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Brinkley DM, Smith KC, Fink EC, Kwen W, Yoo NH, West Z, Sullivan NL, Farthing AS, Hale VA, Goutte C. Notch signaling without the APH-2/nicastrin subunit of gamma secretase in Caenorhabditis elegans germline stem cells. Genetics 2024; 227:iyae076. [PMID: 38717968 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyae076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The final step in Notch signaling activation is the transmembrane cleavage of Notch receptor by γ secretase. Thus far, genetic and biochemical evidence indicates that four subunits are essential for γ secretase activity in vivo: presenilin (the catalytic core), APH-1, PEN-2, and APH-2/nicastrin. Although some γ secretase activity has been detected in APH-2/nicastrin-deficient mammalian cell lines, the lack of biological relevance for this activity has left the quaternary γ secretase model unchallenged. Here, we provide the first example of in vivo Notch signal transduction without APH-2/nicastrin. The surprising dispensability of APH-2/nicastrin is observed in Caenorhabditis elegans germline stem cells (GSCs) and contrasts with its essential role in previously described C. elegans Notch signaling events. Depletion of GLP-1/Notch, presenilin, APH-1, or PEN-2 causes a striking loss of GSCs. In contrast, aph-2/nicastrin mutants maintain GSCs and exhibit robust and localized expression of the downstream Notch target sygl-1. Interestingly, APH-2/nicastrin is normally expressed in GSCs and becomes essential under conditions of compromised Notch function. Further insight is provided by reconstituting the C. elegans γ secretase complex in yeast, where we find that APH-2/nicastrin increases but is not essential for γ secretase activity. Together, our results are most consistent with a revised model of γ secretase in which the APH-2/nicastrin subunit has a modulatory, rather than obligatory role. We propose that a trimeric presenilin-APH-1-PEN-2 γ secretase complex can provide a low level of γ secretase activity, and that cellular context determines whether or not APH-2/nicastrin is essential for effective Notch signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Brinkley
- Program in Biochemistry and Biophysics, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
| | - Karen C Smith
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
| | - Emma C Fink
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
| | - Woohyun Kwen
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
| | - Nina H Yoo
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
| | - Zachary West
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
| | - Nora L Sullivan
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
| | - Alex S Farthing
- Program in Biochemistry and Biophysics, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
| | - Valerie A Hale
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
| | - Caroline Goutte
- Program in Biochemistry and Biophysics, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, USA
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2
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Bhole RP, Chikhale RV, Rathi KM. Current biomarkers and treatment strategies in Alzheimer disease: An overview and future perspectives. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2024; 16:8-42. [PMID: 38169888 PMCID: PMC10758887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive degenerative disorder first identified by Alois Alzheimer in 1907, poses a significant public health challenge. Despite its prevalence and impact, there is currently no definitive ante mortem diagnosis for AD pathogenesis. By 2050, the United States may face a staggering 13.8 million AD patients. This review provides a concise summary of current AD biomarkers, available treatments, and potential future therapeutic approaches. The review begins by outlining existing drug targets and mechanisms in AD, along with a discussion of current treatment options. We explore various approaches targeting Amyloid β (Aβ), Tau Protein aggregation, Tau Kinases, Glycogen Synthase kinase-3β, CDK-5 inhibitors, Heat Shock Proteins (HSP), oxidative stress, inflammation, metals, Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) modulators, and Notch signaling. Additionally, we examine the historical use of Estradiol (E2) as an AD therapy, as well as the outcomes of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) that evaluated antioxidants (e.g., vitamin E) and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as alternative treatment options. Notably, positive effects of docosahexaenoic acid nutriment in older adults with cognitive impairment or AD are highlighted. Furthermore, this review offers insights into ongoing clinical trials and potential therapies, shedding light on the dynamic research landscape in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh P. Bhole
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Pimpri, Pune, India
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune 411018, India
| | | | - Karishma M. Rathi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Dr. D. Y. Patil institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Pimpri, Pune, India
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Alhawarri MB, Al-Thiabat MG, Dubey A, Tufail A, Fouad D, Alrimawi BH, Dayoob M. ADME profiling, molecular docking, DFT, and MEP analysis reveal cissamaline, cissamanine, and cissamdine from Cissampelos capensis L.f. as potential anti-Alzheimer's agents. RSC Adv 2024; 14:9878-9891. [PMID: 38528929 PMCID: PMC10961956 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01070a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The current pharmacotherapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) demonstrate limited efficacy and are associated with various side effects, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic agents. Natural products, particularly from medicinal plants, have emerged as a significant source of potential neuroprotective compounds. In this context, Cissampelos capensis L.f., renowned for its medicinal properties, has recently yielded three new proaporphine alkaloids; cissamaline, cissamanine, and cissamdine. Despite their promising bioactive profiles, the biological targets of these alkaloids in the context of AD have remained unexplored. This study undertakes a comprehensive in silico examination of the binding affinity and molecular interactions of these alkaloids with human protein targets implicated in AD. The drug likeness and ADME analyses indicate favorable pharmacokinetic profiles for these compounds, suggesting their potential efficacy in targeting the central nervous system. Molecular docking studies indicate that cissamaline, cissamanine, and cissamdine interact with key AD-associated proteins. These interactions are comparable to, or in some aspects slightly less potent than, those observed with established AD drugs, highlighting their potential as novel therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease. Crucially, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations offer deep insights into the electronic and energetic characteristics of these alkaloids. These calculations reveal distinct electronic properties, with differences in total energy, binding energy, HOMO-LUMO gaps, dipole moments, and electrophilicity indices. Such variations suggest unique reactivity profiles and molecular stability, pertinent to their pharmacological potential. Moreover, Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP) analyses provide visual representations of the electrostatic characteristics of these alkaloids. The analyses highlight areas prone to electrophilic and nucleophilic attacks, indicating their potential for specific biochemical interactions. This combination of DFT and MEP results elucidates the intricate electronic, energetic, and electrostatic properties of these compounds, underpinning their promise as AD therapeutic agents. The in silico findings of this study shed light on the promising potential of cissamaline, cissamanine, and cissamdine as agents for AD treatment. However, further in vitro and in vivo studies are necessary to validate these theoretical predictions and to understand the precise mechanisms through which these alkaloids may exert their therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maram B Alhawarri
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jadara University P.O.Box 733 Irbid 21110 Jordan
| | - Mohammad G Al-Thiabat
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Gelugor 11800 Penang Malaysia
| | - Amit Dubey
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences Chennai-600077 Tamil Nadu India
- Computational Chemistry and Drug Discovery Division Quanta Calculus Greater Noida-201310 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Aisha Tufail
- Computational Chemistry and Drug Discovery Division Quanta Calculus Greater Noida-201310 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Dania Fouad
- Faculty of Dentistry, Ibn Sina University for Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Baghdad Iraq
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Ajore R, Mattsson J, Pertesi M, Ekdahl L, Ali Z, Hansson M, Nilsson B. Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen identifies regulators of BCMA expression on multiple myeloma cells. Blood Cancer J 2024; 14:21. [PMID: 38272874 PMCID: PMC10811322 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-024-00986-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Ajore
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny Mattsson
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- BioInvent International AB, Ideongatan 1, 223 70, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maroulio Pertesi
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ludvig Ekdahl
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Zain Ali
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Markus Hansson
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, 41346, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Björn Nilsson
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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5
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Narlawar R, Serneels L, Gaffric C, Gijsen HJM, De Strooper B, Bischoff F. Discovery of brain permeable 2-Azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane sulfonamides as a novel class of presenilin-1 selective γ-secretase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115725. [PMID: 37657269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the rational design, synthesis, structure-activity relationship (SAR), and biological profile of presenilin-1 (PSEN-1) complex selective γ-secretase inhibitors, assessed for selectivity using a unique set of four γ-secretase subtype complexes. A set of known PSEN-1 selective γ-Secretase inhibitors (GSIs) was analyzed to understand the pharmacophoric features required for selective inhibition. Conformational modeling suggests that a characteristic 'U' shape orientation between aromatic sulfone/sulfonamide and aryl ring is crucial for PSEN-1 selectivity and potency. Using these insights, a series of brain-penetrant 2-azabicyclo[2,2,2]octane sulfonamides was devised and synthesized as a new class of PSEN-1 selective inhibitors. Compounds 13c and 13k displayed high potency towards PSEN1-APH1B complex but moderate selectivity towards PSEN2 complexes. However, compound (+)-13b displayed low nanomolar potency towards the PSEN1-APH1B complex, little (∼4-fold) selectivity towards PSEN1-APH1A, and high selectivity (>350-fold) versus PSEN2 complexes. Excellent brain penetration, no significant CYP inhibition, or cardiotoxicity, good solubility, and permeability make (+)-13b an excellent candidate for further lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwar Narlawar
- Discovery Chemistry, Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease, (LIND), Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | - Celia Gaffric
- Discovery Chemistry, Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Harrie J M Gijsen
- Discovery Chemistry, Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease, (LIND), Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - François Bischoff
- Discovery Chemistry, Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium.
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6
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Serneels L, Narlawar R, Benito LP, Municoy M, Guallar V, T'Syen D, Dewilde M, Bischoff F, Fraiponts E, Tresadern G, Roevens PWM, Gijsen HJM, De Strooper B. Selective inhibitors of the PSEN1-gamma-secretase complex. J Biol Chem 2023:104794. [PMID: 37164155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical development of γ-secretases, a family of intramembrane cleaving proteases, as therapeutic targets for a variety of disorders including cancer and Alzheimer's disease, was aborted because of serious mechanism based side effects in phase III trials of unselective inhibitors. Selective inhibition of specific γ-secretase complexes, containing either PSEN1 or PSEN2 as catalytic subunit and APH1A or APH1B as supporting subunits, do provide a feasible therapeutic window in preclinical models of these disorders. We explore here the pharmacophoric features required for PSEN1 versus PSEN2 selective inhibition. We synthesized a series of brain penetrant 2-azabicyclo[2,2,2]octane sulfonamides and identified a compound with low nanomolar potency and high selectivity (>250-fold) towards the PSEN1-APH1B sub-complex versus PSEN2 sub-complexes. We used modelling and site directed mutagenesis to identify critical amino acids along the entry part of this inhibitor into the catalytic site of PSEN1. Specific targeting one of the different γ-secretase complexes might provide safer drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutgarde Serneels
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research and KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rajeshwar Narlawar
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research and KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven, Belgium; Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Laura Perez Benito
- Computational Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marti Municoy
- Nostrum Biodiscovery, Jordi Girona 29, Nexus II D128, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Guallar
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dries T'Syen
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research and KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Dewilde
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research and KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - François Bischoff
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Erwin Fraiponts
- Charles River Laboratories, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Gary Tresadern
- Computational Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Peter W M Roevens
- Campus Strategy & Partnerships, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Harrie J M Gijsen
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research and KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven, Belgium; Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK.
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Cho Y, Bae HG, Okun E, Arumugam TV, Jo DG. Physiology and pharmacology of amyloid precursor protein. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 235:108122. [PMID: 35114285 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is an evolutionarily conserved transmembrane protein and a well-characterized precursor protein of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides, which accumulate in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related pathologies. Aβ has been extensively investigated since the amyloid hypothesis in AD was proposed. Besides Aβ, previous studies on APP and its proteolytic cleavage products have suggested their diverse pathological and physiological functions. However, their roles still have not been thoroughly understood. In this review, we extensively discuss the evolutionarily-conserved biology of APP, including its structure and processing pathway, as well as recent findings on the physiological roles of APP and its fragments in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. We have also elaborated upon the current status of APP-targeted therapeutic approaches for AD treatment by discussing inhibitors of several proteases participating in APP processing, including α-, β-, and γ-secretases. Finally, we have highlighted the future perspectives pertaining to further research and the potential clinical role of APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsuk Cho
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Han-Gyu Bae
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Eitan Okun
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; The Pauld Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Israel
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea; School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea; Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, South Korea; Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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Petit D, Fernández SG, Zoltowska KM, Enzlein T, Ryan NS, O'Connor A, Szaruga M, Hill E, Vandenberghe R, Fox NC, Chávez-Gutiérrez L. Aβ profiles generated by Alzheimer's disease causing PSEN1 variants determine the pathogenicity of the mutation and predict age at disease onset. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2821-2832. [PMID: 35365805 PMCID: PMC9156411 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01518-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD), caused by mutations in Presenilin (PSEN1/2) and Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) genes, is associated with an early age at onset (AAO) of symptoms. AAO is relatively consistent within families and between carriers of the same mutations, but differs markedly between individuals carrying different mutations. Gaining a mechanistic understanding of why certain mutations manifest several decades earlier than others is extremely important in elucidating the foundations of pathogenesis and AAO. Pathogenic mutations affect the protease (PSEN/γ-secretase) and the substrate (APP) that generate amyloid β (Aβ) peptides. Altered Aβ metabolism has long been associated with AD pathogenesis, with absolute or relative increases in Aβ42 levels most commonly implicated in the disease development. However, analyses addressing the relationships between these Aβ42 increments and AAO are inconsistent. Here, we investigated this central aspect of AD pathophysiology via comprehensive analysis of 25 FAD-linked Aβ profiles. Hypothesis- and data-driven approaches demonstrate linear correlations between mutation-driven alterations in Aβ profiles and AAO. In addition, our studies show that the Aβ (37 + 38 + 40) / (42 + 43) ratio offers predictive value in the assessment of 'unclear' PSEN1 variants. Of note, the analysis of PSEN1 variants presenting additionally with spastic paraparesis, indicates that a different mechanism underlies the aetiology of this distinct clinical phenotype. This study thus delivers valuable assays for fundamental, clinical and genetic research as well as supports therapeutic interventions aimed at shifting Aβ profiles towards shorter Aβ peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Petit
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sara Gutiérrez Fernández
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katarzyna Marta Zoltowska
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Enzlein
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Natalie S Ryan
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London, UK
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London, UK
| | - Antoinette O'Connor
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London, UK
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London, UK
| | - Maria Szaruga
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elizabeth Hill
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 1027, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Neurology Department, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nick C Fox
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London, UK
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, London, UK
| | - Lucía Chávez-Gutiérrez
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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9
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Hur JY. γ-Secretase in Alzheimer's disease. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:433-446. [PMID: 35396575 PMCID: PMC9076685 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is caused by synaptic and neuronal loss in the brain. One of the characteristic hallmarks of AD is senile plaques containing amyloid β-peptide (Aβ). Aβ is produced from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by sequential proteolytic cleavages by β-secretase and γ-secretase, and the polymerization of Aβ into amyloid plaques is thought to be a key pathogenic event in AD. Since γ-secretase mediates the final cleavage that liberates Aβ, γ-secretase has been widely studied as a potential drug target for the treatment of AD. γ-Secretase is a transmembrane protein complex containing presenilin, nicastrin, Aph-1, and Pen-2, which are sufficient for γ-secretase activity. γ-Secretase cleaves >140 substrates, including APP and Notch. Previously, γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) were shown to cause side effects in clinical trials due to the inhibition of Notch signaling. Therefore, more specific regulation or modulation of γ-secretase is needed. In recent years, γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) have been developed. To modulate γ-secretase and to understand its complex biology, finding the binding sites of GSIs and GSMs on γ-secretase as well as identifying transiently binding γ-secretase modulatory proteins have been of great interest. In this review, decades of findings on γ-secretase in AD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeun Hur
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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10
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Small molecules targeting γ-secretase and their potential biological applications. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 232:114169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ioppolo A, Eccles M, Groth D, Verdile G, Agostino M. Evaluation of Virtual Screening Strategies for the Identification of γ-Secretase Inhibitors and Modulators. Molecules 2021; 27:176. [PMID: 35011410 PMCID: PMC8746326 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase is an intramembrane aspartyl protease that is important in regulating normal cell physiology via cleavage of over 100 transmembrane proteins, including Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) and Notch family receptors. However, aberrant proteolysis of substrates has implications in the progression of disease pathologies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), cancers, and skin disorders. While several γ-secretase inhibitors have been identified, there has been toxicity observed in clinical trials associated with non-selective enzyme inhibition. To address this, γ-secretase modulators have been identified and pursued as more selective agents. Recent structural evidence has provided an insight into how γ-secretase inhibitors and modulators are recognized by γ-secretase, providing a platform for rational drug design targeting this protease. In this study, docking- and pharmacophore-based screening approaches were evaluated for their ability to identify, from libraries of known inhibitors and modulators with decoys with similar physicochemical properties, γ-secretase inhibitors and modulators. Using these libraries, we defined strategies for identifying both γ-secretase inhibitors and modulators incorporating an initial pharmacophore-based screen followed by a docking-based screen, with each strategy employing distinct γ-secretase structures. Furthermore, known γ-secretase inhibitors and modulators were able to be identified from an external set of bioactive molecules following application of the derived screening strategies. The approaches described herein will inform the discovery of novel small molecules targeting γ-secretase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Ioppolo
- Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; (A.I.); (M.E.); (D.G.); (G.V.)
| | - Melissa Eccles
- Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; (A.I.); (M.E.); (D.G.); (G.V.)
| | - David Groth
- Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; (A.I.); (M.E.); (D.G.); (G.V.)
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; (A.I.); (M.E.); (D.G.); (G.V.)
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Mark Agostino
- Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; (A.I.); (M.E.); (D.G.); (G.V.)
- Curtin Institute for Computation, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
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12
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Smit T, Deshayes NAC, Borchelt DR, Kamphuis W, Middeldorp J, Hol EM. Reactive astrocytes as treatment targets in Alzheimer's disease-Systematic review of studies using the APPswePS1dE9 mouse model. Glia 2021; 69:1852-1881. [PMID: 33634529 PMCID: PMC8247905 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes regulate synaptic communication and are essential for proper brain functioning. In Alzheimer's disease (AD) astrocytes become reactive, which is characterized by an increased expression of intermediate filament proteins and cellular hypertrophy. Reactive astrocytes are found in close association with amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposits. Synaptic communication and neuronal network function could be directly modulated by reactive astrocytes, potentially contributing to cognitive decline in AD. In this review, we focus on reactive astrocytes as treatment targets in AD in the APPswePS1dE9 AD mouse model, a widely used model to study amyloidosis and gliosis. We first give an overview of the model; that is, how it was generated, which cells express the transgenes, and the effect of its genetic background on Aβ pathology. Subsequently, to determine whether modifying reactive astrocytes in AD could influence pathogenesis and cognition, we review studies using this mouse model in which interventions were directly targeted at reactive astrocytes or had an indirect effect on reactive astrocytes. Overall, studies specifically targeting astrocytes to reduce astrogliosis showed beneficial effects on cognition, which indicates that targeting astrocytes should be included in developing novel therapies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Smit
- Department of Translational NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life SciencesCenter for Neuroscience, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Natasja A. C. Deshayes
- Department of Translational NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life SciencesCenter for Neuroscience, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - David R. Borchelt
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute, Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Florida College of MedicineGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Willem Kamphuis
- Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAn Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jinte Middeldorp
- Department of Translational NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of ImmunobiologyBiomedical Primate Research CentreRijswijkThe Netherlands
| | - Elly M. Hol
- Department of Translational NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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13
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Nihonmatsu-Kikuchi N, Yu XJ, Matsuda Y, Ozawa N, Ito T, Satou K, Kaname T, Iwasaki Y, Akagi A, Yoshida M, Toru S, Hirokawa K, Takashima A, Hasegawa M, Uchihara T, Tatebayashi Y. Essential roles of plexin-B3 + oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Commun Biol 2021; 4:870. [PMID: 34267322 PMCID: PMC8282672 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02404-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of oligodendrocyte lineage cells, the largest glial population in the adult central nervous system (CNS), in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains elusive. Here, we developed a culture method for adult oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (aOPCs). Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) promotes survival and proliferation of NG2+ aOPCs in a serum-free defined medium; a subpopulation (~5%) of plexin-B3+ aOPCs was also found. FGF2 withdrawal decreased NG2+, but increased plexin-B3+ aOPCs and Aβ1-42 secretion. Plexin-B3+ aOPCs were distributed throughout the adult rat brain, although less densely than NG2+ aOPCs. Spreading depolarization induced delayed cortical plexin-B3+ aOPC gliosis in the ipsilateral remote cortex. Furthermore, extracellular Aβ1-42 accumulation was occasionally found around plexin-B3+ aOPCs near the lesions. In AD brains, virtually all cortical SPs were immunostained for plexin-B3, and plexin-B3 levels increased significantly in the Sarkosyl-soluble fractions. These findings suggest that plexin-B3+ aOPCs may play essential roles in AD pathogenesis, as natural Aβ-secreting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Nihonmatsu-Kikuchi
- Affective Disorders Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiu-Jun Yu
- Affective Disorders Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yoshiki Matsuda
- Affective Disorders Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Ozawa
- Affective Disorders Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taeko Ito
- Affective Disorders Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Satou
- Department of Genome Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kaname
- Department of Genome Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Iwasaki
- Institute for Medical Science for Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akio Akagi
- Institute for Medical Science for Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Institute for Medical Science for Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shuta Toru
- Department of Neurology, Nitobe Memorial Nakano General Hospital, Nakano, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuiku Hirokawa
- Department of Neurology, Nitobe Memorial Nakano General Hospital, Nakano, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Takashima
- Department of Life Science, Gakushuin University Graduate School of Science, Toshima, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- Dementia Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Uchihara
- Affective Disorders Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Nitobe Memorial Nakano General Hospital, Nakano, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tatebayashi
- Affective Disorders Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan.
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14
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Zhang X, Zhang C, Prokopenko D, Liang Y, Han W, Tanzi RE, Sisodia SS. Negative evidence for a role of APH1B T27I variant in Alzheimer's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:955-966. [PMID: 31995180 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
γ-secretase is a macromolecular complex that catalyzes intramembranous hydrolysis of more than 100 membrane-bound substrates. The complex is composed of presenilin (PS1 or PS2), anterior pharynx defect-1 (APH-1), nicastrin (NCT) and PEN-2 and early-onset; autosomal dominant forms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are caused by inheritance of mutations of PS. No mutations in genes encoding NCT, or PEN-2 have been identified to date that cause AD. In this regard, a large genetic meta-analysis of four cohorts consisting of more than 600 000 individuals identified a common missense variant, rs117618017 in the APH1B gene that results in a T27I mutation, as a novel genome-wide significant locus. In order to confirm the findings that rs117618017 is associated with risk of AD, we performed a genetic screen from deep whole genome sequencing of the large NIMH family-based Alzheimer's Disease (AD) dataset. In parallel, we sought to uncover potential molecular mechanism(s) by which APH-1B T27I might be associated with AD by generating stable HEK293 cell lines, wherein endogenous APH-1A and APH-1B expression was silenced and into which either the wild type APH-1B or the APH-1B T27I variant was stably expressed. We then tested the impact of expressing either the wild type APH-1B or the APH-1B T27I variant on γ-secretase processing of human APP, the murine Notch derivative mNΔE and human neuregulin-1. We now report that we fail to confirm the association of rs1047552 with AD in our cohort and that cells expressing the APH-1B T27I variant show no discernable impact on the γ-secretase processing of established substrates compared with cells expressing wild-type APH-1B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xulun Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Can Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02114, USA
| | - Dmitry Prokopenko
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yingxia Liang
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Weinong Han
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sangram S Sisodia
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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15
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A Novel NIR-FRET Biosensor for Reporting PS/γ-Secretase Activity in Live Cells. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20215980. [PMID: 33105735 PMCID: PMC7660074 DOI: 10.3390/s20215980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Presenilin (PS)/γ-secretase plays a pivotal role in essential cellular events via proteolytic processing of transmembrane proteins that include APP and Notch receptors. However, how PS/γ-secretase activity is spatiotemporally regulated by other molecular and cellular factors and how the changes in PS/γ-secretase activity influence signaling pathways in live cells are poorly understood. These questions could be addressed by engineering a new tool that enables multiplexed imaging of PS/γ-secretase activity and additional cellular events in real-time. Here, we report the development of a near-infrared (NIR) FRET-based PS/γ-secretase biosensor, C99 720-670 probe, which incorporates an immediate PS/γ-secretase substrate APP C99 with miRFP670 and miRFP720 as the donor and acceptor fluorescent proteins, respectively. Extensive validation demonstrates that the C99 720-670 biosensor enables quantitative monitoring of endogenous PS/γ-secretase activity on a cell-by-cell basis in live cells (720/670 ratio: 2.47 ± 0.66 (vehicle) vs. 3.02 ± 1.17 (DAPT), ** p < 0.01). Importantly, the C99 720-670 and the previously developed APP C99 YPet-Turquoise-GL (C99 Y-T) biosensors simultaneously report PS/γ-secretase activity. This evidences the compatibility of the C99 720-670 biosensor with cyan (CFP)-yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-based FRET biosensors for reporting other essential cellular events. Multiplexed imaging using the novel NIR biosensor C99 720-670 would open a new avenue to better understand the regulation and consequences of changes in PS/γ-secretase activity.
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16
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Bukke VN, Villani R, Archana M, Wawrzyniak A, Balawender K, Orkisz S, Ferraro L, Serviddio G, Cassano T. The Glucose Metabolic Pathway as A Potential Target for Therapeutics: Crucial Role of Glycosylation in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207739. [PMID: 33086751 PMCID: PMC7589651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose uptake in the brain decreases because of normal aging but this decline is accelerated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. In fact, positron emission tomography (PET) studies have shown that metabolic reductions in AD patients occur decades before the onset of symptoms, suggesting that metabolic deficits may be an upstream event in at least some late-onset cases. A decrease in availability of glucose content induces a considerable impairment/downregulation of glycosylation, which is an important post-translational modification. Glycosylation is an important and highly regulated mechanism of secondary protein processing within cells and it plays a crucial role in modulating stability of proteins, as carbohydrates are important in achieving the proper three-dimensional conformation of glycoproteins. Moreover, glycosylation acts as a metabolic sensor that links glucose metabolism to normal neuronal functioning. All the proteins involved in β-amyloid (Aβ) precursor protein metabolism have been identified as candidates of glycosylation highlighting the possibility that Aβ metabolism could be regulated by their glycosylation. Within this framework, the present review aims to summarize the current understanding on the role of glycosylation in the etiopathology of AD, emphasizing the idea that glucose metabolic pathway may represent an alternative therapeutic option for targeting AD. From this perspective, the pharmacological modulation of glycosylation levels may represent a ‘sweet approach’ to treat AD targeting new mechanisms independent of the amyloid cascade and with comparable impacts in familial and sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyasagar Naik Bukke
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Rosanna Villani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (R.V.); (M.A.); (G.S.)
| | - Moola Archana
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (R.V.); (M.A.); (G.S.)
| | - Agata Wawrzyniak
- Morphological Science Department of Human Anatomy, Medical Faculty University of Rzeszów, 35-036 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.W.); (K.B.); (S.O.)
| | - Krzysztof Balawender
- Morphological Science Department of Human Anatomy, Medical Faculty University of Rzeszów, 35-036 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.W.); (K.B.); (S.O.)
| | - Stanislaw Orkisz
- Morphological Science Department of Human Anatomy, Medical Faculty University of Rzeszów, 35-036 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.W.); (K.B.); (S.O.)
| | - Luca Ferraro
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Gaetano Serviddio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (R.V.); (M.A.); (G.S.)
| | - Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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17
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Evolutionary History of Alzheimer Disease-Causing Protein Family Presenilins with Pathological Implications. J Mol Evol 2020; 88:674-688. [DOI: 10.1007/s00239-020-09966-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Qiu Q, Shen L, Jia L, Wang Q, Li F, Li Y, Jia J. A Novel PSEN1 M139L Mutation Found in a Chinese Pedigree with Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease Increases Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 69:199-212. [PMID: 30958370 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Presenilin1 (PSEN1) is the most common gene related to familial Alzheimer's disease (AD). Only several mutation types from Chinese have been reported, with less biological function research conducted. OBJECTIVES We explore the pathological function of PSEN1 M139L, a mutation located at α-helix of PSEN1 transmembrane 2, using predictive programs and in vitro study and compare its effects on Aβ production to those of an artificial PSEN1 S141G located at non α-helix mutation face. METHODS APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 genes were screened for mutations using Sanger sequencing in the DNA samples of the proband and additional available family members. Disease-mutation cosegregation analysis and three software programs were performed to predict the mutation's pathogenicity. In vitro, we investigated the impact of these mutations on Aβ production in HEK293-APPswe cells using lentiviral vectors harboring PSEN1 WT, PSEN1 M139L, the positive control (PSEN1 M139V) and the non α-helical mutation (PSEN1 S141G). In addition, we co-transfected PSEN1 and tau into cells to determine the mutations' impact on tau phosphorylation. RESULTS PSEN1 M139L mutation was discovered in the index patient and four affected siblings. Cosegregation analysis and silicon prediction suggested the mutation was probably disease causing. In vitro studies demonstrated that both PSEN1 M139L and PSEN1 S141G caused elevated ratios of Aβ42/Aβ40, but changes of tau phosphorylation were not detected. CONCLUSION The novel PSEN1 M139L mutation found in familial AD increases the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio significantly. Mutations at non α-helical mutation face of PSEN1 TM2 can affect Aβ production and the region may play a key role in PSEN1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongqiong Qiu
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China
| | - Luxi Shen
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China
| | - Longfei Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, P.R. Beijing, China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, P.R. Beijing, China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fangyu Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, P.R. Beijing, China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, P.R. Beijing, China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, P.R. Beijing, China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, P.R. Beijing, China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P.R. China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China
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19
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Dehury B, Kepp KP. Membrane dynamics of γ-secretase with the anterior pharynx-defective 1B subunit. J Cell Biochem 2020; 122:69-85. [PMID: 32830360 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The four-subunit protease complex γ-secretase cleaves many single-pass transmembrane (TM) substrates, including Notch and β-amyloid precursor protein to generate amyloid-β (Aβ), central to Alzheimer's disease. Two of the subunits anterior pharynx-defective 1 (APH-1) and presenilin (PS) exist in two homologous forms APH1-A and APH1-B, and PS1 and PS2. The consequences of these variations are poorly understood and could affect Aβ production and γ-secretase medicine. Here, we developed the first complete structural model of the APH-1B subunit using the published cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of APH1-A (Protein Data Bank: 5FN2, 5A63, and 6IYC). We then performed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations at 303 K in a realistic bilayer system to understand both APH-1B alone and in γ-secretase without and with substrate C83-bound. We show that APH-1B adopts a 7TM topology with a water channel topology similar to APH-1A. We demonstrate direct transport of water through this channel, mainly via Glu84, Arg87, His170, and His196. The apo and holo states closely resemble the experimental cryo-EM structures with APH-1A, however with subtle differences: The substrate-bound APH-1B γ-secretase was quite stable, but some TM helices of PS1 and APH-1B rearranged in the membrane consistent with the disorder seen in the cryo-EM data. This produces different accessibility of water molecules for the catalytic aspartates of PS1, critical for Aβ production. In particular, we find that the typical distance between the catalytic aspartates of PS1 and the C83 cleavage sites are shorter in APH-1B, that is, it represents a more closed state, due to interactions with the C-terminal fragment of PS1. Our structural-dynamic model of APH-1B alone and in γ-secretase suggests generally similar topology but some notable differences in water accessibility which may be relevant to the protein's existence in two forms and their specific function and location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Budheswar Dehury
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kasper P Kepp
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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20
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Substrate-based chemical probes for Alzheimer’s γ-secretase. Med Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02565-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Wolfe MS. Unraveling the complexity of γ-secretase. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 105:3-11. [PMID: 31980377 PMCID: PMC7371508 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
γ-Secretase was initially defined as a proteolytic activity that cleaves within the transmembrane of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to produce the amyloid β-peptide of Alzheimer's disease. The discovery of mutations in APP and the presenilins associated with familial Alzheimer's disease and their effects on APP processing dovetailed with pharmacological studies on γ-secretase, leading to the revelation that presenilins are unprecedented membrane-embedded aspartyl proteases. Other members of what became known as the γ-secretase complex were subsequently identified. In parallel with these advances, connections between presenilins and Notch receptors essential to metazoan development became evident, resulting in the concurrent realization that γ-secretase also carries out intramembrane proteolysis of Notch as part of its signaling mechanism. Substantial progress has been made toward elucidating how γ-secretase carries out complex processing of transmembrane domains, how it goes awry in familial Alzheimer's disease, the scope of its substrates, and the atomic details of its structure. Critical questions remain for future study, toward further unraveling the complexity of this unique membrane-embedded proteolytic machine and its roles in biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Wolfe
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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22
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Ahmad SS, Khan S, Kamal MA, Wasi U. The Structure and Function of α, β and γ-Secretase as Therapeutic Target Enzymes in the Development of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2020; 18:657-667. [DOI: 10.2174/1871527318666191011145941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
:Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the central nervous system. There are several factors that cause AD, like, intracellular hyperphosphorylated Tau tangles, collection of extracellular Amyloid-β42 and generation of reactive oxygen species due to mitochondrial dysfunction. This review analyses the most active target of AD and both types of AD-like early-onset AD and late-onset AD. BACE1 is a β-secretase involved in the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The presenilin proteins play a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer malady by intervening the intramembranous cleavage of amyloid precursor protein and the generation of amyloid β. The two homologous proteins PS1 and PS2 speak to the reactant subunits of particular γ-secretase edifices that intercede an assortment of cellular processes. Natural products are common molecular platforms in drug development in AD. Many natural products are being tested in various animal model systems for their role as a potential therapeutic target in AD. Presently, there are a few theories clarifying the early mechanisms of AD pathogenesis. Recently, research advancements in the field of nanotechnology, which utilize macromolecular strategies to make drugs in nanoscale measurements, offer nanotechnology-based diagnostic tools and drug carriers which are highly sensitive for effective drug targeting in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed S. Ahmad
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Shahzad Khan
- Wuhan University, School of Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mohammad A. Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Umam Wasi
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Lucknow, India
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Hubbard EJA, Schedl T. Biology of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline Stem Cell System. Genetics 2019; 213:1145-1188. [PMID: 31796552 PMCID: PMC6893382 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.300238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell systems regulate tissue development and maintenance. The germline stem cell system is essential for animal reproduction, controlling both the timing and number of progeny through its influence on gamete production. In this review, we first draw general comparisons to stem cell systems in other organisms, and then present our current understanding of the germline stem cell system in Caenorhabditis elegans In contrast to stereotypic somatic development and cell number stasis of adult somatic cells in C. elegans, the germline stem cell system has a variable division pattern, and the system differs between larval development, early adult peak reproduction and age-related decline. We discuss the cell and developmental biology of the stem cell system and the Notch regulated genetic network that controls the key decision between the stem cell fate and meiotic development, as it occurs under optimal laboratory conditions in adult and larval stages. We then discuss alterations of the stem cell system in response to environmental perturbations and aging. A recurring distinction is between processes that control stem cell fate and those that control cell cycle regulation. C. elegans is a powerful model for understanding germline stem cells and stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jane Albert Hubbard
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Departments of Cell Biology and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016
| | - Tim Schedl
- and Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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24
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Philip AT, Devkota S, Malvankar S, Bhattarai S, Meneely KM, Williams TD, Wolfe MS. Designed Helical Peptides as Functional Probes for γ-Secretase. Biochemistry 2019; 58:4398-4407. [PMID: 31625391 PMCID: PMC7224395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
γ-Secretase is a membrane-embedded aspartyl protease complex with presenilin as the catalytic component that cleaves within the transmembrane domain (TMD) of >90 known substrates, including the amyloid precursor protein (APP) of Alzheimer's disease. Processing by γ-secretase of the APP TMD produces the amyloid β-peptide (Aβ), including the 42-residue variant (Aβ42) that pathologically deposits in the Alzheimer brain. Complex proteolysis of APP substrate by γ-secretase involves initial endoproteolysis and subsequent carboxypeptidase trimming, resulting in two pathways of Aβ production: Aβ49 → Aβ46 → Aβ43 → Aβ40 and Aβ48 → Aβ45 → Aβ42 → Aβ38. Dominant mutations in APP and presenilin cause early onset familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). Understanding how γ-secretase processing of APP is altered in FAD is essential for elucidating pathogenic mechanisms in FAD and developing effective therapeutics. To improve our understanding, we designed synthetic APP-based TMD substrates as convenient functional probes for γ-secretase. Installation of the helix-inducing residue α-aminoisobutyric acid provided full TMD helical substrates while also facilitating their synthesis and increasing the solubility of these highly hydrophobic peptides. Through mass spectrometric analysis of proteolytic products, synthetic substrates were identified that were processed in a manner that reproduced physiological processing of APP substrates. Validation of these substrates was accomplished through mutational variants, including the installation of two natural APP FAD mutations. These FAD mutations also resulted in increased levels of formation of Aβ-like peptides corresponding to Aβ45 and longer, raising the question of whether the levels of such long Aβ peptides are indeed increased and might contribute to FAD pathogenesis.
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25
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Substrate recognition and processing by γ-secretase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1862:183016. [PMID: 31295475 PMCID: PMC6899174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The γ-secretase complex is composed of four membrane protein subunits, including presenilin as the catalytic component with aspartyl protease activity. The enzyme cleaves within the transmembrane domain of >70 different type I integral membrane proteins and has been dubbed "the proteasome of the membrane". The most studied substrates include the Notch family of receptors, involved in cell differentiation, and the amyloid precursor protein (APP), involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. A central mechanistic question is how γ-secretase recognizes helical transmembrane substrates and carries out processive proteolysis. Recent findings addressing substrate recognition and processing will be discussed, including the role of protease subunit nicastrin as a gatekeeper, the effects of Alzheimer-causing mutations in presenilin on processive proteolysis of APP, and evidence that three pockets in the active site (S1', S2', and S3') determine carboxypeptidase cleavage of substrate in intervals of three residues. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Molecular biophysics of membranes and membrane proteins.
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Abstract
γ-Secretase is a membrane-embedded protease complex, with presenilin as the catalytic component containing two transmembrane aspartates in the active site. With more than 90 known substrates, the γ-secretase complex is considered "the proteasome of the membrane", with central roles in biology and medicine. The protease carries out hydrolysis within the lipid bilayer to cleave the transmembrane domain of the substrate multiple times before releasing secreted products. For many years, elucidation of γ-secretase structure and function largely relied on small-molecule probes and mutagenesis. Recently, however, advances in cryo-electron microscopy have led to the first detailed structures of the protease complex. Two new reports of structures of γ-secretase bound to membrane protein substrates provide great insight into the nature of substrate recognition and how Alzheimer's disease-causing mutations in presenilin might alter substrate binding and processing. These new structures offer a powerful platform for elucidating enzyme mechanisms, deciphering effects of disease-causing mutations, and advancing Alzheimer's disease drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Wolfe
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
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Petit D, Hitzenberger M, Lismont S, Zoltowska KM, Ryan NS, Mercken M, Bischoff F, Zacharias M, Chávez-Gutiérrez L. Extracellular interface between APP and Nicastrin regulates Aβ length and response to γ-secretase modulators. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101494. [PMID: 31109937 PMCID: PMC6576158 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019101494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase complexes (GSECs) are multimeric membrane proteases involved in a variety of physiological processes and linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Presenilin (PSEN, catalytic subunit), Nicastrin (NCT), Presenilin Enhancer 2 (PEN-2), and Anterior Pharynx Defective 1 (APH1) are the essential subunits of GSECs. Mutations in PSEN and the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) cause early-onset AD GSECs successively cut APP to generate amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides of various lengths. AD-causing mutations destabilize GSEC-APP/Aβn interactions and thus enhance the production of longer Aβs, which elicit neurotoxic events underlying pathogenesis. Here, we investigated the molecular strategies that anchor GSEC and APP/Aβn during the sequential proteolysis. Our studies reveal that a direct interaction between NCT ectodomain and APPC99 influences the stability of GSEC-Aβn assemblies and thereby modulates Aβ length. The data suggest a potential link between single-nucleotide variants in NCSTN and AD risk. Furthermore, our work indicates that an extracellular interface between the protease (NCT, PSEN) and the substrate (APP) represents the target for compounds (GSMs) modulating Aβ length. Our findings may guide future rationale-based drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Petit
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manuel Hitzenberger
- Physics Department, Theoretical Biophysics (T38), Technical University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Sam Lismont
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katarzyna Marta Zoltowska
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Natalie S Ryan
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Marc Mercken
- Janssen Research & Development, Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
- Janssen Research & Development, Neuroscience biology Turnhoutseweg, Beerse, Belgium
| | - François Bischoff
- Janssen Research & Development, Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Martin Zacharias
- Physics Department, Theoretical Biophysics (T38), Technical University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Lucía Chávez-Gutiérrez
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Yoon JH, Lee YS, Kim O, Ashktorab H, Smoot DT, Nam SW, Park WS. NKX6.3 protects against gastric mucosal atrophy by downregulating β-amyloid production. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:330-345. [PMID: 30686901 PMCID: PMC6343100 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i3.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrophic gastritis is characterized by loss of appropriate glands and reduction in gastric secretory function due to chronic inflammatory processes in gastric mucosa. Moreover, atrophic gastritis is considered as a precancerous condition of gastric cancer. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying gastric mucosal atrophy and its contribution to gastric carcinogenesis. Thus, we hypothesized that transcription factor NKX6.3 might be involved in maintaining gastric epithelial homeostasis by regulating amyloid β (Aβ) production.
AIM To determine whether NKX6.3 might protect against gastric mucosal atrophy by regulating Aβ production.
METHODS We identified NKX6.3 depletion induced cell death by cell count and Western blot assay. Production and mechanism of Aβ oligomer were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blot, immunoprecipitation, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence analysis. We further validated the correlation between expression of NKX6.3, Helicobacter pylori CagA, Aβ oligomer, apolipoprotein E (ApoE), and β-secretase 1 (Bace1) in 55 gastric mucosae.
RESULTS NKX6.3 depletion increased both adherent and floating cell populations in HFE-145 cells. Expression levels of cleaved caspase-3, -9, and poly ADP ribose polymerase were elevated in floating HFE-145shNKX6.3 cells. NKX6.3 depletion produced Aβ peptide oligomers, and increased expression of ApoE, amyloid precursor protein, Aβ, Bace1, low-density lipoprotein receptor, nicastrin, high mobility group box1, and receptor for advanced glycosylation end product proteins. In immunoprecipitation assay, γ-secretase complex was stably formed only in HFE-145shNKX6.3 cells. In gastric mucosae with atrophy, expression of Aβ peptide oligomer, ApoE, and Bace1 was detected and inversely correlated with NKX6.3 expression. Treatment with recombinant Aβ 1-42 produced Aβ oligomeric forms and decreased cell viability in HFE-145shNKX6.3 cells. Additionally, NKX6.3 depletion increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and cyclooxygenase-2.
CONCLUSION NKX6.3 inhibits gastric mucosal atrophy by regulating Aβ accumulation and inflammatory reaction in gastric epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
- Functional RNomics Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
| | - Yeon Soo Lee
- Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
| | - Olga Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
| | - Hassan Ashktorab
- Department of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20060, United States
| | - Duane T Smoot
- Department of Medicine, Meharry Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37208, United States
| | - Suk Woo Nam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
- Functional RNomics Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
| | - Won Sang Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
- Functional RNomics Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, South Korea
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Schaduangrat N, Prachayasittikul V, Choomwattana S, Wongchitrat P, Phopin K, Suwanjang W, Malik AA, Vincent B, Nantasenamat C. Multidisciplinary approaches for targeting the secretase protein family as a therapeutic route for Alzheimer's disease. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:1730-1778. [PMID: 30628099 DOI: 10.1002/med.21563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The continual increase of the aging population worldwide renders Alzheimer's disease (AD) a global prime concern. Several attempts have been focused on understanding the intricate complexity of the disease's development along with the on- andgoing search for novel therapeutic strategies. Incapability of existing AD drugs to effectively modulate the pathogenesis or to delay the progression of the disease leads to a shift in the paradigm of AD drug discovery. Efforts aimed at identifying AD drugs have mostly focused on the development of disease-modifying agents in which effects are believed to be long lasting. Of particular note, the secretase enzymes, a group of proteases responsible for the metabolism of the β-amyloid precursor protein (βAPP) and β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides production, have been underlined for their promising therapeutic potential. This review article attempts to comprehensively cover aspects related to the identification and use of drugs targeting the secretase enzymes. Particularly, the roles of secretases in the pathogenesis of AD and their therapeutic modulation are provided herein. Moreover, an overview of the drug development process and the contribution of computational (in silico) approaches for facilitating successful drug discovery are also highlighted along with examples of relevant computational works. Promising chemical scaffolds, inhibitors, and modulators against each class of secretases are also summarized herein. Additionally, multitarget secretase modulators are also taken into consideration in light of the current growing interest in the polypharmacology of complex diseases. Finally, challenging issues and future outlook relevant to the discovery of drugs targeting secretases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini Schaduangrat
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Veda Prachayasittikul
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saowapak Choomwattana
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prapimpun Wongchitrat
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center for Research and Innovation, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kamonrat Phopin
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center for Research and Innovation, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wilasinee Suwanjang
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center for Research and Innovation, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aijaz Ahmad Malik
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bruno Vincent
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Chanin Nantasenamat
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Steiner H, Fukumori A, Tagami S, Okochi M. Making the final cut: pathogenic amyloid-β peptide generation by γ-secretase. Cell Stress 2018; 2:292-310. [PMID: 31225454 PMCID: PMC6551803 DOI: 10.15698/cst2018.11.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer´s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease of the elderly population. Genetic evidence strongly suggests that aberrant generation and/or clearance of the neurotoxic amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) is triggering the disease. Aβ is generated from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the sequential cleavages of β- and γ-secretase. The latter cleavage by γ-secretase, a unique and fascinating four-component protease complex, occurs in the APP transmembrane domain thereby releasing Aβ species of 37-43 amino acids in length including the longer, highly pathogenic peptides Aβ42 and Aβ43. The lack of a precise understanding of Aβ generation as well as of the functions of other γ-secretase substrates has been one factor underlying the disappointing failure of γ-secretase inhibitors in clinical trials, but on the other side also been a major driving force for structural and in depth mechanistic studies on this key AD drug target in the past few years. Here we review recent breakthroughs in our understanding of how the γ-secretase complex recognizes substrates, of how it binds and processes β-secretase cleaved APP into different Aβ species, as well as the progress made on a question of outstanding interest, namely how clinical AD mutations in the catalytic subunit presenilin and the γ-secretase cleavage region of APP lead to relative increases of Aβ42/43. Finally, we discuss how the knowledge emerging from these studies could be used to therapeutically target this enzyme in a safe way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Steiner
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Metabolic Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Akio Fukumori
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu & Department of Mental Health Promotion, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Tagami
- Neuropsychiatry, Department of Integrated Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Masayasu Okochi
- Neuropsychiatry, Department of Integrated Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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Hara T, Maejima I, Akuzawa T, Hirai R, Kobayashi H, Tsukamoto S, Tsunoda M, Ono A, Yamakoshi S, Oikawa S, Sato K. Rer1-mediated quality control system is required for neural stem cell maintenance during cerebral cortex development. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007647. [PMID: 30260951 PMCID: PMC6159856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rer1 is a retrieval receptor for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention of various ER membrane proteins and unassembled or immature components of membrane protein complexes. However, its physiological functions during mammalian development remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of Rer1-mediated quality control system in mammalian development. We show that Rer1 is required for the sufficient cell surface expression and activity of γ-secretase complex, which modulates Notch signaling during mouse cerebral cortex development. When Rer1 was depleted in the mouse cerebral cortex, the number of neural stem cells decreased significantly, and malformation of the cerebral cortex was observed. Rer1 loss reduced γ-secretase activity and downregulated Notch signaling in the developing cerebral cortex. In Rer1-deficient cells, a subpopulation of γ-secretase complexes and components was transported to and degraded in lysosomes, thereby significantly reducing the amount of γ-secretase complex on the cell surface. These results suggest that Rer1 maintains Notch signaling by maintaining sufficient expression of the γ-secretase complex on the cell surface and regulating neural stem cell maintenance during cerebral cortex development. We showed that Rer1 functions as an early-Golgi quality control pathway that maintains γ-secretase activity by maintaining sufficient cell surface expression of γ-secretase complex during cerebral cortex development, thereby modulating Notch signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport
- Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/metabolism
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal
- CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cerebral Cortex/growth & development
- Cerebral Cortex/metabolism
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosome Disorders/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Humans
- Lysosomes/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Neural Stem Cells
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Notch/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Hara
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
- Laboratory of Cellular Regulation, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ikuko Maejima
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tomoko Akuzawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Rika Hirai
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hisae Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tsukamoto
- Laboratory Animal and Genome Sciences Section, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mika Tsunoda
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Aguri Ono
- Laboratory of Cellular Regulation, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shota Yamakoshi
- Laboratory of Cellular Regulation, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Oikawa
- Laboratory of Cellular Regulation, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ken Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
- * E-mail:
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32
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Chun YS, Zhang L, Li H, Park Y, Chung S, Yang HO. 7-Deoxy-trans-dihydronarciclasine Reduces β-Amyloid and Ameliorates Memory Impairment in a Transgenic Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8953-8964. [PMID: 29619739 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1023-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The critical pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ), the main constituent of amyloid plaques. β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) undergoes amyloidogenic cleavage by β- and γ-secretase generating Aβ at endosomes or non-amyloidogenic processing by α-secretase precluding the production of Aβ at the plasma membrane. Recently, several natural products have been widely researched on the prevention of Aβ accumulation for AD treatment. We previously reported that Lycoris chejuensis K. Tae et S. Ko (CJ), which originated from Jeju Island in Korea, improved the disrupted memory functions and reduced Aβ production in vivo. Here, we further explored the effect of its active component, 7-deoxy-trans-dihydronarciclasine (coded as E144), on Aβ generation and the underlying mechanism. Our results showed that E144 reduced the level of APP, especially its mature form, in HeLa cells overexpressing human APP with the Swedish mutation. Concomitantly, E144 decreased the levels of Aβ, sAPPβ, sAPPα, and C-terminal fragment. In addition, administration of E144 normalized the behavioral deficits in Tg2576 mice, an APP transgenic mouse model of AD. E144 also decreased the Aβ and APP levels in the cerebral cortex of Tg2576 mice. Thus, we propose that E144 could be a potential drug candidate for an anti-amyloid disease-modifying AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Sun Chun
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, 25451, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, 25451, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Huan Li
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Yurim Park
- Department of Physiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkwon Chung
- Department of Physiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun Ok Yang
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, 25451, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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33
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Kametani F, Hasegawa M. Reconsideration of Amyloid Hypothesis and Tau Hypothesis in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:25. [PMID: 29440986 PMCID: PMC5797629 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The so-called amyloid hypothesis, that the accumulation and deposition of oligomeric or fibrillar amyloid β (Aβ) peptide is the primary cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD), has been the mainstream concept underlying AD research for over 20 years. However, all attempts to develop Aβ-targeting drugs to treat AD have ended in failure. Here, we review recent findings indicating that the main factor underlying the development and progression of AD is tau, not Aβ, and we describe the deficiencies of the amyloid hypothesis that have supported the emergence of this idea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuki Kametani
- Department of Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- Department of Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Numerous approaches have been taken in the hunt for human disease genes. The identification of such genes not only provides a great deal of information about the mechanism of disease development, but also provides potential avenues for better diagnosis and treatment. In this chapter, we review the use of the nonmammalian model organism C. elegans for the identification of human disease genes. Studies utilizing this relatively simple organism offer a good balance between the ability to recapitulate many aspects of human disease, while still offering an abundance of powerful cell biological, genetic, and genomic tools for disease gene discovery. C. elegans and other nonmammalian models have produced, and will continue to produce, key insights into human disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Apfeld
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Scott Alper
- Department of Biomedical Research, Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, 80206, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Frost GR, Li YM. The role of astrocytes in amyloid production and Alzheimer's disease. Open Biol 2017; 7:170228. [PMID: 29237809 PMCID: PMC5746550 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is marked by the presence of extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and gliosis, activated glial cells, in the brain. It is thought that Aβ plaques trigger NFT formation, neuronal cell death, neuroinflammation and gliosis and, ultimately, cognitive impairment. There are increased numbers of reactive astrocytes in AD, which surround amyloid plaques and secrete proinflammatory factors and can phagocytize and break down Aβ. It was thought that neuronal cells were the major source of Aβ. However, mounting evidence suggests that astrocytes may play an additional role in AD by secreting significant quantities of Aβ and contributing to overall amyloid burden in the brain. Astrocytes are the most numerous cell type in the brain, and therefore even minor quantities of amyloid secretion from individual astrocytes could prove to be substantial when taken across the whole brain. Reactive astrocytes have increased levels of the three necessary components for Aβ production: amyloid precursor protein, β-secretase (BACE1) and γ-secretase. The identification of environmental factors, such as neuroinflammation, that promote astrocytic Aβ production, could redefine how we think about developing therapeutics for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia R Frost
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Programs of Neurosciences, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Programs of Neurosciences, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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Audagnotto M, Kengo Lorkowski A, Dal Peraro M. Recruitment of the amyloid precursor protein by γ-secretase at the synaptic plasma membrane. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 498:334-341. [PMID: 29097209 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Γ-secretase is a membrane-embedded protease that cleaves single transmembrane helical domains of various integral membrane proteins. The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is an important substrate due to its pathological relevance to Alzheimer's disease. The mechanism of the cleavage of APP by γ-secretase that leads to accumulation of Alzheimer's disease causing amyloid-β (Aβ) is still unknown. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations in this study reveal initial lipids raft formation near the catalytic site of γ-secretase as well as changes in dynamic behavior of γ-secretase once interacting with APP. The results suggest a precursor of the APP binding mode and hint at conformational changes of γ-secretase in the nicastrin (NCT) domain upon APP binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Audagnotto
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatcs (SIB), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Kengo Lorkowski
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatcs (SIB), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Dal Peraro
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatcs (SIB), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
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Kizuka Y, Kitazume S, Taniguchi N. N -glycan and Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2447-2454. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Gu K, Li Q, Lin H, Zhu J, Mo J, He S, Lu X, Jiang X, Sun H. Gamma secretase inhibitors: a patent review (2013 - 2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017; 27:851-866. [PMID: 28350212 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1313231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gamma secretase (GS) is an intricate and multi-subunits complex, and it can cut various transmembrane proteins. Now it is a therapeutic target for a number of diseases. However, due to some side effects, the clinical development of GSI is not successful. Therefore, searching for effective GSIs has become a key point in drug discovery. Areas covered: This review discusses the structure and function of GS and various types of GSIs. And this article seeks to give an overview of the patents or applications published from 2013 to 2015 in which novel chemical classes are claimed to inhibit the GS. Expert opinion: Firstly, further understanding the structure and function of GS to elucidate the disease mechanism and develop AD therapies is urgent. Secondly, if the bioequivalence, pharmacokinetics and selectivity can be improved greatly, some failed clinical inhibitors still can become the promising compounds for clinical trials. Thirdly, some weaknesses are exposed during the development of GSI, especially the insufficient potency, low brain penetration and poor selectivity. Finally, to find potent and selective GSI is the major direction in future. Moreover, to find new indications and dosing regimens in a trial of GSIs also can be seen as new ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Gu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Qi Li
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Hongzhi Lin
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Jie Zhu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Jun Mo
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Siyu He
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xin Lu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xueyang Jiang
- b Key Laboratory of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Science , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
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Schröder B, Saftig P. Intramembrane proteolysis within lysosomes. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 32:51-64. [PMID: 27143694 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Regulated intramembrane proteolysis is of pivotal importance in a diverse set of developmental and physiological processes. Altered intramembrane substrate turnover may be associated with neurodegeneration, cancer and impaired immune function. In this review we will focus on the intramembrane proteases which have been localized in the lysosomal membrane. Members of the γ-secretase complex and γ-secretase activity are found in the lysosomal membrane and are discussed to contribute to intracellular amyloid β production. Mutant or deficient γ-secretase may cause disturbed lysosomal function. The signal peptide peptidase-like (SPPL) protease 2a is a lysosomal membrane component and cleaves CD74, the invariant chain of the MHC II complex, as well as FasL, TNF, ITM2B and TMEM106, type II transmembrane proteins involved in the regulation of immunity and neurodegeneration. Therefore, it can be concluded, that not only proteolysis within the lysosomal lumen but also within lysosomal membranes regulates important cellular functions and contributes essentially to proteostasis of membrane proteins what may become increasingly compromised in the aged individual.
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Qin Y, Gu JW. A Surgical Method to Improve the Homeostasis of CSF for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:261. [PMID: 27853433 PMCID: PMC5090002 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production and increased resistance to CSF outflow are considered to be associated with aging, and are also characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD). These changes probably result in a decrease in the efficiency of the mechanism by which CSF removes toxic molecules such as amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau from the interstitial fluid space. Soluble Aβ is potently neurotoxic and dysfunctional in CSF circulation and can accelerate the progression of AD. Current therapies for AD exhibit poor efficiency; therefore, a surgical method to improve the homeostasis of CSF is worthy of investigation. To achieve this, we conceived a novel device, which consists of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt, an injection port and a portable infusion pump. Artificial CSF (ACSF) is pumped into the ventricles and the ACSF composition, infusion modes and pressure threshold of shunting can be adjusted according to the intracranial pressure and CSF contents. We hypothesize that this active treatment for CSF circulation dysfunction will significantly retard the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chengdu Military General Hospital Chengdu, China
| | - Jian W Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chengdu Military General HospitalChengdu, China; Department of Neurosurgery, The 306th Hospital of PLABeijing, China
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41
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Cho E, Park M. Palmitoylation in Alzheimers disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:133-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Carroll CM, Li YM. Physiological and pathological roles of the γ-secretase complex. Brain Res Bull 2016; 126:199-206. [PMID: 27133790 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-secretase (GS) is an enzyme complex that cleaves numerous substrates, and it is best known for cleaving amyloid precursor protein (APP) to form amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides. Aberrant cleavage of APP can lead to Alzheimer's disease, so much research has been done to better understand GS structure and function in hopes of developing therapeutics for Alzheimer's. Therefore, most of the attention in this field has been focused on developing modulators that reduce pathogenic forms of Aβ while leaving Notch and other GS substrates intact, but GS provides multiple avenues of modulation that could improve AD pathology. GS has complex regulation, through its essential subunits and other associated proteins, providing other targets for AD drugs. Therapeutics can also alter GS trafficking and thereby improve cognition, or move beyond Aβ entirely, effecting Notch and neural stem cells. GS also cleaves substrates that affect synaptic morphology and function, presenting another window by which GS modulation could improve AD pathology. Taken together, GS presents a unique cross road for neural processes and an ideal target for AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Carroll
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY, United States; Program of Neuroscience, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, NY, United States.
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY, United States; Program of Neuroscience, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, NY, United States; Program of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, NY, United States
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Meckler X, Checler F. Presenilin 1 and Presenilin 2 Target γ-Secretase Complexes to Distinct Cellular Compartments. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12821-12837. [PMID: 27059953 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.708297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase complexes achieve the production of amyloid peptides playing a key role in Alzheimer disease. These proteases have many substrates involved in important physiological functions. They are composed of two constant subunits, nicastrin and PEN2, and two variable ones, presenilin (PS1 or PS2) and APH1 (APH1aL, APH1aS, or APH1b). Whether the composition of a given γ-secretase complex determines a specific cellular targeting remains unsolved. Here we combined a bidirectional inducible promoter and 2A peptide technology to generate constructs for the temporary, stoichiometric co-expression of six different combinations of the four γ-secretase subunits including EGFP-tagged nicastrin. These plasmids allow for the formation of functional γ-secretase complexes displaying specific activities and maturations. We show that PS1-containing γ-secretase complexes were targeted to the plasma membrane, whereas PS2-containing ones were addressed to the trans-Golgi network, to recycling endosomes, and, depending on the APH1-variant, to late endocytic compartments. Overall, these novel constructs unravel a presenilin-dependent subcellular targeting of γ-secretase complexes. These tools should prove useful to determine whether the cellular distribution of γ-secretase complexes contributes to substrate selectivity and to delineate regulations of their trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Meckler
- From the Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS UMR7275, Laboratoire d'Excellence Distalz, Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Frédéric Checler
- From the Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS UMR7275, Laboratoire d'Excellence Distalz, Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France.
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Diabetes Mellitus Induces Alzheimer's Disease Pathology: Histopathological Evidence from Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:503. [PMID: 27058526 PMCID: PMC4848959 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the major causative disease of dementia and is characterized pathologically by the accumulation of senile plaques (SPs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain. Although genetic studies show that β-amyloid protein (Aβ), the major component of SPs, is the key factor underlying AD pathogenesis, it remains unclear why advanced age often leads to AD. Interestingly, several epidemiological and clinical studies show that type II diabetes mellitus (DM) patients are more likely to exhibit increased susceptibility to AD. Moreover, growing evidence suggests that there are several connections between the neuropathology that underlies AD and DM, and there is evidence that the experimental induction of DM can cause cognitive dysfunction, even in rodent animal models. This mini-review summarizes histopathological evidence that DM induces AD pathology in animal models and discusses the possibility that aberrant insulin signaling is a key factor in the induction of AD pathology.
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45
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Ochiishi T, Doi M, Yamasaki K, Hirose K, Kitamura A, Urabe T, Hattori N, Kinjo M, Ebihara T, Shimura H. Development of new fusion proteins for visualizing amyloid-β oligomers in vivo. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22712. [PMID: 26982553 PMCID: PMC4793674 DOI: 10.1038/srep22712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers critically contributes to disease progression in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and can be the potential target of AD therapy. Direct observation of molecular dynamics of Aβ oligomers in vivo is key for drug discovery research, however, it has been challenging because Aβ aggregation inhibits the fluorescence from fusion proteins. Here, we developed Aβ1-42-GFP fusion proteins that are oligomerized and visualize their dynamics inside cells even when aggregated. We examined the aggregation states of Aβ-GFP fusion proteins using several methods and confirmed that they did not assemble into fibrils, but instead formed oligomers in vitro and in live cells. By arranging the length of the liker between Aβ and GFP, we generated two fusion proteins with “a long-linker” and “a short-linker”, and revealed that the aggregation property of fusion proteins can be evaluated by measuring fluorescence intensities using rat primary culture neurons transfected with Aβ-GFP plasmids and Aβ-GFP transgenic C. elegans. We found that Aβ-GFP fusion proteins induced cell death in COS7 cells. These results suggested that novel Aβ-GFP fusion proteins could be utilized for studying the physiological functions of Aβ oligomers in living cells and animals, and for drug screening by analyzing Aβ toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyo Ochiishi
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Motomichi Doi
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamasaki
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Keiko Hirose
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Akira Kitamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Dynamics, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Takao Urabe
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1, Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masataka Kinjo
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Dynamics, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Ebihara
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Hideki Shimura
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1, Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
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46
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Ochiishi T, Doi M, Yamasaki K, Hirose K, Kitamura A, Urabe T, Hattori N, Kinjo M, Ebihara T, Shimura H. Development of new fusion proteins for visualizing amyloid-β oligomers in vivo. Sci Rep 2016. [PMID: 26982553 DOI: 10.1038/srep22712(2016)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers critically contributes to disease progression in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and can be the potential target of AD therapy. Direct observation of molecular dynamics of Aβ oligomers in vivo is key for drug discovery research, however, it has been challenging because Aβ aggregation inhibits the fluorescence from fusion proteins. Here, we developed Aβ1-42-GFP fusion proteins that are oligomerized and visualize their dynamics inside cells even when aggregated. We examined the aggregation states of Aβ-GFP fusion proteins using several methods and confirmed that they did not assemble into fibrils, but instead formed oligomers in vitro and in live cells. By arranging the length of the liker between Aβ and GFP, we generated two fusion proteins with "a long-linker" and "a short-linker", and revealed that the aggregation property of fusion proteins can be evaluated by measuring fluorescence intensities using rat primary culture neurons transfected with Aβ-GFP plasmids and Aβ-GFP transgenic C. elegans. We found that Aβ-GFP fusion proteins induced cell death in COS7 cells. These results suggested that novel Aβ-GFP fusion proteins could be utilized for studying the physiological functions of Aβ oligomers in living cells and animals, and for drug screening by analyzing Aβ toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyo Ochiishi
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Motomichi Doi
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamasaki
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Keiko Hirose
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Akira Kitamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Dynamics, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Takao Urabe
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1, Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masataka Kinjo
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Dynamics, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Ebihara
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Hideki Shimura
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1, Tomioka, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0021, Japan
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Li N, Liu K, Qiu Y, Ren Z, Dai R, Deng Y, Qing H. Effect of Presenilin Mutations on APP Cleavage; Insights into the Pathogenesis of FAD. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:51. [PMID: 27014058 PMCID: PMC4786568 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by progressive memory loss, reduction in cognitive functions, and damage to the brain. The β-amyloid precursor protein can be sequentially cleaved by β- secretase and γ-secretase. Mutations in the presenilin1(PS1) are the most common cause of Familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD). PS1 mutations can alter the activity of γ-secretase on the cleavage of the β-amyloid precursor protein, causing increased Aβ production. Previous studies show that the βAPP-C-terminal fragment is first cleaved by β-scretase, primarily generating long fragments of Aβ48 and Aβ49, followed by the stepwise cleavage of every three amino acid residues at the C terminus, resulting in Aβ48-, 45-, 42 line and Aβ49-, 46-, 43-, 40 line. Here, we used LC-MS/MS to analyze unique peptides IAT, VVIA, ITL, TVI, IVI through sequential cleavage, combined with ELISA to test the level of Aβ42 and Aβ40 for validation. The results show that most FAD mutant PS1 can alter the level of Aβ42 and Aβ40 monitored by the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio. Among them, six mutants (I143T, H163P, S170F, Q223R, M233V, and G384A) affect the Aβ42/40 ratio through both Aβ49-40 and Aβ48-38 lines; L166P through decreasing the Aβ49-40 line, six mutants (I143V, M146V, G217A, E280A, L381V, and L392V) through increasing the Aβ48-42 line. More importantly, we found some mutations can affect the γ-secretase cleavage preference of α-CTF and β-CTF. In conclusion, we found that the FAD PS1 mutations mainly increase the generation of Aβ42 by decreasing the cleavage of Aβ42–Aβ38 and Aβ43–Aβ40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuomin Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing, China
| | - Kefu Liu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing, China
| | - Yunjie Qiu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing, China
| | - Zehui Ren
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing, China
| | - Rongji Dai
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing, China
| | - Hong Qing
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing, China
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48
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Ueda N, Tomita T, Yanagisawa K, Kimura N. Retromer and Rab2-dependent trafficking mediate PS1 degradation by proteasomes in endocytic disturbance. J Neurochem 2016; 137:647-58. [PMID: 26896628 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that endocytic pathway deficits are involved in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Several reports show that endocytic disturbance affects β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) cleavage from β-amyloid precursor protein (APP). Presenilin-1 (PS1) is the catalytic core of the γ-secretase complex required for Aβ generation. Previously, we showed that aging induces endocytic disturbance, resulting in the accumulation of Aβ and APP in enlarged endosomes. It remains unclear, however, whether PS1 localization and function are affected with endocytic disturbance. Here, we report that in endocytic disturbance, PS1 is transported from endosomes to ER/Golgi compartments via retromer trafficking, and that PS1 interacts with vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 35 both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, PS1 is degraded by proteasomes via a Rab2-dependent trafficking pathway, only during endocytic disturbance. These findings suggest that PS1 levels and localization in endosomes are regulated by retromer trafficking and ER-associated degradation system, even if endocytic disturbance significantly induces the endosomal accumulation of APP and β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1. Results of this study also suggest that retromer deficiency can affect PS1 localization in endosomes, where Aβ cleavage mainly occurs, possibly leading to enhanced Aβ pathology. We proposed the following mechanism for intracellular transport of presenilin-1 (PS1). When endosome/lysosome trafficking is disturbed, PS1 is transported from endosome to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi compartments via retromer and Rab2-mediated trafficking, and then degraded by endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD). Perturbations in this trafficking can cause abnormal endosomal accumulation of PS1, and then may lead to exacerbated Aβ pathology. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.13318.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Ueda
- Section of Cell Biology and Pathology, Department of Alzheimer's Disease Research, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Aichi, Japan
| | - Taisuke Tomita
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Yanagisawa
- Section of Cell Biology and Pathology, Department of Alzheimer's Disease Research, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Aichi, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kimura
- Section of Cell Biology and Pathology, Department of Alzheimer's Disease Research, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG), Aichi, Japan
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Zhang X, Sullivan E, Scimeca M, Wu X, Li YM, Sisodia SS. Evidence That the "Lid" Domain of Nicastrin Is Not Essential for Regulating γ-Secretase Activity. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:6748-53. [PMID: 26887941 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c115.701649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of the structure of the γ-secretase complex consisting of presenilin (PS), anterior pharynx-defective 1 (APH-1), nicastrin (NCT), and presenilin enhancer 2 (PEN-2) is of significant therapeutic interest for the design of γ-secretase modulators for Alzheimer disease. The structure of γ-secretase revealed by cryo-EM approaches suggested a substrate binding mechanism for NCT, a bilobar structure that involved rotation of the two lobes around a central pivot and opening of a "lid" region that facilitates substrate recruitment. To validate this proposal, we expressed NCT that lacks the lid entirely, or a variety of NCT variants that harbor mutations at highly conserved residues in the lid region inNCT-deficient cells, and then assessed their impact on γ-secretase assembly, activity, and stability. In addition, we assessed the impact of mutating a critical residue proposed to be a pivot around which the two lobes of NCT rotate. Our results show that neither the mutations on the lid tested here nor the entire lid deletion has any significant impact on γ-secretase assembly, activity, and stability, and that NCT with the mutation of the proposed pivot rescues γ-secretase activity inNCT-deficient cells in a manner indistinguishable from WT NCT. These findings indicate that the NCT lid is not an essential element necessary for γ-secretase assembly, activity, and stability, and that rotation of the two lobes appears not to be a prerequisite for substrate binding and γ-secretase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xulun Zhang
- From the Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 and
| | - Eric Sullivan
- From the Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 and
| | - Maggie Scimeca
- From the Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 and
| | - Xianzhong Wu
- the Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- the Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Sangram S Sisodia
- From the Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 and
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Neuhaus-Follini A, Bashaw GJ. The Intracellular Domain of the Frazzled/DCC Receptor Is a Transcription Factor Required for Commissural Axon Guidance. Neuron 2015; 87:751-63. [PMID: 26291159 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In commissural neurons of Drosophila, the conserved Frazzled (Fra)/Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC) receptor promotes midline axon crossing by signaling locally in response to Netrin and by inducing transcription of commissureless (comm), an antagonist of Slit-Roundabout midline repulsion, through an unknown mechanism. Here, we show that Fra is cleaved to release its intracellular domain (ICD), which shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus, where it functions as a transcriptional activator. Rescue and gain-of-function experiments demonstrate that the Fra ICD is sufficient to regulate comm expression and that both γ-secretase proteolysis of Fra and Fra's function as a transcriptional activator are required for its ability to regulate comm in vivo. Our data uncover an unexpected role for the Fra ICD as a transcription factor whose activity regulates the responsiveness of commissural axons at the midline and raise the possibility that nuclear signaling may be a common output of axon guidance receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Neuhaus-Follini
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Greg J Bashaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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