1
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Secme A, Kucukoglu B, Pisheh HS, Alatas YC, Tefek U, Uslu HD, Kaynak BE, Alhmoud H, Hanay MS. Dielectric Detection of Single Nanoparticles Using a Microwave Resonator Integrated with a Nanopore. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:7827-7834. [PMID: 38405444 PMCID: PMC10882703 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The characterization of individual nanoparticles in a liquid constitutes a critical challenge for the environmental, material, and biological sciences. To detect nanoparticles, electronic approaches are especially desirable owing to their compactness and lower costs. While electronic detection in the form of resistive-pulse sensing has enabled the acquisition of geometric properties of various analytes, impedimetric measurements to obtain dielectric signatures of nanoparticles have scarcely been reported. To explore this orthogonal sensing modality, we developed an impedimetric sensor based on a microwave resonator with a nanoscale sensing gap surrounding a nanopore built on a 220 nm silicon nitride membrane. The microwave resonator has a coplanar waveguide configuration with a resonance frequency of approximately 6.6 GHz. The approach of single nanoparticles near the sensing region and their translocation through the nanopores induced sudden changes in the impedance of the structure. The impedance changes, in turn, were picked up by the phase response of the microwave resonator. We worked with 100 and 50 nm polystyrene nanoparticles to observe single-particle events. Our current implementation was limited by the nonuniform electric field at the sensing region. This work provides a complementary sensing modality for nanoparticle characterization, where the dielectric response, rather than ionic current, determines the signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arda Secme
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- UNAM
− Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Berk Kucukoglu
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- UNAM
− Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Hadi S. Pisheh
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- UNAM
− Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Yagmur Ceren Alatas
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- UNAM
− Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Uzay Tefek
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- UNAM
− Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Hatice Dilara Uslu
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- UNAM
− Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Batuhan E. Kaynak
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- UNAM
− Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Hashim Alhmoud
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- UNAM
− Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - M. Selim Hanay
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- UNAM
− Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
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2
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Tefek U, Sari B, Alhmoud HZ, Hanay MS. Permittivity-Based Microparticle Classification by the Integration of Impedance Cytometry and Microwave Resonators. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304072. [PMID: 37498158 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Permittivity of microscopic particles can be used as a classification parameter for applications in materials and environmental sciences. However, directly measuring the permittivity of individual microparticles has proven to be challenging due to the convoluting effect of particle size on capacitive signals. To overcome this challenge, a sensing platform is built to independently obtain both the geometric and electric size of a particle, by combining impedance cytometry and microwave resonant sensing in a microfluidic chip. This way the microwave signal, which contains both permittivity and size effects, can be normalized by the size information provided by impedance cytometry to yield an intensive parameter that depends only on permittivity. The technique allows to differentiate between polystyrene and soda lime glass microparticles-below 22 µm in diameter-with more than 94% accuracy, despite their similar sizes and electrical characteristics. Furthermore, it is shown that the same technique can be used to differentiate between normal healthy cells and fixed cells of the same geometric size. The technique offers a potential route for targeted applications such as environmental monitoring of microplastic pollution or quality control in pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzay Tefek
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- UNAM - Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Burak Sari
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sabanci University, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey
| | - Hashim Z Alhmoud
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- UNAM - Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Mehmet S Hanay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- UNAM - Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
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3
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Fang Q, Feng Y, Zhu J, Huang L, Wang W. Floating-Electrode-Enabled Impedance Cytometry for Single-Cell 3D Localization. Anal Chem 2023; 95:6374-6382. [PMID: 36996369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
As a label-free, low-cost, and noninvasive tool, impedance measurement has been widely used in single-cell characterization analysis. However, due to the tiny volume of cells, the uncertainty of the spatial position in the microchannel will bring measurement errors in single-cell electrical parameters. To overcome the issue, we designed a novel microdevice configured with a coplanar differential electrode structure to accurately resolve the spatial position of single cells without constraining techniques such as additional sheath fluids or narrow microchannels. The device precisely localizes single cells by measuring the induced current generated by the combined action of the floating electrode and the differential electrodes when single cells flow through the electrode-sensing area. The device was experimentally validated by measuring 6 μm yeast cells and 10 μm particles, achieving spatial localization with a resolution down to 2.1 μm (about 5.3% of the channel width) in lateral direction and 1.2 μm (about 5.9% of the channel height) in the vertical direction at a flow rate of 1.2 μL/min. In addition, by comparing measurement of yeast cells and particles, it was demonstrated that the device not only localizes the single cells or particles but also simultaneously characterizes their status properties such as velocity and size. The device offers a competitive electrode configuration in impedance cytometry with the advantages of simple structure, low cost, and high throughput, promising cell localization and thus electrical characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument and School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yongxiang Feng
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Junwen Zhu
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument and School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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4
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D’Alvia L, Carraro S, Peruzzi B, Urciuoli E, Palla L, Del Prete Z, Rizzuto E. A Novel Microwave Resonant Sensor for Measuring Cancer Cell Line Aggressiveness. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:4383. [PMID: 35746165 PMCID: PMC9229881 DOI: 10.3390/s22124383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of biological tissues' dielectric properties plays a crucial role in determining the state of health, and recent studies have reported microwave biosensing to be an innovative method with great potential in this field. Research has been conducted from the tissue level to the cellular level but, to date, cellular adhesion has never been considered. In addition, conventional systems for diagnosing tumor aggressiveness, such as a biopsy, are rather expensive and invasive. Here, we propose a novel microwave approach for biosensing adherent cancer cells with different malignancy degrees. A circular patch resonator was designed adjusting its structure to a standard Petri dish and a network analyzer was employed. Then, the resonator was realized and used to test two groups of different cancer cell lines, based on various tumor types and aggressiveness: low- and high-aggressive osteosarcoma cell lines (SaOS-2 and 143B, respectively), and low- and high-aggressive breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, respectively). The experimental results showed that the sensitivity of the sensor was high, in particular when measuring the resonant frequency. Finally, the sensor showed a good ability to distinguish low-metastatic and high-metastatic cells, paving the way to the development of more complex measurement systems for noninvasive tissue diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio D’Alvia
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy; (L.D.); (S.C.); (Z.D.P.)
| | - Serena Carraro
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy; (L.D.); (S.C.); (Z.D.P.)
| | - Barbara Peruzzi
- Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (B.P.); (E.U.)
| | - Enrica Urciuoli
- Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy; (B.P.); (E.U.)
| | - Luigi Palla
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Zaccaria Del Prete
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy; (L.D.); (S.C.); (Z.D.P.)
| | - Emanuele Rizzuto
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184 Rome, Italy; (L.D.); (S.C.); (Z.D.P.)
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5
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Zhang X, Liu T, Boyle A, Bahreman A, Bao L, Jing Q, Xue H, Kieltyka R, Kros A, Schneider GF, Fu W. Dielectric-Modulated Biosensing with Ultrahigh-Frequency-Operated Graphene Field-Effect Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106666. [PMID: 34994022 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their excellent electrical properties and chemical stability, graphene field-effect transistors (Gr-FET) are extensively studied for biosensing applications. However, hinging on surface interactions of charged biomolecules, the sensitivity of Gr-FET is hampered by ionic screening under physiological conditions with high salt concentrations up to frequencies as high as MHz. Here, an electrolyte-gated Gr-FET in reflectometry mode at ultrahigh frequencies (UHF, around 2 GHz), where the ionic screening is fully cancelled and the dielectric sensitivity of the device allows the Gr-FET to directly function in high-salt solutions, is configured. Strikingly, by simultaneous characterization using electrolyte gating and UHF reflectometry, the developed graphene biosensors offer unprecedented capability for real-time monitoring of dielectric-specified biomolecular/cell interactions/activities, with superior limit of detection compared to that of previously reported nanoscale high-frequency sensors. These achievements highlight the unique potential of ultrahigh-frequency operation for unblocking the true potential of graphene biosensors for point-of-care diagnostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, No.1 Tsinghua Yuan, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333CC, The Netherlands
| | - Tingxian Liu
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333CC, The Netherlands
| | - Aimee Boyle
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333CC, The Netherlands
| | - Azadeh Bahreman
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333CC, The Netherlands
| | - Lei Bao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, No.1 Tsinghua Yuan, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qiushi Jing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, No.1 Tsinghua Yuan, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Honglei Xue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, No.1 Tsinghua Yuan, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Roxanne Kieltyka
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333CC, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Kros
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333CC, The Netherlands
| | - Grégory F Schneider
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333CC, The Netherlands
| | - Wangyang Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, No.1 Tsinghua Yuan, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
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6
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Kunitsyna EI, Allayarov RS, Koplak OV, Morgunov RB, Mangin S. Effect of Fe/Fe 3O 4 Nanoparticles Stray Field on the Microwave Magnetoresistance of a CoFeB/Ta/CoFeB Synthetic Ferrimagnet. ACS Sens 2021; 6:4315-4324. [PMID: 34842420 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the stray field of Fe/Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the angular dependence of the microwave absorption derivative in CoFeB/Ta/CoFeB synthetic ferrimagnetic structures and CoFeB films with perpendicular anisotropy is analyzed, and its application for sensor technology is proposed. The effective field of the "platform-particles" system controlled by the magnetic dipole interaction of the CoFeB-Fe/Fe3O4 system decreased to zero in areas where the platform was magnetostatically coupled with nanoparticles. Micromagnetic modeling demonstrated the distribution of magnetization and resistance in local areas of CoFeB/Ta/CoFeB structures under the nanoparticles. The microwave absorption derivative can be used as an indicator of local magnetization switching of the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) structure under scattering fields of NPs or magnetically labeled cells. The limiting sensitivity of the detection method was 2.4 × 107 nanoparticles, which covered the spin-valve surface. We have proposed to combine the advantages of a GMR sensor with wireless technology of microwave reading of magnetoresistance for the detection of magnetically labeled cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oksana V. Koplak
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman B. Morgunov
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Stephane Mangin
- Institut Jean Lamour, UMR 7198, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, 54601 Nancy, France
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7
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Padhy P, Zaman MA, Jensen MA, Hesselink L. Dynamically controlled dielectrophoresis using resonant tuning. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1079-1092. [PMID: 33599974 PMCID: PMC8122061 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Electrically polarizable micro- and nanoparticles and droplets can be trapped using the gradient electric field of electrodes. But the spatial profile of the resultant dielectrophoretic force is fixed once the electrode structure is defined. To change the force profile, entire complex lab-on-a-chip systems must be re-fabricated with modified electrode structures. To overcome this problem, we propose an approach for the dynamic control of the spatial profile of the dielectrophoretic force by interfacing the trap electrodes with a resistor and an inductor to form a resonant resistor-inductor-capacitor (RLC) circuit. Using a dielectrophoretically trapped water droplet suspended in silicone oil, we show that the resonator amplitude, detuning, and linewidth can be continuously varied by changing the supply voltage, supply frequency, and the circuit resistance to obtain the desired trap depth, range, and stiffness. We show that by proper tuning of the resonator, the trap range can be extended without increasing the supply voltage, thus preventing sensitive samples from exposure to high electric fields at the stable trapping position. Such unprecedented dynamic control of dielectrophoretic forces opens avenues for the tunable active manipulation of sensitive biological and biochemical specimen in droplet microfluidic devices used for single-cell and biochemical reaction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punnag Padhy
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mohammad Asif Zaman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Lambertus Hesselink
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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8
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Narang R, Mohammadi S, Ashani MM, Sadabadi H, Hejazi H, Zarifi MH, Sanati-Nezhad A. Sensitive, Real-time and Non-Intrusive Detection of Concentration and Growth of Pathogenic Bacteria using Microfluidic-Microwave Ring Resonator Biosensor. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15807. [PMID: 30361480 PMCID: PMC6202403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34001-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection diagnosis and antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) are time-consuming and often laborious clinical practices. This paper presents a microwave-microfluidic biosensor for rapid, contactless and non-invasive device for testing the concentration and growth of Escherichia Coli (E. Coli) in medium solutions of different pH to increase the efficacy of clinical microbiology practices. The thin layer interface between the microfluidic channel and the microwave resonator significantly enhanced the detection sensitivity. The microfluidic chip, fabricated using standard soft lithography, was injected with bacterial samples and incorporated with a microwave microstrip ring resonator sensor with an operation frequency of 2.5 GHz and initial quality factor of 83 for detecting the concentration and growth of bacteria. The resonator had a coupling gap area on of 1.5 × 1.5 mm2 as of its sensitive region. The presence of different concentrations of bacteria in different pH solutions were detected via screening the changes in resonant amplitude and frequency responses of the microwave system. The sensor device demonstrated near immediate response to changes in the concentration of bacteria and maximum sensitivity of 3.4 MHz compared to a logarithm value of bacteria concentration. The minimum prepared optical transparency of bacteria was tested at an OD600 value of 0.003. The sensor’s resonant frequency and amplitude parameters were utilized to monitor bacteria growth during a 500-minute time frame, which demonstrated a stable response with respect to detecting the bacterial proliferation. A highly linear response was demonstrated for detecting bacteria concentration at various pH values. The growth of bacteria analyzed over the resonator showed an exponential growth curve with respect to time and concurred with the lag-log-stationary-death model of cell growth. This biosensor is one step forward to automate the complex AST workflow of clinical microbiology laboratories for rapid and automated detection of bacteria as well as screening the bacteria proliferation in response to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Narang
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 2N1, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.,Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Sevda Mohammadi
- Microelectronics and Advanced Sensors Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Mehdi Mohammadi Ashani
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 2N1, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.,Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hamid Sadabadi
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 2N1, Canada.,Wireless Fluidics Inc, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hossein Hejazi
- Subsurface Fluidics and Porous Media Laboratory, Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Mohammad Hossein Zarifi
- Microelectronics and Advanced Sensors Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Amir Sanati-Nezhad
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 2N1, Canada. .,Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada. .,Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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9
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Chien JC, Ameri A, Yeh EC, Killilea AN, Anwar M, Niknejad AM. A high-throughput flow cytometry-on-a-CMOS platform for single-cell dielectric spectroscopy at microwave frequencies. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:2065-2076. [PMID: 29872834 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00299a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a microfluidics-integrated label-free flow cytometry-on-a-CMOS platform for the characterization of the cytoplasm dielectric properties at microwave frequencies. Compared with MHz impedance cytometers, operating at GHz frequencies offers direct intracellular permittivity probing due to electric fields penetrating through the cellular membrane. To overcome the detection challenges at high frequencies, the spectrometer employs on-chip oscillator-based sensors, which embeds simultaneous frequency generation, electrode excitation, and signal detection capabilities. By employing an injection-locking phase-detection technique, the spectrometer offers state-of-the-art sensitivity, achieving a less than 1 aFrms capacitance detection limit (or 5 ppm in frequency-shift) at a 100 kHz noise filtering bandwidth, enabling high throughput (>1k cells per s), with a measured cellular SNR of more than 28 dB. With CMOS/microfluidics co-design, we distribute four sensing channels at 6.5, 11, 17.5, and 30 GHz in an arrayed format whereas the frequencies are selected to center around the water relaxation frequency at 18 GHz. An issue in the integration of CMOS and microfluidics due to size mismatch is also addressed through introducing a cost-efficient epoxy-molding technique. With 3-D hydrodynamic focusing microfluidics, we perform characterization on four different cell lines including two breast cell lines (MCF-10A and MDA-MB-231) and two leukocyte cell lines (K-562 and THP-1). After normalizing the higher frequency signals to the 6.5 GHz ones, the size-independent dielectric opacity shows a differentiable distribution at 17.5 GHz between normal (0.905 ± 0.160, mean ± std.) and highly metastatic (1.033 ± 0.107) breast cells with p ≪ 0.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Chau Chien
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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10
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Salimi E, Braasch K, Fazelkhah A, Afshar S, Saboktakin Rizi B, Mohammad K, Butler M, Bridges GE, Thomson DJ. Single cell dielectrophoresis study of apoptosis progression induced by controlled starvation. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 124:73-79. [PMID: 30007208 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient depletion in fed-batch cultures and at the end of batch cultures is among the main causes of stress on cells and a trigger of apoptosis. In this study, we investigated changes in the cytoplasm conductivity of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells under controlled starvation. Employing a single-cell dielectrophoresis (DEP) cytometer, we measured the DEP response of CHO cells incubated in a medium without glucose and glutamine over a 48-h period. Using the measured data in conjunction with numerical simulations, we determined the cytoplasm conductivity of viable and apoptotic cell subpopulations. The results show that a small subpopulation of apoptotic cells emerges after 24 to 36 h of starvation and increases rapidly over a short period of time, <12 h. The apoptotic cells have a dramatically lower cytoplasm conductivity, ∼0.05 S/m, than viable cells, ∼0.45 S/m. Viability of starvation cultures was measured by fluorescent cytometry, DEP cytometry, and trypan blue exclusion assays. DEP, Annexin V, caspase-8, and 7-AAD assays show a similar decline in viability after 36 h of starvation and indicate a very low viability after 48 h. Trypan blue exclusion assay fails to detect early-stage viability decline and estimates a much higher viability after 48 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Salimi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 5V6, Canada
| | - Katrin Braasch
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Azita Fazelkhah
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 5V6, Canada
| | - Samaneh Afshar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 5V6, Canada
| | - Bahareh Saboktakin Rizi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 5V6, Canada
| | - Kaveh Mohammad
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 5V6, Canada
| | - Michael Butler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada; National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Greg E Bridges
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 5V6, Canada.
| | - Douglas J Thomson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 5V6, Canada
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11
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Iyer RK, Bowles PA, Kim H, Dulgar-Tulloch A. Industrializing Autologous Adoptive Immunotherapies: Manufacturing Advances and Challenges. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:150. [PMID: 29876351 PMCID: PMC5974219 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy has proven to be a burgeoning field of investigation, evidenced by hundreds of clinical trials being conducted worldwide across a variety of cell types and indications. Many cell therapies have been shown to be efficacious in humans, such as modified T-cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Adoptive immunotherapy has shown the most promise in recent years, with particular emphasis on autologous cell sources. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-based T-cell therapy targeting CD19-expressing B-cell leukemias has shown remarkable efficacy and reproducibility in numerous clinical trials. Recent marketing approval of Novartis' Kymriah™ (tisagenlecleucel) and Gilead/Kite's Yescarta™ (axicabtagene ciloleucel) by the FDA further underscores both the promise and legwork to be done if manufacturing processes are to become widely accessible. Further work is needed to standardize, automate, close, and scale production to bring down costs and democratize these and other cell therapies. Given the multiple processing steps involved, commercial-scale manufacturing of these therapies necessitates tighter control over process parameters. This focused review highlights some of the most recent advances used in the manufacturing of therapeutic immune cells, with a focus on T-cells. We summarize key unit operations and pain points around current manufacturing solutions. We also review emerging technologies, approaches and reagents used in cell isolation, activation, transduction, expansion, in-process analytics, harvest, cryopreservation and thaw, and conclude with a forward-look at future directions in the manufacture of adoptive immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohin K Iyer
- Centre for Advanced Therapeutic Cell Technologies, Toronto, ON, Canada.,General Electric Healthcare, Cell and Gene Therapy, Marlborough, MA, United States
| | - Paul A Bowles
- Centre for Advanced Therapeutic Cell Technologies, Toronto, ON, Canada.,General Electric Healthcare, Cell and Gene Therapy, Marlborough, MA, United States
| | - Howard Kim
- Centre for Advanced Therapeutic Cell Technologies, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Commercialization of Regenerative Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aaron Dulgar-Tulloch
- Centre for Advanced Therapeutic Cell Technologies, Toronto, ON, Canada.,General Electric Healthcare, Cell and Gene Therapy, Marlborough, MA, United States
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12
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Kelleci M, Aydogmus H, Aslanbas L, Erbil SO, Hanay MS. Towards microwave imaging of cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:463-472. [PMID: 29244051 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc01251a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Integrated detection techniques that can characterize the morphological properties of cells are needed for the widespread use of lab-on-a-chip technology. Herein, we establish a theoretical and experimental framework to use resonant microwave sensors in their higher order modes so that the morphological properties of analytes inside a microfluidic channel can be obtained electronically. We built a phase-locked loop system that can track the first two modes of a microstrip line resonator to detect the size and location of microdroplets and cells passing through embedded microfluidic channels. The attained resolution, expressed in terms of Allan deviation at the response time, is as small as 2 × 10-8 for both modes. Additionally, simulations were performed to show that sensing with higher order modes can yield the geometrical volume, effective permittivity, two-dimensional extent, and the orientation of analytes. The framework presented here makes it possible to develop a novel type of microscope that operates at the microwave band, i.e., a radar for cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Kelleci
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800 Turkey.
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13
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Guha S, Jamal FI, Wenger C. A Review on Passive and Integrated Near-Field Microwave Biosensors. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2017; 7:bios7040042. [PMID: 28946617 PMCID: PMC5746765 DOI: 10.3390/bios7040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we review the advancement of passive and integrated microwave biosensors. The interaction of microwave with biological material is discussed in this paper. Passive microwave biosensors are microwave structures, which are fabricated on a substrate and are used for sensing biological materials. On the other hand, integrated biosensors are microwave structures fabricated in standard semiconductor technology platform (CMOS or BiCMOS). The CMOS or BiCMOS sensor technology offers a more compact sensing approach which has the potential in the future for point of care testing systems. Various applications of the passive and the integrated sensors have been discussed in this review paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Guha
- IHP, Im Technologiepark 25, 15236 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany.
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14
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Mohammad K, Thomson DJ. Differential Ring Oscillator Based Capacitance Sensor for Microfluidic Applications. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2017; 11:392-399. [PMID: 28129183 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2016.2616346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A simple high frequency capacitance sensor with 180 aF sensitivity is designed for a wide range of microfluidic applications. The sensor is implemented utilizing differential ring oscillators operating at [Formula: see text] MHz with a differential signal at [Formula: see text] MHz. The sensor occupies [Formula: see text] cm × 2 cm on a printed circuit board. The sensor is tuned using two precision variable capacitors and has a full scale range of [Formula: see text] pF. The sensor was able to detect less than 1% Isopropyl Alcohol in DI water and to detect 15 μm polystyrene spheres flowing over 25 μm lines and spaces coplanar electrodes in a microfluidic channel. The compact differential ring oscillator based architecture of the design makes it suitable to be integrated into microprocessor based systems for detection in Lab on Chip or Lab on Board applications.
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15
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16
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Bausch CS, Heyn C, Hansen W, Wolf IMA, Diercks BP, Guse AH, Blick RH. Ultra-fast cell counters based on microtubular waveguides. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41584. [PMID: 28134293 PMCID: PMC5278506 DOI: 10.1038/srep41584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a radio-frequency impedance-based biosensor embedded inside a semiconductor microtube for the in-flow detection of single cells. An impedance-matched tank circuit and a tight wrapping of the electrodes around the sensing region, which creates a close, leakage current-free contact between cells and electrodes, yields a high signal-to-noise ratio. We experimentally show a twofold improved sensitivity of our three-dimensional electrode structure to conventional planar electrodes and support these findings by finite element simulations. Finally, we report on the differentiation of polystyrene beads, primary mouse T lymphocytes and Jurkat T lymphocytes using our device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius S Bausch
- Institute of Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, University of Hamburg, Jungiusstraße 11c, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, University of Hamburg, Falkenried 88, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Heyn
- Institute of Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, University of Hamburg, Jungiusstraße 11c, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hansen
- Institute of Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, University of Hamburg, Jungiusstraße 11c, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Insa M A Wolf
- Calcium Signaling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn-Philipp Diercks
- Calcium Signaling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas H Guse
- Calcium Signaling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert H Blick
- Institute of Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, University of Hamburg, Jungiusstraße 11c, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for Hybrid Nanostructures, University of Hamburg, Falkenried 88, Hamburg, Germany
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17
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Salimi E, Braasch K, Butler M, Thomson DJ, Bridges GE. Dielectrophoresis study of temporal change in internal conductivity of single CHO cells after electroporation by pulsed electric fields. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2017; 11:014111. [PMID: 28289483 PMCID: PMC5315669 DOI: 10.1063/1.4975978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Applying sufficiently strong pulsed electric fields to a cell can permeabilize the membrane and subsequently affect its dielectric properties. In this study, we employ a microfluidic dielectrophoresis cytometry technique to simultaneously electroporate and measure the time-dependent dielectric response of single Chinese hamster ovary cells. Using experimental measurements along with numerical simulations, we present quantitative results for the changes in the cytoplasm conductivity of single cells within seconds after exposure to 100 μs duration pulsed electric fields with various intensities. It is shown that, for electroporation in a medium with conductivity lower than that of the cell's cytoplasm, the internal conductivity of the cell decreases after the electroporation on a time scale of seconds and stronger pulses cause a larger and more rapid decrease. We also observe that, after the electroporation, the cell's internal conductivity is constrained to a threshold. This implies that the cell prevents some of the ions in its cytoplasm from diffusing through the created pores to the external medium. The temporal change in the dielectric response of each individual cell is continuously monitored over minutes after exposure to pulsed electric fields. A time constant associated with the cell's internal conductivity change is observed, which ranges from seconds to tens of seconds depending on the applied pulse intensity. This experimental observation supports the results of numerical models reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Salimi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 5V6, Canada
| | - K Braasch
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - M Butler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - D J Thomson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 5V6, Canada
| | - G E Bridges
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 5V6, Canada
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18
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Biagi MC, Fabregas R, Gramse G, Van Der Hofstadt M, Juárez A, Kienberger F, Fumagalli L, Gomila G. Nanoscale Electric Permittivity of Single Bacterial Cells at Gigahertz Frequencies by Scanning Microwave Microscopy. ACS NANO 2016; 10:280-8. [PMID: 26643251 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We quantified the electric permittivity of single bacterial cells at microwave frequencies and nanoscale spatial resolution by means of near-field scanning microwave microscopy. To this end, calibrated complex admittance images have been obtained at ∼19 GHz and analyzed with a methodology that removes the nonlocal topographic cross-talk contributions and thus provides quantifiable intrinsic dielectric images of the bacterial cells. Results for single Escherichia coli cells provide a relative electric permittivity of ∼4 in dry conditions and ∼20 in humid conditions, with no significant loss contributions. Present findings, together with the ability of microwaves to penetrate the cell membrane, open an important avenue in the microwave label-free imaging of single cells with nanoscale spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Biagi
- Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), c/Baldiri i Reixac 11-15, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rene Fabregas
- Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), c/Baldiri i Reixac 11-15, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Georg Gramse
- Institute for Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz , Gruberst. 40, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Marc Van Der Hofstadt
- Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), c/Baldiri i Reixac 11-15, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Juárez
- Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), c/Baldiri i Reixac 11-15, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Microbiologia, Universitat de Barcelona , Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferry Kienberger
- Keysight Lab, Keysight Technologies Austria GmbH , Gruberst. 40, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Laura Fumagalli
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel Gomila
- Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), c/Baldiri i Reixac 11-15, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament d'Electrònica, Universitat de Barcelona , C/Martí i Franqués 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Salimi E, Braasch K, Butler M, Thomson DJ, Bridges GE. Dielectric model for Chinese hamster ovary cells obtained by dielectrophoresis cytometry. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:014111. [PMID: 26858823 PMCID: PMC4723405 DOI: 10.1063/1.4940432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a dielectric model and its parameters for Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells based on a double-shell structure which includes the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nuclear envelope, and nucleoplasm. Employing a dielectrophoresis (DEP) based technique and a microfluidic system, the DEP response of many single CHO cells is measured and the spectrum of the Clausius-Mossotti factor is obtained. The dielectric parameters of the model are then extracted by curve-fitting to the measured spectral data. Using this approach over the 0.6-10 MHz frequency range, we report the values for CHO cells' membrane permittivity, membrane thickness, cytoplasm conductivity, nuclear envelope permittivity, and nucleoplasm conductivity. The size of the cell and its nuclei are obtained using optical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Salimi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 5V6, Canada
| | - K Braasch
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - M Butler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - D J Thomson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 5V6, Canada
| | - G E Bridges
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 5V6, Canada
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20
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Nikolic-Jaric M, Cabel T, Salimi E, Bhide A, Braasch K, Butler M, Bridges GE, Thomson DJ. Differential electronic detector to monitor apoptosis using dielectrophoresis-induced translation of flowing cells (dielectrophoresis cytometry). BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2013; 7:24101. [PMID: 24404007 PMCID: PMC3598809 DOI: 10.1063/1.4793223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The instrument described here is an all-electronic dielectrophoresis (DEP) cytometer sensitive to changes in polarizability of single cells. The important novel feature of this work is the differential electrode array that allows independent detection and actuation of single cells within a short section ([Formula: see text]) of the microfluidic channel. DEP actuation modifies the altitude of the cells flowing between two altitude detection sites in proportion to cell polarizability; changes in altitude smaller than 0.25 μm can be detected electronically. Analysis of individual experimental signatures allows us to make a simple connection between the Clausius-Mossotti factor (CMF) and the amount of vertical cell deflection during actuation. This results in an all-electronic, label-free differential detector that monitors changes in physiological properties of the living cells and can be fully automated and miniaturized in order to be used in various online and offline probes and point-of-care medical applications. High sensitivity of the DEP cytometer facilitates observations of delicate changes in cell polarization that occur at the onset of apoptosis. We illustrate the application of this concept on a population of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells that were followed in their rapid transition from a healthy viable to an early apoptotic state. DEP cytometer viability estimates closely match an Annexin V assay (an early apoptosis marker) on the same population of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Nikolic-Jaric
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 5V6, Canada
| | - Tim Cabel
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 5V6, Canada
| | - Elham Salimi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 5V6, Canada
| | - Ashlesha Bhide
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 5V6, Canada
| | - Katrin Braasch
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Michael Butler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Greg E Bridges
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 5V6, Canada
| | - Douglas J Thomson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 5V6, Canada
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21
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Nikolic-Jaric M, Romanuik SF, Ferrier GA, Cabel T, Salimi E, Levin DB, Bridges GE, Thomson DJ. Electronic detection of dielectrophoretic forces exerted on particles flowing over interdigitated electrodes. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2012; 6:24117-2411715. [PMID: 22655025 PMCID: PMC3360729 DOI: 10.1063/1.4709387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric particles flowing through a microfluidic channel over a set of coplanar electrodes can be simultaneously capacitively detected and dielectrophoretically (DEP) actuated when the high (1.45 GHz) and low (100 kHz-20 MHz) frequency electromagnetic fields are concurrently applied through the same set of electrodes. Assuming a simple model in which the only forces acting upon the particles are apparent gravity, hydrodynamic lift, DEP force, and fluid drag, actuated particle trajectories can be obtained as numerical solutions of the equations of motion. Numerically calculated changes of particle elevations resulting from the actuation simulated in this way agree with the corresponding elevation changes estimated from the electronic signatures generated by the experimentally actuated particles. This verifies the model and confirms the correlation between the DEP force and the electronic signature profile. It follows that the electronic signatures can be used to quantify the actuation that the dielectric particle experiences as it traverses the electrode region. Using this principle, particles with different dielectric properties can be effectively identified based exclusively on their signature profile. This approach was used to differentiate viable from non-viable yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
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22
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Nikolic-Jaric M, Ferrier GA, Thomson DJ, Bridges GE, Freeman MR. Dielectric response of particles in flowing media: the effect of shear-induced rotation on the variation in particle polarizability. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 84:011922. [PMID: 21867228 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.84.011922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
When particles in liquid suspensions flow through channels and pipes in a laminar fashion, the resulting parabolic velocity profile gives rise to shear, which induces the particles to rotate. If flowing suspensions containing dielectric particles are immersed in an external electric field, the anisotropic polarization induced in rotating nonspherical particles will vary with the orientation of the particle with respect to the external field; what results is an uncertainty in experimental measurements that involve particle polarization. The present study establishes the limits of this uncertainty and shows that departure from spherical symmetry in individual particles can lead to a significant overlap in measurements attempting to discriminate between particle subpopulations in suspensions. For example, the uncertainty in signal amplitude for a population of activated T-lymphocytes can be as high as 20%. Such concerns arise in applications like field-flow fractionation, dielectrophoretic sorting of particles, flow impedance measurements and cytometry, and, most recently, isodielectric separation, all of which are used to separate particles in a flow based on their dielectric response. This paper considers axisymmetric particles as the first departure from the approximation of spherical symmetry, shows how to calculate an estimate of the size of the population overlap, and suggests possible strategies to minimize it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Nikolic-Jaric
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, E2-390 EITC, 75A Chancelor Circle, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 5V6
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Cheung KC, Di Berardino M, Schade-Kampmann G, Hebeisen M, Pierzchalski A, Bocsi J, Mittag A, Tárnok A. Microfluidic impedance-based flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2010; 77:648-66. [PMID: 20583276 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microfabricated flow cytometers can detect, count, and analyze cells or particles using microfluidics and electronics to give impedance-based characterization. Such systems are being developed to provide simple, low-cost, label-free, and portable solutions for cell analysis. Recent work using microfabricated systems has demonstrated the capability to analyze micro-organisms, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and animal and human cell lines. Multifrequency impedance measurements can give multiparametric, high-content data that can be used to distinguish cell types. New combinations of microfluidic sample handling design and microscale flow phenomena have been used to focus and position cells within the channel for improved sensitivity. Robust designs will enable focusing at high flowrates while reducing requirements for control over multiple sample and sheath flows. Although microfluidic impedance-based flow cytometers have not yet or may never reach the extremely high throughput of conventional flow cytometers, the advantages of portability, simplicity, and ability to analyze single cells in small populations are, nevertheless, where chip-based cytometry can make a large impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen C Cheung
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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