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Cho YS, Kim DH, Bae JY, Son JY, Kim JH, Afridi R, Suk K, Ahn DK, Bae YC. Structural reorganization of medullary dorsal horn astrocytes in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Brain Struct Funct 2024; 229:1757-1768. [PMID: 39052094 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-024-02835-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Multiple studies have shown that astrocytes in the medullary dorsal horn (MDH) play an important role in the development of pathologic pain. However, little is known about the structural reorganization of the peripheral astrocytic processes (PAP), the main functional part of the astrocyte, in MDH in neuropathic state. For this, we investigated the structural relationship between PAP and their adjacent presynaptic axon terminals and postsynaptic dendrites in the superficial laminae of the MDH using electron microscopical immunohistochemistry for ezrin, a marker for PAP, and quantitative analysis in a rat model of neuropathic pain following chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve (CCI-ION). We found that, compared to controls, in rats with CCI-ION, (1) the number, % area, surface density, and volume fraction of ezrin-positive (+) PAP, as well as the fraction of synaptic edge apposed by ezrin + PAP and the degree of its coverage of presynaptic axon terminals and postsynaptic dendrites increased significantly, (2) these effects were abolished by administration of the mGluR5 antagonist 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl) pyridine (MPEP). These findings indicate that PAP undergoes structural reorganization around the central synapses of sensory afferents following nerve injury, suggest that it may be mediated by mGluR5, and may represent the structural basis for enhancing astrocyte-neuron interaction in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sul Cho
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hyoung Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Bae
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jo Young Son
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Heon Kim
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ruqayya Afridi
- Department of Pharmacology, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Kuk Ahn
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Chul Bae
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Zhao D, Hu M, Liu S. Glial cells in the mammalian olfactory bulb. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1426094. [PMID: 39081666 PMCID: PMC11286597 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1426094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The mammalian olfactory bulb (OB), an essential part of the olfactory system, plays a critical role in odor detection and neural processing. Historically, research has predominantly focused on the neuronal components of the OB, often overlooking the vital contributions of glial cells. Recent advancements, however, underscore the significant roles that glial cells play within this intricate neural structure. This review discus the diverse functions and dynamics of glial cells in the mammalian OB, mainly focused on astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, olfactory ensheathing cells, and radial glia cells. Each type of glial contributes uniquely to the OB's functionality, influencing everything from synaptic modulation and neuronal survival to immune defense and axonal guidance. The review features their roles in maintaining neural health, their involvement in neurodegenerative diseases, and their potential in therapeutic applications for neuroregeneration. By providing a comprehensive overview of glial cell types, their mechanisms, and interactions within the OB, this article aims to enhance our understanding of the olfactory system's complexity and the pivotal roles glial cells play in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shaolin Liu
- Isakson Center for Neurological Disease Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, United States
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Rieder AS, Wyse ATS. Regulation of Inflammation by IRAK-M Pathway Can Be Associated with nAchRalpha7 Activation and COVID-19. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:581-592. [PMID: 37640915 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03567-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
In spite of the vaccine development and its importance, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is still impacting the world. It is known that the COVID-19 severity is related to the cytokine storm phenomenon, being inflammation a common disease feature. The nicotinic cholinergic system has been widely associated with COVID-19 since it plays a protective role in inflammation via nicotinic receptor alpha 7 (nAchRalpha7). In addition, SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (Spro) subunits can interact with nAchRalpha7. Moreover, Spro causes toll-like receptor (TLR) activation, leading to pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways. The increase and maturation of the IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) family are mediated by activation of membrane receptors, such as TLRs. IRAK-M, a member of this family, is responsible for negatively regulating the activity of other active IRAKs. In addition, IRAK-M can regulate microglia phenotype by specific protein expression. Furthermore, there exists an antagonist influence of SARS-CoV-2 Spro and the cholinergic system action on the IRAK-M pathway and microglia phenotype. We discuss the overexpression and suppression of IRAK-M in inflammatory cell response to inflammation in SARS-CoV-2 infection when the cholinergic system is constantly activated via nAchRalpha7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessanda S Rieder
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases (Wyse's Lab), Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection and Neurometabolic Diseases (Wyse's Lab), Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
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4
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Harder EV, Franklin JP, VanRyzin JW, Reissner KJ. Astrocyte-Neuron Interactions in Substance Use Disorders. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 39:165-191. [PMID: 39190075 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-64839-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Engagement of astrocytes within the brain's reward circuitry has been apparent for approximately 30 years, when noncontingent drug administration was observed to lead to cytological markers of reactive astrocytes. Since that time, advanced approaches in rodent behavior and astrocyte monitoring have revealed complex interactions between astrocytes with drug type, animal sex, brain region, and dose and duration of drug administration. A number of studies now collectively reveal that rodent drug self-administration followed by prolonged abstinence results in decreased features of structure and synaptic colocalization of astrocytes. In addition, stimulation of astrocytes in the nucleus accumbens with DREADD receptors or pharmacological compounds opposes drug-seeking behavior. These findings provide a clear path for ongoing investigation into astrocytes as mediators of drug action in the brain and underscore the potential therapeutic utility of astrocytes in the regulation of drug craving and relapse vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden V Harder
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Neuroscience Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Janay P Franklin
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Neuroscience Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan W VanRyzin
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Neuroscience Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kathryn J Reissner
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Neuroscience Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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5
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Konadu ME, Reed MB, Kaufmann U, Handschuh PA, Spurny-Dworak B, Klöbl M, Schmidt C, Godber, Godbersen M, Briem E, Seiger R, Baldinger-Melich P, Kranz GS, Lanzenberger R, Spies M. Changes to hypothalamic volume and associated subunits during gender-affirming hormone therapy. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2023; 48:E369-E375. [PMID: 37751919 PMCID: PMC10521920 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.230017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among its pleiotropic properties, gender-affirming hormone therapy (GHT) affects regional brain volumes. The hypothalamus, which regulates neuroendocrine function and associated emotional and cognitive processes, is an intuitive target for probing GHT effects. We sought to assess changes to hypothalamus and hypothalamic subunit volumes after GHT, thereby honouring the region's anatomical and functional heterogeneity. METHODS Individuals with gender dysphoria and cisgender controls underwent 2 MRI measurements, with a median interval of 145 days (interquartile range [IQR] 128.25-169.75 d, mean 164.94 d) between the first and second MRI. Transgender women (TW) and transgender men (TM) underwent the first MRI before GHT and the second MRI after approximately 4.5 months of GHT, which comprised estrogen and anti-androgen therapy in TW or testosterone therapy in TM. Hypothalamic volumes were segmented using FreeSurfer, and effects of GHT were tested using repeated-measures analysis of covariance. RESULTS The final sample included 106 participants: 38 TM, 15 TW, 32 cisgender women (CW) and 21 cisgender men (CM). Our analyses revealed group × time interaction effects for total, left and right hypothalamus volume, and for several subunits (left and right inferior tubular, left superior tubular, right anterior inferior, right anterior superior, all p corr < 0.01). In TW, volumes decreased between the first and second MRI in these regions (all p corr ≤ 0.01), and the change from the first to second MRI in TW differed significantly from that in CM and CW in several subunits (p corr < 0.05). LIMITATIONS We did not address the influence of transition-related psychological and behavioural changes. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a subunit-specific effect of GHT on hypothalamus volumes in TW. This finding is in accordance with previous reports of positive and negative effects of androgens and estrogens, respectively, on cerebral volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisande E Konadu
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Konadu, Reed, Handschuh, Spurny-Dworak, Klöbl, Schmidt, Godbersen, Briem, Seiger, Baldinger-Melich, Kranz, Lanzenberger, Spies); the Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Konadu, Reed, Handschuh, Spurny-Dworak, Klöbl, Schmidt, Godbersen, Briem, Seiger, Baldinger-Melich, Lanzenberger, Spies); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Kaufmann); the Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong (Kranz)
| | - Murray B Reed
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Konadu, Reed, Handschuh, Spurny-Dworak, Klöbl, Schmidt, Godbersen, Briem, Seiger, Baldinger-Melich, Kranz, Lanzenberger, Spies); the Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Konadu, Reed, Handschuh, Spurny-Dworak, Klöbl, Schmidt, Godbersen, Briem, Seiger, Baldinger-Melich, Lanzenberger, Spies); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Kaufmann); the Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong (Kranz)
| | - Ulrike Kaufmann
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Konadu, Reed, Handschuh, Spurny-Dworak, Klöbl, Schmidt, Godbersen, Briem, Seiger, Baldinger-Melich, Kranz, Lanzenberger, Spies); the Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Konadu, Reed, Handschuh, Spurny-Dworak, Klöbl, Schmidt, Godbersen, Briem, Seiger, Baldinger-Melich, Lanzenberger, Spies); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Kaufmann); the Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong (Kranz)
| | - Patricia A Handschuh
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Konadu, Reed, Handschuh, Spurny-Dworak, Klöbl, Schmidt, Godbersen, Briem, Seiger, Baldinger-Melich, Kranz, Lanzenberger, Spies); the Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Konadu, Reed, Handschuh, Spurny-Dworak, Klöbl, Schmidt, Godbersen, Briem, Seiger, Baldinger-Melich, Lanzenberger, Spies); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Kaufmann); the Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong (Kranz)
| | - Benjamin Spurny-Dworak
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Konadu, Reed, Handschuh, Spurny-Dworak, Klöbl, Schmidt, Godbersen, Briem, Seiger, Baldinger-Melich, Kranz, Lanzenberger, Spies); the Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Konadu, Reed, Handschuh, Spurny-Dworak, Klöbl, Schmidt, Godbersen, Briem, Seiger, Baldinger-Melich, Lanzenberger, Spies); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Kaufmann); the Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong (Kranz)
| | - Manfred Klöbl
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Konadu, Reed, Handschuh, Spurny-Dworak, Klöbl, Schmidt, Godbersen, Briem, Seiger, Baldinger-Melich, Kranz, Lanzenberger, Spies); the Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Konadu, Reed, Handschuh, Spurny-Dworak, Klöbl, Schmidt, Godbersen, Briem, Seiger, Baldinger-Melich, Lanzenberger, Spies); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Kaufmann); the Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong (Kranz)
| | - Clemens Schmidt
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Konadu, Reed, Handschuh, Spurny-Dworak, Klöbl, Schmidt, Godbersen, Briem, Seiger, Baldinger-Melich, Kranz, Lanzenberger, Spies); the Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Konadu, Reed, Handschuh, Spurny-Dworak, Klöbl, Schmidt, Godbersen, Briem, Seiger, Baldinger-Melich, Lanzenberger, Spies); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Kaufmann); the Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong (Kranz)
| | - Godber
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Konadu, Reed, Handschuh, Spurny-Dworak, Klöbl, Schmidt, Godbersen, Briem, Seiger, Baldinger-Melich, Kranz, Lanzenberger, Spies); the Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Konadu, Reed, Handschuh, Spurny-Dworak, Klöbl, Schmidt, Godbersen, Briem, Seiger, Baldinger-Melich, Lanzenberger, Spies); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Kaufmann); the Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong (Kranz)
| | - M Godbersen
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Konadu, Reed, Handschuh, Spurny-Dworak, Klöbl, Schmidt, Godbersen, Briem, Seiger, Baldinger-Melich, Kranz, Lanzenberger, Spies); the Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Konadu, Reed, Handschuh, Spurny-Dworak, Klöbl, Schmidt, Godbersen, Briem, Seiger, Baldinger-Melich, Lanzenberger, Spies); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Kaufmann); the Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong (Kranz)
| | - Elisa Briem
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Konadu, Reed, Handschuh, Spurny-Dworak, Klöbl, Schmidt, Godbersen, Briem, Seiger, Baldinger-Melich, Kranz, Lanzenberger, Spies); the Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Konadu, Reed, Handschuh, Spurny-Dworak, Klöbl, Schmidt, Godbersen, Briem, Seiger, Baldinger-Melich, Lanzenberger, Spies); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Kaufmann); the Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong (Kranz)
| | - René Seiger
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Konadu, Reed, Handschuh, Spurny-Dworak, Klöbl, Schmidt, Godbersen, Briem, Seiger, Baldinger-Melich, Kranz, Lanzenberger, Spies); the Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Konadu, Reed, Handschuh, Spurny-Dworak, Klöbl, Schmidt, Godbersen, Briem, Seiger, Baldinger-Melich, Lanzenberger, Spies); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Kaufmann); the Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong (Kranz)
| | - Pia Baldinger-Melich
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Konadu, Reed, Handschuh, Spurny-Dworak, Klöbl, Schmidt, Godbersen, Briem, Seiger, Baldinger-Melich, Kranz, Lanzenberger, Spies); the Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Konadu, Reed, Handschuh, Spurny-Dworak, Klöbl, Schmidt, Godbersen, Briem, Seiger, Baldinger-Melich, Lanzenberger, Spies); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Kaufmann); the Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong (Kranz)
| | - Georg S Kranz
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Konadu, Reed, Handschuh, Spurny-Dworak, Klöbl, Schmidt, Godbersen, Briem, Seiger, Baldinger-Melich, Kranz, Lanzenberger, Spies); the Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Konadu, Reed, Handschuh, Spurny-Dworak, Klöbl, Schmidt, Godbersen, Briem, Seiger, Baldinger-Melich, Lanzenberger, Spies); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Kaufmann); the Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong (Kranz)
| | - Rupert Lanzenberger
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Konadu, Reed, Handschuh, Spurny-Dworak, Klöbl, Schmidt, Godbersen, Briem, Seiger, Baldinger-Melich, Kranz, Lanzenberger, Spies); the Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Konadu, Reed, Handschuh, Spurny-Dworak, Klöbl, Schmidt, Godbersen, Briem, Seiger, Baldinger-Melich, Lanzenberger, Spies); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Kaufmann); the Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong (Kranz)
| | - Marie Spies
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Konadu, Reed, Handschuh, Spurny-Dworak, Klöbl, Schmidt, Godbersen, Briem, Seiger, Baldinger-Melich, Kranz, Lanzenberger, Spies); the Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Konadu, Reed, Handschuh, Spurny-Dworak, Klöbl, Schmidt, Godbersen, Briem, Seiger, Baldinger-Melich, Lanzenberger, Spies); the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (Kaufmann); the Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong (Kranz)
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Valtcheva S, Issa HA, Bair-Marshall CJ, Martin KA, Jung K, Zhang Y, Kwon HB, Froemke RC. Neural circuitry for maternal oxytocin release induced by infant cries. Nature 2023; 621:788-795. [PMID: 37730989 PMCID: PMC10639004 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06540-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin is a neuropeptide that is important for maternal physiology and childcare, including parturition and milk ejection during nursing1-6. Suckling triggers the release of oxytocin, but other sensory cues-specifically, infant cries-can increase the levels of oxytocin in new human mothers7, which indicates that cries can activate hypothalamic oxytocin neurons. Here we describe a neural circuit that routes auditory information about infant vocalizations to mouse oxytocin neurons. We performed in vivo electrophysiological recordings and photometry from identified oxytocin neurons in awake maternal mice that were presented with pup calls. We found that oxytocin neurons responded to pup vocalizations, but not to pure tones, through input from the posterior intralaminar thalamus, and that repetitive thalamic stimulation induced lasting disinhibition of oxytocin neurons. This circuit gates central oxytocin release and maternal behaviour in response to calls, providing a mechanism for the integration of sensory cues from the offspring in maternal endocrine networks to ensure modulation of brain state for efficient parenting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Valtcheva
- Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Habon A Issa
- Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chloe J Bair-Marshall
- Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kathleen A Martin
- Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kanghoon Jung
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yiyao Zhang
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hyung-Bae Kwon
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert C Froemke
- Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
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7
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Handy G, Borisyuk A. Investigating the ability of astrocytes to drive neural network synchrony. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011290. [PMID: 37556468 PMCID: PMC10441806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent experimental works have implicated astrocytes as a significant cell type underlying several neuronal processes in the mammalian brain, from encoding sensory information to neurological disorders. Despite this progress, it is still unclear how astrocytes are communicating with and driving their neuronal neighbors. While previous computational modeling works have helped propose mechanisms responsible for driving these interactions, they have primarily focused on interactions at the synaptic level, with microscale models of calcium dynamics and neurotransmitter diffusion. Since it is computationally infeasible to include the intricate microscale details in a network-scale model, little computational work has been done to understand how astrocytes may be influencing spiking patterns and synchronization of large networks. We overcome this issue by first developing an "effective" astrocyte that can be easily implemented to already established network frameworks. We do this by showing that the astrocyte proximity to a synapse makes synaptic transmission faster, weaker, and less reliable. Thus, our "effective" astrocytes can be incorporated by considering heterogeneous synaptic time constants, which are parametrized only by the degree of astrocytic proximity at that synapse. We then apply our framework to large networks of exponential integrate-and-fire neurons with various spatial structures. Depending on key parameters, such as the number of synapses ensheathed and the strength of this ensheathment, we show that astrocytes can push the network to a synchronous state and exhibit spatially correlated patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Handy
- Departments of Neurobiology and Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Grossman Center for Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Alla Borisyuk
- Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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Heteromerization of Dopamine D2 and Oxytocin Receptor in Adult Striatal Astrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054677. [PMID: 36902106 PMCID: PMC10002782 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of oxytocin (OT) to interact with the dopaminergic system through facilitatory D2-OT receptor (OTR) receptor-receptor interaction in the limbic system is increasingly considered to play roles in social or emotional behavior, and suggested to serve as a potential therapeutic target. Although roles of astrocytes in the modulatory effects of OT and dopamine in the central nervous system are well recognized, the possibility of D2-OTR receptor-receptor interaction in astrocytes has been neglected. In purified astrocyte processes from adult rat striatum, we assessed OTR and dopamine D2 receptor expression by confocal analysis. The effects of activation of these receptors were evaluated in the processes through a neurochemical study of glutamate release evoked by 4-aminopyridine; D2-OTR heteromerization was assessed by co-immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assay (PLA). The structure of the possible D2-OTR heterodimer was estimated by a bioinformatic approach. We found that both D2 and OTR were expressed on the same astrocyte processes and controlled the release of glutamate, showing a facilitatory receptor-receptor interaction in the D2-OTR heteromers. Biochemical and biophysical evidence confirmed D2-OTR heterodimers on striatal astrocytes. The residues in the transmembrane domains four and five of both receptors are predicted to be mainly involved in the heteromerization. In conclusion, roles for astrocytic D2-OTR in the control of glutamatergic synapse functioning through modulation of astrocytic glutamate release should be taken into consideration when considering interactions between oxytocinergic and dopaminergic systems in striatum.
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Badia-Soteras A, Heistek TS, Kater MSJ, Mak A, Negrean A, van den Oever MC, Mansvelder HD, Khakh BS, Min R, Smit AB, Verheijen MHG. Retraction of Astrocyte Leaflets From the Synapse Enhances Fear Memory. Biol Psychiatry 2022:S0006-3223(22)01705-X. [PMID: 36702661 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The formation and retrieval of fear memories depends on orchestrated synaptic activity of neuronal ensembles within the hippocampus, and it is becoming increasingly evident that astrocytes residing in the environment of these synapses play a central role in shaping cellular memory representations. Astrocyte distal processes, known as leaflets, fine-tune synaptic activity by clearing neurotransmitters and limiting glutamate diffusion. However, how astroglial synaptic coverage contributes to mnemonic processing of fearful experiences remains largely unknown. METHODS We used electron microscopy to observe changes in astroglial coverage of hippocampal synapses during consolidation of fear memory in mice. To manipulate astroglial synaptic coverage, we depleted ezrin, an integral leaflet-structural protein, from hippocampal astrocytes using CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 gene editing. Next, a combination of Föster resonance energy transfer analysis, genetically encoded glutamate sensors, and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings was used to determine whether the proximity of astrocyte leaflets to the synapse is critical for synaptic integrity and function. RESULTS We found that consolidation of a recent fear memory is accompanied by a transient retraction of astrocyte leaflets from hippocampal synapses and increased activation of NMDA receptors. Accordingly, astrocyte-specific depletion of ezrin resulted in shorter astrocyte leaflets and reduced astrocyte contact with the synaptic cleft, which consequently boosted extrasynaptic glutamate diffusion and NMDA receptor activation. Importantly, after fear conditioning, these cellular phenotypes translated to increased retrieval-evoked activation of CA1 pyramidal neurons and enhanced fear memory expression. CONCLUSIONS Together, our data show that withdrawal of astrocyte leaflets from the synaptic cleft is an experience-induced, temporally regulated process that gates the strength of fear memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Badia-Soteras
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tim S Heistek
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mandy S J Kater
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aline Mak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Adrian Negrean
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michel C van den Oever
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Huibert D Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Baljit S Khakh
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rogier Min
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - August B Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark H G Verheijen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Paviolo C, Ferreira JS, Lee A, Hunter D, Calaresu I, Nandi S, Groc L, Cognet L. Near-Infrared Carbon Nanotube Tracking Reveals the Nanoscale Extracellular Space around Synapses. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6849-6856. [PMID: 36038137 PMCID: PMC9479209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We provide evidence of a local synaptic nanoenvironment in the brain extracellular space (ECS) lying within 500 nm of postsynaptic densities. To reveal this brain compartment, we developed a correlative imaging approach dedicated to thick brain tissue based on single-particle tracking of individual fluorescent single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in living samples and on speckle-based HiLo microscopy of synaptic labels. We show that the extracellular space around synapses bears specific properties in terms of morphology at the nanoscale and inner diffusivity. We finally show that the ECS juxta-synaptic region changes its diffusion parameters in response to neuronal activity, indicating that this nanoenvironment might play a role in the regulation of brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Paviolo
- Université
de Bordeaux, Institut d’Optique & Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5298, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Joana S. Ferreira
- Université
de Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Antony Lee
- Université
de Bordeaux, Institut d’Optique & Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5298, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Daniel Hunter
- Université
de Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Ivo Calaresu
- Université
de Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Somen Nandi
- Université
de Bordeaux, Institut d’Optique & Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5298, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Laurent Groc
- Université
de Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Laurent Cognet
- Université
de Bordeaux, Institut d’Optique & Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique, UMR 5298, 33400 Talence, France
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CXCR4/CX43 Regulate Diabetic Neuropathic Pain via Intercellular Interactions between Activated Neurons and Dysfunctional Astrocytes during Late Phase of Diabetes in Rats and the Effects of Antioxidant N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:8547563. [PMID: 35799894 PMCID: PMC9256426 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8547563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that the interactions between astrocytes and neurons exert important functions in the central sensitization of the spinal cord dorsal horn in rodents with diabetes and neuropathic pain (DNP). However, it still remains unclear how signal transmission occurs in the spinal cord dorsal horn between astrocytes and neurons, especially in subjects with DNP. Chemokine CXC receptor 4 (CXCR4) plays critical roles in DNP, and connexin 43 (CX43), which is also primarily expressed by astrocytes, contributes to the development of neuropathy. We thus postulated that astrocytic and neuronal CXCR4 induces and produces inflammatory factors under persistent peripheral noxious stimulation in DNP, while intercellular CX43 can transmit inflammatory stimulation signals. The results showed that streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rats developed heat hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia. Diabetes led to persistent neuropathic pain. Diabetic rats developed peripheral sensitization at the early phase (2 weeks) and central sensitization at the late phase (5 weeks) after diabetes induction. Both CXCR4 and CX43, which are localized and coexpressed in neurons and astrocytes, were enhanced significantly in the dorsal horn of spinal cord in rats undergoing DNP during late phase of diabetes, and the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 reduced the expression of CX43. The nociceptive behavior was reversed, respectively, by AMD3100 at the early phase and by the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) at the late phase. Furthermore, rats with DNP demonstrated downregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) as well as upregulation of c-fos in the spinal cord dorsal horn at the late phase compared to the controls, and upregulation of GFAP and downregulation of c-fos were observed upon treatment with NAC. Given that GFAP and c-fos are, respectively, makers of astrocyte and neuronal activation, our findings suggest that CXCR4 as an inflammatory stimulation protein and CX43 as an intercellular signal transmission protein both may induce neurons excitability and astrocytes dysfunction in developing DNP.
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Perkinson MR, Kirchner MK, Zhang M, Augustine RA, Stern JE, Brown CH. α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone inhibition of oxytocin neurons switches to excitation in late pregnancy and lactation. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15226. [PMID: 35312181 PMCID: PMC8935534 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin is secreted into the periphery by magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei (SON and PVN) to trigger uterine contraction during birth and milk ejection during suckling. Peripheral oxytocin secretion is triggered by action potential firing, which is regulated by afferent input activity and by feedback from oxytocin secreted into the extracellular space from magnocellular neuron somata and dendrites. A prominent input to oxytocin neurons arises from proopiomelanocortin neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus that secrete an alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), which inhibits oxytocin neuron firing in non-pregnant rats by increasing somato-dendritic oxytocin secretion. However, α-MSH inhibition of oxytocin neuron firing is attenuated in mid-pregnancy and somato-dendritic oxytocin becomes auto-excitatory in late-pregnancy and lactation. Therefore, we hypothesized that attenuated α-MSH inhibition of oxytocin neuron firing marks the beginning of a transition from inhibition to excitation to facilitate peripheral oxytocin secretion for parturition and lactation. Intra-SON microdialysis administration of α-MSH inhibited oxytocin neuron firing rate by 33 ± 9% in non-pregnant rats but increased oxytocin neuron firing rate by 37 ± 12% in late-pregnant rats and by 28 ± 10% in lactating rats. α-MSH-induced somato-dendritic oxytocin secretion measured ex vivo with oxytocin receptor-expressing "sniffer" cells, was of similar amplitude in PVN slices from non-pregnant and lactating rats but longer-lasting in slices from lactating rats. Hence, α-MSH inhibition of oxytocin neuron activity switches to excitation over pregnancy while somato-dendritic oxytocin secretion is maintained, which might enhance oxytocin neuron excitability to facilitate the increased peripheral secretion that is required for normal parturition and milk ejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Perkinson
- Brain Health Research CentreUniversity of OtagoDunedinAotearoa New Zealand
- Centre for NeuroendocrinologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinAotearoa New Zealand
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinAotearoa New Zealand
| | - Matthew K. Kirchner
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Cardiometabolic DiseasesGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Meng Zhang
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Cardiometabolic DiseasesGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Rachael A. Augustine
- Brain Health Research CentreUniversity of OtagoDunedinAotearoa New Zealand
- Centre for NeuroendocrinologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinAotearoa New Zealand
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinAotearoa New Zealand
| | - Javier E. Stern
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Cardiometabolic DiseasesGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Colin H. Brown
- Brain Health Research CentreUniversity of OtagoDunedinAotearoa New Zealand
- Centre for NeuroendocrinologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinAotearoa New Zealand
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinAotearoa New Zealand
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Amato S, Averna M, Guidolin D, Pedrazzi M, Pelassa S, Capraro M, Passalacqua M, Bozzo M, Gatta E, Anderlini D, Maura G, Agnati LF, Cervetto C, Marcoli M. Heterodimer of A2A and Oxytocin Receptors Regulating Glutamate Release in Adult Striatal Astrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042326. [PMID: 35216441 PMCID: PMC8879615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Roles of astrocytes in the modulatory effects of oxytocin (OT) in central nervous system are increasingly considered. Nevertheless, OT effects on gliotransmitter release have been neglected. METHODS In purified astrocyte processes from adult rat striatum, we assessed OT receptor (OTR) and adenosine A2A receptor expression by confocal analysis. The effects of receptors activation on glutamate release from the processes were evaluated; A2A-OTR heteromerization was assessed by co-immunoprecipitation and PLA. Structure of the possible heterodimer of A2A and OT receptors was estimated by a bioinformatic approach. RESULTS Both A2A and OT receptors were expressed on the same astrocyte processes. Evidence for A2A-OTR receptor-receptor interaction was obtained by measuring the release of glutamate: OT inhibited the evoked glutamate release, while activation of A2A receptors, per se ineffective, abolished the OT effect. Biochemical and biophysical evidence for A2A-OTR heterodimers on striatal astrocytes was also obtained. The residues in the transmembrane domains 4 and 5 of both receptors are predicted to be mainly involved in the heteromerization. CONCLUSIONS When considering effects of OT in striatum, modulation of glutamate release from the astrocyte processes and of glutamatergic synapse functioning, and the interaction with A2A receptors on the astrocyte processes should be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Amato
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (S.A.); (S.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Monica Averna
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 1, 16132 Genova, Italy; (M.A.); (M.P.); (M.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Diego Guidolin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35122 Padova, Italy;
| | - Marco Pedrazzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 1, 16132 Genova, Italy; (M.A.); (M.P.); (M.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Simone Pelassa
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (S.A.); (S.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Michela Capraro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 1, 16132 Genova, Italy; (M.A.); (M.P.); (M.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Mario Passalacqua
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 1, 16132 Genova, Italy; (M.A.); (M.P.); (M.C.); (M.P.)
- Italian Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Viale delle Medaglie d’Oro 305, 00136 Roma, Italy
| | - Matteo Bozzo
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 5, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Elena Gatta
- DIFILAB, Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy;
| | - Deanna Anderlini
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Blair Drive, St. Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia;
| | - Guido Maura
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (S.A.); (S.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Luigi F. Agnati
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic Sciences and Neuroscience, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Chiara Cervetto
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (S.A.); (S.P.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (S.A.); (S.P.); (G.M.)
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 9, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (M.M.)
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Wichmann C, Kuner T. Heterogeneity of glutamatergic synapses: cellular mechanisms and network consequences. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:269-318. [PMID: 34727002 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical synapses are commonly known as a structurally and functionally highly diverse class of cell-cell contacts specialized to mediate communication between neurons. They represent the smallest "computational" unit of the brain and are typically divided into excitatory and inhibitory as well as modulatory categories. These categories are subdivided into diverse types, each representing a different structure-function repertoire that in turn are thought to endow neuronal networks with distinct computational properties. The diversity of structure and function found among a given category of synapses is referred to as heterogeneity. The main building blocks for this heterogeneity are synaptic vesicles, the active zone, the synaptic cleft, the postsynaptic density, and glial processes associated with the synapse. Each of these five structural modules entails a distinct repertoire of functions, and their combination specifies the range of functional heterogeneity at mammalian excitatory synapses, which are the focus of this review. We describe synapse heterogeneity that is manifested on different levels of complexity ranging from the cellular morphology of the pre- and postsynaptic cells toward the expression of different protein isoforms at individual release sites. We attempt to define the range of structural building blocks that are used to vary the basic functional repertoire of excitatory synaptic contacts and discuss sources and general mechanisms of synapse heterogeneity. Finally, we explore the possible impact of synapse heterogeneity on neuronal network function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Wichmann
- Molecular Architecture of Synapses Group, Institute for Auditory Neuroscience, InnerEarLab and Institute for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuner
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
Drug addiction remains a key biomedical challenge facing current neuroscience research. In addition to neural mechanisms, the focus of the vast majority of studies to date, astrocytes have been increasingly recognized as an "accomplice." According to the tripartite synapse model, astrocytes critically regulate nearby pre- and postsynaptic neuronal substrates to craft experience-dependent synaptic plasticity, including synapse formation and elimination. Astrocytes within brain regions that are implicated in drug addiction exhibit dynamic changes in activity upon exposure to cocaine and subsequently undergo adaptive changes themselves during chronic drug exposure. Recent results have identified several key astrocytic signaling pathways that are involved in cocaine-induced synaptic and circuit adaptations. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the role of astrocytes in regulating synaptic transmission and neuronal function, and discuss how cocaine influences these astrocyte-mediated mechanisms to induce persistent synaptic and circuit alterations that promote cocaine seeking and relapse. We also consider the therapeutic potential of targeting astrocytic substrates to ameliorate drug-induced neuroplasticity for behavioral benefits. While primarily focusing on cocaine-induced astrocytic responses, we also include brief discussion of other drugs of abuse where data are available.
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McCann H, Durand B, Shepherd CE. Aging-Related Tau Astrogliopathy in Aging and Neurodegeneration. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11070927. [PMID: 34356161 PMCID: PMC8306417 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11070927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are of vital importance to neuronal function and the health of the central nervous system (CNS), and astrocytic dysfunction as a primary or secondary event may predispose to neurodegeneration. Until recently, the main astrocytic tauopathies were the frontotemporal lobar degeneration with tau (FTLD-tau) group of disorders; however, aging-related tau astrogliopathy (ARTAG) has now been defined. This condition is a self-describing neuropathology mainly found in individuals over 60 years of age. Astrocytic tau accumulates with a thorny or granular/fuzzy morphology and is commonly found in normal aging as well as coexisting with diverse neurodegenerative disorders. However, there are still many unknown factors associated with ARTAG, including the cause/s, the progression, and the nature of any clinical associations. In addition to FTLD-tau, ARTAG has recently been associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), where it has been proposed as a potential precursor to these conditions, with the different ARTAG morphological subtypes perhaps having separate etiologies. This is an emerging area of exciting research that encompasses complex neurobiological and clinicopathological investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather McCann
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (H.M.); (B.D.)
| | - Briony Durand
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (H.M.); (B.D.)
| | - Claire E. Shepherd
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (H.M.); (B.D.)
- Department of Pathology, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Astrocytes in Multiple Sclerosis-Essential Constituents with Diverse Multifaceted Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115904. [PMID: 34072790 PMCID: PMC8198285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS), astrocytes respond to the inflammatory stimulation with an early robust process of morphological, transcriptional, biochemical, and functional remodeling. Recent studies utilizing novel technologies in samples from MS patients, and in an animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), exposed the detrimental and the beneficial, in part contradictory, functions of this heterogeneous cell population. In this review, we summarize the various roles of astrocytes in recruiting immune cells to lesion sites, engendering the inflammatory loop, and inflicting tissue damage. The roles of astrocytes in suppressing excessive inflammation and promoting neuroprotection and repair processes is also discussed. The pivotal roles played by astrocytes make them an attractive therapeutic target. Improved understanding of astrocyte function and diversity, and the mechanisms by which they are regulated may lead to the development of novel approaches to selectively block astrocytic detrimental responses and/or enhance their protective properties.
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18
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Xu ZQ, Zhang WJ, Su DF, Zhang GQ, Miao CY. Cellular responses and functions of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation in the brain: a narrative review. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:509. [PMID: 33850906 PMCID: PMC8039675 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) has been studied for many years since its discovery. Although many functions and characteristics of brain α7nAChR are widely understood, much remains to be elucidated. The α7nAChR is widely expressed in the central nervous system, not only in neurons but also in astrocytes, microglia, and endothelial cells. α7nAChR can be activated by endogenous agonist like acetylcholine or exogenous agonists like nicotine and PNU282987. Its agonists can be divided into selective agonists and non-selective agonists. The activation of α7nAChR results in a series of physiological processes which have both short-term and long-term effects on cells, for example, calcium influx, neurotransmitter release, synaptic plasticity, and excitatory transmission. It also induces other downstream events, such as inflammation, autophagy, necrosis, transcription, and apoptosis. The cellular responses to α7nAChR activation vary according to cell types and conditions. For example, α7nAChR activation in pyramidal neurons leads to long-term potentiation, while α7nAChR activation in GABAergic interneurons leads to long-term depression. Studies have also shown some contradictory phenomena, which requires further study for clarification. Herein, the cellular responses of α7nAChR activation are summarized, and the functions of α7nAChR in neurons and non-neuronal cells are discussed. We also summarized contradictory conclusions to show where we stand and where to go for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Qi Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, China
| | - Ding-Feng Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao-Yu Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University/Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Iovino M, Messana T, Tortora A, Giusti C, Lisco G, Giagulli VA, Guastamacchia E, De Pergola G, Triggiani V. Oxytocin Signaling Pathway: From Cell Biology to Clinical Implications. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 21:91-110. [PMID: 32433011 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200520093730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to the well-known role played in lactation and parturition, Oxytocin (OT) and OT receptor (OTR) are involved in many other aspects such as the control of maternal and social behavior, the regulation of the growth of the neocortex, the maintenance of blood supply to the cortex, the stimulation of limbic olfactory area to mother-infant recognition bond, and the modulation of the autonomic nervous system via the vagal pathway. Moreover, OT and OTR show antiinflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-pain, anti-diabetic, anti-dyslipidemic and anti-atherogenic effects. OBJECTIVE The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the main data coming from the literature dealing with the role of OT and OTR in physiology and pathologic conditions focusing on the most relevant aspects. METHODS Appropriate keywords and MeSH terms were identified and searched in Pubmed. Finally, references of original articles and reviews were examined. RESULTS We report the most significant and updated data on the role played by OT and OTR in physiology and different clinical contexts. CONCLUSION Emerging evidence indicates the involvement of OT system in several pathophysiological mechanisms influencing brain anatomy, cognition, language, sense of safety and trust and maternal behavior, with the possible use of exogenous administered OT in the treatment of specific neuropsychiatric conditions. Furthermore, it modulates pancreatic β-cell responsiveness and lipid metabolism leading to possible therapeutic use in diabetic and dyslipidemic patients and for limiting and even reversing atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Iovino
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases. University of Bari "Aldo Moro", School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Tullio Messana
- Infantile Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS - Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Tortora
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases. University of Bari "Aldo Moro", School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Consuelo Giusti
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases. University of Bari "Aldo Moro", School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lisco
- Hospital Unit of Endocrinology, Perrino Hospital, Brindisi, Italy
| | - Vito Angelo Giagulli
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases. University of Bari "Aldo Moro", School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Edoardo Guastamacchia
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases. University of Bari "Aldo Moro", School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni De Pergola
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Triggiani
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine-Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases. University of Bari "Aldo Moro", School of Medicine, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
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20
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Astrocytes: News about Brain Health and Diseases. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8100394. [PMID: 33036256 PMCID: PMC7600952 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, the most numerous glial cells in the brains of humans and other mammalian animals, have been studied since their discovery over 100 years ago. For many decades, however, astrocytes were believed to operate as a glue, providing only mechanical and metabolic support to adjacent neurons. Starting from a "revolution" initiated about 25 years ago, numerous astrocyte functions have been reconsidered, some previously unknown, others attributed to neurons or other cell types. The knowledge of astrocytes has been continuously growing during the last few years. Based on these considerations, in the present review, different from single or general overviews, focused on six astrocyte functions, chosen due in their relevance in both brain physiology and pathology. Astrocytes, previously believed to be homogeneous, are now recognized to be heterogeneous, composed by types distinct in structure, distribution, and function; their cooperation with microglia is known to govern local neuroinflammation and brain restoration upon traumatic injuries; and astrocyte senescence is relevant for the development of both health and diseases. Knowledge regarding the role of astrocytes in tauopathies and Alzheimer's disease has grow considerably. The multiple properties emphasized here, relevant for the present state of astrocytes, will be further developed by ongoing and future studies.
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21
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Maffezzini C, Calvo-Garrido J, Wredenberg A, Freyer C. Metabolic regulation of neurodifferentiation in the adult brain. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2483-2496. [PMID: 31912194 PMCID: PMC7320050 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03430-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms behind neurodifferentiation in adults will be an important milestone in our quest to identify treatment strategies for cognitive disorders observed during our natural ageing or disease. It is now clear that the maturation of neural stem cells to neurones, fully integrated into neuronal circuits requires a complete remodelling of cellular metabolism, including switching the cellular energy source. Mitochondria are central for this transition and are increasingly seen as the regulatory hub in defining neural stem cell fate and neurodevelopment. This review explores our current knowledge of metabolism during adult neurodifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Maffezzini
- Max Planck Institute Biology of Ageing-Karolinska Institutet Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Javier Calvo-Garrido
- Max Planck Institute Biology of Ageing-Karolinska Institutet Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Wredenberg
- Max Planck Institute Biology of Ageing-Karolinska Institutet Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Christoph Freyer
- Max Planck Institute Biology of Ageing-Karolinska Institutet Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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22
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Luo X, He T, Wang Y, Wang JL, Yan XB, Zhou HC, Wang RR, Du R, Wang XL, Chen J, Huang D. Ceftriaxone Relieves Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain Through Suppression of Spatiotemporal Synaptic Plasticity via Restoration of Glutamate Transporter 1 in the Medullary Dorsal Horn. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:199. [PMID: 32714151 PMCID: PMC7340123 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a rat model of trigeminal neuropathic pain (TNP) produced by chronic compression of the infraorbital nerve (CCI-ION), we investigated the analgesic effect and the underlying mechanisms of ceftriaxone (Cef), a β-lactam antibiotic, that is thought to be a potent stimulator of glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1). First, repeated intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of Cef (200 mg/kg) for 5-days since Day 1 of CCI-ION could significantly relieve both mechanical and thermal pain hypersensitivity from day 10 after drug administration. Western blot and immunofluorescent results demonstrated that 5-days administration of Cef resulted in the restoration of GLT-1 expression to a level equivalent to the sham control which was dramatically lost under the TNP condition. Moreover, multi-electrode (8 × 8) array recordings of network field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) were performed on the acutely dissociated medullary dorsal horn slice evoked by electrical stimulation of the trigeminal spinal tract. The results showed that the increased number of fEPSPs, induction rate, and maintenance of long-term potentiation caused by CCI-ION were significantly suppressed by 5-days administration of Cef. Taken together, the results indicate that Cef can relieve TNP through suppression of spatiotemporal synaptic plasticity via GLT-1 restoration in the medullary dorsal horn of the trigeminal nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Luo
- Department of Pain Management, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Institute of Pain Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ting He
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, People's Liberation Army, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, People's Liberation Army, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiang-Lin Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pain Management, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xue-Bin Yan
- Department of Pain Management, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Institute of Pain Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hao-Cheng Zhou
- Department of Pain Management, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Institute of Pain Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rui-Rui Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, People's Liberation Army, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Du
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Liang Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, People's Liberation Army, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, People's Liberation Army, Xi'an, China
| | - Dong Huang
- Department of Pain Management, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Institute of Pain Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
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23
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Brown CH, Ludwig M, Tasker JG, Stern JE. Somato-dendritic vasopressin and oxytocin secretion in endocrine and autonomic regulation. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12856. [PMID: 32406599 PMCID: PMC9134751 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Somato-dendritic secretion was first demonstrated over 30 years ago. However, although its existence has become widely accepted, the function of somato-dendritic secretion is still not completely understood. Hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory cells were among the first neuronal phenotypes in which somato-dendritic secretion was demonstrated and are among the neurones for which the functions of somato-dendritic secretion are best characterised. These neurones secrete the neuropeptides, vasopressin and oxytocin, in an orthograde manner from their axons in the posterior pituitary gland into the blood circulation to regulate body fluid balance and reproductive physiology. Retrograde somato-dendritic secretion of vasopressin and oxytocin modulates the activity of the neurones from which they are secreted, as well as the activity of neighbouring populations of neurones, to provide intra- and inter-population signals that coordinate the endocrine and autonomic responses for the control of peripheral physiology. Somato-dendritic vasopressin and oxytocin have also been proposed to act as hormone-like signals in the brain. There is some evidence that somato-dendritic secretion from magnocellular neurosecretory cells modulates the activity of neurones beyond their local environment where there are no vasopressin- or oxytocin-containing axons but, to date, there is no conclusive evidence for, or against, hormone-like signalling throughout the brain, although it is difficult to imagine that the levels of vasopressin found throughout the brain could be underpinned by release from relatively sparse axon terminal fields. The generation of data to resolve this issue remains a priority for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin H. Brown
- Department of Physiology, Brain Health Research Centre, Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Mike Ludwig
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jeffrey G. Tasker
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Javier E. Stern
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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24
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Non-cell autonomous promotion of astrogenesis at late embryonic stages by constitutive YAP activation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7041. [PMID: 32341445 PMCID: PMC7184574 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63890-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although astrocytes have gained increased recognition as an important regulator in normal brain function and pathology, the mechanisms underlying their genesis are not well understood. In this study, we show that constitutive YAP activation by in utero introduction of a non-degradable form of the YAP gene (YAP 5SA) causes productive GFAP+ cell generation at late embryonic periods, and this activity is nuclear localization- and TEAD transcription factor-dependent. Moreover, we found that the GFAP+ cells were not YAP 5SA-expressing cells themselves but cells in the vicinity in vivo. Conditioned medium prepared from YAP 5SA-expressing cells induced GFAP+ cell production in vitro, suggesting that a soluble factor(s) was mediating the astrogenic activity of YAP 5SA. Indeed, YAP 5SA expression greatly increased CNTF and BMP4 transcription in neural progenitor cells, and a neutralizing antibody against CNTF reduced the astrogenic effects of YAP 5SA-conditioned medium. Furthermore, the YAP 5SA-expressing cells were identified as FN1+ mesenchymal cells which are responsible for the precocious astrogenesis. These results suggest a novel molecular mechanism by which YAP activation can induce astrogenesis in a non-cell autonomous manner.
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25
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Human GNPTAB stuttering mutations engineered into mice cause vocalization deficits and astrocyte pathology in the corpus callosum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:17515-17524. [PMID: 31405983 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901480116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stuttering is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that has been associated with mutations in genes involved in intracellular trafficking. However, the cellular mechanisms leading to stuttering remain unknown. Engineering a mutation in N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase subunits α and β (GNPTAB) found in humans who stutter into the mouse Gnptab gene resulted in deficits in the flow of ultrasonic vocalizations similar to speech deficits of humans who stutter. Here we show that other human stuttering mutations introduced into this mouse gene, Gnptab Ser321Gly and Ala455Ser, produce the same vocalization deficit in 8-day-old pup isolation calls and do not affect other nonvocal behaviors. Immunohistochemistry showed a marked decrease in staining of astrocytes, particularly in the corpus callosum of the Gnptab Ser321Gly homozygote mice compared to wild-type littermates, while the staining of cerebellar Purkinje cells, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells, and dopaminergic neurons was not significantly different. Diffusion tensor imaging also detected deficits in the corpus callosum of the Gnptab Ser321Gly mice. Using a range of cell type-specific Cre-drivers and a Gnptab conditional knockout line, we found that only astrocyte-specific Gnptab-deficient mice displayed a similar vocalization deficit. These data suggest that vocalization defects in mice carrying human stuttering mutations in Gnptab derive from abnormalities in astrocytes, particularly in the corpus callosum, and provide support for hypotheses that focus on deficits in interhemispheric communication in stuttering.
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26
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Gegelashvili G, Bjerrum OJ. Glutamate transport system as a key constituent of glutamosome: Molecular pathology and pharmacological modulation in chronic pain. Neuropharmacology 2019; 161:107623. [PMID: 31047920 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neural uptake of glutamate is executed by the structurally related members of the SLC1A family of solute transporters: GLAST/EAAT1, GLT-1/EAAT2, EAAC1/EAAT3, EAAT4, ASCT2. These plasma membrane proteins ensure supply of glutamate, aspartate and some neutral amino acids, including glutamine and cysteine, for synthetic, energetic and signaling purposes, whereas effective removal of glutamate from the synaptic cleft shapes excitatory neurotransmission and prevents glutamate toxicity. Glutamate transporters (GluTs) possess also receptor-like properties and can directly initiate signal transduction. GluTs are physically linked to other glutamate signaling-, transporting- and metabolizing molecules (e.g., glutamine transporters SNAT3 and ASCT2, glutamine synthetase, NMDA receptor, synaptic vesicles), as well as cellular machineries fueling the transmembrane transport of glutamate (e.g., ion gradient-generating Na/K-ATPase, glycolytic enzymes, mitochondrial membrane- and matrix proteins, glucose transporters). We designate this supramolecular functional assembly as 'glutamosome'. GluTs play important roles in the molecular pathology of chronic pain, due to the predominantly glutamatergic nature of nociceptive signaling in the spinal cord. Down-regulation of GluTs often precedes or occurs simultaneously with development of pain hypersensitivity. Pharmacological inhibition or gene knock-down of spinal GluTs can induce/aggravate pain, whereas enhancing expression of GluTs by viral gene transfer can mitigate chronic pain. Thus, functional up-regulation of GluTs is turning into a prospective pharmacotherapeutic approach for the management of chronic pain. A number of novel positive pharmacological regulators of GluTs, incl. pyridazine derivatives and β-lactams, have recently been introduced. However, design and development of new analgesics based on this principle will require more precise knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying physiological or aberrant functioning of the glutamate transport system in nociceptive circuits. This article is part of the issue entitled 'Special Issue on Neurotransmitter Transporters'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Gegelashvili
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Chemical Biology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
| | - Ole Jannik Bjerrum
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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27
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Valtcheva S, Venance L. Control of Long-Term Plasticity by Glutamate Transporters. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2019; 11:10. [PMID: 31024287 PMCID: PMC6465798 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2019.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity-dependent long-term changes in synaptic strength constitute key elements for learning and memory formation. Long-term plasticity can be induced in vivo and ex vivo by various physiologically relevant activity patterns. Depending on their temporal statistics, such patterns can induce long-lasting changes in the synaptic weight by potentiating or depressing synaptic transmission. At excitatory synapses, glutamate uptake operated by excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) has a critical role in regulating the strength and the extent of receptor activation by afferent activity. EAATs tightly control synaptic transmission and glutamate spillover. EAATs activity can, therefore, determine the polarity and magnitude of long-term plasticity by regulating the spatiotemporal profile of the glutamate transients and thus, the glutamate access to pre- and postsynaptic receptors. Here, we summarize compelling evidence that EAATs regulate various forms of long-term synaptic plasticity and the consequences of such regulation for behavioral output. We speculate that experience-dependent plasticity of EAATs levels can determine the sensitivity of synapses to frequency- or time-dependent plasticity paradigms. We propose that EAATs contribute to the gating of relevant inputs eligible to induce long-term plasticity and thereby select the operating learning rules that match the physiological function of the synapse adapted to the behavioral context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Valtcheva
- Dynamics and Pathophysiology of Neuronal Networks Team, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR7241/INSERM U1050, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Venance
- Dynamics and Pathophysiology of Neuronal Networks Team, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR7241/INSERM U1050, Paris, France
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28
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Romanos J, Benke D, Saab AS, Zeilhofer HU, Santello M. Differences in glutamate uptake between cortical regions impact neuronal NMDA receptor activation. Commun Biol 2019; 2:127. [PMID: 30963115 PMCID: PMC6451009 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Removal of synaptically-released glutamate by astrocytes is necessary to spatially and temporally limit neuronal activation. Recent evidence suggests that astrocytes may have specialized functions in specific circuits, but the extent and significance of such specialization are unclear. By performing direct patch-clamp recordings and two-photon glutamate imaging, we report that in the somatosensory cortex, glutamate uptake by astrocytes is slower during sustained synaptic stimulation when compared to lower stimulation frequencies. Conversely, glutamate uptake capacity is increased in the frontal cortex during higher frequency synaptic stimulation, thereby limiting extracellular buildup of glutamate and NMDA receptor activation in layer 5 pyramidal neurons. This efficient glutamate clearance relies on Na+/K+-ATPase function and both GLT-1 and non-GLT-1 transporters. Thus, by enhancing their glutamate uptake capacity, astrocytes in the frontal cortex may prevent excessive neuronal excitation during intense synaptic activity. These results may explain why diseases associated with network hyperexcitability differentially affect individual brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Romanos
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Benke
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aiman S. Saab
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Santello
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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29
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Zhou B, Zuo YX, Jiang RT. Astrocyte morphology: Diversity, plasticity, and role in neurological diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:665-673. [PMID: 30929313 PMCID: PMC6515705 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and participate in synaptic, circuit, and behavioral functions. The well‐developed protoplasmic astrocytes contain numerous processes forming well‐delineated bushy territories that overlap by as little as 5% at their boundaries. This highly complex morphology, with up to approximately 80% of the cell's membrane constituted by fine processes with dimensions on the tens of nanometer scale and high surface area to volume ratios, comes in contact with synapses, blood vessels, and other glial cells. Recent progress is challenging the conventional view that astrocytes are morphologically homogeneous throughout the brain; instead, they display circuit‐ and region‐specific morphological diversity that may contribute to the heterogeneous astrocyte‐neuron spatiotemporal interplay in different brain areas. Further, the fine structure of astrocytes is found to be highly plastic and activity‐dependent. We are beginning to understand how astrocyte structural plasticity contributes to brain functions. The change/loss of astrocyte morphology, traditionally known as a hallmark for reactive astrogliosis, is a common pathological feature in many neurological disorders. However, recent data suggest the fine structural deficits preceding reactive astrogliosis may drive disease progression. This review summarizes recent advances in astrocyte morphological diversity, plasticity, and disease‐related deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun-Xia Zuo
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruo-Tian Jiang
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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30
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Scott H, Phillips T, Stuart G, Rogers M, Steinkraus B, Grant S, Case C. Preeclamptic placentae release factors that damage neurons: implications for foetal programming of disease. Neuronal Signal 2018; 2:NS20180139. [PMID: 32714596 PMCID: PMC7363326 DOI: 10.1042/ns20180139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal development is a critical period for programming of neurological disease. Preeclampsia, a pregnancy complication involving oxidative stress in the placenta, has been associated with long-term health implications for the child, including an increased risk of developing schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders in later life. To investigate if molecules released by the placenta may be important mediators in foetal programming of the brain, we analysed if placental tissue delivered from patients with preeclampsia secreted molecules that could affect cortical cells in culture. Application of culture medium conditioned by preeclamptic placentae to mixed cortical cultures caused changes in neurons and astrocytes that were related to key changes observed in brains of patients with schizophrenia and autism, including effects on dendrite lengths, astrocyte number as well as on levels of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid receptors. Treatment of the placental explants with an antioxidant prevented neuronal abnormalities. Furthermore, we identified that bidirectional communication between neurons and astrocytes, potentially via glutamate, is required to produce the effects of preeclamptic placenta medium on cortical cells. Analysis of possible signalling molecules in the placenta-conditioned medium showed that the secretion profile of extracellular microRNAs, small post-transcriptional regulators, was altered in preeclampsia and partially rescued by antioxidant treatment of the placental explants. Predicted targets of these differentially abundant microRNAs were linked to neurodevelopment and the placenta. The present study provides further evidence that the diseased placenta may release factors that damage cortical cells and suggests the possibility of targeted antioxidant treatment of the placenta to prevent neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Scott
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, U.K
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, U.K
| | - Tom J. Phillips
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, U.K
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, U.K
| | - Greer C. Stuart
- Department of Obstetrics, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, U.K
| | - Mark F. Rogers
- Intelligent Systems Laboratory, University of Bristol, Merchant Venturers Building, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UB, U.K
| | - Bruno R. Steinkraus
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, U.K
| | - Simon Grant
- Department of Obstetrics, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, U.K
| | - C. Patrick Case
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, U.K
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Metwally E, Farouk SM, Hossain MS, Raihan O. Expression of glial cells molecules in the optic nerve of adult dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius): A histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Anat Histol Embryol 2018; 48:74-86. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed Metwally
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics & Developmental Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- Department of Cytology & Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Suez Canal University; Ismailia Egypt
| | - Sameh M. Farouk
- Department of Cytology & Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Suez Canal University; Ismailia Egypt
| | - Md Shafayat Hossain
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Institute of Genetics & Developmental Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Obayed Raihan
- Jessore University of Science and Technology; Jessore Bangladesh
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Sunstrum JK, Inoue W. Heterosynaptic modulation in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Neuropharmacology 2018; 154:87-95. [PMID: 30408488 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The stress response-originally described by Hans Selye as "the nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it"-is chiefly mediated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and is activated by diverse sensory stimuli that inform threats to homeostasis. The diversity of signals regulating the HPA axis is partly achieved by the complexity of afferent inputs that converge at the apex of the HPA axis: this apex is formed by a group of neurosecretory neurons that synthesize corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). The afferent synaptic inputs onto these PVN-CRH neurons originate from a number of brain areas, and PVN-CRH neurons respond to a long list of neurotransmitters/neuropeptides. Considering this complexity, an important question is how these diverse afferent signals independently and/or in concert influence the excitability of PVN-CRH neurons. While many of these inputs directly act on the postsynaptic PVN-CRH neurons for the summation of signals, accumulating data indicates that they also modulate each other's transmission in the PVN. This mode of transmission, termed heterosynaptic modulation, points to mechanisms through which the activity of a specific modulatory input (conveying a specific sensory signal) can up- or down-regulate the efficacy of other afferent synapses (mediating other stress modalities) depending on receptor expression for and spatial proximity to the heterosynaptic signals. Here, we review examples of heterosynaptic modulation in the PVN and discuss its potential role in the regulation of PVN-CRH neurons' excitability and resulting HPA axis activity. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Hypothalamic Control of Homeostasis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Sunstrum
- Neuroscience Program, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wataru Inoue
- Neuroscience Program, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Frias T, Sanchez G, Garcia L, Abarca M, Diaz C, Sanchez G, Perez H. A new scalable parallel adder based on spiking neural P systems, dendritic behavior, rules on the synapses and astrocyte-like control to compute multiple signed numbers. Neurocomputing 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2018.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Neuhofer D, Kalivas P. Metaplasticity at the addicted tetrapartite synapse: A common denominator of drug induced adaptations and potential treatment target for addiction. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 154:97-111. [PMID: 29428364 PMCID: PMC6112115 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In light of the current worldwide addiction epidemic, the need for successful therapies is more urgent than ever. Although we made substantial progress in our basic understanding of addiction, reliable therapies are lacking. Since 40-60% of patients treated for substance use disorder return to active substance use within a year following treatment discharge, alleviating the vulnerability to relapse is regarded as the most promising avenue for addiction therapy. Preclinical addiction research often focuses on maladaptive synaptic plasticity within the reward pathway. However, drug induced neuroadaptations do not only lead to a strengthening of distinct drug associated cues and drug conditioned behaviors, but also seem to increase plasticity thresholds for environmental stimuli that are not associated with the drug. This form of higher order plasticity, or synaptic metaplasticity, is not expressed as a change in the efficacy of synaptic transmission but as a change in the direction or degree of plasticity induced by a distinct stimulation pattern. Experimental addiction research has demonstrated metaplasticity after exposure to multiple classes of addictive drugs. In this review we will focus on the concept of synaptic metaplasticity in the context of preclinical addiction research. We will take a closer look at the tetrapartite glutamatergic synapse and outline forms of metaplasticity that have been described at the addicted synapse. Finally we will discuss the different potential avenues for pharmacotherapies that target glutamatergic synaptic plasticity and metaplasticity. Here we will argue that aberrant metaplasticity renders the reward seeking circuitry more rigid and hence less able to adapt to changing environmental contingencies. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie this metaplasticity is crucial for the development of new strategies for addiction therapy. The correction of drug-induced metaplasticity could be used to support behavioral and pharmacotherapies for the treatment of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Neuhofer
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
| | - Peter Kalivas
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
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Li Z, Zheng J, Zhang XF. Detrimental Effects of Paraquat on Astrocytes-Regulating Synaptic Functions. Dose Response 2018; 16:1559325818761681. [PMID: 29686592 PMCID: PMC5904721 DOI: 10.1177/1559325818761681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) exposure is known as a risk factor for developing neurodegenerative diseases. Astrocytes are implicated and affected in neurodegenerative diseases and brain injuries, so it is suspected that PQ may impose detrimental effects on astrocytes function. Here, we present a study of the effects of PQ on synaptic function of astrocytes. Human astrocytes (HA1800) were separately treated with PQ at 200, 400, and 800 µmol/L for 12, 24, and 48 hours, respectively. The concentrations of membrane cholesterol, intracellular glutamate, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were assessed by measuring changes with Kits after PQ treatment. Expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) were detected using Western blot method. The results indicated that astrocytes were highly susceptible to PQ showing astrogliosis characterized by enhanced GFAP expression (P < .05). The decreased cholesterol level and ApoE expression were observed in PQ-treated astrocytes and so were the decreased levels of glutamates and ATP in PQ-treated astrocytes. These results suggested that PQ exerted the detrimental effects on synaptic function of astrocytes, which may be involved in the progressive process of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Department of Toxicology, Public Health School, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Public Health Monitoring, Heilongjiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, Public Health School, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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Interaction of DCF1 with ATP1B1 induces impairment in astrocyte structural plasticity via the P38 signaling pathway. Exp Neurol 2018; 302:214-229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Augustine RA, Seymour AJ, Campbell RE, Grattan DR, Brown CH. Integrative neuro-humoral regulation of oxytocin neuron activity in pregnancy and lactation. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30. [PMID: 29323764 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin is required for normal birth and lactation. Oxytocin is synthesised by hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei neurons and is released into the circulation from the posterior pituitary gland. Under basal conditions, circulating oxytocin levels are relatively constant but during birth and lactation, pulsatile oxytocin release triggers rhythmic contraction of the uterus during birth and milk ejection during suckling. Oxytocin levels are principally determined by the pattern of action potential firing that is, in turn, determined by the interplay between the intrinsic properties of the oxytocin neurons, regulation of their excitability by surrounding glia as well as by synaptic drive from their afferent inputs. During birth and suckling, oxytocin neurons fire high-frequency bursts of action potentials that are coordinated across the population of neurons and these bursts underpin the pulsatile secretion of oxytocin required for normal birth and lactation. Neuroglial regulation of oxytocin neurons changes during pregnancy to favour burst firing. However, these changes still require afferent input activity to drive activity. While it has long been known that noradrenergic inputs to oxytocin neurons are activated during birth and lactation, the involvement of other afferent inputs is less clear. Here, we provide a brief overview of the current understanding of the mechanisms that regulate oxytocin neuron activity during pregnancy and lactation, and focus on recent evidence from our laboratory identifying an input that increases kisspeptin production to excite oxytocin neurons in late pregnancy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Augustine
- Department of Physiology Brain Health Research Centre, Centre for Neuroendocrinology
| | - Alexander J Seymour
- Department of Physiology Brain Health Research Centre, Centre for Neuroendocrinology
| | - Rebecca E Campbell
- Department of Physiology Brain Health Research Centre, Centre for Neuroendocrinology
| | - David R Grattan
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Colin H Brown
- Department of Physiology Brain Health Research Centre, Centre for Neuroendocrinology
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Clasadonte J, Prevot V. The special relationship: glia-neuron interactions in the neuroendocrine hypothalamus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2018; 14:25-44. [PMID: 29076504 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2017.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural fluctuations in physiological conditions require adaptive responses involving rapid and reversible structural and functional changes in the hypothalamic neuroendocrine circuits that control homeostasis. Here, we discuss the data that implicate hypothalamic glia in the control of hypothalamic neuroendocrine circuits, specifically neuron-glia interactions in the regulation of neurosecretion as well as neuronal excitability. Mechanistically, the morphological plasticity displayed by distal processes of astrocytes, pituicytes and tanycytes modifies the geometry and diffusion properties of the extracellular space. These changes alter the relationship between glial cells of the hypothalamus and adjacent neuronal elements, especially at specialized intersections such as synapses and neurohaemal junctions. The structural alterations in turn lead to functional plasticity that alters the release and spread of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and gliotransmitters, as well as the activity of discrete glial signalling pathways that mediate feedback by peripheral signals to the hypothalamus. An understanding of the contributions of these and other non-neuronal cell types to hypothalamic neuroendocrine function is thus critical both to understand physiological processes such as puberty, the maintenance of bodily homeostasis and ageing and to develop novel therapeutic strategies for dysfunctions of these processes, such as infertility and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Clasadonte
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, U1172, Bâtiment Biserte, 1 Place de Verdun, 59045, Lille, Cedex, France
- University of Lille, FHU 1000 days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille 59000, France
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, U1172, Bâtiment Biserte, 1 Place de Verdun, 59045, Lille, Cedex, France
- University of Lille, FHU 1000 days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille 59000, France
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Linehan V, Fang LZ, Hirasawa M. Short-term high-fat diet primes excitatory synapses for long-term depression in orexin neurons. J Physiol 2017; 596:305-316. [PMID: 29143330 DOI: 10.1113/jp275177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS High-fat diet consumption is a major cause of obesity. Orexin neurons are known to be activated by a high-fat diet and in turn promote further consumption of a high-fat diet. Our study shows that excitatory synapses to orexin neurons become amenable to long-term depression (LTD) after 1 week of high-fat diet feeding. However, this effect reverses after 4 weeks of a high-fat diet. This LTD may be a homeostatic response to a high-fat diet to curb the activity of orexin neurons and hence caloric consumption. Adaptation seen after prolonged high-fat diet intake may contribute to the development of obesity. ABSTRACT Overconsumption of high-fat diets is one of the strongest contributing factors to the rise of obesity rates. Orexin neurons are known to be activated by a palatable high-fat diet and mediate the activation of the mesolimbic reward pathway, resulting in further food intake. While short-term exposure to a high-fat diet is known to induce synaptic plasticity within the mesolimbic pathway, it is unknown if such changes occur in orexin neurons. To investigate this, 3-week-old male rats were fed a palatable high-fat western diet (WD) or control chow for 1 week and then in vitro patch clamp recording was performed. In the WD condition, an activity-dependent long-term depression (LTD) of excitatory synapses was observed in orexin neurons, but not in chow controls. This LTD was presynaptic and depended on postsynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) and retrograde endocannabinoid signalling. WD also increased extracellular glutamate levels, suggesting that glutamate spillover and subsequent activation of perisynaptic mGluR5 may occur more readily in the WD condition. In support of this, pharmacological inhibition of glutamate uptake was sufficient to prime chow control synapses to undergo a presynaptic LTD. Interestingly, these WD effects are transient, as extracellular glutamate levels were similar to controls and LTD was no longer observed in orexin neurons after 4 weeks of WD. In summary, excitatory synapses to orexin neurons become amenable to LTD under a palatable high-fat diet, which may represent a homeostatic mechanism to prevent overactivation of these neurons and to curtail high-fat diet consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Linehan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada, A1B 3V6
| | - Lisa Z Fang
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada, A1B 3V6
| | - Michiru Hirasawa
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada, A1B 3V6
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A role for the purinergic receptor P2X 3 in astrocytes in the mechanism of craniofacial neuropathic pain. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13627. [PMID: 29051582 PMCID: PMC5648840 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13561-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purinergic receptor P2X3, expressed in the central terminals of primary nociceptive neurons in the brainstem, plays an important role in pathological pain. However, little is known about expression of P2X3 in the brainstem astrocytes and its involvement in craniofacial pathologic pain. To address this issue, we investigated the expression of P2X3 in astrocytes in the trigeminal caudal nucleus (Vc) in a rat model of craniofacial neuropathic pain, chronic constriction injury of infraorbital nerve (CCI-ION). We found that 1) P2X3-immunoreactivity is observed in the brainstem astrocytes, preferentially in their fine processes, 2) the number of P2X3-positive fine astrocytic processes and the density of P2X3 in these processes were increased significantly in CCI-ION rats, compared to control rats, and 3) administration of MPEP, a specific mGluR5 antagonist, alleviated the mechanical allodynia and abolished the increase in density of P2X3 in fine astrocytic processes caused by CCI-ION. These findings reveal preferential expression of P2X3 in the fine astrocytic processes in the brainstem, propose a novel role of P2X3 in the fine astrocytic process in the mechanism of craniofacial neuropathic pain, and suggest that the expression of astrocytic P2X3 may be regulated by astrocytic mGluR5.
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Nongenomic Glucocorticoid Suppression of a Postsynaptic Potassium Current via Emergent Autocrine Endocannabinoid Signaling in Hypothalamic Neuroendocrine Cells following Chronic Dehydration. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0216-17. [PMID: 28966975 PMCID: PMC5617081 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0216-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids rapidly stimulate endocannabinoid synthesis and modulation of synaptic transmission in hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells via a nongenomic signaling mechanism. The endocannabinoid actions are synapse-constrained by astrocyte restriction of extracellular spatial domains. Exogenous cannabinoids have been shown to modulate postsynaptic potassium currents, including the A-type potassium current (IA), in different cell types. The activity of magnocellular neuroendocrine cells is shaped by a prominent IA. We tested for a rapid glucocorticoid modulation of the postsynaptic IK and IA in magnocellular neuroendocrine cells of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) using whole-cell recordings in rat brain slices. Application of the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex) had no rapid effect on the IK or IA amplitude, voltage dependence, or kinetics in magnocellular neurons in slices from untreated rats. In magnocellular neurons from salt-loaded rats, however, Dex application caused a rapid suppression of the IA and a depolarizing shift in IA voltage dependence. Exogenously applied endocannabinoids mimicked the rapid Dex modulation of the IA, and CB1 receptor antagonists and agonists blocked and occluded the Dex-induced changes in the IA, respectively, suggesting an endocannabinoid dependence of the rapid glucocorticoid effect. Preincubation of control slices in a gliotoxin resulted in the partial recapitulation of the glucocorticoid-induced rapid suppression of the IA. These findings demonstrate a glucocorticoid suppression of the postsynaptic IA in PVN magnocellular neurons via an autocrine endocannabinoid-dependent mechanism following chronic dehydration, and suggest a possible role for astrocytes in the control of the autocrine endocannabinoid actions.
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Qian DC, Molfese DL, Jin JL, Titus AJ, He Y, Li Y, Vaissié M, Viswanath H, Baldwin PR, Krahe R, Salas R, Amos CI. Genome-wide imaging association study implicates functional activity and glial homeostasis of the caudate in smoking addiction. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:740. [PMID: 28927378 PMCID: PMC5605997 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nearly 6 million deaths and over a half trillion dollars in healthcare costs worldwide are attributed to tobacco smoking each year. Extensive research efforts have been pursued to elucidate the molecular underpinnings of smoking addiction and facilitate cessation. In this study, we genotyped and obtained both resting state and task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging from 64 non-smokers and 42 smokers. Smokers were imaged after having smoked normally (“sated”) and after having not smoked for at least 12 h (“abstinent”). Results While abstinent smokers did not differ from non-smokers with respect to pairwise resting state functional connectivities (RSFCs) between 12 brain regions of interest, RSFCs involving the caudate and putamen of sated smokers significantly differed from those of non-smokers (P < 0.01). Further analyses of caudate and putamen activity during elicited experiences of reward and disappointment show that caudate activity during reward (CR) correlated with smoking status (P = 0.015). Moreover, abstinent smokers with lower CR experienced greater withdrawal symptoms (P = 0.024), which suggests CR may be related to smoking urges. Associations between genetic variants and CR, adjusted for smoking status, were identified by genome-wide association study (GWAS). Genes containing or exhibiting caudate-specific expression regulation by these variants were enriched within Gene Ontology terms that describe cytoskeleton functions, synaptic organization, and injury response (P < 0.001, FDR < 0.05). Conclusions By integrating genomic and imaging data, novel insights into potential mechanisms of caudate activation and homeostasis are revealed that may guide new directions of research toward improving our understanding of addiction pathology. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4124-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Qian
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - David L Molfese
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer L Jin
- Department of Mathematics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Alexander J Titus
- Department of Epidemiology, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Yixuan He
- Department of Mathematics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Yafang Li
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Maxime Vaissié
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Humsini Viswanath
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Philip R Baldwin
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ralf Krahe
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ramiro Salas
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Christopher I Amos
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.
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Yoon C, Lee JH, Lee S, Jeon JH, Jang JT, Kim DH, Kim YH, Park BH. Synaptic Plasticity Selectively Activated by Polarization-Dependent Energy-Efficient Ion Migration in an Ultrathin Ferroelectric Tunnel Junction. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:1949-1955. [PMID: 28231005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b05308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Selectively activated inorganic synaptic devices, showing a high on/off ratio, ultrasmall dimensions, low power consumption, and short programming time, are required to emulate the functions of high-capacity and energy-efficient reconfigurable human neural systems combining information storage and processing ( Li et al. Sci. Rep. 2014 , 4 , 4096 ). Here, we demonstrate that such a synaptic device is realized using a Ag/PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 (PZT)/La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 (LSMO) ferroelectric tunnel junction (FTJ) with ultrathin PZT (thickness of ∼4 nm). Ag ion migration through the very thin FTJ enables a large on/off ratio (107) and low energy consumption (potentiation energy consumption = ∼22 aJ and depression energy consumption = ∼2.5 pJ). In addition, the simple alignment of the downward polarization in PZT selectively activates the synaptic plasticity of the FTJ and the transition from short-term plasticity to long-term potentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chansoo Yoon
- Division of Quantum Phases & Devices, Department of Physics, Konkuk University , Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Lee
- Division of Quantum Phases & Devices, Department of Physics, Konkuk University , Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Sangik Lee
- Division of Quantum Phases & Devices, Department of Physics, Konkuk University , Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeon
- Division of Quantum Phases & Devices, Department of Physics, Konkuk University , Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Jun Tae Jang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Kookmin University , Seoul 136-702, Korea
| | - Dae Hwan Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Kookmin University , Seoul 136-702, Korea
| | - Young Heon Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science , Daejeon 305-304, Korea
| | - Bae Ho Park
- Division of Quantum Phases & Devices, Department of Physics, Konkuk University , Seoul 143-701, Korea
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Abstract
The posterior pituitary gland secretes oxytocin and vasopressin (the antidiuretic hormone) into the blood system. Oxytocin is required for normal delivery of the young and for delivery of milk to the young during lactation. Vasopressin increases water reabsorption in the kidney to maintain body fluid balance and causes vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure. Oxytocin and vasopressin secretion occurs from the axon terminals of magnocellular neurons whose cell bodies are principally found in the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus. The physiological functions of oxytocin and vasopressin depend on their secretion, which is principally determined by the pattern of action potentials initiated at the cell bodies. Appropriate secretion of oxytocin and vasopressin to meet the challenges of changing physiological conditions relies mainly on integration of afferent information on reproductive, osmotic, and cardiovascular status with local regulation of magnocellular neurons by glia as well as intrinsic regulation by the magnocellular neurons themselves. This review focuses on the control of magnocellular neuron activity with a particular emphasis on their regulation by reproductive function, body fluid balance, and cardiovascular status. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1701-1741, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin H Brown
- Brain Health Research Centre, Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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46
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Sherpa AD, Xiao F, Joseph N, Aoki C, Hrabetova S. Activation of β-adrenergic receptors in rat visual cortex expands astrocytic processes and reduces extracellular space volume. Synapse 2016; 70:307-16. [PMID: 27085090 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Brain extracellular space (ECS) is an interconnected channel that allows diffusion-mediated transport of signaling molecules, metabolites, and drugs. We tested the hypothesis that β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) activation impacts extracellular diffusion-mediated transport of molecules through alterations in the morphology of astrocytes. Two structural parameters of ECS-volume fraction and tortuosity-govern extracellular diffusion. Volume fraction (α) is the volume of ECS relative to the total tissue volume. Tortuosity (λ) is a measure of the hindrance that molecules experience in the ECS, compared to a free medium. The real-time iontophoretic (RTI) method revealed that treatment of acutely prepared visual cortical slices of adult female rats with a βAR agonist, DL-isoproterenol (ISO), decreases α significantly, from 0.22 ± 0.03 (mean ± SD) for controls without agonist to 0.18 ± 0.03 with ISO, without altering λ (control: 1.64 ± 0.04; ISO: 1.63 ± 0.04). Electron microscopy revealed that the ISO treatment significantly increased the cytoplasmic area of astrocytic distal endings per unit area of neuropil by 54%. These findings show that norepinephrine decreases α, in part, through an increase in astrocytic volume following βAR activation. Norepinephrine is recognized to be released within the brain during the awake state and increase neurons' signal-to-noise ratio through modulation of neurons' biophysical properties. Our findings uncover a new mechanism for noradrenergic modulation of neuronal signals. Through astrocytic activation leading to a reduction of α, noradrenergic modulation increases extracellular concentration of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, thereby facilitating neuronal interactions, especially during wakefulness. Synapse 70:307-316, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Doma Sherpa
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, 11203
- Neural and Behavioral Science Graduate Program, The School of Graduate Studies, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, 11203
| | - Fanrong Xiao
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, 11203
| | | | - Chiye Aoki
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, 10003
| | - Sabina Hrabetova
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, 11203
- The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, 11203
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47
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Gengatharan A, Bammann RR, Saghatelyan A. The Role of Astrocytes in the Generation, Migration, and Integration of New Neurons in the Adult Olfactory Bulb. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:149. [PMID: 27092050 PMCID: PMC4820452 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, new neurons in the adult olfactory bulb originate from a pool of neural stem cells in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles. Adult-born cells play an important role in odor information processing by adjusting the neuronal network to changing environmental conditions. Olfactory bulb neurogenesis is supported by several non-neuronal cells. In this review, we focus on the role of astroglial cells in the generation, migration, integration, and survival of new neurons in the adult forebrain. In the subventricular zone, neural stem cells with astrocytic properties display regional and temporal specificity when generating different neuronal subtypes. Non-neurogenic astrocytes contribute to the establishment and maintenance of the neurogenic niche. Neuroblast chains migrate through the rostral migratory stream ensheathed by astrocytic processes. Astrocytes play an important regulatory role in neuroblast migration and also assist in the development of a vasculature scaffold in the migratory stream that is essential for neuroblast migration in the postnatal brain. In the olfactory bulb, astrocytes help to modulate the network through a complex release of cytokines, regulate blood flow, and provide metabolic support, which may promote the integration and survival of new neurons. Astrocytes thus play a pivotal role in various processes of adult olfactory bulb neurogenesis, and it is likely that many other functions of these glial cells will emerge in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Gengatharan
- Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Rodrigo R Bammann
- Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Armen Saghatelyan
- Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de QuébecQuebec, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université LavalQuebec, QC, Canada
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48
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Dallérac G, Rouach N. Astrocytes as new targets to improve cognitive functions. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 144:48-67. [PMID: 26969413 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are now viewed as key elements of brain wiring as well as neuronal communication. Indeed, they not only bridge the gap between metabolic supplies by blood vessels and neurons, but also allow fine control of neurotransmission by providing appropriate signaling molecules and insulation through a tight enwrapping of synapses. Recognition that astroglia is essential to neuronal communication is nevertheless fairly recent and the large body of evidence dissecting such role has focused on the synaptic level by identifying neuro- and gliotransmitters uptaken and released at synaptic or extrasynaptic sites. Yet, more integrated research deciphering the impact of astroglial functions on neuronal network activity have led to the reasonable assumption that the role of astrocytes in supervising synaptic activity translates in influencing neuronal processing and cognitive functions. Several investigations using recent genetic tools now support this notion by showing that inactivating or boosting astroglial function directly affects cognitive abilities. Accordingly, brain diseases resulting in impaired cognitive functions have seen their physiopathological mechanisms revisited in light of this primary protagonist of brain processing. We here provide a review of the current knowledge on the role of astrocytes in cognition and in several brain diseases including neurodegenerative disorders, psychiatric illnesses, as well as other conditions such as epilepsy. Potential astroglial therapeutic targets are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Dallérac
- Neuroglial Interactions in Cerebral Physiopathology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7241, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
| | - Nathalie Rouach
- Neuroglial Interactions in Cerebral Physiopathology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7241, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
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49
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Borroto-Escuela DO, Agnati LF, Bechter K, Jansson A, Tarakanov AO, Fuxe K. The role of transmitter diffusion and flow versus extracellular vesicles in volume transmission in the brain neural-glial networks. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0183. [PMID: 26009762 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two major types of intercellular communication are found in the central nervous system (CNS), namely wiring transmission (point-to-point communication, the prototype being synaptic transmission with axons and terminals) and volume transmission (VT; communication in the extracellular fluid and in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)) involving large numbers of cells in the CNS. Volume and synaptic transmission become integrated inter alia through the ability of their chemical signals to activate different types of receptor protomers in heteroreceptor complexes located synaptically or extrasynaptically in the plasma membrane. The demonstration of extracellular dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) fluorescence around the DA and 5-HT nerve cell bodies with the Falck-Hillarp formaldehyde fluorescence method after treatment with amphetamine and chlorimipramine, respectively, gave the first indications of the existence of VT in the brain, at least at the soma level. There exist different forms of VT. Early studies on VT only involved spread including diffusion and flow of soluble biological signals, especially transmitters and modulators, a communication called extrasynaptic (short distance) and long distance (paraaxonal and paravascular and CSF pathways) VT. Also, the extracellular vesicle type of VT was demonstrated. The exosomes (endosome-derived vesicles) appear to be the major vesicular carriers for VT but the larger microvesicles also participate. Both mainly originate at the soma-dendritic level. They can transfer lipids and proteins, including receptors, Rab GTPases, tetraspanins, cholesterol, sphingolipids and ceramide. Within them there are also subsets of mRNAs and non-coding regulatory microRNAs. At the soma-dendritic membrane, sets of dynamic postsynaptic heteroreceptor complexes (built up of different types of physically interacting receptors and proteins) involving inter alia G protein-coupled receptors including autoreceptors, ion channel receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases are hypothesized to be the molecular basis for learning and memory. At nerve terminals, the presynaptic heteroreceptor complexes are postulated to undergo plastic changes to maintain the pattern of multiple transmitter release reflecting the firing pattern to be learned by the heteroreceptor complexes in the postsynaptic membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luigi F Agnati
- Department of Biomedical, Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Karl Bechter
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy II, Ulm University, BKH-Guenzburg, Germany
| | - Anders Jansson
- Section for upper abdominal surgery, Gastrocenter, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander O Tarakanov
- Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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50
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Yousuf MS, Kerr BJ. The Role of Regulatory Transporters in Neuropathic Pain. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2016; 75:245-71. [PMID: 26920015 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain arises from an injury or disease of the somatosensory nervous system rather than stimulation of pain receptors. As a result, the fine balance between excitation and inhibition is perturbed leading to hyperalgesia and allodynia. Various neuropathic pain models provide considerable evidence that changes in the glutamatergic, GABAergic, and monoaminergic systems. Neurotransmitter reuptake transporter proteins have the potential to change the temporal and spatial profile of various neurotransmitters throughout the nervous system. This, in turn, can affect the downstream effects of these neurotransmitters and hence modulate pain. This chapter explores various reuptake transporter systems and implicates their role in pain processing. Understanding the transporter systems will enhance drug discovery targeting different facets of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saad Yousuf
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bradley J Kerr
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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