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Hewa Nadugala B, Hepworth G, Mazzonetto M, Nebl T, Pagel CN, Raynes JK, Ranadheera CS, Logan A. Effect of composition, casein genetic variants and glycosylation degree on bovine milk whipping properties. Food Res Int 2024; 179:113949. [PMID: 38342518 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.113949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the individual and combined effects of ĸ-Casein (ĸ-CN; AA, AB, BB), β-Casein (β-CN; A1A1, A1A2, A2A2) and high and low ratios of glycosylated ĸ-CN to total ĸ-CN, referred to as the glycosylation degree (GD), on bovine cream whipping properties. The genetic variants of individual cows were identified using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and verified through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). A previously discovered relationship between days-in-milk and GD was validated and used to obtain high and low GD milk. Whipped creams were created through the mechanical agitation of fat standardised cream from milk of different ĸ-CN, β-CN, and GD combinations, and whipping properties (the ability to whip, overrun, whipping time and firmness) were evaluated. No significant correlation was measured in whipping properties for cream samples from milks with different ĸ-CN and β-CN genetic variants. However, 80 % of samples exhibiting good whipping properties (i.e., the production of a stiffened peak) were from milk with low GD suggesting a correlation between whipping properties and levels of glycosylation. Moreover, cream separated from skim milk of larger casein micelle size showed superior whipping properties with shorter whipping times (<5 min), and higher firmness and overrun. Milk fat globule (MFG) size, on the other hand, did not affect whipping properties. Results indicate that the GD of κ-CN and casein micelle size may play a role in MFG adsorption at the protein and air interface of air bubbles formed during whipping; hence, they govern the dynamics of fat network formation and influencing whipping properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barana Hewa Nadugala
- School of Agriculture, Food & Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia.
| | - Graham Hepworth
- Statistical Consulting Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | | | - Tom Nebl
- Biology Group, Biomedical Manufacturing Program, CSIRO, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Charles N Pagel
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | | | - C S Ranadheera
- School of Agriculture, Food & Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Amy Logan
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia.
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Zebib H, Abate D, Woldegiorgis AZ. Nutritional quality and adulterants of cow raw milk, pasteurized and cottage cheese collected along value chain from three regions of Ethiopia. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15922. [PMID: 37215861 PMCID: PMC10192822 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk is a nutritionally rich food for humans. However, fulfilling the quality of milk is a major concern for milk factories, nutrient requirements, and public health. The objective of this research was to assess the composition of raw and pasteurized milk and cheese, evaluate change in milk and cheese composition along the value chain, and identify adulteration of milk. A total of 160 composite samples were determined using lactoscan and conventional approved methods along value chain. Results indicate that there were significant (p < 0.05) changes of in milk composition along the value chain in the study regions. The range values were; total solid (8.41-11.7%), protein (2.25-3.06%), fat (2.16-3.17%), lactose (3.33-4.76%), ash (0.52-0.73%), P (62.7-84.2 mg/100 g) and Ca (78.2-109 mg/100 g) of liquid milk were obtained in all regions. Liquid milk was found to be adulterated by water along the value chains in all regions (ranged from 0 to 24.8%). Formalin (4 samples) and starch (1 sample) were detected at farmer's and collectors' respectively. In all regions, there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in cheese nutritional quality between farmers and retailers. The grand mean for moisture, protein, fat, total ash, Ca, P and pH values were 77.1%, 17.1%, 1.42%, 1.18%, 37.8 mg/100 g, 88.2 mg/100 g and 3.7 respectively. Comparison of liquid products with the Compulsory Ethiopian Standard (CES) indicates that 80.2% for fat, protein, and SNF in raw and pasteurized milk were below the CES. In conclusion, liquid milk had poor nutritional composition and varied along the value chain in the study regions. Moreover, there is milk fraud where all dairy value chain add water into milk and milk consumers are consuming lower nutrients and paying for substandard liquid milk. Therefore, training should be provided to all value chain to improve the quality of milk products and quantification of formalin and other adulterants need to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haftom Zebib
- Center for Food Science and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia
- Livestock and Fishery Core Process, Tigray Agricultural Research Institute, Mekelle P.O. Box 492, Ethiopia
| | - Dawit Abate
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia
| | - Ashagrie Zewdu Woldegiorgis
- Center for Food Science and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia
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Baizán S, Martínez-Fernández A, Vicente F. Effect of Using Faba Bean and/or Italian Ryegrass in Total Mixed Rations to Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010108. [PMID: 36611717 PMCID: PMC9817943 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The livestock sector must find solutions to reduce the feeding costs and meet the challenge for a more sustainable production system in line with the European Green Deal requirements. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of including legume silage on voluntary intake in dairy cows, milk production, and composition. Three total mixed rations (TMR) based on faba bean (FB), Italian ryegrass (IR), or faba bean-Italian ryegrass intercrop (FBIR, 60:40) silages were used in feeding trials of dairy cows during two consecutive years. Nine Friesian cows were randomly allocated in three groups, following a 3 × 3 Latin square design with three diets for three periods. TMR were offered ad libitum in addition to eighteen hours of grazing daily and extra concentrate during milking. No differences were observed in dry matter intake. Diets did not affect milk production or composition, except for urea content, with a higher urea excretion in FB diet. Fatty acid profile was different in milk from cows feeding FB, with a significantly lower content of saturated fatty acids and a higher content of conjugated linoleic acid than milk produced with FBIR and IR diets.
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Milk Composition and Production Efficiency within Feed-To-Yield Systems on Commercial Dairy Farms in Northern Ireland. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141771. [PMID: 35883319 PMCID: PMC9311736 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Feed-to-yield concentrate allocation systems seek to improve precision by targeting more nutrients to dairy cows with the greatest nutrient requirements. This study investigated the effect of offering concentrates on a feed-to-yield basis to housed cows on the relationships between milk yield, intake, milk composition and production efficiency during the first five months of lactation. Performance data for individual cows were collected from 26 farms in Northern Ireland, and intakes were subsequently calculated. Total dry matter intake increased with increasing milk yield. Cows with higher milk yields produced milk with a lower fat and protein concentration, likely due to a combination of cow genetics, diet, and a ‘dilution’ effect associated with yield. The reduction in milk fat and milk protein concentration with increasing milk yield is particularly important for farmers supplying milk for processing, as milk pricing mechanisms within these supply contracts normally include bonuses or deductions determined by milk composition. Cows with greater milk yields had improved nitrogen and energy use efficiency but were offered more concentrates per kilogram of energy-corrected milk produced. Abstract This study examined the relationships between milk yield and diet composition, nutrient intakes, milk composition, and feed use efficiency when concentrates were offered using a feed-to-yield (FTY) approach. The study was conducted on 26 dairy farms in Northern Ireland. Cows (n = 3471) were fully housed and were offered concentrates on an FTY basis. Individual cow genetic information was obtained for 18 herds. Concentrate intakes of individual cows were either obtained from the farms or calculated, while milk yield and milk composition data were obtained from test-day milk recording. Mean test-day milk yields during months 2 to 5 post-calving were calculated for each cow, and cows within each lactation were placed into one of six equal-sized milk yield (kg/cow/day) groups. Diet effects and performance responses to milk yield groups were tested for linear and quadratic effects. Total dry matter intakes increased with increasing milk yield. Milk fat and milk protein concentration declined as milk yield increased, which could be attributed in part to genetics and diet. As milk yield increased, nitrogen and energy use efficiency was improved. However, concentrates offered per kg of energy-corrected milk also increased at higher milk yields, indicating an increased reliance on concentrates for these cows.
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Acosta Balcazar IC, Granados Rivera LD, Salinas Chavira J, Estrada Drouaillet B, Albarrán MR, Bautista Martínez Y. Relationship between the Composition of Lipids in Forages and the Concentration of Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Cow's Milk: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131621. [PMID: 35804520 PMCID: PMC9264792 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), has been shown to have protective effects against various diseases, such as obesity, arteriosclerosis, diabetes, chronic inflammatory diseases, and cancer. This fatty acid in ruminants results from two processes, biohydrogenation, which takes place in the rumen, and de novo synthesis, carried out in the mammary gland, and it has linoleic and α-linolenic acids as its precursors. The amounts of precursors in the diets of animals are related to the amounts of CLA in milk. In the literature review, it was found that the milk of cows fed fresh forage has a higher amount of CLA because they have a higher amount of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid compared to other foods used in the diets of cows. The amount of CLA precursors in pastures can be increased through agronomic practices, such as nitrogen fertilization, and regrowth age. It is also a technique used to increase the amount of CLA in milk to obtain a greater benefit regarding its nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Cristina Acosta Balcazar
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Tamaulipas, Mexico; (I.C.A.B.); (J.S.C.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Lorenzo Danilo Granados Rivera
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, General Terán 67400, Nuevo León, Mexico
- Correspondence: or (L.D.G.R.); (Y.B.M.)
| | - Jaime Salinas Chavira
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Tamaulipas, Mexico; (I.C.A.B.); (J.S.C.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Benigno Estrada Drouaillet
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Tamaulipas, Mexico;
| | - Miguel Ruiz Albarrán
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Tamaulipas, Mexico; (I.C.A.B.); (J.S.C.); (M.R.A.)
| | - Yuridia Bautista Martínez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Tamaulipas, Mexico; (I.C.A.B.); (J.S.C.); (M.R.A.)
- Correspondence: or (L.D.G.R.); (Y.B.M.)
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Stergiadis S, Qin N, Faludi G, Beauclercq S, Pitt J, Desnica N, Pétursdóttir ÁH, Newton EE, Angelidis AE, Givens I, Humphries DJ, Gunnlaugsdóttir H, Juniper DT. Mineral Concentrations in Bovine Milk from Farms with Contrasting Grazing Management. Foods 2021; 10:2733. [PMID: 34829015 PMCID: PMC8620383 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty conventional and twenty-four organic dairy farms were divided into equal numbers within system groups: high-pasture, standard-pasture, and low-pasture groups. Milk samples were collected monthly for 12 consecutive months. Milk from high-pasture organic farms contained less fat and protein than standard- and low-pasture organic farms, but more lactose than low-pasture organic farms. Grazing, concentrate feed intake and the contribution of non-Holstein breeds were the key drivers for these changes. Milk Ca and P concentrations were lower in standard-pasture conventional farms than the other conventional groups. Milk from low-pasture organic farms contained less Ca than high- and standard-pasture organic farms, while high-pasture organic farms produced milk with the highest Sn concentration. Differences in mineral concentrations were driven by the contribution of non-Holstein breeds, feeding practices, and grazing activity; but due to their relatively low numerical differences between groups, the subsequent impact on consumers' dietary mineral intakes would be minor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sokratis Stergiadis
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, P.O. Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6EU, UK; (N.Q.); (G.F.); (S.B.); (J.P.); (E.E.N.); (A.E.A.); (D.T.J.)
| | - Nanbing Qin
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, P.O. Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6EU, UK; (N.Q.); (G.F.); (S.B.); (J.P.); (E.E.N.); (A.E.A.); (D.T.J.)
| | - Gergely Faludi
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, P.O. Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6EU, UK; (N.Q.); (G.F.); (S.B.); (J.P.); (E.E.N.); (A.E.A.); (D.T.J.)
- Georgikon Campus, Szent Istvan University, Deák Ferenc u. 16, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Stephane Beauclercq
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, P.O. Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6EU, UK; (N.Q.); (G.F.); (S.B.); (J.P.); (E.E.N.); (A.E.A.); (D.T.J.)
| | - Joe Pitt
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, P.O. Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6EU, UK; (N.Q.); (G.F.); (S.B.); (J.P.); (E.E.N.); (A.E.A.); (D.T.J.)
| | - Natasa Desnica
- Matís Ltd., Vinlandsleid 12, 113 Reykjavik, Iceland; (N.D.); (Á.H.P.); (H.G.)
| | | | - Eric E. Newton
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, P.O. Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6EU, UK; (N.Q.); (G.F.); (S.B.); (J.P.); (E.E.N.); (A.E.A.); (D.T.J.)
| | - Angelos E. Angelidis
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, P.O. Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6EU, UK; (N.Q.); (G.F.); (S.B.); (J.P.); (E.E.N.); (A.E.A.); (D.T.J.)
| | - Ian Givens
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, P.O. Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6EU, UK;
| | - David J. Humphries
- Centre for Dairy Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Hall Farm House, Church Ln, Reading RG2 9HX, UK;
| | - Helga Gunnlaugsdóttir
- Matís Ltd., Vinlandsleid 12, 113 Reykjavik, Iceland; (N.D.); (Á.H.P.); (H.G.)
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University Iceland, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Darren T. Juniper
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, P.O. Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6EU, UK; (N.Q.); (G.F.); (S.B.); (J.P.); (E.E.N.); (A.E.A.); (D.T.J.)
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Vicente F, Elouadaf D, Sánchez-Vera A, Soldado A, De La Torre-Santos S, Martínez-Fernández A. The Dairy Cow Slurry Composition Used as Organic Fertilizer Is Influenced by the Level and Origin of the Dietary Protein. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102812. [PMID: 34679834 PMCID: PMC8532718 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dairy cattle is a source of ammonia because only 25–35% of the dietary nitrogen is used for the synthesis of milk, and the remainder is excreted through feces and urine. A reduction in dietary nitrogen is an effective way to decrease nitrogen excretions and subsequent ammonia emissions. However, this reduction should not induce a decrease in the potential yield of the cows. On the other hand, legumes are more susceptible than grasses to undergo proteolysis in the silage process due to their higher protein content. However, not all legumes have the same rate of proteolysis rate. With the main objective of improving the quality of the slurry to be used as organic fertilizer, two sequential experiments were carried out. In the first, it was intended to determine the optimal level of dietary nitrogen intake necessary for high-production dairy cows. Once this level was established, two legume silages with different proteolysis rates were evaluated. In conclusion, dairy cows producing more than 30 kg of milk per day can meet their needs with diets with 13% of protein, reducing nitrogen losses through urine. The main pathway for the excretion of dietary nitrogen provided by legume silage is the urine, and the protein of field pea silage is metabolized towards ammonia production to a larger extent than the protein of faba bean silage. Abstract Less than 30% of dairy cattle’s nitrogen ingested is retained in milk. Therefore, large amounts of nitrogen can be excreted in manure and urine with a potential environmental impact. In addition, some legume forages can be more susceptible to proteolysis during the silage process than grasses, and dairy cows fed these legume silages would excrete a larger quantity of nitrogen in slurry. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the amount of nitrogen excretion in dairy cows fed different protein levels and legume silages with a view to improve the slurry quality as a co-product that can be used as fertilizer. Two double 3 × 3 Latin square trials were carried out in order to study three different protein levels (high, medium, and low) and three different silages (grass, faba bean, and field pea). Dry matter intake, milk production, and composition were not affected by treatments. The excretion of ammonia-N in the urine was almost four times lower in the diet with the lowest protein level. The ammonia-N in the urine was twice as high with the pea silage than faba bean and grass silages. In conclusion, the diet containing 13% of protein meets the protein requirement for lactating cows producing 31 kg daily, with low nitrogen excretion in the urine, and the main pathway for the excretion of surplus nitrogen from legume silages is through urine and the metabolization of pea silage protein goes toward ammonia-N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Vicente
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Carretera AS-267, PK. 19, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (D.E.); (A.S.-V.); (A.S.); (S.D.L.T.-S.); (A.M.-F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-985-89-00-66
| | - Douâa Elouadaf
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Carretera AS-267, PK. 19, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (D.E.); (A.S.-V.); (A.S.); (S.D.L.T.-S.); (A.M.-F.)
| | - Alejandra Sánchez-Vera
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Carretera AS-267, PK. 19, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (D.E.); (A.S.-V.); (A.S.); (S.D.L.T.-S.); (A.M.-F.)
| | - Ana Soldado
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Carretera AS-267, PK. 19, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (D.E.); (A.S.-V.); (A.S.); (S.D.L.T.-S.); (A.M.-F.)
- Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Avenida Julián Clavería, 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Senén De La Torre-Santos
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Carretera AS-267, PK. 19, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (D.E.); (A.S.-V.); (A.S.); (S.D.L.T.-S.); (A.M.-F.)
| | - Adela Martínez-Fernández
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Carretera AS-267, PK. 19, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain; (D.E.); (A.S.-V.); (A.S.); (S.D.L.T.-S.); (A.M.-F.)
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Sun X, Wang Y, Wang E, Zhang S, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Cao Z, Yang H, Wang W, Li S. Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Culture on Ruminal Fermentation, Blood Metabolism, and Performance of High-Yield Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082401. [PMID: 34438858 PMCID: PMC8388736 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Nowadays, the lifetime milk production of dairy cows, as well as the fat and protein contents of milk, has reached an unprecedented high. These improvements pose threats and challenges to animal health and welfare due to metabolic stress. The cows, during the high-yielding period, are especially susceptible to metabolic diseases such as digestive alterations, rumen acidosis, and lameness. This study assessed the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture (SC), a food supplement, on ruminal pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA), inflammatory cytokines, and the performance of high-yield dairy cows. The results show that supplementing high-yield lactating cows with the SC of 100 g/d increases milk yield, milk fat content, and milk lactose content, but does not affect protein content. SC supplementation affects overall ruminal VFA concentration and induces a significantly greater ruminal pH. It has the potential to enhance the rumen microbial growth and decrease the inflammation response. Our research suggests that SC supplementation has a positive effect on the productivity and health of dairy cows. Abstract High-yield dairy cows with high-concentrate diets are more prone to experiencing health problems associated with rumen microbial imbalance. This study assessed the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture (SC), a food supplement, on ruminal pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA), inflammatory cytokines, and performance of high-yield dairy cows. Forty Holstein cows with similar characteristics (e.g., milk yield, days of milk, and parity) were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group fed the basal ration supplemented with the SC of 100 g of SC per cow per day (hour, SC group), and a control group fed the same basal ration diet without SC (i.e., CON group). On average, the supplementation of SC started at 73 days of lactation. The experimental period lasted approximately 70 days (from 18 January to 27 March 2020), including 10 days for dietary adaptation. Milk yield was recorded daily. Rumen fluid and milk samples were collected after 2 h of feeding in the morning of day 0, 15, 30, and 60. The data showed that rumen pH increased (p < 0.05) when cows were provided with SC. On average, the cows in the SC group produced 1.36 kg (p < 0.05) more milk per day than those in the CON group. Milk fat content of cows in the SC group was also higher (4.11% vs. 3.96%) (p < 0.05). Compared with the CON group, the concentration of acetic acid in the rumen fluid of dairy cows in the SC group was significantly higher (p < 0.05). There were no differences (p > 0.05) found in milk protein content and propionic acid between groups. The SC group had a tendency increase in butyric acid (p = 0.062) and total VFA (p = 0.058). The result showed that SC supplementation also enhanced the ratio between acetic and propionic. Most of the mean inflammatory cytokine (IL-2, IL-6, γ-IFN, and TNF-α) concentrations (p < 0.05) of the SC group were lower than CON group. This study demonstrated that high-yield cows receiving supplemental SC could produce more milk with higher fat content, have higher rumen acetate, and potentially less inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoge Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (E.W.); (S.Z.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.C.); (H.Y.)
| | - Yue Wang
- Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Erdan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (E.W.); (S.Z.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.C.); (H.Y.)
| | - Shu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (E.W.); (S.Z.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.C.); (H.Y.)
| | - Qianqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (E.W.); (S.Z.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.C.); (H.Y.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (E.W.); (S.Z.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.C.); (H.Y.)
| | - Yajing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (E.W.); (S.Z.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.C.); (H.Y.)
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (E.W.); (S.Z.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.C.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hongjian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (E.W.); (S.Z.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.C.); (H.Y.)
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (E.W.); (S.Z.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.C.); (H.Y.)
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China; (X.S.); (E.W.); (S.Z.); (Q.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.C.); (H.Y.)
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (S.L.)
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9
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Doran M, O'Sullivan M, Mulligan F, Lynch M, Fahey A, McKay Z, Ryan H, Pierce K. Effects of protein supplementation strategy and genotype on milk composition and selected milk processability parameters in late-lactation spring-calving grazing dairy cows. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Mitani T, Kobayashi K, Ueda K, Kondo S. Regional differences in the fatty acid composition, and vitamin and carotenoid concentrations in farm bulk milk in Hokkaido, Japan. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13570. [PMID: 34151478 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the regional differences in the composition of farm bulk milk produced at three different dairy areas in Hokkaido, Japan. A field survey was conducted at Central, Tokachi, and North areas of Hokkaido, three or four times a year. At each farm, an interview questionnaire for farm basal data was conducted, and 500 ml of bulk tank milk sample was obtained. Fatty acid composition, and vitamin and carotenoid concentrations in the milk samples were determined. In Central and Tokachi areas, corn silage was used as the main forage. In North area, fresh herbage was the dominant feed in the summer season, and grass hay was the main feed in the winter season. Discriminant analysis revealed that the composition of milk samples differed among the areas and seasons. Milk from Central and Tokachi areas contained a higher ratio of linoleic acid compared with that from North area, but there were only slight differences in the composition of milk between Central and Tokachi areas. The concentrations of carotenoids and α-tocopherol were higher in samples from North area and the ratios of trans-vaccenic acid and conjugated linoleic acid were higher in the summer season than in the indoor season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Mitani
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Global Food Resources, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Ueda
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Seiji Kondo
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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11
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Marques ITO, Vasconcelos FR, Alves JPM, Montenegro AR, Fernandes CCL, Oliveira FBB, Silva CP, Nagano CS, Figueiredo FC, Beserra FJ, Moura AA, Rondina D. Proteome of milk fat globule membrane and mammary gland tissue in goat fed different lipid supplementation. Small Rumin Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Magan JB, O Callaghan TF, Kelly AL, McCarthy NA. Compositional and functional properties of milk and dairy products derived from cows fed pasture or concentrate-based diets. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:2769-2800. [PMID: 33949109 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide milk production is predominantly founded on indoor, high-concentrate feeding systems, whereas pasture-based feeding systems are most common in New Zealand and Ireland but have received greater attention recently in countries utilizing conventional systems. Consumer interest in 'pasture-fed' dairy products has also increased, arising from environmental, ethical, and nutritional concerns. A substantial body of research exists describing the effect of different feeding strategies on the composition of milk, with several recent studies focusing on the comparison of pasture- and concentrate-based feeding regimes. Significant variation is typically observed in the gross composition of milk produced from different supplemental feeds, but various changes in the discrete composition of macromolecular components in milk have also been associated with dietary influence, particularly in relation to the fatty acid profile. Changes in milk composition have also been shown to have implications for milk and dairy product processability, functionality and sensory properties. Methods to determine the traceability of dairy products or verify marketing claims such as 'pasture-fed' have also been established, based on compositional variation due to diet. This review explores the effects of feed types on milk composition and quality, along with the ultimate effect of diet-induced changes on milk and dairy product functionality, with particular emphasis placed on pasture- and concentrate-based feeding systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Magan
- Food Chemistry and Technology, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Cork, Ireland.,School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Tom F O Callaghan
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alan L Kelly
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Noel A McCarthy
- Food Chemistry and Technology, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Cork, Ireland
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13
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Loveday SM, Fraser K, Luo D, Weeks M, Cakebread JA. A multivariate snapshot of New Zealand milk seasonality in individual cows. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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14
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Lu H, Wang Y, Bovenhuis H. Phenotypic and genetic effects of season on milk production traits in dairy cattle in the Netherlands. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4486-4497. [PMID: 33612205 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Milk production systems in several countries show considerable differences between seasons. For example, in the Netherlands, cows are kept inside and fed silage in winter, whereas they are on pasture in summer. The differences between seasons affect milk yield and composition and might influence the genetic background of milk production traits. The objective of this study was to estimate phenotypic and genetic effects of season on milk production traits. For this purpose, 19,286 test-day milk production records of 1,800 first-parity Dutch Holstein-Frisian cows were available, and these cows were genotyped using a 50K SNP panel. Phenotypic effects of season were significant for all milk production traits. Effects of season were large for milk fat yield, fat content, and protein content. Genetic correlations between milk production traits in different seasons showed that genotype by season interaction effects were relatively small for most milk production traits. The genetic background of protein content and lactose content seems to be sensitive to seasonal effects. Furthermore, the genetic correlations between spring and autumn differed significantly from unity for almost all milk production traits. A genome-wide association study for genotype by season interaction identified chromosomal regions on BTA3, BTA14, BTA20, and BTA25 that showed genotype by season interaction effects, including a region containing DGAT1, which showed interaction effects for fat content and protein content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Lu
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University and Research, 6700AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yachun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Henk Bovenhuis
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University and Research, 6700AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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15
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Eisenstecken D, Stanstrup J, Robatscher P, Huck CW, Oberhuber M. Fatty acid profiling of bovine milk and cheese from six European areas by GC‐FID and GC‐MS. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Stanstrup
- Preventive and Clinical Nutrition University of Copenhagen Rolighedsvej 30 Frederiksberg C1958Denmark
| | - Peter Robatscher
- Laimburg Research Centre Laimburg 6 ‐ Pfatten (Vadena) Auer (Ora)39040Italy
| | - Christian W. Huck
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry CCB — Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine Leopold‐Franzens University Innrain 80‐82 Innsbruck6020Austria
| | - Michael Oberhuber
- Laimburg Research Centre Laimburg 6 ‐ Pfatten (Vadena) Auer (Ora)39040Italy
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16
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Sen C, Ray PR, Bhattacharyya M. A critical review on metabolomic analysis of milk and milk products. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chandrakanta Sen
- Department of Dairy Chemistry West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences Mohanpur Nadia West Bengal 741252 India
| | - Pinaki Ranjan Ray
- Department of Dairy Chemistry West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences Mohanpur Nadia West Bengal 741252 India
| | - Mahasweta Bhattacharyya
- Department of Dairy Chemistry West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences Mohanpur Nadia West Bengal 741252 India
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17
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Bär C, Sutter M, Kopp C, Neuhaus P, Portmann R, Egger L, Reidy B, Bisig W. Impact of herbage proportion, animal breed, lactation stage and season on the fatty acid and protein composition of milk. Int Dairy J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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18
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Identification and Detection of Bioactive Peptides in Milk and Dairy Products: Remarks about Agro-Foods. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153328. [PMID: 32707993 PMCID: PMC7435915 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Food-based components represent major sources of functional bioactive compounds. Milk is a rich source of multiple bioactive peptides that not only help to fulfill consumers 'nutritional requirements but also play a significant role in preventing several health disorders. Understanding the chemical composition of milk and its products is critical for producing consistent and high-quality dairy products and functional dairy ingredients. Over the last two decades, peptides have gained significant attention by scientific evidence for its beneficial health impacts besides their established nutrient value. Increasing awareness of essential milk proteins has facilitated the development of novel milk protein products that are progressively required for nutritional benefits. The need to better understand the beneficial effects of milk-protein derived peptides has, therefore, led to the development of analytical approaches for the isolation, separation and identification of bioactive peptides in complex dairy products. Continuous emphasis is on the biological function and nutritional characteristics of milk constituents using several powerful techniques, namely omics, model cell lines, gut microbiome analysis and imaging techniques. This review briefly describes the state-of-the-art approach of peptidomics and lipidomics profiling approaches for the identification and detection of milk-derived bioactive peptides while taking into account recent progress in their analysis and emphasizing the difficulty of analysis of these functional and endogenous peptides.
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19
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Noya A, Casasús I, Rodríguez-Sánchez JA, Ferrer J, Sanz A. A negative energy balance during the peri-implantational period reduces dam IGF-1 but does not alter progesterone or pregnancy-specific protein B (PSPB) or fertility in suckled cows. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020; 72:106418. [PMID: 31958645 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.106418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a negative energy balance during the first third of gestation on metabolic, endocrine, and pregnancy recognition parameters in 2 beef cattle breeds adapted to semiextensive conditions. Seventy-five lactating Parda de Montaña and 40 Pirenaica multiparous cows rearing calves were synchronized and timed artificial inseminated (TAI) on day 76 postpartum. Cows were assigned to one of 2 diets (CONTROL or SUBNUT; 100% or 65% of their requirements supplied) until day 82 of gestation. Pregnancy was diagnosed 37 d post-TAI using ultrasound. Blood samples were obtained to determine metabolic (glucose, NEFA, β-hydroxybutyrate, cholesterol, and urea) and endocrine (IGF-1) status throughout the first third of gestation and to determine the concentrations of progesterone and pregnancy-specific protein B (PSPB) in the peri-implantational period. Undernutrition affected both cow and calf performance. The CONTROL cows maintained BCS and BW, whereas SUBNUT cows had negative daily gains. The CONTROL lactating calves had higher BW gains than SUBNUT. These negative effects were more evident in the Pirenaica breed, which was more sensitive to undernutrition. The negative energy balance was reflected in the cows' metabolic profiles, with higher NEFA values and lower IGF-1 concentrations in SUBNUT cows. However, undernutrition did not affect dam pregnancy/TAI or pregnancy recognition and maintenance, confirming that during periods of undernourishment pregnant dams prioritize the allocation of dietary energy toward reproductive functions. Progesterone concentration on day 21 post-TAI (with a 4.8 ng/mL cut-off value) and PSPB on day 26 post-TAI (with a 0.57 ng/mL cut-off value) were determined as the earliest indicators to accurately establish dam pregnancy status, regardless of breed or nutrition treatment. In summary, early undernutrition affected cow performance and metabolic profiles and impaired lactating calf growth, but did not affect progesterone or PSPB concentrations or the pregnancy/TAI rate in suckled cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Noya
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria (CITA) de Aragón, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Avenida Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - I Casasús
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria (CITA) de Aragón, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Avenida Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J A Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria (CITA) de Aragón, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Avenida Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J Ferrer
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria (CITA) de Aragón, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Avenida Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - A Sanz
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria (CITA) de Aragón, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Avenida Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain.
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20
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Kappa-casein genotyping in tropical milking Criollo and its association to milk production and composition. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:3885-3888. [PMID: 32588361 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02317-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Caseins are abundant proteins in milk and found in four types (αS1, αS2, β, and κ). There is substantial variation in the allelic and genotypic frequencies of the κ-casein gene in different cattle breeds, although the tropical milking Criollo (TMC) has not yet been investigated. The aim was to determine the allelic and genotypic frequencies in the κ-casein gene for two alleles (A and B) in TMC and further investigate its association to milk production and composition. A total of 180 TMC females were genotyped from blood samples. κ-Casein genotyping was performed using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) after polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based amplification of genomic DNA. Allele frequencies were 0.39 for A-allele and 0.61 for B-allele (P < 0.05). Genotype frequencies were 0.09 (AA), 0.60 (AB), and 0.31 (BB) (P < 0.05). The κ-casein genotype in TMC cows did not affect milk yield or composition. In sum, the TMC has high frequencies of the B-allele and AB/BB genotypes, although there are no association of such genotypes and milk traits.
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21
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Dierenfeld ES, Han YAM, Mar KU, Aung A, Soe AT, Lummaa V, Lahdenperä M. Milk Composition of Asian Elephants ( Elephas maximus) in a Natural Environment in Myanmar during Late Lactation. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10040725. [PMID: 32331387 PMCID: PMC7222762 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nutritional content of milk from free-living Asian elephants has not previously been reported, despite being vital for better management of captive populations. This study analyzed both milk composition and consumed plant species of Asian elephants managed in their natural environment in Myanmar. Longitudinal samples (n = 36) were obtained during both the wet and the dry season from six mature females in mid to late lactation in 2016 and 2017. Milk composition averaged 82.44% water, with 17.56% total solids containing 5.23% protein, 15.10% fat, 0.87% ash, and 0.18 µg/mL vitamin E. Solids and protein increased with lactation month. Total protein in milk was higher during the wet vs. the dry season. Observed factors linked with maternal (age, parity, size and origin) and calf traits (sex) had significant associations with milk nutrient levels. Primary forages consumed contained moderate protein and fiber. Higher dietary protein during the wet season (11-25%) compared to the dry season (6-19%) may be linked with increased milk protein observed. Our results call for further field studies of milk and diet composition, over entire seasons/lactation periods, and across maternal and calf traits, to improve feeding management, with an overall goal of maximized health and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen S. Dierenfeld
- Ellen S. Dierenfeld, LLC, St. Louis, MO 63128, USA
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell NG25 0QF, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-314-717-3885
| | - Yadana A. M. Han
- Department of Medical Research (Pyin-Oo-Lwin Branch), Pyin-Oo-Lwin 05081, Myanmar;
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin 05282, Myanmar;
| | - Khyne U. Mar
- Veterinarians International, One Penn Plaza, Suite 6337, New York, NY 10119, USA;
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Aung Aung
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin 05282, Myanmar;
| | - Aung Thura Soe
- Extraction Department, Magway Region, Myanma Timber Enterprise, Magwe 0411, Myanmar;
| | - Virpi Lummaa
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland;
| | - Mirkka Lahdenperä
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland;
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22
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Craig A, Gordon A, Stewart S, Ferris C. Supplementation strategies for lactating dairy cows offered very high quality grass silages: Starch-based or fibre-based concentrates offered with or without straw. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.103973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Ianni A, Bennato F, Martino C, Grotta L, Martino G. Volatile Flavor Compounds in Cheese as Affected by Ruminant Diet. Molecules 2020; 25:E461. [PMID: 31979062 PMCID: PMC7037034 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research has been conducted concerning the determination and characterization of volatile compounds contributing to aroma and flavor in cheese. Considerable knowledge has been accumulated on the understanding of the mechanisms through which these compounds are formed during ripening, as well as on the optimization of the methodological approaches which lead to their detection. More recently, particular attention has been given to the aromatic properties of milk and cheeses obtained from lactating dairy ruminants fed experimental diets, characterized, for instance, by the addition of trace elements, natural supplements, or agricultural by-products rich in bioactive compounds. The purpose of this review is to summarize the major families of volatile compounds most commonly found in these types of dairy products at various ripening stages, describing in greater detail the role of animal diet in influencing the synthesis mechanisms most commonly responsible for cheese flavor determination. A large number of volatile compounds, including carboxylic acids, lactones, ketones, alcohols, and aldehydes, can be detected in cheese. The relative percentage of each compound depends on the biochemical processes that occur during ripening, and these are mainly mediated by endogenous enzymes and factors of bacterial origin whose function can be strongly influenced by the bioactive compounds taken by animals with the diet and released in milk through the mammary gland. Further evaluations on the interactions between volatile compounds and cheese matrix would be necessary in order to improve the knowledge on the synthesis mechanisms of such compounds; in addition to this, more should be done with respect to the determination of synergistic effects of flavor compounds, correlating such compounds to the aroma of dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ianni
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.I.); (F.B.); (L.G.)
| | - Francesca Bennato
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.I.); (F.B.); (L.G.)
| | - Camillo Martino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Lisa Grotta
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.I.); (F.B.); (L.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Martino
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.I.); (F.B.); (L.G.)
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24
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Moneeb AHM, Aguilar‐Pérez CF, Ayala‐Burgos AJ, Solorio-Sánchez FJ, Ku‐Vera JC. Effect of grazing cows in an intensive silvopastoral system with Leucaena leucocephalaon Panela cheese properties: yield, composition, fatty acid profile and sensory acceptability. Anim Sci J 2019; 90:1303-1312. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa H. M. Moneeb
- Department of Dairy Science Faculty of Agriculture Assiut University Assiut Egypt
| | - Carlos F. Aguilar‐Pérez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Merida Yucatan Mexico
| | - Armín J. Ayala‐Burgos
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Merida Yucatan Mexico
| | | | - Juan C. Ku‐Vera
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Merida Yucatan Mexico
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25
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Bioactive peptides from milk: animal determinants and their implications in human health. J DAIRY RES 2019; 86:136-144. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029919000384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AbstractMilk is an important protein source in human diets, providing around 32 g protein/l (for bovine milk, which constitutes some 85% of global consumption). The most abundant milk proteins are α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, αs-casein, β-casein, and κ-casein. Besides their nutritional value, milk proteins play a crucial role in the processing properties of milk, such as solubility, water bonding, heat stability, renneting and foaming, among others. In addition, and most importantly for this review, these proteins are the main source of bioactive components in milk. Due to the wide range of proposed beneficial effects on human health, milk proteins are considered as potential ingredients for the production of health-promoting functional foods. However, most of the evidence for bioactive effects comes from in vitro studies, and there is a need for further research to fully evaluate the true potential of milk-derived bioactive factors. Animal genetics and animal nutrition play an important role in the relative proportions of milk proteins and could be used to manipulate the concentration of specific bioactive peptides in milk from ruminants. Unfortunately, only a few studies in the literature have focused on changes in milk bioactive peptides associated to animal genetics and animal nutrition. The knowledge described in the present review may set the basis for further research and for the development of new dairy products with healthy and beneficial properties for humans.
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Franzoi M, Niero G, Visentin G, Penasa M, Cassandro M, De Marchi M. Variation of Detailed Protein Composition of Cow Milk Predicted from a Large Database of Mid-Infrared Spectra. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9040176. [PMID: 31003454 PMCID: PMC6523433 DOI: 10.3390/ani9040176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Milk proteins are one of the most valuable milk components. The objective of the present study was to assess sources of variation of detailed protein composition predicted from infrared spectra in milk of dairy and dual-purpose cattle breeds. Results showed that protein fractions were primarily influenced by days in milk, and the relative proportion of each fraction through lactation was not constant. Protein fractions correlated with crude protein, total casein, fat and milk urea nitrogen. In perspective, mid-infrared predictions of milk fractions could be useful for the dairy sector to improve nutritional and technological properties of milk. Abstract This study aimed to investigate factors affecting protein fractions, namely α-casein (α-CN), β-casein (β-CN), κ-casein (κ-CN), β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) and α-lactalbumin (α-LA) predicted from milk infrared spectra in milk of dairy and dual-purpose cattle breeds. The dataset comprised 735,328 observations from 49,049 cows in 1782 herds. Results highlighted significant differences of protein fractions in milk of the studied breeds. Significant variations of protein fractions were found also through parities and lactation, with the latter thoroughly influencing protein fractions percentage. Interesting correlations (r) were estimated between β-CN, κ-CN and β-LG, expressed as percentage of crude protein, and milk urea nitrogen (r = 0.31, −0.20 and −0.26, respectively) and between α-LA and fat percentage (r = 0.41). The present study paves the way for future studies on the associations between protein fractions and milk technological properties, and for the estimation of genetic parameters of predicted protein composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Franzoi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Giovanni Niero
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Giulio Visentin
- Associazione Nazionale Allevatori della Razza Frisona e Jersey Italiana, Via Bergamo 292, 26100 Cremona, Italy.
| | - Mauro Penasa
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Martino Cassandro
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - Massimo De Marchi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
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NMR-Based Μetabolomics of the Lipid Fraction of Organic and Conventional Bovine Milk. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061067. [PMID: 30889921 PMCID: PMC6472053 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Origin and quality identification in dairy products is an important issue and also an extremely challenging and complex experimental procedure. The objective of the present work was to compare the metabolite profile of the lipid fraction of organic and conventional bovine milk using NMR metabolomics analysis. 1H-NMR and 1D TOCSY NMR methods of analysis were performed on extracted lipid fraction of lyophilized milk. For this purpose, 14 organic and 16 conventional retail milk samples were collected monthly, and 64 bulk-tank (58 conventional and 6 organics) milk samples were collected over a 14-month longitudinal study in Cyprus. Data were treated with multivariate methods (PCA, PLS-DA). Minor components were identified and quantified, and modification of the currently used equations is proposed. A significantly increased % content of conjugated (9-cis, 11-trans)18:2 linoleic acid (CLA), α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, allylic protons and total unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and decreased % content for caproleic acid were observed in the organic samples compared to the conventional ones. The present work confirms that lipid profile is affected by contrasting management system (organic vs. conventional), and supports the potential of NMR-based metabolomics for the rapid analysis and authentication of the milk from its lipid profile.
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Agyei D, Owusu-Kwarteng J, Akabanda F, Akomea-Frempong S. Indigenous African fermented dairy products: Processing technology, microbiology and health benefits. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:991-1006. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1555133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Agyei
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - James Owusu-Kwarteng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Fortune Akabanda
- Department of Applied Biology, University for Development Studies, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Samuel Akomea-Frempong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
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Beltrán IE, Gregorini P, Morales A, Balocchi OA, Pulido RG. Interaction between herbage mass and time of herbage allocation modifies milk production, grazing behaviour and nitrogen partitioning of dairy cows. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an18183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the interaction effects between herbage mass and time of herbage allocation on milk production, grazing behaviour and nitrogen partitioning in lactating dairy cows. Forty-four Holstein Friesian cows were grouped according to milk production (24.7 ± 2.8 kg), bodyweight (580.6 ± 51.7 kg), days in milk (74 ± 17.1) and body condition score (3.1 ± 0.3), and then assigned randomly to one of four treatments: (1) L-AM: access to new herbage allocation after morning milking with herbage mass of 2000 kg DM/ha, (2) L-PM: access to new herbage allocation after afternoon milking with herbage mass of 2000 kg DM/ha, (3) M-AM: access to new herbage allocation after morning milking with herbage mass of 3000 kg DM/ha, and (4) M-PM: access to new herbage allocation after afternoon milking with herbage mass of 3000 kg DM/ha. All cows received a daily low herbage allowance of 21 kg DM measured above ground level, 3.0 kg DM of grass silage and 3.5 kg DM of concentrate. Herbage intake was similar between treatments, averaging 8.3 kg DM/day (P > 0.05). Total grazing time was lower for M-PM compared with other treatments (P < 0.01). Milk production was greater for M-AM and M-PM compared with L-PM (P < 0.05). Urea in milk and plasma were greater for L-AM than L-PM and M-PM (P < 0.01). Similarly, rumen ammonia was greater for L-AM compared with M-PM and M-AM (P < 0.05). Nitrogen intake was 13.6% greater for L-AM than L-PM, and 17.5% greater for L-AM than M-PM (P < 0.05). Nitrogen use efficiency was 22.1% greater for M-PM than L-AM, and 11.8% greater for M-PM than L-PM (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the best management combination was observed when a medium herbage mass was delivered in the afternoon, maintaining a low nitrogen intake, low urinary nitrogen excretion and high milk production.
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Concentration of Bioactive Components in the Milk of Simmental Cows Depending on the Feeding System. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2018-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the yield and chemical composition of milk from TMR-(group I) and pasture-fed Simmental cows (group II). The study was conducted with second and third lactation Simmental cows between 30 and 200 days of lactation. The present research showed that compared to TMR feeding, the use of summer pasture feeding and proper supplementation with high-energy feeds allow for higher milk yield and higher nutritive value of the milk. Compared to TMR-fed cows (group I), milk from pastured cows (group II) was characterized by a more beneficial composition of protein fractions, and a higher content of α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin and lactoferrin. It also contained more vitamins A and E, calcium, magnesium and iodine, and had a significantly (P≤0.05) lower cholesterol content. The milk of cows from group II contained over twice as much CLA (1.59% of all acids) and 35% more n-3 PUFA, which resulted in a more beneficial n-6/n-3 fatty acids ratio of 2.88. In addition, this milk contained significantly (P≤0.05) less saturated fatty acids (SFA) and significantly more (P≤0.05) mono-(MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Consequently, the MUFA:SFA and PUFA:SFA ratios in this group were more favourable at 0.448 and 0.066, respectively. Also the content of desirable fatty acids (DFA) with hypocholesterolemic effects was higher in group II, which resulted in a more beneficial DFA:OFA ratio of 0.8 in this group. In conclusion, the use of summer pasture feeding and a proper supplemented feeding ration in Simmental cows with high-energy feeds allow for high milk yield and high nutritive value of the milk.
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Ferland MC, Guesthier MA, Cue R, Lacroix R, Burgos S, Lefebvre D, Wade K. Effect of feeding system and grain source on lactation characteristics and milk components in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:8572-8585. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Cheruiyot EK, Bett RC, Amimo JO, Mujibi FDN. Milk Composition for Admixed Dairy Cattle in Tanzania. Front Genet 2018; 9:142. [PMID: 29740476 PMCID: PMC5928135 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that milk composition is affected by the breed and genotype of a cow. The present study investigated the relationship between the proportion of exotic genes and milk composition in Tanzanian crossbred dairy cows. Milk samples were collected from 209 animals kept under smallholder production systems in Rungwe and Lushoto districts of Tanzania. The milk samples were analyzed for the content of components including fat, protein, casein, lactose, solids-not-fat (SNF), and the total solids (TS) through infrared spectroscopy using Milko-Scan FT1 analyzer (Foss Electric, Denmark). Hair samples for DNA analysis were collected from individual cows and breed composition determined using 150,000 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Cows were grouped into four genetic classes based on the proportion of exotic genes present: 25-49, 50-74, 75-84, and >84%, to mimic a backcross to indigenous zebu breed, F1, F2, and F3 crosses, respectively. The breed types were defined based on international commercial dairy breeds as follows: RG (Norwegian Red X Friesian, Norwegian Red X Guernsey, and Norwegian Red X Jersey crosses); RH (Norwegian Red X Holstein crosses); RZ (Norwegian Red X Zebu and Norwegian Red X N'Dama crosses); and ZR (Zebu X GIR, Zebu X Norwegian Red, and Zebu X Holstein crosses). Results obtained indicate low variation in milk composition traits between genetic groups and breed types. For all the milk traits except milk total protein and casein content, no significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed among genetic groups. Protein content was significantly (p < 0.05) higher for genetic group 75-84% at 3.4 ± 0.08% compared to 3.18 ± 0.07% for genetic group >84%. Casein content was significantly lower for genetic group >84% (2.98 ± 0.05%) compared to 3.18 ± 0.09 and 3.16 ± 0.06% for genetic group 25-49 and 75-84%, respectively (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference (p < 0.05) between breed types with respect to milk composition traits. These results suggest that selection of breed types to be used in smallholder systems need not pay much emphasis on milk quality differences as most admixed animals would have similar milk composition profiles. However, a larger sample size would be required to quantify any meaningful differences between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evans K. Cheruiyot
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Nelson Mandela Africa Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Rawlynce C. Bett
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joshua O. Amimo
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fidalis D. N. Mujibi
- Nelson Mandela Africa Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
- USOMI Limited, Nairobi, Kenya
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Yue Y, Hymøller L, Jensen SK, Lauridsen C. Effect of vitamin D treatments on plasma metabolism and immune parameters of healthy dairy cows. Arch Anim Nutr 2018; 72:205-220. [PMID: 29561174 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2018.1448564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the possible beneficial effect of vitamin D repletion on certain immune parameters of vitamin D insufficient dairy cows. Twenty dairy cows in late lactation were treated daily with vitamin D in five different ways: sunlight exposure (SUN), D2 supplementation combined with sunlight exposure (D2SUN), D2 supplementation (D2), D3 supplementation (D3), and D2 and D3 supplementation combined (D2D3). The cows had very low vitamin D levels at d 0 because of the vitamin D deprivation before the study. After 1 month of vitamin D repletion, all cows had plasma 25(OH)D levels within the normal range. Total 25(OH)D concentration was significantly higher in SUN, D2SUN and D2D3 than D2 or D3 at the end of the study. However, milk yield, as well as protein and fat content of the milk, was not influenced by vitamin D treatments. There was no difference obtained in the measured immune parameters: Leucocyte populations, somatic cell count, immunoglobulin concentrations in plasma and milk, and antigen-stimulated cytokine productions did not change in response to vitamin D repletion or difference in vitamin D sources, and no relations to plasma 25(OH)D levels were identified. Despite the fact that plasma 25(OH)D increased from a very low level to normal range, the present study did not show any effect of vitamin D repletion on the tested immune parameters of healthy dairy cows. Therefore, in this study, it was concluded that repletion to physiologically normal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels of vitamin D-depleted healthy dairy cows had no influence on immune parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yue
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , Beijing , China.,b Department of Animal Science , Aarhus University , Tjele , Denmark
| | - Lone Hymøller
- b Department of Animal Science , Aarhus University , Tjele , Denmark
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Abstract
This Research Paper addresses the hypothesis that is possible to identify the type of feed used for dairy cows by means of the analysis of milk composition and the fatty acid profile of milk fat. Sixteen dairy farms were monitored during 1 year with quarterly visits between summer 2014 and spring 2015. Rations varied throughout the year due to annual dynamic change of forage production, forage rotation, variation of nutrient requirements according to physiological state of the animal, etc. The ingredients of the rations were analysed by cluster identifying five feeding systems based on the main ingredient of the diet: grazing, maize silage, grass silage, dry forage and concentrate. Milk composition could explain up to 91·3% of the total variability among feeding systems, while fatty acid profile could explain only up to 61·2% of total variability. However, when the sum of types of fatty acids and their ratios are taken, up to 93·5% of total variability could be explained. The maize silage system had the greatest milk yield, protein, solid non-fat and urea proportions, as well as the highest proportion of saturated fatty acid and lowest concentration of trans11 18 : 1, cis9 18 : 1 and 18 : 3 n3. Principal component analysis distinguishes the maize silage system from other feeding systems, both from milk composition and milk fatty acid profile. Concentrate system overlapped partially with the grazing, grass silage and dry forage systems. The latter systems had the highest concentrations of cis9 18 : 1, trans11 18 : 1 and 18 : 3, but there was no clear differentiation among them.
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Brodziak A, Król J, Litwińczuk Z, Barłowska J. Differences in bioactive protein and vitamin status of milk from certified organic and conventional farms. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Brodziak
- Laboratory of Organic Food Production of Animal Origin; Department of Breeding and Protection of Cattle Genetic Resources; Faculty of Biology, Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy; University of Life Sciences in Lublin; Akademicka 13 20-950 Lublin Poland
| | - Jolanta Król
- Department of Commodity Science and Processing of Raw Animal Materials; Faculty of Biology, Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy; University of Life Sciences in Lublin; Akademicka 13 20-950 Lublin Poland
| | - Zygmunt Litwińczuk
- Laboratory of Organic Food Production of Animal Origin; Department of Breeding and Protection of Cattle Genetic Resources; Faculty of Biology, Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy; University of Life Sciences in Lublin; Akademicka 13 20-950 Lublin Poland
| | - Joanna Barłowska
- Department of Commodity Science and Processing of Raw Animal Materials; Faculty of Biology, Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy; University of Life Sciences in Lublin; Akademicka 13 20-950 Lublin Poland
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Klop G, Dijkstra J, Dieho K, Hendriks WH, Bannink A. Enteric methane production in lactating dairy cows with continuous feeding of essential oils or rotational feeding of essential oils and lauric acid. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:3563-3575. [PMID: 28237592 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rumen microbes can adapt to feed additives, which may make the decrease in enteric CH4 production upon feeding an additive a transient response only. This study investigated alternate feeding of 2 CH4 mitigating feed additives with a different mode of action on persistency of lowering CH4 production compared with feeding a single additive over a period of 10 wk. Four pairs of cows were selected, and within pairs, cows were randomly assigned to either the control (AR-AR) or the alternating (AR-LA) concentrate treatment. The AR concentrate contained a blend of essential oils (Agolin Ruminant, Agolin SA, Bière, Switzerland; 0.17 g/kg of dry matter) and the LA concentrate contained lauric acid (C12:0; 65 g/kg of dry matter). A basal concentrate without Agolin Ruminant and lauric acid was fed during the pretreatment period (2 wk). Thereafter, the cows assigned to the AR-AR treatment received the AR concentrate during all 10 treatment weeks (5 periods of 2 wk each), whereas cows assigned to the AR-LA treatment received AR and LA concentrates rotated on a weekly basis. Methane emission was measured in climate respiration chambers during periods 1, 3, and 5. From period 3 onward, dry matter intake and milk protein concentration were reduced with the AR-LA treatment. Milk fat concentration was not affected, but the proportion of C12:0 in milk fat increased upon feeding C12:0. Molar proportions of acetate and propionate in rumen fluid were lower and higher, respectively, with the AR-LA than with the AR-AR treatment. Methane yield (g/kg of dry matter intake) and intensity (g/kg of fat- and protein-corrected milk yield) were not affected by treatment. Methane yield and intensity were significantly lower (12 and 11%, respectively) in period 1 compared with the pretreatment period, but no significant difference relative to pretreatment period was observed in period 3 (numerically 9 and 7% lower, respectively) and in period 5 (numerically 8 and 4% lower, respectively). Results indicate a transient decrease in CH4 yield and intensity in time, but no improvement in extent or persistency of the decline in CH4 due to rotational feeding of essential oils and C12:0 in lactating dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Klop
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - K Dieho
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - W H Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A Bannink
- Animal Nutrition, Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Cattani M, Guzzo N, Mantovani R, Bailoni L. Effects of total replacement of corn silage with sorghum silage on milk yield, composition, and quality. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:15. [PMID: 28163916 PMCID: PMC5282808 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the last years, difficulties occurring in corn cultivation (i.e., groundwater shortages, mycotoxin contamination) have been forcing dairy farmers to consider alternative silages. Some experiments conducted on lactating cows have proven that the total replacement of corn silage with sorghum silage did not reduce milk yield. However, this kind of substitution involves supplementing sorghum-based diets with grains, to compensate for the lower starch content of sorghum silage compared to corn silage. Change of silage type and inclusion of starch sources in the diet would influence rumen fermentations, with possible effects on milk composition (i.e., fatty acid profile) and coagulation properties. A worsening of milk coagulation properties would have a negative economic impact in Italy, where most of the milk produced is processed into cheese. This study was designed to compare milk composition and quality, with emphasis on fatty acid profile and coagulation properties, in dairy cows fed two diets based on corn or sorghum silage. Results The sorghum diet reduced milk yield (P = 0.043) but not 4% fat corrected milk (P = 0.85). Feeding sorghum silage did not influence milk contents of protein (P = 0.07) and lactose (P = 0.65), and increased fat content (P = 0.024). No differences emerged for milk concentrations of saturated (P = 0.61) and monounsaturated fatty acids (P = 0.50), whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids were lower (P < 0.001) for the sorghum diet. Concentrations of n-6 (P < 0.001) and n-3 fatty acids (P = 0.017) were lower in milk of cows fed the sorghum diet. Milk coagulation properties did not differ between the two diets, except the “a30” (the curd firmness, expressed in mm, 30 min after rennet addition), that was lower (P = 0.042) for the sorghum diet. Conclusions Feeding a forage sorghum silage, properly supplemented with corn meal, as total replacement of corn silage maintained milk composition and did not influence negatively milk coagulation properties, which have a great economic relevance for the Italian dairy industry. Thus, silages obtained from forage sorghums could have a potential as substitute of corn silages in dairy cow diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cattani
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD Italy
| | - N Guzzo
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD Italy
| | - R Mantovani
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD Italy
| | - L Bailoni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD Italy
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Chen B, Grandison AS, Lewis MJ. Best use for milk - A review. II - Effect of physiological, husbandry and seasonal factors on the physicochemical properties of bovine milk. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biye Chen
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading; Whiteknights PO Box 226 Reading RG6 6AP UK
| | - Alistair S Grandison
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading; Whiteknights PO Box 226 Reading RG6 6AP UK
| | - Michael J Lewis
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading; Whiteknights PO Box 226 Reading RG6 6AP UK
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Oliveira RL, Neto SG, de Lima FHS, de Medeiros AN, Bezerra LR, Pereira ES, Bagaldo AR, de Pellegrini CB, Correia BR. Composition and fatty acid profile of milk from cows supplemented with pressed oilseed cake. Anim Sci J 2016; 87:1225-1232. [PMID: 26707702 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the productive and nutritional parameters of milk from crossbred lactating cows managed on Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzania and with a diet supplemented with different pressed oilseed cakes. The supplements used were as follows: peanut cake, sunflower cake and palm kernel cake for replacement of soybean meal. Sixteen cows with an average weight of 544 ± 57 kg and producing 8 ± 1.4 L of milk per day were used in this study. The animals were randomly assigned to the treatments according to a Latin square design repeated over time, with four treatments, 16 animals and four experimental periods. Supplementation of the diet with peanut cake, sunflower cake and palm kernel cake compared with soybean meal in the diet of cows did not affect the average daily production or composition of the milk. The palm kernel cake promoted an increase in lauric fatty acids (C12:0 ) and palmitoleic acids (C16:1 ) (5.02 and 1.65%, respectively) compared with peanut cake and sunflower cake (4.13 and 4.01%, respectively). The levels of oleic fatty acids (C18:1 ) were higher for the sunflower cake and palm kernel cake supplements (26.01 and 25.01%, respectively) compared with peanut cake (23.11%). The replacement of soybean meal with sunflower cake and palm kernel cake improved the nutritional quality of the milk, with lower concentrations of saturated fatty acids and higher concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids, without compromising the production or nutritional composition of the milk. © 2015 Japanese Society of Animal Science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo Lopes Oliveira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador city, Bahia state, Brazil.
| | | | - Francisco Helton Sa de Lima
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of South of Minas Gerais - Campus de Muzambinho, Muzambinho city, Minas Gerais state, Brazil
| | | | - Leilson Rocha Bezerra
- Animal Science Department, Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, Federal University of Piauí, Bom Jesus city, Piauí state, Brazil
| | - Elzania Sales Pereira
- Animal Science Department, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza city, Ceará State, Brazil
| | - Adriana Regina Bagaldo
- Animal Science Department, Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Bahia State, Brazil
| | | | - Braulio Rocha Correia
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador city, Bahia state, Brazil
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Wang Q, Hulzebosch A, Bovenhuis H. Genetic and environmental variation in bovine milk infrared spectra. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:6793-6803. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chung IM, Kim JK, Park I, Oh JY, Kim SH. Effects of milk type, production month, and brand on fatty acid composition: A case study in Korea. Food Chem 2016; 196:138-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Średnicka-Tober D, Barański M, Seal CJ, Sanderson R, Benbrook C, Steinshamn H, Gromadzka-Ostrowska J, Rembiałkowska E, Skwarło-Sońta K, Eyre M, Cozzi G, Larsen MK, Jordon T, Niggli U, Sakowski T, Calder PC, Burdge GC, Sotiraki S, Stefanakis A, Stergiadis S, Yolcu H, Chatzidimitriou E, Butler G, Stewart G, Leifert C. Higher PUFA and n-3 PUFA, conjugated linoleic acid, α-tocopherol and iron, but lower iodine and selenium concentrations in organic milk: a systematic literature review and meta- and redundancy analyses. Br J Nutr 2016; 115:1043-60. [PMID: 26878105 PMCID: PMC4838834 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516000349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Demand for organic milk is partially driven by consumer perceptions that it is more nutritious. However, there is still considerable uncertainty over whether the use of organic production standards affects milk quality. Here we report results of meta-analyses based on 170 published studies comparing the nutrient content of organic and conventional bovine milk. There were no significant differences in total SFA and MUFA concentrations between organic and conventional milk. However, concentrations of total PUFA and n-3 PUFA were significantly higher in organic milk, by an estimated 7 (95 % CI -1, 15) % and 56 (95 % CI 38, 74) %, respectively. Concentrations of α-linolenic acid (ALA), very long-chain n-3 fatty acids (EPA+DPA+DHA) and conjugated linoleic acid were also significantly higher in organic milk, by an 69 (95 % CI 53, 84) %, 57 (95 % CI 27, 87) % and 41 (95 % CI 14, 68) %, respectively. As there were no significant differences in total n-6 PUFA and linoleic acid (LA) concentrations, the n-6:n-3 and LA:ALA ratios were lower in organic milk, by an estimated 71 (95 % CI -122, -20) % and 93 (95 % CI -116, -70) %. It is concluded that organic bovine milk has a more desirable fatty acid composition than conventional milk. Meta-analyses also showed that organic milk has significantly higher α-tocopherol and Fe, but lower I and Se concentrations. Redundancy analysis of data from a large cross-European milk quality survey indicates that the higher grazing/conserved forage intakes in organic systems were the main reason for milk composition differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Średnicka-Tober
- Nafferton Ecological Farming Group (NEFG), School of
Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle
University, Nafferton Farm,
Stocksfield, Northumberland NE43 7XD,
UK
- Department of Functional and Organic Food and Commodities, Faculty of
Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life
Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, Warsaw
02-776, Poland
| | - Marcin Barański
- Nafferton Ecological Farming Group (NEFG), School of
Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle
University, Nafferton Farm,
Stocksfield, Northumberland NE43 7XD,
UK
| | - Chris J. Seal
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Human
Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University,
Agriculture Building, Kings Road,
Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Roy Sanderson
- School of Biology, Newcastle University,
Ridley Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1
7RU, UK
| | - Charles Benbrook
- Benbrook Consulting Services, 90063 Troy Road,
Enterprise, OR 97828, USA
| | - Håvard Steinshamn
- Food and Agriculture Division-Grassland and Forage,
Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO),
Gunnars veg 6, N-6630 Tingvoll,
Norway
| | - Joanna Gromadzka-Ostrowska
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer
Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences,
Nowoursynowska 159c, Warsaw 02-776,
Poland
| | - Ewa Rembiałkowska
- Department of Functional and Organic Food and Commodities, Faculty of
Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life
Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, Warsaw
02-776, Poland
| | - Krystyna Skwarło-Sońta
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology,
University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1,
Warsaw 02-096, Poland
| | - Mick Eyre
- Nafferton Ecological Farming Group (NEFG), School of
Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle
University, Nafferton Farm,
Stocksfield, Northumberland NE43 7XD,
UK
| | - Giulio Cozzi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health,
University of Padua, Viale dell’ Università
19, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Mette Krogh Larsen
- Department of Food Science-Food Chemistry & Technology,
Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20,
Building F20/8845, 8830 Tjele,
Denmark
| | - Teresa Jordon
- Nafferton Ecological Farming Group (NEFG), School of
Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle
University, Nafferton Farm,
Stocksfield, Northumberland NE43 7XD,
UK
| | - Urs Niggli
- Research Institute for Organic Agriculture (FiBL),
Ackerstrasse 113, CH-5070 Frick,
Switzerland
| | - Tomasz Sakowski
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish
Academy of Science, Jastrzębiec, Postępu 36,
Magdalenka 05-552, Poland
| | - Philip C. Calder
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Southampton, Southampton SO16
6YD, UK
| | - Graham C. Burdge
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Southampton, Southampton SO16
6YD, UK
| | - Smaragda Sotiraki
- National Agricultural Research Foundation (NAGREF),
Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki,
Thermi 57001, Thessaloniki,
Greece
| | - Alexandros Stefanakis
- National Agricultural Research Foundation (NAGREF),
Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki,
Thermi 57001, Thessaloniki,
Greece
| | - Sokratis Stergiadis
- Nafferton Ecological Farming Group (NEFG), School of
Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle
University, Nafferton Farm,
Stocksfield, Northumberland NE43 7XD,
UK
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, Centre for
Dairy Research, Food Production and Quality Division,
University of Reading, PO Box 237,
Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR,
UK
| | - Halil Yolcu
- Nafferton Ecological Farming Group (NEFG), School of
Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle
University, Nafferton Farm,
Stocksfield, Northumberland NE43 7XD,
UK
- Kelkit Aydin Vocational Training School, Gumushane
University, 29600 Kelkit, Gumushane,
Turkey
| | - Eleni Chatzidimitriou
- Nafferton Ecological Farming Group (NEFG), School of
Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle
University, Nafferton Farm,
Stocksfield, Northumberland NE43 7XD,
UK
| | - Gillian Butler
- Nafferton Ecological Farming Group (NEFG), School of
Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle
University, Nafferton Farm,
Stocksfield, Northumberland NE43 7XD,
UK
| | - Gavin Stewart
- Nafferton Ecological Farming Group (NEFG), School of
Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle
University, Nafferton Farm,
Stocksfield, Northumberland NE43 7XD,
UK
| | - Carlo Leifert
- Nafferton Ecological Farming Group (NEFG), School of
Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle
University, Nafferton Farm,
Stocksfield, Northumberland NE43 7XD,
UK
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Versteeg C, Logan A, Müller W. Australian milk fat--Seasonal and regional variation of melting properties. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:2571-2587. [PMID: 26874410 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The solid fat content and dropping point of milk fat obtained over 2 yr and from 19 bulk milk production sites across Australia were characterized. Solid fat content at 5 °C and 20 °C, respectively, ranged between 49.9 and 66.1% and between 14.6 and 29.6% across all sites. Dropping point ranged between 30.5 and 35.4 °C. The dropping point did not correlate with solid fat content at lower temperatures across several sites, indicating that it is not an accurate or useful measure of functionality at temperatures of 15 °C or below. Although at times, considerable variation was observed in milk fat melting properties between sites located in similar geographic regions, statistical analysis by means of boxplots and multidimensional scaling revealed broad similarities within regions over the 24 mo. Multidimensional scaling also revealed similarities between some quite distant and diverse regions (e.g., Queensland and South Australia with constant and seasonal production, respectively). These analyses were used to make 5 groups from the 19 sites to describe seasonal melting properties. The groups with sites in west Victoria, southeast Victoria, and Tasmania showed the largest seasonal variation and range of values, with peaks and lows in southeast Victoria and Tasmania occurring up to 3 mo later than in west Victoria. The group with sites in New South Wales, Queensland, and South Australia had the least variation and range of values, which were relatively high throughout. The group with Western Australian sites showed medium levels of variation but distinct seasonal patterns, with solids fats typically below and dropping points higher than the national average. The Victorian group's lows in dropping point occurred about 2 mo later than did the low values of solid fat content. No single factor stood out as determining the variation in melting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis Versteeg
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition, 671 Sneydes Road, Werribee, Victoria, Australia, 3030
| | - Amy Logan
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition, 671 Sneydes Road, Werribee, Victoria, Australia, 3030.
| | - Warren Müller
- CSIRO Digital Productivity, GPO Box 664, Canberra, ACT, Australia 2601
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Mitani T, Kobayashi K, Ueda K, Kondo S. Discrimination of "grazing milk" using milk fatty acid profile in the grassland dairy area in Hokkaido. Anim Sci J 2015. [PMID: 26220515 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Milk produced by the grazing system, referred to as "grazing milk" contains many components required for human health. The milk fatty acid (FA) profile is strongly associated with the diet on the farms. In the present study, based on the FA profile of farmer's bulk milk, we determined how to discriminate between milk produced on grazing and on a confinement system. A field survey was conducted four times (grazing and confinement season) in the Konsen (29 farms) and Okhotsk (25 farms) area in Hokkaido. Farmer's bulk milk samples and details of feeding management were collected and the FA profile of milk was measured. Milk produced during the grazing season contained less C16:0 and cis-9 C16:0, and more C18:0, cis-9 C18:1, trans-11 C18:1, cis-9,12 C18:2, cis-9,trans-11 C18:2 and cis-9,12,15 C18:3 than milk produced during the confinement season. Discrimination analysis using 16 FA revealed that almost all milk samples were discriminated correctly (confinement season: 90% correct and 10% borderline, grazing season: 88% correct, 9% borderline and 3% incorrect). For farmers that were categorized incorrectly and were considered borderline in the grazing season, the dependency on pasture was low compared with that for farmers correctly discriminated. Therefore, to claim "grazing milk", a high dependency on pasture is required for grazing dairy farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Mitani
- Creative Research Institution, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Kobayashi
- Creative Research Institution, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Ueda
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Seiji Kondo
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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45
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Ke W, Yang F, Undersander D, Guo X. Fermentation characteristics, aerobic stability, proteolysis and lipid composition of alfalfa silage ensiled with apple or grape pomace. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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46
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Tzamaloukas O, Orford M, Miltiadou D, Papachristoforou C. Partial suckling of lambs reduced the linoleic and conjugated linoleic acid contents of marketable milk in Chios ewes. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:1739-49. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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47
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Herd RM, Oddy VH, Bray S. Baseline and greenhouse-gas emissions in extensive livestock enterprises, with a case study of feeding lipid to beef cattle. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an14222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
For accurate calculation of reductions in greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions, methodologies under the Australian Government’s Carbon Farming Initiative (CFI) depend on a valid assessment of the baseline and project emissions. Life-cycle assessments (LCAs) clearly show that enteric methane emitted from the rumen of cattle and sheep is the major source of GHG emissions from livestock enterprises. Where a historic baseline for a CFI methodology for livestock is required, the use of simulated data for cow–calf enterprises at six sites in southern Australia demonstrated that a 5-year rolling emission average will provide an acceptable trade off in terms of accuracy and stability, but this is a much shorter time period than typically used for LCA. For many CFI livestock methodologies, comparative or pair-wise baselines are potentially more appropriate than historic baselines. A case study of lipid supplementation of beef cows over winter is presented. The case study of a control herd of 250 cows used a comparative baseline derived from simple data on livestock numbers and class of livestock to quantify the emission abatement. Compared with the control herd, lipid supplementation to cows over winter increased livestock productivity, total livestock production and enterprise GHG emissions from 990 t CO2-e to 1022 t CO2-e. Energy embodied in the supplement and extra diesel used in transporting the supplement diminished the enteric-methane abatement benefit of lipid supplementation. Reducing the cow herd to 238 cows maintained the level of livestock production of the control herd and reduced enterprise emissions to 938 t CO2-e, but was not cost effective under the assumptions of this case study.
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48
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Schwendel BH, Morel PCH, Wester TJ, Tavendale MH, Deadman C, Fong B, Shadbolt NM, Thatcher A, Otter DE. Fatty acid profile differs between organic and conventionally produced cow milk independent of season or milking time. J Dairy Sci 2014; 98:1411-25. [PMID: 25557897 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Differing amounts of fresh forage and concentrates fed, and level of input contributes to the differences reported in fatty acid (FA) composition of organic and conventionally produced cow milk. In many previous studies designed to investigate this phenomenon, comparisons were made between grazed organic cows and housed conventional cows. In the present study, we have investigated differences between organic and conventional milk produced using year-round pasture grazing, as practiced in New Zealand. The FA composition was determined in milk sampled at morning and evening milking in both spring and autumn. Samples were taken from 45 cows from the Massey University organic herd and compared with 50 cows from the corresponding conventional herd grazed and managed similarly at the same location. Forty-three out of 51 analyzed FA were influenced by season, whereas 28 were different between production systems. In addition, one-half were also different due to time of milking. Levels of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid were higher in organic milk, whereas conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and vaccenic acid were higher in conventional milk. The first 3 FA (linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and CLA) were more abundant in milk harvested during autumn, and the CLA concentration was also significantly influenced by time of milking. Our results confirm reports that the FA profile is affected by season and time of milking, and we also showed an effect due to the production system, when both sets of cows were kept continuously on pasture, even after taking milking time and seasonal effect into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Schwendel
- AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - P C H Morel
- Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - T J Wester
- Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - M H Tavendale
- AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - C Deadman
- Fonterra Research Centre Palmerston North, Dairy Farm Road, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - B Fong
- Fonterra Research Centre Palmerston North, Dairy Farm Road, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - N M Shadbolt
- Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - A Thatcher
- Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - D E Otter
- AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Schwendel BH, Wester TJ, Morel PCH, Tavendale MH, Deadman C, Shadbolt NM, Otter DE. Invited review: organic and conventionally produced milk-an evaluation of factors influencing milk composition. J Dairy Sci 2014; 98:721-46. [PMID: 25497795 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Consumer perception of organic cow milk is associated with the assumption that organic milk differs from conventionally produced milk. The value associated with this difference justifies the premium retail price for organic milk. It includes the perceptions that organic dairy farming is kinder to the environment, animals, and people; that organic milk products are produced without the use of antibiotics, added hormones, synthetic chemicals, and genetic modification; and that they may have potential benefits for human health. Controlled studies investigating whether differences exist between organic and conventionally produced milk have so far been largely equivocal due principally to the complexity of the research question and the number of factors that can influence milk composition. A main complication is that farming practices and their effects differ depending on country, region, year, and season between and within organic and conventional systems. Factors influencing milk composition (e.g., diet, breed, and stage of lactation) have been studied individually, whereas interactions between multiple factors have been largely ignored. Studies that fail to consider that factors other than the farming system (organic vs. conventional) could have caused or contributed to the reported differences in milk composition make it impossible to determine whether a system-related difference exists between organic and conventional milk. Milk fatty acid composition has been a central research area when comparing organic and conventional milk largely because the milk fatty acid profile responds rapidly and is very sensitive to changes in diet. Consequently, the effect of farming practices (high input vs. low input) rather than farming system (organic vs. conventional) determines milk fatty acid profile, and similar results are seen between low-input organic and low-input conventional milks. This confounds our ability to develop an analytical method to distinguish organic from conventionally produced milk and provide product verification. Lack of research on interactions between several influential factors and differences in trial complexity and consistency between studies (e.g., sampling period, sample size, reporting of experimental conditions) complicate data interpretation and prevent us from making unequivocal conclusions. The first part of this review provides a detailed summary of individual factors known to influence milk composition. The second part presents an overview of studies that have compared organic and conventional milk and discusses their findings within the framework of the various factors presented in part one.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Schwendel
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand.
| | - T J Wester
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - P C H Morel
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - M H Tavendale
- Animal Nutrition and Health, AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - C Deadman
- Fonterra Research Centre Palmerston North, Dairy Farm Road, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - N M Shadbolt
- Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - D E Otter
- Food and Bio-based Products, AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Abstract
European consumers are more and more aware of the credence attributes of foods, particularly of those of animal origin. The aim of the paper was to assess whether the information about production system may modify the consumer liking of cheese. Montasio PDO cheese (MC), usually made by milk from indoor reared cows of different breeds, was processed from pure milk of Italian Simmental (IS) cows (ISMC) or of IS cows grazing on mountain pasture (ALP-ISMC). A consumer test was carried out in two sessions on 60-d ripened cheeses. In the first, both cheeses were tasted by Montasio consumers in blind condition (Perceived liking, PL). Then the respondents were asked to read information about the breed and the rearing system and to give their Expected liking (EL). Two weeks after, in the second session, the same consumers tasted the two cheeses with the linked information (Actual liking, AL). Despite the similar PL average score (ISMC: 21±2·3 vs. ALP-ISMC: 23±2·2 points on Labelled Affective Magnitude scale, P>0·05), it was possible to identifying consumers’ clusters with differential liking for the two types of Montasio PDO, that were characterised by different physico-chemical properties. Consumers express a high EL for ISMC (38±2·6 points) and even more for ALP-ISMC (61±2·5 points). The AL of ISMC (35±2·1 points) was similar and statistically not different from the EL (complete assimilation of information about breed). For ALP-ISMC the assimilation was complete for consumers (29%) who have expressed a positive PL for it, at least twice as much than ISMC. For the rest of consumers, both information and intrinsic properties play a significant role in the AL of the pasture-derived cheese.
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