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English D, Kelman E, Lundy De La Cruz N, Thompson AB, Le K, Garretson M, Viswanath AL, Brahmbhatt D, Lockwood C, Busby DR, Davila M. Trends in Suicidality and Bullying among New York City Adolescents across Race and Sexual Identity: 2009-2019. J Urban Health 2024; 101:451-463. [PMID: 38730064 PMCID: PMC11189860 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-024-00860-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Despite evidence showing rising suicidality among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) and Black adolescents, separately, there is scant research on suicide risk trajectories among youth groups across both racial and sexual identities. Thus, we examined trajectories of self-reported suicidal ideation and attempt and their associations with bullying among New York City-based adolescents. We analyzed 2009-2019 NYC Youth Risk Behavior Survey data. We ran weighted descriptive and logistic regression analyses to test for trends in dichotomous suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, bullying at school, and e-bullying variables among students across both race/ethnicity and sexual identity. We assessed associations between suicidality trends and bullying with logistic regressions. Models controlled for age and sex. Suicidal ideation and attempt were 2 and 5 times more likely among LGB than heterosexual participants, respectively. Bullying at school and e-bullying were 2 times more likely among LGB than heterosexual participants. Black LGB participants were the only LGB group for which both suicidal ideation (AOR = 1.04, SE = .003, p < .001) and attempt (AOR = 1.04, SE = .004, p < .001) increased over time. Both increased at accelerating rates. Conversely, White LGB participants were the only LGB group for which both suicidal ideation (AOR = 0.98, SE = .006, p < .001) and attempt (AOR = 0.92, SE = .008, p < .001) decreased over time. These changes occurred in parallel with significant bullying increases for Black and Latina/o/x LGB adolescents and significant bullying decreases for White LGB adolescents. Bullying was positively associated with suicidal ideation and attempt for all adolescents. Findings suggest resources aimed at curbing rising adolescent suicide should be focused on Black LGB youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin English
- Rutgers School of Public Health, 1 Riverfront Plaza, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Kelman
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 42-09 28th Street, Long Island City, NY, 11101, USA
| | - Nneka Lundy De La Cruz
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 42-09 28th Street, Long Island City, NY, 11101, USA
| | - Azure B Thompson
- SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Karolyn Le
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 42-09 28th Street, Long Island City, NY, 11101, USA
| | - Marné Garretson
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 42-09 28th Street, Long Island City, NY, 11101, USA
| | - Aishwarya L Viswanath
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 42-09 28th Street, Long Island City, NY, 11101, USA
| | - Diksha Brahmbhatt
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 42-09 28th Street, Long Island City, NY, 11101, USA
| | - Cynthia Lockwood
- Rutgers School of Public Health, 1 Riverfront Plaza, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Danielle R Busby
- University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Marivel Davila
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 42-09 28th Street, Long Island City, NY, 11101, USA
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Corcoran E, Althobaiti A, Lewis G, Solmi F, McCloud T, Lewis G. The association between sexual orientation and psychotic like experiences during adolescence: a prospective cohort study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2024:10.1007/s00127-024-02636-y. [PMID: 38771351 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-024-02636-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Psychotic like experiences (PLEs) are relatively common during adolescence and associated with a range of negative outcomes. There is evidence that sexual minorities are at increased risk of mental health problems including depression, anxiety, self-harm and suicidality. However, no study has investigated the association between sexual orientation and psychotic experiences during adolescence. We compared trajectories of PLEs in sexual minority and heterosexual adolescents from 12 to 24 years of age. METHODS We used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Participants provided data on sexual orientation at age 16 and PLEs at ages 12, 17 and 24. We used multi-level logistic regression models to test associations between sexual orientation and PLEs, before and after adjusting for covariates. We investigated whether the association differed according to time-point and sex using interaction terms. RESULTS We found evidence that the odds of PLEs were 2.35 times (95% Confidence Interval 1.79-3.06, p < 0.0001) higher among sexual minority compared with heterosexual adolescents, across all ages, after adjusting for covariates. There was no evidence that the association between sexual orientation and PLEs differed according to time-point (p = 0.50) or sex (p = 0.29). CONCLUSION We found an increased risk of psychosis in sexual minorities compared with heterosexuals, which was present from around 12 years of age and persisted until age 24. Early interventions to prevent this mental health inequality could include universal interventions to promote inclusivity and acceptance of diverse sexual orientations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Corcoran
- The Oxford Institute of Clinical Psychology Training and Research, The Oxford Centre for Psychological Health, Isis Education Centre, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Amal Althobaiti
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W17 7NF, UK
| | - Glyn Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W17 7NF, UK
| | - Francesca Solmi
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W17 7NF, UK
| | - Tayla McCloud
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W17 7NF, UK
| | - Gemma Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W17 7NF, UK.
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Schlief M, Stefanidou T, Wright T, Levy G, Pitman A, Lewis G. A rapid realist review of universal interventions to promote inclusivity and acceptance of diverse sexual and gender identities in schools. Nat Hum Behav 2023; 7:556-567. [PMID: 36781989 PMCID: PMC10129865 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01521-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Universal interventions to promote inclusivity and acceptance of diverse sexual and gender identities in schools could help to prevent mental health problems in this population. We reviewed evidence and developed programme theories to explain which universal interventions work, for whom, in which contexts and why. We conducted a rapid realist review and extracted data in context-mechanism-outcome configurations, to develop and refine programme theories. We included 53 sources and identified five intervention themes: student pride clubs, inclusive antibullying and harassment policies, inclusive curricula, workshops and staff training. Here, we show that these interventions could work by reducing discrimination, bullying and marginalization. Interventions appear to work best when school staff are trained and the school climate is supportive and may be less effective for boys, gender minority students and bisexual students. Our findings provide guiding principles for schools to develop interventions and should encourage primary research to confirm, refute or refine our programme theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merle Schlief
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Theodora Stefanidou
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Talen Wright
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Grace Levy
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alexandra Pitman
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gemma Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
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Beckie TM, Lengacher C, Rodriguez C, Pares-Avila J, Turner D, Sanchez M, Nair US. A framework for addressing health inequities in sexual and gender diverse populations by nurses. Nurs Outlook 2022; 70:651-663. [DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lian Q, Li R, Liu Z, Li X, Su Q, Zheng D. Associations of nonconforming gender expression and gender identity with bullying victimization: an analysis of the 2017 youth risk behavior survey. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:650. [PMID: 35382781 PMCID: PMC8981782 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although gender nonconformity (GNC) and transgender identity are both linked to bullying victimization, few studies have examined them with bullying victimization simultaneously. Using a sample of Youth Risk Behavior Survey, we investigated the associations of GNC and transgender identity with bullying victimization within the same study. METHODS We analyzed data from the cross-sectional school-based Youth Risk Behavior Survey in 2017 (n = 25,378). The exposures were GNC and transgender identity. The main outcomes were traditional victimization, cyber victimization, and combined victimization. We calculated adjusted prevalence ratios (APRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using Poisson regression models. RESULTS There were 22.15% of high school students with GNC, and 1.61% identified themselves as transgender. GNC is associated with traditional (APR,1.45;95%CI, 1.21-1.73), cyber (APR,2.00; 95%CI, 1.66-2.40) and combined victimization (APR,1.61;95%CI, 1.42-1.83) respectively among assigned male at birth (AMAB) students only. Transgender male and female students are both at higher risk of bullying victimization for all the three outcomes than cisgender peers. CONCLUSIONS AMAB GNC and transgender identity are associated with a higher risk of bullying victimization. Providing support systems and celebrating gender diversity within and outside schools are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiguo Lian
- NHC Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruili Li
- Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaona Li
- Beichen District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiru Su
- Children's Healthcare & Mental Health Center, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, 7019 Yitian Road, Shenzhen City, Guangdong, 518038, China.
| | - Dongpeng Zheng
- Kangjian Community Health Service Center, 88 Jiang'an Road, Shanghai, China.
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Reisner SL, Mateo C, Elliott MN, Tortolero S, Davies SL, Lewis T, Li D, Schuster M. Analysis of Reported Health Care Use by Sexual Orientation Among Youth. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2124647. [PMID: 34714346 PMCID: PMC8556619 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.24647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE In the United States, adolescents who are lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) face disparities across physical and mental health outcomes compared with non-LGB youth, yet few studies have looked at patterns of health care utilization by sexual orientation. OBJECTIVE To compare health care utilization indicators for LGB and non-LGB youth. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study analyzed wave 3 data from Healthy Passages, a longitudinal observational study of diverse public school students in Birmingham, Alabama; Houston, Texas; and Los Angeles County, California. Multivariable logistic regression models tested sexual-orientation differences in the past 12-month health care utilization measures, controlling for youth age, gender, race and ethnicity, household education, income, and marital status. Data collection began in 2010 when students were in the 5th grade (mean [SE] age, 11.13 [0.01] years) (wave 1) and continued 2 years later (wave 2, 7th grade) and 5 years later (wave 3, 10th grade). Permission to be contacted was provided for 6663 children, and 5147 (77%) participated in audio computer-assisted self-administered interviews. This study included 4256 youth (640 LGB, 3616 non-LGB) who completed interviews at wave 1 and wave 3 and answered key items used in this analysis. Analyses were completed in June 2021. EXPOSURES Sexual orientation (LGB vs non-LGB). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Health care utilization and communication difficulty with a physician in the past 12 months. RESULTS Among 4256 youths included in the study at baseline in 5th grade (wave 1), 2171 (48.9%) were female; 1502 (44.5%) were Hispanic or Latino; 1479 (28.9%) were Black; the mean (SE) age was 11.19 (0.03) years; and 640 (14.5%) were LGB at wave 3. Compared with non-LGB youth, a higher proportion of LGB youth reported not receiving needed medical care in the last 12 months (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.68; 95% CI,1.38-2.05), most commonly for sexually transmitted infections, contraception, and substance use. LGB youth more frequently reported difficulty communicating with their physician (aOR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.27-2.30) than non-LGB youth. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study's results found that health care utilization differs by sexual orientation for youth. These findings suggest that clinician training is needed to address the health care needs of LGB youth. Routinely capturing sexual orientation data might enable tracking of health care utilization indicators for LGB youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari L. Reisner
- Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Camila Mateo
- Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | - Dennis Li
- Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Mark Schuster
- Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, California
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D'Agati D, Kahn GD, Swartz KL. Preteen Behaviors and Sexual Orientation of High School Students Who Report Depressive Symptoms, United States, 2015-2017. Public Health Rep 2021; 136:132-135. [PMID: 33494657 DOI: 10.1177/0033354920971718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Unhealthy preteen behaviors are associated with adolescent depression. However, little is known about preteen factors among sexual minority young people, a group at increased risk for teen depression and suicide. We completed weighted multivariate logistic regression analyses on data from the national 2015 and 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Survey of 30 389 high school students in the United States. Preteen sex, cigarette smoking, and alcohol and marijuana use were significantly more prevalent among lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) and questioning students who reported depressive symptoms than among their heterosexual peers (adjusted prevalence ratio [APR] range, 1.33-2.34; all significant at P < .05). The only exception was that marijuana use among questioning students was not significantly different from use among heterosexual peers (APR = 1.34; P = .11). Assessment of preteen sex and substance use-especially among LGB and questioning young people, who are more prone to depressive symptoms and more likely to initiate risky preteen behaviors than their heterosexual counterparts-will facilitate a life course approach to sexual minority mental health that should begin by early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas D'Agati
- 8784 Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego Health System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Geoffrey D Kahn
- 25802 Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen L Swartz
- 1500 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Domínguez-Martínez T, Rebeca RG, Fresán A, Cruz J, Vega H, Reed GM. Risk factors for violence in transgender people: a retrospective study of experiences during adolescence. PSYCHOLOGY & SEXUALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2020.1802772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tecelli Domínguez-Martínez
- Global Mental Health Research Center, Directorate of Epidemiological and Psychosocial Research, ‘Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz’ National Institute of Psychiatry, Ministry of Health, Mexico
| | - Robles García Rebeca
- Global Mental Health Research Center, Directorate of Epidemiological and Psychosocial Research, ‘Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz’ National Institute of Psychiatry, Ministry of Health, Mexico
| | - Ana Fresán
- Sub Directorate of Clinical Research, “Ramón De La Fuente Muñiz” National Institute of Psychiatry, Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jeremy Cruz
- Comprehensive Transgender Care Center, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hamid Vega
- Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Geoffrey M. Reed
- Global Mental Health Program, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons and Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, USA
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Boroughs MS, Provenzano DA, Mitchell AD, O'Cleirigh C. Developing HIV Prevention Interventions for Emerging Adult MSM With a History of Being Bullied: A Qualitative Study. Am J Mens Health 2020; 13:1557988319852447. [PMID: 31117857 PMCID: PMC6537256 DOI: 10.1177/1557988319852447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The experience of being bullied in childhood or adolescence affects health into adulthood and is a public health crisis. Particularly affected are sexual minority young adults who are at the greatest risk for severe and violent bullying, HIV seroconversion, and onset of a substance use disorder. Although the scholarly work in the area of bullying victimization has made great gains over the past few years via improved sampling and methodological rigor, most of the focus of health research in this area has been on prevention efforts. The purpose of the current study was to inform the development of a transdiagnostic integrated treatment platform that will focus on mental and physical health outcomes that include sexual risk taking and substance abuse. This study involved conducting four focus groups with HIV-uninfected gay and bisexual men, aged 18 to 26 years, in order to examine treatment needs and preferences and further develop an evidence-based intervention. Four themes emerged from the analysis of transcripts: (a) learning about bullying and psychopathology, (b) coping with bullying, (c) experiencing psychopathology as a consequence of bullying, and (d) tailoring psychosocial interventions to address health sequelae linked with bullying. These themes provided a solid foundation to develop and test an intervention to address key health risks among men who have sex with men (MSM) with a history of being bullied and recent sexual risk taking and substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Boroughs
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Canada.,2 The Fenway Institute at Fenway Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Avery D Mitchell
- 3 Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Conall O'Cleirigh
- 2 The Fenway Institute at Fenway Health, Boston, MA, USA.,4 Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,5 Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Reisner SL, Sava LM, Menino DD, Perrotti J, Barnes TN, Humphrey DL, Nikitin RV, Earnshaw VA. Addressing LGBTQ Student Bullying in Massachusetts Schools: Perspectives of LGBTQ Students and School Health Professionals. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2020; 21:408-421. [PMID: 31933159 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-019-01084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning (LGBTQ) youth face disparities in bullying victimization are associated with higher rates of physical injury, psychological distress, and even suicide. Innovative strategies to address bullying victimization are needed to prevent adverse physical and mental health outcomes, including those engaging school health professionals (SHPs; school nurses, psychologists). This mixed-methods study sought to identify factors that facilitate or impede SHPs' reporting and responding to LGBTQ bullying in Massachusetts from the perspectives of LGBTQ students and SHPs. Between August 2017 and July 2018, asynchronous online focus group discussions and a brief survey were conducted separately for 28 LGBTQ students and 19 SHPs in Massachusetts (9-12 participants per group; n = 47 enrolled). Focus groups probed on bullying experiences. Rapid qualitative inquiry was used for thematic coding of facilitators and barriers to address LGBTQ student bullying described by youth and SHPs. Facilitators and barriers largely coalesced around the social ecological model. Youth and SHPs identified factors at multiple levels of the social ecological model: (1) individual (knowledge, skills, attitudes); (2) interpersonal (trust and follow-through, confidentiality and fear of being "outed," close relationships, champion SHPs); and (3) structural (school buy-in, time, reporting and protocols, staff roles, resources, and school culture of inclusivity). LGBTQ students expressed a need for an intersectional lens for SHPs when addressing LGBTQ student bullying. Interventions that help SHPs overcome multilevel barriers and leverage facilitators are needed. Consideration of intersectionality will better equip SHPs to support LGBTQ students and address disparities in LGBTQ student bullying that confer health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari L Reisner
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, 1340 Boylston St, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Lauren M Sava
- Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - David D Menino
- Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jeff Perrotti
- Safe Schools Program for LGBTQ Students, Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education, 75 Pleasant St, Malden, MA, 02148, USA
| | - Tia N Barnes
- Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.,Center for Research in Education and Social Policy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - D Layne Humphrey
- Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.,Center for Research in Education and Social Policy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Ruslan V Nikitin
- Harvard Catalyst, Clinical and Translational Science Center, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Valerie A Earnshaw
- Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.,Center for Research in Education and Social Policy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
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Domínguez-Martínez T, Robles R. Preventing Transphobic Bullying and Promoting Inclusive Educational Environments: Literature Review and Implementing Recommendations. Arch Med Res 2019; 50:543-555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jetelina KK, Reingle Gonzalez JM, Cuccaro PM, Peskin MF, Pompeii L, Atem F, Elliott MN, Earnshaw VA, Davies SL, Schuster MA. Mechanisms and Frequency of Violent Injuries Among Victims and Perpetrators of Bullying. J Adolesc Health 2019; 64:664-670. [PMID: 30612808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.10.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This article aims to (1) evaluate whether bullying typology predicts violent injury; (2) longitudinally examine whether violent injury trajectories differ across bullying typology as children age; and (3) longitudinally determine whether children who consistently reported perpetration or victimization (i.e., reported bullying at fifth, seventh, and 10th grade) were different from children who inconsistently reported perpetration or victimization. METHODS Longitudinal data were obtained from 4,297 children at three waves (fifth, seventh, and 10th grade) in three United States communities. Children were categorized into four mutually exclusive bullying typologies: neither victim nor perpetrator; victim only; perpetrator only; victim-perpetrator. Children self-reported mechanisms of violent injuries that needed medical attention in the past year. Regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between bullying group and the likelihood of violent injury over time. RESULTS Seventeen percent (n=857) of children in fifth grade reported a violent injury. Prevalence of overall violent injuries, and specifically firearm and knife injuries, increased over time. Children who reported perpetration in the absence of victimization were at increased odds for violent injury (adjusted odds ratio = 1.41, 95% confidence interval: 1.24, 1.60) compared with children who reported neither victimization nor perpetration, while children who reported victimization in the absence of perpetration were at decreased odds (adjusted odds ratio=.84, 95% confidence interval: .73, .97). A significant linear dose-response relationship was observed between duration of bullying perpetration and violent injury. CONCLUSIONS The relationship between bullying perpetration and violent injury over time was strong. Future research should investigate potential mediating behaviors, such as weapon access, which might explain the observed relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn K Jetelina
- University of Texas Health Science Center, School of Public Health, Dallas Campus, Dallas, Texas.
| | | | - Paula M Cuccaro
- University of Texas Health Science Center, School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
| | - Melissa F Peskin
- University of Texas Health Science Center, School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
| | - Lisa Pompeii
- University of Texas Health Science Center, School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
| | - Folefac Atem
- University of Texas Health Science Center, School of Public Health, Dallas Campus, Dallas, Texas
| | | | | | - Susan L Davies
- Department of Health Behavior, UAB Center for the Study of Community Health, Birmingham, Alabama
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Jetelina KK, Reingle Gonzalez JM, Cuccaro PM, Peskin MF, Pompeii L, Atem F, Elliott MN, Earnshaw VA, Davies SL, Schuster MA. Self-reporting discrepancies of bullying victimization and perpetration measures. Ann Epidemiol 2019; 32:58-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Mittleman J. Sexual Minority Bullying and Mental Health From Early Childhood Through Adolescence. J Adolesc Health 2019; 64:172-178. [PMID: 30392862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sexual minority adolescents face well-documented disparities in terms of peer victimization and mental health. Less is known about how these disparities emerge and change throughout childhood. Providing prospective evidence on sexual minorities' peer victimization and mental health from early childhood through adolescence, the current study addresses this gap. METHODS Analyses used data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a population-based cohort study of children born in twenty American cities between 1998 and 2000. Teens reported sexual minority status during interviews conducted (primarily by phone) between 2014 and 2017. Multivariate regression analyses examined disparities in peer victimization and mental health at ages 5, 9, and 15. RESULTS Compared to their peers, sexual minorities experienced similar rates of peer victimization at age 5 but substantially higher rates at ages 9 and 15. Sexual minority children's elevated bullying rates at age 9 were confirmed using independent reports from both parents and the children themselves. Disparities in depressive/anxious symptoms were not documented until age 15, at which time large disparities were reported across three diagnostic scales and two measures of professional diagnosis/treatment. Both current and prior peer victimization were robust predictors of adolescent mental health, explaining about 20% of the disparities between sexual minority teens and their peers. CONCLUSIONS Sexual minority children's social vulnerabilities appear to emerge between ages 5 and 9, followed by the emergence of mental health disparities between 9 and 15. Results underscore the importance of intervening early to prevent the emergence of bullying behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Mittleman
- Department of Sociology and Office of Population Research, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey.
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15
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Irish M, Solmi F, Mars B, King M, Lewis G, Pearson RM, Pitman A, Rowe S, Srinivasan R, Lewis G. Depression and self-harm from adolescence to young adulthood in sexual minorities compared with heterosexuals in the UK: a population-based cohort study. THE LANCET. CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2019; 3:91-98. [PMID: 30552054 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(18)30343-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few population-based cohort studies of the emergence, development, and persistence of mental health problems in sexual minorities compared with heterosexuals. We compared trajectories of depressive symptoms in sexual-minority adolescents and heterosexual adolescents from when they were aged 10 years to 21 years, and examined self-harm at ages 16 years and 21 years. METHODS The study included 4828 adolescents born between April 1, 1991, and Dec 31, 1992, from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children birth cohort (Bristol, UK) who reported their sexual orientation when aged 16 years. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (sMFQ) at seven timepoints between ages 10 years and 21 years. A self-harm questionnaire was completed at ages 16 years and 21 years. Analyses were linear multilevel models with growth curves (depressive symptoms), logistic multilevel models (self-harm in the previous year at ages 16 years and 21 years), and multinomial regression (lifetime self-harm with and without suicidal intent at age 21 years). FINDINGS At age 10 years, depressive symptoms were higher in sexual minorities (mean sMFQ 4·58 [SD 3·59]) than in heterosexuals (3·79 [3·36]) and increased with age to a larger extent. Depressive symptoms increased at each timepoint by 0·31 sMFQ points in hetereosexuals (95% CI 0·27-0·34), and by 0·49 sMFQ points in sexual minorities (0·40-0·59). Sexual-minority adolescents were more likely than heterosexual adolescents to report self-harm in the previous year at ages 16 years and 21 years (adjusted odds ratio 4·23, 95% CI 2·90-6·16), with no evidence that this estimate decreased with age (p=0·80). When aged 21 years, sexual minorities were 4·53 (95% CI 3·02 to 6·78) times more likely to report lifetime self-harm (ie, on at least one previous occasion) with suicidal intent than heterosexuals. INTERPRETATION Mental health disparities between heterosexuals and sexual minorities are present early in adolescence and increase throughout the school years, persisting to young adulthood. Prevention of these mental health problems and early intervention must be a priority. FUNDING Medical Research Council, Wellcome Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Irish
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Francesca Solmi
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Becky Mars
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michael King
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Glyn Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Alexandra Pitman
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Rowe
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ramya Srinivasan
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gemma Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
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Martin-Storey A, Fish J. Victimization Disparities Between Heterosexual and Sexual Minority Youth From Ages 9 to 15. Child Dev 2019; 90:71-81. [PMID: 29938786 PMCID: PMC6309771 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mental health disparities between heterosexual and sexual minority youth are partly explained by the higher rates of victimization experienced by sexual minority youth. The onset and progression of these victimization disparities, however, are poorly understood. Using multirater longitudinal data, trajectories of victimization starting at age 9 were compared among youth who did and did not report same-sex attraction at age 15 (N = 310). Self and teacher, but not primary caregivers, reported victimization was significantly higher among sexual minority youth starting at age 9, but did not vary across time. The findings underscore the importance of understanding homophobic experiences of sexual minority youth during late childhood and early adolescence in order to inform prevention programs.
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17
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Gower AL, Rider GN, McMorris BJ, Eisenberg ME. Bullying Victimization among LGBTQ Youth: Current and Future Directions. CURRENT SEXUAL HEALTH REPORTS 2018; 10:246-254. [PMID: 31057341 PMCID: PMC6497454 DOI: 10.1007/s11930-018-0169-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This paper examines recent research on bullying victimization among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) youth to identify critical issues and advocate for future research priorities. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have begun to document the importance of bullying in general, and bias-based bullying (rooted in stigma) in particular, on the health and wellbeing of this vulnerable subgroup of adolescents, as well as drivers of disparities. Current research demonstrates the role of multiple identities for and important differences among LGBTQ youth and has begun to identify protective factors for youth who are the targets of bullying. SUMMARY Researchers, clinicians, and those working with and on behalf of LGBTQ youth must measure and acknowledge the multiple reasons for which LGBTQ youth are the targets of bullying. Intervention and prevention efforts should focus on improving the supportiveness of the climates within which LGBTQ youth live.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Gower
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. 717 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - G. Nic Rider
- Program in Human Sexuality, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School. 1300 S. 2nd St., Suite 180, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Barbara J. McMorris
- Center for Adolescent Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Minnesota. 308 Harvard St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Marla E. Eisenberg
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. 717 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
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18
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Boroughs MS, Ehlinger PP, Batchelder AW, Safren SA, O’Cleirigh C. Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Emerging Adult Sexual Minority Men: Implications for Assessment and Treatment of Childhood Sexual Abuse. J Trauma Stress 2018; 31:665-675. [PMID: 30338584 PMCID: PMC6557140 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Emerging adulthood (EA) is a developmental period marked by unique challenges that affect health including burgeoning occupational, relational, and financial stability; and increased risk taking in terms of sexual behavior(s) and substance use. Data were collected from 296 HIV-uninfected sexual minority men with childhood sexual abuse (CSA) histories. We analyzed baseline assessment data from a multisite randomized controlled trial that tested the efficaciousness of an experimental psychosocial treatment and examined vulnerabilities known to be linked with CSA. Our analyses compared EA sexual minority men, aged 18-29, with older sexual minority men (OSMM) on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental health and substance use outcomes. We found higher odds of PTSD, odds ratio (OR) = 0.57, 95% CI [0.33, 0.96]; panic disorder or panic disorder with agoraphobia, OR = 0.36, 95% CI [0.16, 0.85]; and cocaine use, OR = 0.50, 95% CI [0.25, 0.97], among OSMM and higher odds of alcohol intoxication, OR = 5.60, 95% CI [3.20, 9.82]; cannabis use, OR = 3.09, 95% CI [1.83, 5.21]; and non-HIV sexually transmitted infections, OR = 3.03, 95% CI [1.29, 7.13], among the EA men. These results present a complex picture of health risks among sexual minority men in general and EA sexual minority men in particular. HIV seroconversion linked health risk behaviors, among sexual minority men, may be better addressed via increased attention to treating trauma and comorbid mental health and substance use problems using evidence-based psychosocial assessments and integrated treatment platforms that are tailored to this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Boroughs
- Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada,The Fenway Institute at Fenway Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter P. Ehlinger
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Abigail W. Batchelder
- The Fenway Institute at Fenway Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Behavioral Medicine Service, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven A. Safren
- The Fenway Institute at Fenway Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Conall O’Cleirigh
- The Fenway Institute at Fenway Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Behavioral Medicine Service, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Earnshaw VA, Reisner SL, Menino D, Poteat VP, Bogart LM, Barnes TN, Schuster MA. Stigma-Based Bullying Interventions: A Systematic Review. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2018; 48:178-200. [PMID: 30220766 PMCID: PMC6135094 DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Youth living with socially devalued characteristics (e.g., minority sexual orientation, race, and/or ethnicity; disability; obesity) experience frequent bullying. This stigma-based bullying undermines youths' wellbeing and academic achievement, with lifelong consequences. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine recommends developing, implementing, and evaluating evidence-based interventions to address stigma-based bullying. To characterize the existing landscape of these interventions, we conducted a systematic review of stigma-based bullying interventions targeting youth in any country published in the peer-reviewed literature between 2000 and 2015. Our analysis was guided by a theoretical framework of stigma-based bullying, which describes stigma-related factors at the societal, structural, interpersonal, and individual levels that lead to stigma-based bullying. We screened 8,240 articles and identified 22 research studies describing 21 interventions addressing stigma-based bullying. We found that stigma-based bullying interventions are becoming more numerous, yet are unevenly distributed across stigmas, geographic locations, and types of organizations. We further found that these interventions vary in the extent to which they incorporate theory and have been evaluated with a wide range of research designs and types of data. We recommend that future work address stigma-based bullying within multicomponent interventions, adopt interdisciplinary and theory-based approaches, and include rigorous and systematic evaluations. Intervening specifically on stigma-related factors is essential to end stigma-based bullying and improve the wellbeing of youth living with socially devalued characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A. Earnshaw
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Sari L. Reisner
- Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Menino
- Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - V. Paul Poteat
- Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura M. Bogart
- Health Unit, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Tia N. Barnes
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Mark A. Schuster
- Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA
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20
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Gamarel KE, Mereish EH, Colby SM, Barnett NP, Hayes K, Jackson KM. Sexual Minority Disparities in Substance Use Willingness Among Youth. Subst Use Misuse 2018; 53:170-175. [PMID: 28777685 PMCID: PMC5745259 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2017.1327977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disparities in substance use have been observed in sexual minority youth, but less is known about willingness to use substances, an important precursor to actual use. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to examine willingness to use cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana among sexual minority youth compared to their non-sexual minority counterparts using both cross-sectional and longitudinal data. METHODS The present study drew on two waves (Times 1 and 2; 6 months apart) of data collected during high school as part of a prospective study of substance use initiation and progression in Rhode Island. At Time 1, participants (N = 443) ranged in age from 15 to 20 years (M age = 16.7 years, 26.6% sexual minority, 59.5% female, 72.0% White). Participants self-reported their sexual identity and attraction, lifetime use of alcohol, cigarettes and marijuana, and cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use willingness (i.e., if offered by a best friend or group of friends). RESULTS In cross-sectional multivariate regression models, sexual minority youth were more likely to report willingness to use cigarettes (p <.05) and marijuana (p <.01) compared to their non-sexual minority counterparts. Longitudinal multivariate regression models revealed that sexual minorities were only significantly more likely to report cigarette willingness at Time 2 compared to their non-sexual minority counterparts (p <.01). There were no significant differences in alcohol use willingness in multivariable cross-sectional or longitudinal models by sexual minority status. CONCLUSIONS Sexual minority youth reported more willingness than non-sexual minority youth to use substances offered by peers; however, longitudinal analyses revealed that peers appear to play a role only in willingness to smoke cigarettes for these youth, and thus peer influence may be a contributing factor in explaining tobacco-related disparities among sexual minority youth. Given that stigma and peer groups may a particular risk factor for tobacco among sexual minority youth, our findings highlight the importance of prevention programs such as social marketing approaches that correct social norms, reduce stigma, and provide refusal-skills training to reduce tobacco-related disparities among sexual minorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi E Gamarel
- a Center for Alcohol & Addiction Studies , Brown University School of Public Health , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
- b Department of Behavioral & Social Sciences , Brown University School of Public Health , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Ethan H Mereish
- a Center for Alcohol & Addiction Studies , Brown University School of Public Health , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
- c Department of Health Studies , American University , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Suzanne M Colby
- a Center for Alcohol & Addiction Studies , Brown University School of Public Health , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
- d Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior , Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Nancy P Barnett
- a Center for Alcohol & Addiction Studies , Brown University School of Public Health , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
- b Department of Behavioral & Social Sciences , Brown University School of Public Health , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Kerri Hayes
- a Center for Alcohol & Addiction Studies , Brown University School of Public Health , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Kristina M Jackson
- a Center for Alcohol & Addiction Studies , Brown University School of Public Health , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
- b Department of Behavioral & Social Sciences , Brown University School of Public Health , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
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21
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Earnshaw VA, Reisner SL, Juvonen J, Hatzenbuehler ML, Perrotti J, Schuster MA. LGBTQ Bullying: Translating Research to Action in Pediatrics. Pediatrics 2017; 140:peds.2017-0432. [PMID: 28947607 PMCID: PMC5613818 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) youth experience significant bullying that undermines their mental and physical health. National health organizations have called for the development of innovative strategies to address LGBTQ bullying. Pediatricians and other clinicians, medical and public health students, interdisciplinary researchers, government officials, school leaders, community members, parents, and youth from around the country came together at a national symposium entitled "LGBTQ Bullying: Translating Research to Action to Improve the Health of All Youth" in May 2016 to generate strategies to prevent LGBTQ bullying and meet the needs of LGBTQ youth experiencing bullying. This article describes key scientific findings on bullying, LGBTQ stigma, and LGBTQ bullying interventions that were shared at the symposium and provides recommendations for pediatricians to address LGBTQ bullying via clinical care, research, interventions, and policy. Symposium participants recommended that pediatricians engage in efforts to foster inclusive and affirming health care environments wherein LGBTQ youth feel comfortable discussing their identities and experiences, identify youth experiencing LGBTQ bullying, and prevent the negative health consequences of bullying among youth. Moreover, pediatricians can attend to how multiple identities (eg, sexual orientation, gender identity, race and/or ethnicity, disability, and others) shape youth experiences of bullying and expand intervention efforts to address LGBTQ bullying in health care settings. Pediatricians can further advocate for evidence-based, antibullying policies prohibiting bullying on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. Collaboration between pediatricians and diverse stakeholders can contribute to the development and implementation of lasting change in all forms of bullying, including LGBTQ bullying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A. Earnshaw
- Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;,Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Sari L. Reisner
- Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts;,The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jaana Juvonen
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mark L. Hatzenbuehler
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York; and
| | - Jeff Perrotti
- Safe Schools Program for LGBTQ Students, Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education, Malden, Massachusetts
| | - Mark A. Schuster
- Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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22
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Earnshaw VA, Elliott MN, Reisner SL, Mrug S, Windle M, Emery ST, Peskin MF, Schuster MA. Peer Victimization, Depressive Symptoms, and Substance Use: A Longitudinal Analysis. Pediatrics 2017; 139:e20163426. [PMID: 28562268 PMCID: PMC8918284 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-3426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peer victimization is common among youth and associated with substance use. Yet, few studies have examined these associations longitudinally or the psychological processes whereby peer victimization leads to substance use. The current study examined whether peer victimization in early adolescence is associated with alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco use in mid- to late adolescence, as well as the role of depressive symptoms in these associations. METHODS Longitudinal data were collected between 2004 and 2011 from 4297 youth in Birmingham, Alabama; Houston, Texas; and Los Angeles County, California. Data were analyzed by using structural equation modeling. RESULTS The hypothesized model fit the data well (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation [RMSEA] = 0.02; Comparative Fit Index [CFI] = 0.95). More frequent experiences of peer victimization in the fifth grade were associated with greater depressive symptoms in the seventh grade (B[SE] = 0.03[0.01]; P < .001), which, in turn, were associated with a greater likelihood of alcohol use (B[SE] = 0.03[0.01]; P = .003), marijuana use (B[SE] = 0.05[0.01]; P < .001), and tobacco use (B[SE] = 0.05[0.01]; P < .001) in the tenth grade. Moreover, fifth-grade peer victimization was indirectly associated with tenth-grade substance use via the mediator of seventh-grade depressive symptoms, including alcohol use (B[SE] = 0.01[0.01]; P = .006), marijuana use (B[SE] = 0.01[0.01]; P < .001), and tobacco use (B[SE] = 0.02[0.01]; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Youth who experienced more frequent peer victimization in the fifth grade were more likely to use substances in the tenth grade, showing that experiences of peer victimization in early adolescence may have a lasting impact by affecting substance use behaviors during mid- to late adolescence. Interventions are needed to reduce peer victimization among youth and to support youth who have experienced victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A Earnshaw
- Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | | | - Sari L Reisner
- Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sylvie Mrug
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Michael Windle
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Susan Tortolero Emery
- Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
| | - Melissa F Peskin
- Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
| | - Mark A Schuster
- Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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23
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Earnshaw VA, Bogart LM, Poteat VP, Reisner SL, Schuster MA. Bullying Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth. Pediatr Clin North Am 2016; 63:999-1010. [PMID: 27865341 PMCID: PMC8941671 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bullying of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth is prevalent in the United States, and represents LGBT stigma when tied to sexual orientation and/or gender identity or expression. LGBT youth commonly report verbal, relational, and physical bullying, and damage to property. Bullying undermines the well-being of LGBT youth, with implications for risky health behaviors, poor mental health, and poor physical health that may last into adulthood. Pediatricians can play a vital role in preventing and identifying bullying, providing counseling to youth and their parents, and advocating for programs and policies to address LGBT bullying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A. Earnshaw
- Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Corresponding author. Boston Children’s Hospital, 21 Autumn Street, Room 212.1, Boston, MA 02115.
| | - Laura M. Bogart
- Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Health Unit, RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138 Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138, USA
| | - V. Paul Poteat
- Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology Department, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Ave, Campion Hall 307, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Sari L. Reisner
- Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA,The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, 1340 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mark A. Schuster
- Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
In this article, we address theories of attachment and parental acceptance and rejection, and their implications for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youths' identity and health. We also provide 2 clinical cases to illustrate the process of family acceptance of a transgender youth and a gender nonconforming youth who was neither a sexual minority nor transgender. Clinical implications of family acceptance and rejection of LGBT youth are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabra L Katz-Wise
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Margaret Rosario
- Department of Psychology, City University of New York-City College and Graduate Center, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Michael Tsappis
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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25
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Martin-Storey A. Gender, Sexuality, and Gender Nonconformity: Understanding Variation in Functioning. CHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/cdep.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Basch CH, Ruggles KV, Berdnik A, Basch CE. Characteristics of the most viewed YouTube™ videos related to bullying. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2015; 29:/j/ijamh.ahead-of-print/ijamh-2015-0063/ijamh-2015-0063.xml. [PMID: 26556842 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2015-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bullying is an intentional act that can wreak havoc in the life of an individual. With more than 1 billion users, YouTube™ is a powerful medium for disseminating information. The purpose of this study was to describe the extent to which content related to bullying is present on YouTube™ with respect to source, content, number of views, length, and year uploaded. Collectively, the videos in this sample were viewed more than half a billion times. The source of the most widely viewed videos was consumers, and none of the most widely viewed videos was posted by a governmental agency or a professional organization. The most common content in the videos was describing or depicting violence (n=89). Over one-half addressed getting help (n=56). Suicide was mentioned in 38 of the videos. Additional investment by professional agencies is warranted to improve understanding about ways to increase the dissemination of positive messages about bullying prevention, and about helping adolescents who are bullied on social media.
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