles were characterized. We demonstrate long-term serological expression of DMAb constructs resulting in in vivo efficacy of CIS43 GL and 317 GL in a rigorous mosquito bite mouse challenge model. Additionally, we engineered an Fc modified variant of CIS43 and L9-based DMAbs to ablate binding to C1q to test the impact of complement-dependent Fc function on challenge outcomes. Complement knockout variant DMAbs demonstrated similar protection to that of WT Fc DMAbs supporting the notion that direct binding to the parasite is sufficient for the protection observed. Further investigation of DMAbs for malaria prophylaxis appears of importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Tursi
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sophia M Reeder
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yevel Flores-Garcia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Mamadou A Bah
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Shamika Mathis-Torres
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Berenice Salgado-Jimenez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Rianne Esquivel
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ziyang Xu
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jacqueline D Chu
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Laurent Humeau
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, 19462, USA
| | - Ami Patel
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Fidel Zavala
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - David B Weiner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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36
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Schneider CG, Fey J, Zou X, Gerbasi V, Savransky T, Batt C, Bergmann-Leitner E, Angov E. Norovirus-VLPs expressing pre-erythrocytic malaria antigens induce functional immunity against sporozoite infection. Vaccine 2022; 40:4270-4280. [PMID: 35697572 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the development of prophylactic anti-malarial drugs and practices to prevent infection, malaria remains a health concern. Preclinical testing of novel malaria vaccine strategies achieved through rational antigen selection and novel particle-based delivery platforms is yielding encouraging results. One such platform, self-assembling virus-like particles (VLP) is safer than attenuated live viruses, and has been approved as a vaccination tool by the FDA. We explore the use of Norovirus sub-viral particles lacking the natural shell (S) domain forming the interior shell but that retain the protruding (P) structures of the native virus as a vaccine vector. Epitope selection and their surface display has the potential to focus antigen specific immune responses to crucial epitopes. Recombinant P-particles displaying epitopes from two malaria antigens, Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) CelTOS and Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) CSP, were evaluated for immunogenicity and their ability to confer protection in a murine challenge model. Immune responses induced in mice resulted either in sterile protection (displaying PfCelTOS epitopes) or in antibodies with functional activity against sporozoites (displaying PfCSP epitopes) in an in vitro liver-stage development assay (ILSDA). These results are encouraging and support further evaluation of this platform as a vaccine delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosette G Schneider
- Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
| | - Julien Fey
- Agave BioSystems, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
| | - Xiaoyan Zou
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Vince Gerbasi
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
| | - Tatyana Savransky
- Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; General Dynamics Information Technology, Falls Church, VA 22042, USA.
| | - Carl Batt
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Elke Bergmann-Leitner
- Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
| | - Evelina Angov
- Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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37
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Visweswaran GRR, Vijayan K, Chandrasekaran R, Trakhimets O, Brown SL, Vigdorovich V, Yang A, Raappana A, Watson A, Selman W, Zuck M, Dambrauskas N, Kaushansky A, Sather DN. Germinal center activity and B cell maturation are associated with protective antibody responses against Plasmodium pre-erythrocytic infection. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010671. [PMID: 35793394 PMCID: PMC9292112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, at the asymptomatic pre-erythrocytic stage would abrogate disease pathology and prevent transmission. However, the lack of well-defined features within vaccine-elicited antibody responses that correlate with protection represents a major roadblock to improving on current generation vaccines. We vaccinated mice (BALB/cJ and C57BL/6J) with Py circumsporozoite protein (CSP), the major surface antigen on the sporozoite, and evaluated vaccine-elicited humoral immunity and identified immunological factors associated with protection after mosquito bite challenge. Vaccination achieved 60% sterile protection and otherwise delayed blood stage patency in BALB/cJ mice. In contrast, all C57BL/6J mice were infected similar to controls. Protection was mediated by antibodies and could be passively transferred from immunized BALB/cJ mice into naïve C57BL/6J. Dissection of the underlying immunological features of protection revealed early deficits in antibody titers and polyclonal avidity in C57BL/6J mice. Additionally, PyCSP-vaccination in BALB/cJ induced a significantly higher proportion of antigen-specific B-cells and class-switched memory B-cell (MBCs) populations than in C57BL/6J mice. Strikingly, C57BL/6J mice also had markedly fewer CSP-specific germinal center experienced B cells and class-switched MBCs compared to BALB/cJ mice. Analysis of the IgG γ chain repertoires by next generation sequencing in PyCSP-specific memory B-cell repertoires also revealed higher somatic hypermutation rates in BALB/cJ mice than in C57BL/6J mice. These findings indicate that the development of protective antibody responses in BALB/cJ mice in response to vaccination with PyCSP was associated with increased germinal center activity and somatic mutation compared to C57BL/6J mice, highlighting the key role B cell maturation may have in the development of vaccine-elicited protective antibodies against CSP. Identifying specific features of vaccine-elicited antibody responses that are associated with protection from malaria infection is a key step toward the development of a safe and effective vaccine. Here we compared antibody and B cell responses in two mouse strains that exhibited a differential ability to generate antibodies that protect from infection challenge. We found that protection was due to the presence of vaccine-elicited antibodies and could be transferred between strains, and that the ability of antibodies to neutralize the parasite was directly linked to the strength (affinity) with which it binds CSP. Thus, we sought to understand if there were differences in the two strains in the process of B cell maturation that leads to generation of high affinity, protective antibody responses after vaccination. Overall, our comparative analysis indicates that germinal center (GC) activity, a key process in B cell maturation, was significantly diminished in the non-protected strain. Further, we observed evidence of higher levels of somatic mutation, which is a result of germinal center activity, in protected mice. Thus, our results indicate that the ability to generate protective antibody responses was linked to enhanced B cell maturation in the protected strain, providing a key clue to the type of responses that should be generated by future vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ashton Yang
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Alex Watson
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - William Selman
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Meghan Zuck
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Alexis Kaushansky
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Brotman Baty Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, Washington
- * E-mail: (AK); (DNS)
| | - D. Noah Sather
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- * E-mail: (AK); (DNS)
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38
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Egbewande OM. The RTS,S malaria vaccine: Journey from conception to recommendation. PUBLIC HEALTH IN PRACTICE 2022; 4:100283. [PMID: 36570405 PMCID: PMC9773038 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhip.2022.100283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The RTS,S malaria vaccine was recently recommended for use among children at risk in malaria endemic regions. Although significant efforts have been made to minimise malaria cases, the results of these innovations have not been totally satisfactory due to specific limitations. However, this revolutionary vaccine has a great tendency to put an end to malaria. Being the first vaccine against malaria, this commentary examines its journey from the idealisation and conception to the recommendation by the World Health Organization. The commentary also examines some of the challenges that might affect the execution of the vaccination programme in sub-Saharan Africa and other malaria endemic regions and suggest recommendations to overcome the possible them.
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Kibwana E, Kapulu M, Bejon P. Controlled Human Malaria Infection Studies in Africa-Past, Present, and Future. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022. [PMID: 35704094 PMCID: PMC7616462 DOI: 10.1007/82_2022_256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Controlled human infection studies have contributed significantly to the understanding of pathogeneses and treatment of infectious diseases. In malaria, deliberately infecting humans with malaria parasites was used as a treatment for neurosyphilis in the early 1920s. More recently, controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) has become a valuable, cost-effective tool to fast-track the development and evaluation of new anti-malarial drugs and/or vaccines. CHMI studies have also been used to define host/parasite interactions and immunological correlates of protection. CHMI involves infecting a small number of healthy volunteers with malaria parasites, monitoring their parasitemia and providing anti-malarial treatment when a set threshold is reached. In this review we discuss the introduction, development, and challenges of modern-day Plasmodium falciparum CHMI studies conducted in Africa, and the impact of naturally acquired immunity on infectivity and vaccine efficacy. CHMIs have shown to be an invaluable tool particularly in accelerating malaria vaccine research. Although there are limitations of CHMI studies for estimating public health impacts and for regulatory purposes, their strength lies in proof-of-concept efficacy data at an early stage of development, providing a faster way to select vaccines for further development and providing valuable insights in understanding the mechanisms of immunity to malarial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Kibwana
- Bioscience Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Melissa Kapulu
- Bioscience Department, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Philip Bejon
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Kilifi, Kenya.
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40
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Bhattacharya D. Instructing durable humoral immunity for COVID-19 and other vaccinable diseases. Immunity 2022; 55:945-964. [PMID: 35637104 PMCID: PMC9085459 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many aspects of SARS-CoV-2 have fully conformed with the principles established by decades of viral immunology research, ultimately leading to the crowning achievement of highly effective COVID-19 vaccines. Nonetheless, the pandemic has also exposed areas where our fundamental knowledge is thinner. Some key unknowns are the duration of humoral immunity post-primary infection or vaccination and how long booster shots confer protection. As a corollary, if protection does not last as long as desired, what are some ways it can be improved? Here, I discuss lessons from other infections and vaccines that point to several key features that influence durable antibody production and the perseverance of immunity. These include (1) the specific innate sensors that are initially triggered, (2) the kinetics of antigen delivery and persistence, (3) the starting B cell receptor (BCR) avidity and antigen valency, and (4) the memory B cell subsets that are recalled by boosters. I further highlight the fundamental B cell-intrinsic and B cell-extrinsic pathways that, if understood better, would provide a rational framework for vaccines to reliably provide durable immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepta Bhattacharya
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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41
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Zheng H, Lu X, Li K, Zhu F, Zhao C, Liu T, Ding Y, Fu Y, Zhang K, Zhou T, Dai J, Wu Y, Xu W. ATG Ubiquitination Is Required for Circumsporozoite Protein to Subvert Host Innate Immunity Against Rodent Malaria Liver Stage. Front Immunol 2022; 13:815936. [PMID: 35222391 PMCID: PMC8864237 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.815936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although exo-erythrocytic forms (EEFs) of liver stage malaria parasite in the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) are encountered with robust host innate immunity, EEFs can still survive and successfully complete the infection of hepatocytes, and the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. Here, we showed that sporozoite circumsporozoite protein (CSP) translocated from the parasitophorous vacuole into the hepatocyte cytoplasm significantly mediated the resistance to the killing of EEFs by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Attenuation of IFN-γ-mediated killing of EEFs by CSP was dependent on its ability to reduce the levels of autophagy-related genes (ATGs) in hepatocytes. The ATGs downregulation occurred through its enhanced ubiquitination mediated by E3 ligase NEDD4, an enzyme that was upregulated by CSP when it translocated from the cytoplasm into the nucleus of hepatocytes via its nuclear localization signal (NLS) domain. Thus, we have revealed an unrecognized role of CSP in subverting host innate immunity and shed new light for a prophylaxis strategy against liver-stage infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,The Institute of Immunology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenhao Zhao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Taiping Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Fu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Taoli Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jigang Dai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- The Institute of Immunology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenyue Xu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L Alonso
- From the Global Malaria Program (P.L.A.) and the Department of Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals (K.L.O.), World Health Organization, Geneva
| | - Katherine L O'Brien
- From the Global Malaria Program (P.L.A.) and the Department of Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals (K.L.O.), World Health Organization, Geneva
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43
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Jelínková L, Flores-Garcia Y, Shapiro S, Roberts BT, Petrovsky N, Zavala F, Chackerian B. A vaccine targeting the L9 epitope of the malaria circumsporozoite protein confers protection from blood-stage infection in a mouse challenge model. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:34. [PMID: 35260593 PMCID: PMC8904524 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00457-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccines that induce high-titer, durable antibody responses can potentially provide protection from infection. Here, we engineered a virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccine targeting a recently described vulnerable epitope at the N-terminus of the central repeat region of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein that is recognized by the potently inhibitory monoclonal antibody L9 and show that immunization with L9 VLPs induces strong antibody responses that provide protection from blood-stage malaria in a mouse infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Jelínková
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Yevel Flores-Garcia
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Shapiro
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bryce T Roberts
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., 11 Walkley Avenue, Warradale, Adelaide, 5046, Australia.,College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, 5042, Australia
| | - Fidel Zavala
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bryce Chackerian
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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44
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Sinnis P, Fidock DA. The RTS,S vaccine-a chance to regain the upper hand against malaria? Cell 2022; 185:750-754. [PMID: 35245476 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO) to have killed 627,000 individuals worldwide in 2020, with nearly 80% of deaths in African children younger than five. The recent WHO approval of the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine, which targets Plasmodium falciparum pre-erythrocytic stages, provides hope that its use combined with other interventions can help reverse the current malaria resurgence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Photini Sinnis
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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45
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Tretiakova DS, Vodovozova EL. Liposomes as Adjuvants and Vaccine Delivery Systems. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) SUPPLEMENT. SERIES A, MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2022; 16:1-20. [PMID: 35194485 PMCID: PMC8853224 DOI: 10.1134/s1990747822020076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The review considers liposomes as systems of substantial interest as adjuvant carriers in vaccinology due to their versatility and maximal biocompatibility. Research and development on the use of liposomes and lipid nanoparticles to create subunit vaccines for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases has been going on for several decades. In recent years, the area has seen serious progress due to the improvement of the technology of industrial production of various high-grade lipids suitable for parenteral administration and the emergence of new technologies and equipment for the production of liposomal preparations. When developing vaccines, it is necessary to take into account how the body’s immune system (innate and adaptive immunity) functions. The review briefly describes some of the fundamental mechanisms underlying the mobilization of immunity when encountering an antigen, as well as the influence of liposome carriers on the processes of internalization of antigens by immunocompetent cells and ways of immune response induction. The results of the studies on the interactions of liposomes with antigen-presenting cells in function of the liposome size, charge, and phase state of the bilayer, which depends on the lipid composition, are often contradictory and should be verified in each specific case. The introduction of immunostimulant components into the composition of liposomal vaccine complexes—ligands of the pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptors—permits modulation of the strength and type of the immune response. The review briefly discusses liposome-based vaccines approved for use in the clinic for the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases, including mRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles. Examples of liposomal vaccines that undergo various stages of clinical trials are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Tretiakova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - E L Vodovozova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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46
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Wang LT, Hurlburt NK, Schön A, Flynn BJ, Flores-Garcia Y, Pereira LS, Kiyuka PK, Dillon M, Bonilla B, Zavala F, Idris AH, Francica JR, Pancera M, Seder RA. The light chain of the L9 antibody is critical for binding circumsporozoite protein minor repeats and preventing malaria. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110367. [PMID: 35172158 PMCID: PMC8896312 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
L9 is a potent human monoclonal antibody (mAb) that preferentially binds two adjacent NVDP minor repeats and cross-reacts with NANP major repeats of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) on malaria-infective sporozoites. Understanding this mAb's ontogeny and mechanisms of binding PfCSP will facilitate vaccine development. Here, we isolate mAbs clonally related to L9 and show that this B cell lineage has baseline NVDP affinity and evolves to acquire NANP reactivity. Pairing the L9 kappa light chain (L9κ) with clonally related heavy chains results in chimeric mAbs that cross-link two NVDPs, cross-react with NANP, and more potently neutralize sporozoites in vivo compared with their original light chain. Structural analyses reveal that the chimeric mAbs bound minor repeats in a type-1 β-turn seen in other repeat-specific antibodies. These data highlight the importance of L9κ in binding NVDP on PfCSP to neutralize sporozoites and suggest that PfCSP-based immunogens might be improved by presenting ≥2 NVDPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence T Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicholas K Hurlburt
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Arne Schön
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Barbara J Flynn
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yevel Flores-Garcia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lais S Pereira
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Patience K Kiyuka
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marlon Dillon
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brian Bonilla
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fidel Zavala
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Azza H Idris
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joseph R Francica
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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47
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de Almeida MEM, Alves KCS, de Vasconcelos MGS, Pinto TS, Glória JC, Chaves YO, Neves WLL, Tarragô AM, de Souza Neto JN, Astolfi-Filho S, Pontes GS, da Silva Balieiro AA, Isticato R, Ricca E, Mariúba LAM. Bacillus subtilis spores as delivery system for nasal Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite surface protein immunization in a murine model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1531. [PMID: 35087102 PMCID: PMC8795416 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a widespread public health problem in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, and there is still no vaccine available for full protection. In recent years, it has been observed that spores of Bacillus subtillis can act as a vaccine carrier and adjuvant, promoting an elevated humoral response after co-administration with antigens either coupled or integrated to their surface. In our study, B. subtillis spores from the KO7 strain were used to couple the recombinant CSP protein of P. falciparum (rPfCSP), and the nasal humoral-induced immune response in Balb/C mice was evaluated. Our results demonstrate that the spores coupled to rPfCSP increase the immunogenicity of the antigen, which induces high levels of serum IgG, and with balanced Th1/Th2 immune response, being detected antibodies in serum samples for 250 days. Therefore, the use of B. subtilis spores appears to be promising for use as an adjuvant in a vaccine formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Edilene M de Almeida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Biologia Celular e Molecular do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil.
| | - Késsia Caroline Souza Alves
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | | | - Juliane Corrêa Glória
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Yury Oliveira Chaves
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Biologia Parasitária do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Walter Luiz Lima Neves
- Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas, HEMOAM, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Andrea Monteiro Tarragô
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas, HEMOAM, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia PPGH, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Júlio Nino de Souza Neto
- Centro de Apoio Multidisciplinar (CAM), Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Spartaco Astolfi-Filho
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | - Antônio Alcirley da Silva Balieiro
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Biologia Parasitária do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Ezio Ricca
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Luis André M Mariúba
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Biologia Celular e Molecular do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil.
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49
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Shibeshi W, Bagchus W, Yalkinoglu Ö, Tappert A, Engidawork E, Oeuvray C. Reproducibility of malaria sporozoite challenge model in humans for evaluating efficacy of vaccines and drugs: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1274. [PMID: 34930178 PMCID: PMC8686662 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06953-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of novel malaria vaccines and antimalarial drugs is limited partly by emerging challenges to conduct field trials in malaria endemic areas, including unknown effects of existing immunity and a reported fall in malaria incidence. As a result, Controlled Human Malaria Infection (CHMI) has become an important approach for accelerated development of malarial vaccines and drugs. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to establish aggregate evidence on the reproducibility of a malaria sporozoite challenge model. METHODS A systematic review of research articles published between 1990 and 2018 on efficacy testing of malaria vaccines and drugs using sporozoite challenge and sporozoite infectivity studies was conducted using Pubmed, Scopus, Embase and Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov and Trialtrove. The inclusion criteria were randomized and non-randomized, controlled or open-label trials using P. falciparum or P. vivax sporozoite challenges. The data were extracted from articles using standardized data extraction forms and descriptive analysis was performed for evidence synthesis. The endpoints considered were infectivity, prepatent period, parasitemia and safety of sporozoite challenge. RESULTS Seventy CHMI trials conducted with a total of 2329 adult healthy volunteers were used for analysis. CHMI was induced by bites of mosquitoes infected with P. falciparum or P. vivax in 52 trials and by direct venous inoculation of P. falciparum sporozoites (PfSPZ challenge) in 18 trials. Inoculation with P. falciparum-infected mosquitoes produced 100% infectivity in 40 studies and the mean/median prepatent period assessed by thick blood smear (TBS) microscopy was ≤ 12 days in 24 studies. On the other hand, out of 12 infectivity studies conducted using PfSPZ challenge, 100% infection rate was reproduced in 9 studies with a mean or median prepatent period of 11 to 15.3 days as assessed by TBS and 6.8 to 12.6 days by PCR. The safety profile of P. falciparum and P.vivax CHMI was characterized by consistent features of malaria infection. CONCLUSION There is ample evidence on consistency of P. falciparum CHMI models in terms of infectivity and safety endpoints, which supports applicability of CHMI in vaccine and drug development. PfSPZ challenge appears more feasible for African trials based on current evidence of safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Workineh Shibeshi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Global Health Institute of Merck, Ares Trading S.A., A subsidiary of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Wilhelmina Bagchus
- Translational Medicine, Merck Serono S.A., An Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Özkan Yalkinoglu
- Translational Medicine, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Aliona Tappert
- Global Patient Safety, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ephrem Engidawork
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Claude Oeuvray
- Global Health Institute of Merck, Ares Trading S.A., A subsidiary of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
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Wang LT, Pereira LS, Kiyuka PK, Schön A, Kisalu NK, Vistein R, Dillon M, Bonilla BG, Molina-Cruz A, Barillas-Mury C, Tan J, Idris AH, Francica JR, Seder RA. Protective effects of combining monoclonal antibodies and vaccines against the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010133. [PMID: 34871332 PMCID: PMC8675929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinations of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against different epitopes on the same antigen synergistically neutralize many viruses. However, there are limited studies assessing whether combining human mAbs against distinct regions of the Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) circumsporozoite protein (CSP) enhances in vivo protection against malaria compared to each mAb alone or whether passive transfer of PfCSP mAbs would improve protection following vaccination against PfCSP. Here, we isolated a panel of human mAbs against the subdominant C-terminal domain of PfCSP (C-CSP) from a volunteer immunized with radiation-attenuated Pf sporozoites. These C-CSP-specific mAbs had limited binding to sporozoites in vitro that was increased by combination with neutralizing human "repeat" mAbs against the NPDP/NVDP/NANP tetrapeptides in the central repeat region of PfCSP. Nevertheless, passive transfer of repeat- and C-CSP-specific mAb combinations did not provide enhanced protection against in vivo sporozoite challenge compared to repeat mAbs alone. Furthermore, combining potent repeat-specific mAbs (CIS43, L9, and 317) that respectively target the three tetrapeptides (NPDP/NVDP/NANP) did not provide additional protection against in vivo sporozoite challenge. However, administration of either CIS43, L9, or 317 (but not C-CSP-specific mAbs) to mice that had been immunized with R21, a PfCSP-based virus-like particle vaccine that induces polyclonal antibodies against the repeat region and C-CSP, provided enhanced protection against sporozoite challenge when compared to vaccine or mAbs alone. Collectively, this study shows that while combining mAbs against the repeat and C-terminal regions of PfCSP provide no additional protection in vivo, repeat mAbs do provide increased protection when combined with vaccine-induced polyclonal antibodies. These data should inform the implementation of PfCSP human mAbs alone or following vaccination to prevent malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence T. Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lais S. Pereira
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Patience K. Kiyuka
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Arne Schön
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Neville K. Kisalu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rachel Vistein
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marlon Dillon
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brian G. Bonilla
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alvaro Molina-Cruz
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carolina Barillas-Mury
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joshua Tan
- Antibody Biology Unit, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Azza H. Idris
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joseph R. Francica
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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