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Chen J, Liu Y, Zhan P, Gao T, Zuo J, Li X, Zhang F, Wang H, Fu S. Bayesian-based analysis of the causality between 731 immune cells and erectile dysfunction: a two-sample, bidirectional, and multivariable Mendelian randomization study. Sex Med 2024; 12:qfae062. [PMID: 39315306 PMCID: PMC11416910 DOI: 10.1093/sexmed/qfae062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The causal relationship between certain immune cells and erectile dysfunction (ED) is still uncertain. Aim The study sought to investigate the causal effect of 731 types of immune cells on ED through Mendelian randomization (MR) using genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Methods Genetic instruments for 731 immune cells were identified through GWAS, and ED data were obtained from the FinnGen database. Univariable and multivariable bidirectional MR studies were conducted to explore potential causal relationships between these immune cells and ED. The inverse-variance weighted method was primarily used, with Cochran's Q test and MR-Egger intercept test assessing pleiotropy and heterogeneity. Bayesian weighted Mendelian randomization (BWMR) was also employed. Outcomes Six immune cells were identified as related to ED. CD45 on Natural Killer (NK) cells, CD33dim HLA DR+ CD11b + Absolute Count, CD19 on IgD- CD38dim B cells, and CD3 on CD39+ resting CD4 regulatory T cells were identified as risk factors, whereas CD20 on IgD+ CD38dim B cells and Activated & resting CD4 regulatory T cell %CD4+ T cells were protective factors. Further multivariable MR analysis confirmed that 5 of these immune cells independently impacted ED, except for CD45 on NK cells. Reverse MR analysis indicated that ED occurrence decreases certain immune cell counts, but BWMR found no causal relationship for CD20 on IgD+ CD38dim B cells. Results Our MR analysis confirmed a potential bidirectional causal relationship between immune cells and ED, providing new insights into potential mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Clinical Translation This study provides evidence for the impact of certain immune cells on the development of ED and suggests potential therapeutic targets. Strengths and Limitations We performed both univariable and multivariable MR to strengthen the causal relationship between exposures and outcomes. However, the population in this study was limited to European ancestry. Conclusion Our MR analysis confirmed a potential bidirectional causal relationship between immune cells and ED. This provides new insights into potential mechanisms of pathogenesis and subsequent therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Chen
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Yidao Liu
- Department of Urology, Dehong People's Hospital, Mangshi City, Dehong, Yunnan Province, 678499, China
| | - Peiqin Zhan
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Tianci Gao
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Nanguan District, Changchun City, Jilin Province, China
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jiamusi University, Xiangyang District, Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province
| | - Jieming Zuo
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiangyun Li
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Fangfei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226United States
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Shi Fu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
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Zhao D, Li H, Mambetsariev I, Mirzapoiazova T, Chen C, Fricke J, Wheeler D, Arvanitis L, Pillai R, Afkhami M, Chen BT, Sattler M, Erhunmwunsee L, Massarelli E, Kulkarni P, Amini A, Armstrong B, Salgia R. Spatial iTME analysis of KRAS mutant NSCLC and immunotherapy outcome. NPJ Precis Oncol 2024; 8:135. [PMID: 38898200 PMCID: PMC11187132 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-024-00626-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
We conducted spatial immune tumor microenvironment (iTME) profiling using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples of 25 KRAS-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including 12 responders and 13 non-responders. An eleven-marker panel (CD3, CD4, CD8, FOXP3, CD68, arginase-1, CD33, HLA-DR, pan-keratin (PanCK), PD-1, and PD-L1) was used to study the tumor and immune cell compositions. Spatial features at single cell level with cellular neighborhoods and fractal analysis were determined. Spatial features and different subgroups of CD68+ cells and FOXP3+ cells being associated with response or resistance to ICIs were also identified. In particular, CD68+ cells, CD33+ and FOXP3+ cells were found to be associated with resistance. Interestingly, there was also significant association between non-nuclear expression of FOXP3 being resistant to ICIs. We identified CD68dim cells in the lung cancer tissues being associated with improved responses, which should be insightful for future studies of tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Haiqing Li
- Integrative Genomic Core, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
- Department of Computational & Quantitative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Isa Mambetsariev
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Tamara Mirzapoiazova
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Applied AI & Data Science, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy Fricke
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Deric Wheeler
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Raju Pillai
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | | | - Bihong T Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Martin Sattler
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Erminia Massarelli
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Prakash Kulkarni
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Arya Amini
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Brian Armstrong
- Light Microscopy/Digital Imaging Core, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
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3
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Smit V, de Mol J, Kleijn MNAB, Depuydt MAC, de Winther MPJ, Bot I, Kuiper J, Foks AC. Sexual dimorphism in atherosclerotic plaques of aged Ldlr -/- mice. Immun Ageing 2024; 21:27. [PMID: 38698438 PMCID: PMC11064395 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-024-00434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis, the main underlying pathology of cardiovascular disease, is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by lipid accumulation and immune cell responses in the vascular wall, resulting in plaque formation. It is well-known that atherosclerosis prevalence and manifestation vary by sex. However, sexual dimorphism in the immune landscape of atherosclerotic plaques has up to date not been studied at high-resolution. In this study, we investigated sex-specific differences in atherosclerosis development and the immunological landscape of aortas at single-cell level in aged Ldlr-/- mice. METHODS We compared plaque morphology between aged male and female chow diet-fed Ldlr-/- mice (22 months old) with histological analysis. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing and flow cytometry on CD45+ immune cells from aortas of aged Ldlr-/- mice, we explored the immune landscape in the atherosclerotic environment in males and females. RESULTS We show that plaque volume is comparable in aged male and female mice, and that plaques in aged female mice contain more collagen and cholesterol crystals, but less necrotic core and macrophage content compared to males. We reveal increased immune cell infiltration in female aortas and found that expression of pro-atherogenic markers and inflammatory signaling pathways was enriched in plaque immune cells of female mice. Particularly, female aortas show enhanced activation of B cells (Egr1, Cd83, Cd180), including age-associated B cells, in addition to an increased M1/M2 macrophage ratio, where Il1b+ M1-like macrophages display a more pro-inflammatory phenotype (Nlrp3, Cxcl2, Mmp9) compared to males. In contrast, increased numbers of age-associated Gzmk+CD8+ T cells, dendritic cells, and Trem2+ macrophages were observed in male aortas. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our findings highlight that sex is a variable that contributes to immunological differences in the atherosclerotic plaque environment in mice and provide valuable insights for further preclinical studies into the impact of sex on the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Smit
- LACDR, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jill de Mol
- LACDR, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mireia N A Bernabé Kleijn
- LACDR, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marie A C Depuydt
- LACDR, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers - location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilze Bot
- LACDR, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- LACDR, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amanda C Foks
- LACDR, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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4
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Gunning JA, Gilman KE, Zúñiga TM, Simpson RJ, Limesand KH. Parotid glands have a dysregulated immune response following radiation therapy. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297387. [PMID: 38470874 PMCID: PMC10931461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer treatment often consists of surgical resection of the tumor followed by ionizing radiation (IR), which can damage surrounding tissues and cause adverse side effects. The underlying mechanisms of radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction are not fully understood, and treatment options are scarce and ineffective. The wound healing process is a necessary response to tissue injury, and broadly consists of inflammatory, proliferative, and redifferentiation phases with immune cells playing key roles in all three phases. In this study, select immune cells were phenotyped and quantified, and certain cytokine and chemokine concentrations were measured in mouse parotid glands after IR. Further, we used a model where glandular function is restored to assess the immune phenotype in a regenerative response. These data suggest that irradiated parotid tissue does not progress through a typical inflammatory response observed in wounds that heal. Specifically, total immune cells (CD45+) decrease at days 2 and 5 following IR, macrophages (F4/80+CD11b+) decrease at day 2 and 5 and increase at day 30, while neutrophils (Ly6G+CD11b+) significantly increase at day 30 following IR. Additionally, radiation treatment reduces CD3- cells at all time points, significantly increases CD3+/CD4+CD8+ double positive cells, and significantly reduces CD3+/CD4-CD8- double negative cells at day 30 after IR. Previous data indicate that post-IR treatment with IGF-1 restores salivary gland function at day 30, and IGF-1 injections attenuate the increase in macrophages, neutrophils, and CD4+CD8+ T cells observed at day 30 following IR. Taken together, these data indicate that parotid salivary tissue exhibits a dysregulated immune response following radiation treatment which may contribute to chronic loss of function phenotype in head and neck cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A. Gunning
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kristy E. Gilman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Tiffany M. Zúñiga
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Simpson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kirsten H. Limesand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
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5
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Maher AK, Aristodemou A, Giang N, Tanaka Y, Bangham CR, Taylor GP, Dominguez-Villar M. HTLV-1 induces an inflammatory CD4+CD8+ T cell population in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e173738. [PMID: 38193535 PMCID: PMC10906466 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.173738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus with preferential CD4+ T cell tropism that causes a range of conditions spanning from asymptomatic infection to adult T cell leukemia and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM), an inflammatory disease of the CNS. The mechanisms by which HTLV-1 induces HAM are poorly understood. By directly examining the ex vivo phenotype and function of T cells from asymptomatic carriers and patients with HAM, we show that patients with HAM have a higher frequency of CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) T cells, which are infected with HTLV-1 at higher rates than CD4+ T cells. Displaying both helper and cytotoxic phenotypes, these DP T cells are highly proinflammatory and contain high frequencies of HTLV-1-specific cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that DP T cells arise by direct HTLV-1 infection of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. High levels of CD49d and CXCR3 expression suggest that DP T cells possess the ability to migrate to the CNS, and when cocultured with astrocytes, DP T cells induce proinflammatory astrocytes that express high levels of CXCL10, IFN-γ, and IL-6. These results demonstrate the potential of DP T cells to directly contribute to CNS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison K. Maher
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aris Aristodemou
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Giang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Laboratory of Hematoimmunology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Charles R.M. Bangham
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham P. Taylor
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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6
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Kitte R, Rabel M, Geczy R, Park S, Fricke S, Koehl U, Tretbar US. Lipid nanoparticles outperform electroporation in mRNA-based CAR T cell engineering. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 31:101139. [PMID: 38027056 PMCID: PMC10663670 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.101139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Engineered T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have been proven as efficacious therapies against selected hematological malignancies. However, the approved CAR T cell therapeutics strictly rely on viral transduction, a time- and cost-intensive procedure with possible safety issues. Therefore, the direct transfer of in vitro transcribed CAR-mRNA into T cells is pursued as a promising strategy for CAR T cell engineering. Electroporation (EP) is currently used as mRNA delivery method for the generation of CAR T cells in clinical trials but achieving only poor anti-tumor responses. Here, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) were examined for ex vivo CAR-mRNA delivery and compared with EP. LNP-CAR T cells showed a significantly prolonged efficacy in vitro in comparison with EP-CAR T cells as a result of extended CAR-mRNA persistence and CAR expression, attributed to a different delivery mechanism with less cytotoxicity and slower CAR T cell proliferation. Moreover, CAR expression and in vitro functionality of mRNA-LNP-derived CAR T cells were comparable to stably transduced CAR T cells but were less exhausted. These results show that LNPs outperform EP and underline the great potential of mRNA-LNP delivery for ex vivo CAR T cell modification as next-generation transient approach for clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reni Kitte
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Perlickstr. 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Rabel
- Precision NanoSystems (now Part of Cytiva), 50 - 655 W Kent Avenue N, Vancouver, BC V6P6T7, Canada
| | - Reka Geczy
- Precision NanoSystems (now Part of Cytiva), 50 - 655 W Kent Avenue N, Vancouver, BC V6P6T7, Canada
| | - Stella Park
- Precision NanoSystems (now Part of Cytiva), 50 - 655 W Kent Avenue N, Vancouver, BC V6P6T7, Canada
| | - Stephan Fricke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Perlickstr. 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Koehl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Perlickstr. 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - U. Sandy Tretbar
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Perlickstr. 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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7
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Li X, Li S, Wu B, Xu Q, Teng D, Yang T, Sun Y, Zhao Y, Li T, Liu D, Yang S, Gong W, Cai J. Landscape of Immune Cells Heterogeneity in Liver Transplantation by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:890019. [PMID: 35619708 PMCID: PMC9127089 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.890019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rejection is still a critical barrier to the long-term survival of graft after liver transplantation, requiring clinicians to unveil the underlying mechanism of liver transplant rejection. The cellular diversity and the interplay between immune cells in the liver graft microenvironment remain unclear. Herein, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing analysis to delineate the landscape of immune cells heterogeneity in liver transplantation. T cells, NK cells, B cells, and myeloid cell subsets in human liver and blood were enriched to characterize their tissue distribution, gene expression, and functional modules. The proportion of CCR6+CD4+ T cells increased within an allograft, suggesting that there are more memory CD4+ T cells after transplantation, in parallel with exhausted CTLA4+CD8+ T and actively proliferating MKI67+CD8+ T cells increased significantly, where they manifested heterogeneity, distinct function, and homeostatic proliferation. Remarkably, the changes of CD1c+ DC, CADM+ DC, MDSC, and FOLR3+ Kupffer cells increase significantly, but the proportion of CD163+ Kupffer, APOE+ Kupffer, and GZMA+ Kupffer decreased. Furthermore, we identified LDLR as a novel marker of activated MDSC to prevent liver transplant rejection. Intriguingly, a subset of CD4+CD8+FOXP3+ T cells included in CTLA4+CD8+ T cells was first detected in human liver transplantation. Furthermore, intercellular communication and gene regulatory analysis implicated the LDLR+ MDSC and CTLA4+CD8+ T cells interact through TIGIT-NECTIN2 signaling pathway. Taken together, these findings have gained novel mechanistic insights for understanding the immune landscape in liver transplantation, and it outlines the characteristics of immune cells and provides potential therapeutic targets in liver transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqiang Li
- Organ Transplantation Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shipeng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Jiaozuo Women's and Children's Hospital, Jiaozuo, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Organ Transplantation Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Institute of Organ Donation and Transplantation, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingguo Xu
- Organ Transplantation Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Institute of Organ Donation and Transplantation, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dahong Teng
- Organ Transplantation Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Institute of Organ Donation and Transplantation, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tongwang Yang
- Organ Transplantation Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Institute of Organ Donation and Transplantation, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yandong Sun
- Organ Transplantation Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Institute of Organ Donation and Transplantation, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Urology Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianxiang Li
- Organ Transplantation Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Institute of Organ Donation and Transplantation, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Organ Transplantation Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Institute of Organ Donation and Transplantation, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical College, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Weihua Gong
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinzhen Cai
- Organ Transplantation Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Institute of Organ Donation and Transplantation, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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8
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Expansion of CD4dimCD8+T cells characterizes macrophage activation syndrome and other secondary HLH. Blood 2022; 140:262-273. [PMID: 35500103 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021013549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T-cell activation has been demonstrated to distinguish patients with primary and infection-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (pHLH and iaHLH) from patients with early sepsis. We evaluated the activation profile of CD8+ T cells in patients with various forms of secondary HLH (sHLH), including macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). Flow-cytometry analysis was performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from children with inactive systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA, n=17), active sJIA (n=27), MAS in sJIA (n=14), iaHLH (n=7) and with other forms of sHLH (n=9). Compared to patients with active sJIA, in patients with MAS and sHLH of different origins, beside a significant increase in the frequency of CD38high/HLA-DR+CD8+ T cells, we found a significant increase in the frequency of CD8+ T cells expressing the CD4 antigen (CD4dimCD8+ T cells). These cells not only expressed high levels of the activation markers CD38 and HLA-DR, suggesting that they were a subset of CD38high/HLA-DR+ CD8+ T cells, but also of the activation/exhaustion markers CD25, PD1, CD95, and IFNγ. The frequency of CD4dimCD8+ T cells strongly correlated with most of the laboratory parameters of MAS severity and with levels of the MAS biomarkers CXCL9 and IL-18. These findings were confirmed in a prospective replication cohort, in which no expansion of particular TCR Vβ family in CD3+ T cells of sHLH patients was found. Finally, frequency of CD4dimCD8+, but not of CD38high/HLA-DR+ CD8+ T cells, significantly correlated with a clinical severity score. Altogether, our data, showing that CD4dimCD8+T cells are increased in patients with MAS/sHLH and associated with disease severity, strongly support their involvement in MAS/sHLH pathogenesis.
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9
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Yu ED, Wang H, da Silva Antunes R, Tian Y, Tippalagama R, Alahakoon SU, Premawansa G, Wijewickrama A, Premawansa S, De Silva AD, Frazier A, Grifoni A, Sette A, Weiskopf D. A Population of CD4 +CD8 + Double-Positive T Cells Associated with Risk of Plasma Leakage in Dengue Viral Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:90. [PMID: 35062294 PMCID: PMC8779337 DOI: 10.3390/v14010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the WHO 2009 classification, dengue with warning signs is at the risk of developing severe form of dengue disease. One of the most important warning signs is plasma leakage, which can be a serious complication associated with higher morbidity and mortality. We report that the frequency of CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) T cells is significantly increased in patients at risk of developing plasma leakage. Transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that CD4+CD8+ DP cells were distinct from CD4+ Single Positive (SP) T cells but co-clustered with CD8+ SP cells, indicating a largely similar transcriptional profile. Twenty significant differentially expressed (DE) genes were identified between CD4+CD8+ DP and CD8+ SP cells. These genes encode OX40 and CCR4 proteins as well as other molecules associated with cell signaling on the cell surface (NT5E, MXRA8, and PTPRK). While comparing the profile of gene expression in CD4+CD8+ DP cells from patients with and without warning signs of plasma leakage, similar expression profile was observed, implying a role of CD4+CD8+ DP cells in plasma leakage through a quantitative increase rather than functional alteration. This study provided novel insight into the host immune response during the acute febrile phase of DENV infection and the role of CD4+CD8+ DP T cells in the pathogenesis of plasma leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Dawen Yu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (E.D.Y.); (R.d.S.A.); (Y.T.); (R.T.); (A.D.D.S.); (A.F.); (A.G.)
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
| | - Ricardo da Silva Antunes
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (E.D.Y.); (R.d.S.A.); (Y.T.); (R.T.); (A.D.D.S.); (A.F.); (A.G.)
| | - Yuan Tian
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (E.D.Y.); (R.d.S.A.); (Y.T.); (R.T.); (A.D.D.S.); (A.F.); (A.G.)
| | - Rashmi Tippalagama
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (E.D.Y.); (R.d.S.A.); (Y.T.); (R.T.); (A.D.D.S.); (A.F.); (A.G.)
| | | | | | | | - Sunil Premawansa
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo 00700, Sri Lanka;
| | - Aruna Dharshan De Silva
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (E.D.Y.); (R.d.S.A.); (Y.T.); (R.T.); (A.D.D.S.); (A.F.); (A.G.)
- Genetech Research Institute, Colombo 00800, Sri Lanka;
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Mount Lavinia 10390, Sri Lanka
| | - April Frazier
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (E.D.Y.); (R.d.S.A.); (Y.T.); (R.T.); (A.D.D.S.); (A.F.); (A.G.)
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (E.D.Y.); (R.d.S.A.); (Y.T.); (R.T.); (A.D.D.S.); (A.F.); (A.G.)
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (E.D.Y.); (R.d.S.A.); (Y.T.); (R.T.); (A.D.D.S.); (A.F.); (A.G.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (E.D.Y.); (R.d.S.A.); (Y.T.); (R.T.); (A.D.D.S.); (A.F.); (A.G.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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10
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Zahran AM, Zahran ZAM, Mady YH, Mahran EEMO, Rashad A, Makboul A, Nasif KA, Abdelmaksoud AA, El-Badawy O. Differential alterations in peripheral lymphocyte subsets in COVID-19 patients: upregulation of double-positive and double-negative T cells. Multidiscip Respir Med 2021; 16:758. [PMID: 34221400 PMCID: PMC8215531 DOI: 10.4081/mrm.2021.758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Viral infections cause alteration in the total number of lymphocytes and their subset distribution. We aimed to study peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in COVID-19 patients and to correlate these subsets with clinical and laboratory data, which may help in clarifying the pathogenesis to develop novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for COVID-19. Methods Twenty-six reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed COVID-19 patients were subjected to medical history-taking and a thorough clinical examination. Laboratory tests included complete blood count, D dimer, ferritin, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Chest CT was used to diagnose COVID-19 pneumonia. Lymphocyte subsets were compared with those in 20 healthy controls using flow cytometry. Results Leucopenia, relative neutrophilia, lymphopenia, eosinopenia together with marked elevation in neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio were observed in our COVID-19 patients. A marked reduction was observed in T cells, including both CD4 and CD8 cells, natural killer (NK), and natural killer T cells (NKT). Double-positive T (DPT) cells, double-negative T (DNT) cells, and B cells were elevated in the patients relative to the other lymphocyte subsets. Conclusion Immune-inflammatory parameters are of utmost importance in understanding the pathogenesis and in the provisional diagnosis of COVID-19. Yet, adequate care must be taken during their interpretation because of the vast discrepancies observed between studies even in the same locality. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of B cells, DPT, and DNT cells in the pathogenesis and control of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa M Zahran
- Department of Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Yasmeen H Mady
- Department of Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Essam Eldeen M O Mahran
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Alaa Rashad
- Department of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis, Qena Faculty of Medicine, South Vally-University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Makboul
- Department of Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Khalid A Nasif
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.,College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aida A Abdelmaksoud
- Department of E.N.T., Qena Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Omnia El-Badawy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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11
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Volkers SM, Meisel C, Terhorst-Molawi D, Burbach GJ, Schürmann D, Suttorp N, Sander LE. Clonal expansion of CD4 +CD8 + T cells in an adult patient with Mycoplasma pneumoniae-associated Erythema multiforme majus. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2021; 17:17. [PMID: 33568212 PMCID: PMC7877069 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-021-00520-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Erythema multiforme (EM) is an acute, immune-mediated mucocutaneous disease, most often preceded by herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection or reactivation. Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) is considered the second major trigger of EM and is often associated with an atypical and more severe presentation of disease, characterized by prominent mucosal involvement. However, contrary to HSV-associated Erythema multiforme (HAEM), immunological mechanisms of Mp-associated EM remain unclear. Case presentation We present the case of a 50-year-old male patient presenting with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and erythema multiforme majus (EMM). Acute Mp infection was diagnosed by seroconversion, with no evidence of HSV infection as a cause of EMM. We performed immune phenotyping of blister fluid (BF) and peripheral blood (PB) T cells and detected a clonally expanded TCRVβ2+ T cell population that was double positive for CD4 and CD8, and expressed the cytotoxic markers granulysin and perforin. This CD4+CD8+ population comprised up to 50.7% of BF T cells and 24.9% of PB T cells. Two years prior to the onset of disease, the frequency of PB CD4+CD8+T cells had been within normal range and it gradually returned to baseline levels with the resolution of symptoms, suggesting an involvement of this population in EMM disease pathophysiology. Conclusions This report is the first to provide a phenotypic description of lesional T cells in Mp-associated EMM. Characterizing the local immune response might help to address pathophysiological questions and warrants further systematic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Volkers
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Meisel
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Immunology, Labor Berlin-Charité Vivantes GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothea Terhorst-Molawi
- Department of Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guido J Burbach
- Dermatology/Dermato-Oncology Out-Patient Clinic, Vivantes Ambulatory Health Care Centers Berlin-Spandau, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Schürmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif E Sander
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany. .,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Berlin, Germany.
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12
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Nishida K, Kawashima A, Kanazawa T, Kidani Y, Yoshida T, Hirata M, Yamamoto K, Yamamoto Y, Sawada M, Kato R, Kato T, Hatano K, Ujike T, Fujita K, Uemura M, Morimoto-Okazawa A, Iwahori K, Yamasaki M, Ohkura N, Sakaguchi S, Nonomura N, Doki Y, Wada H. Clinical importance of the expression of CD4+CD8+ T cells in renal cell carcinoma. Int Immunol 2020; 32:347-357. [PMID: 31950169 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CD4+CD8+ T cells are expressed in some cancer patients including those with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, no reports have mentioned the clinical importance of this expression. We evaluated the expression of CD4+CD8+ T cells in patients with various cancer types to clarify clinical characteristics and prognostic importance significantly correlating with these T cells. METHODS Expression of CD4+CD8+ T cells was evaluated using flowcytometry in tissue-infiltrating lymphocytes extracted from 260 cancer tissues including 104 RCC samples. RNA sequencing and characterization and regression (Citrus) was used to determine characteristics. The prognostic importance of CD4+CD8+ T cells was evaluated by Cox regression analysis. RESULTS Among eight cancer types, expression of CD4+CD8+ T cells was significantly highest in RCC patients. According to the expression of CD4+CD8+ T cells in adjacent normal tissue-infiltrating lymphocytes, 24 patients (23.1%) were defined as being positive for CD4+CD8+ with an expression higher than 9.29% in RCC patients. Citrus showed CD8+PD-1+TIM-3+CD103- T cells to be a specific subpopulation of CD4+CD8+ T cells. RNA sequencing revealed that CD4+CD8+ T cells had significantly lower diversity than the other T cells and shared most T-cell receptor clones with CD8+ not CD4+ T cells. Expression of CD4+CD8+ T cells was identified as an independent predictor of overall survival (hazard ratio: 0.11, 95% confidence interval: 0.01-0.86, P = 0.035) in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS The expression of CD4+CD8+ T cells was significantly up-regulated in RCC patients and correlated significantly with prognostic importance in surgically treated RCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Nishida
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumour Immunology, Suita, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Suita, Japan
| | - Atsunari Kawashima
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kanazawa
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumour Immunology, Suita, Japan.,Drug Discovery & Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Yujiro Kidani
- Drug Discovery & Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Japan.,Department of Basic Research in Tumour Immunology, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yoshida
- Drug Discovery & Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Japan.,Department of Basic Research in Tumour Immunology, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michinari Hirata
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumour Immunology, Suita, Japan.,Drug Discovery & Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Kei Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumour Immunology, Suita, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoko Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumour Immunology, Suita, Japan
| | - Masaaki Sawada
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumour Immunology, Suita, Japan
| | - Ryo Kato
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumour Immunology, Suita, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Suita, Japan
| | - Taigo Kato
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Urological Immuno-Oncology, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Hatano
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ujike
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Fujita
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Motohide Uemura
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Urological Immuno-Oncology, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Kota Iwahori
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumour Immunology, Suita, Japan
| | | | - Naganari Ohkura
- Department of Basic Research in Tumour Immunology, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Centre, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norio Nonomura
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Suita, Japan
| | - Hisashi Wada
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumour Immunology, Suita, Japan
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13
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Alhaj Hussen K, Michonneau D, Biajoux V, Keita S, Dubouchet L, Nelson E, Setterblad N, Le Buanec H, Bouaziz JD, Guimiot F, Socié G, Canque B. CD4 +CD8 + T-Lymphocytes in Xenogeneic and Human Graft-versus-Host Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:579776. [PMID: 33329550 PMCID: PMC7732609 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.579776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms driving acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) onset in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) are still poorly understood. To provide a detailed characterization of tissue-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TL) and search for eventual site-specific specificities, we developed a xenogeneic model of aGVHD in immunodeficient mice. Phenotypic characterization of xenoreactive T lymphocytes (TL) in diseased mice disclosed a massive infiltration of GVHD target organs by an original CD4+CD8+ TL subset. Immunophenotypic and transcriptional profiling shows that CD4+CD8+ TL comprise a major PD1+CD62L−/+ transitional memory subset (>60%) characterized by low level expression of cytotoxicity-related transcripts. CD4+CD8+ TL produce high IL-10 and IL-13 levels, and low IL-2 and IFN-γ, suggestive of regulatory function. In vivo tracking of genetically labeled CD4+ or CD8+ TL subsequently found that CD4+CD8+ TL mainly originate from chronically activated cytotoxic TL (CTL). On the other hand, phenotypic profiling of CD3+ TL from blood, duodenum or rectal mucosa in a cohort of allo-HSCT patients failed to disclose abnormal expansion of CD4+CD8+ TL independent of aGVHD development. Collectively, our results show that acquisition of surface CD4 by xenoreactive CD8+ CTL is associated with functional diversion toward a regulatory phenotype, but rule out a central role of this subset in the pathogenesis of aGVHD in allo-HSCT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kutaiba Alhaj Hussen
- INSERM U976, Université de Paris, École Pratique des Hautes Études/PSL Research University, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Tenon, Hôpitaux Universitaires de l'Est Parisien, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - David Michonneau
- INSERM U976, Université de Paris; Service d'hématologie-greffe, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Biajoux
- INSERM U976, Université de Paris, École Pratique des Hautes Études/PSL Research University, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Seydou Keita
- INSERM U976, Université de Paris, École Pratique des Hautes Études/PSL Research University, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Dubouchet
- INSERM U976, Université de Paris; Service d'hématologie-greffe, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Elisabeth Nelson
- INSERM U976, Université de Paris, École Pratique des Hautes Études/PSL Research University, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Niclas Setterblad
- Plateforme d'Imagerie et de Tri Cellulaire, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Helene Le Buanec
- INSERM U976, Dermatology Department, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Jean-David Bouaziz
- INSERM U976, Dermatology Department, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Guimiot
- INSERM UMR 1141, Service de Biologie du Développement, Université de Paris, Hôpital Robert-Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Gérard Socié
- INSERM U976, Université de Paris; Service d'hématologie-greffe, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Canque
- INSERM U976, Université de Paris, École Pratique des Hautes Études/PSL Research University, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, Paris, France
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14
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Virdi AK, Wallace J, Barbian H, Richards MH, Ritz EM, Sha B, Al-Harthi L. CD32 is enriched on CD4dimCD8bright T cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239157. [PMID: 32960910 PMCID: PMC7508398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4dimCD8bright T cells, a genuine population of CD8+ T cells, are highly activated and cytolytic. Recently, the low affinity IgG Fc fragment receptor CD32a was described as marker of HIV latency while others reported that CD32a is associated with T cell activation. Given that we have previously established that CD4dimCD8bright T cells are highly activated, mediate anti-HIV responses, and are infected by HIV, we assessed here CD32 expression on CD4dimCD8bright T cells in context of HIV. CD32 frequency on peripheral CD4dimCD8bright and CD4+ T cells was determined by flow cytometry among HIV negative and HIV positive patients. We report that among HIV- individuals, mean CD32 percent expression was 60% on CD4dimCD8bright T cells and 17% on CD4+ T cells (p<0.01). Among HIV+ patients, mean CD32 percent expression was 54% on CD4dimCD8bright T cells and 12% on CD4+ T cells (p<0.001). CD32 expression on CD4dimCD8bright T cells did not correlate with CD4 count and viral load and was not different by HIV serostatus. CD32 was also higher on other double positive T cell populations in both HIV negative and HIV positive donors in comparison to their single positive T cell counterpart. Together, these studies indicate that CD32 is enriched on double positive T cells regardless of HIV serostatus. The functional role of CD32 on these double positive T cells remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber K. Virdi
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Jennillee Wallace
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Hannah Barbian
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Maureen H. Richards
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Ethan M. Ritz
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Core, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Beverly Sha
- Infectious Diseases Division, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Lena Al-Harthi
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Santos MF, Alexandre-Pires G, Pereira MA, Gomes L, Rodrigues AV, Basso A, Reisinho A, Meireles J, Santos-Gomes GM, Pereira da Fonseca I. Immunophenotyping of Peripheral Blood, Lymph Node, and Bone Marrow T Lymphocytes During Canine Leishmaniosis and the Impact of Antileishmanial Chemotherapy. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:375. [PMID: 32760744 PMCID: PMC7373748 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs are a major reservoir of Leishmania infantum, etiological agent of canine leishmaniosis (CanL) a zoonotic visceral disease of worldwide concern. Therapeutic protocols based on antileishmanial drugs are commonly used to treat sick dogs and improve their clinical condition. To better understand the impact of Leishmania infection and antileishmanial drugs on the dog's immune response, this study investigates the profile of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets in peripheral blood, lymph node, and bone marrow of sick dogs and after two different CanL treatments. Two CanL groups of six dogs each were treated with either miltefosine or meglumine antimoniate combined with allopurinol. Another group of 10 clinically healthy dogs was used as control. Upon diagnosis and during the following 3 months of treatment, peripheral blood, popliteal lymph node, and bone marrow mononuclear cells were collected, labeled for surface markers CD45, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD25, and intracellular nuclear factor FoxP3, and T lymphocyte subpopulations were immunophenotyped by flow cytometry. CanL dogs presented an overall increased frequency of CD8+ and CD4+CD8+ double-positive T cells in all tissues and a decreased frequency of CD4+ T cells in the blood. Furthermore, there was a higher frequency of CD8+ T cells expressing CD25+FoxP3+ in the blood and bone marrow. During treatment, these subsets recovered to levels similar to those of healthy dogs. Nevertheless, antileishmanial therapy caused an increase of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells in all tissues, associated with the decrease of CD8+CD25−FoxP3− T cell percentages. These findings may support previous studies that indicate that L. infantum manipulates the dog's immune system to avoid the development of a protective response, ensuring the parasite's survival and the conditions that allow the completion of Leishmania life cycle. Both treatments used appear to have an effect on the dog's immune response, proving to be effective in promoting the normalization of T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Ferreira Santos
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Graça Alexandre-Pires
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria A Pereira
- GHTM-Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova De Lisbon (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lídia Gomes
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Armanda V Rodrigues
- GHTM-Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova De Lisbon (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Basso
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Reisinho
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Meireles
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gabriela M Santos-Gomes
- GHTM-Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova De Lisbon (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Pereira da Fonseca
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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16
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Gonzalez-Mancera MS, Bolaños NI, Salamanca M, Orjuela GA, Rodriguez AN, Gonzalez JM. Percentages of CD4+CD8+ Double-positive T Lymphocytes in the Peripheral Blood of Adults from a Blood Bank in Bogotá, Colombia. Turk J Haematol 2019; 37:36-41. [PMID: 31612695 PMCID: PMC7057749 DOI: 10.4274/tjh.galenos.2019.2019.0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: CD4+CD8+ double-positive T-cells (DPTs) have been classified as a separate T-cell subpopulation, with two main phenotypes: CD4high CD8low and CD4low CD8high. In recent years, the relevance of DPTs in the pathogenesis of infections, tumors, and autoimmune diseases has been recognized. Reference values among healthy individuals remain unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study is to provide a reference value for DPTs in peripheral blood from healthy donors in a blood bank in Bogotá, Colombia, and to determine the activation status using a surface marker. Materials and Methods: One hundred healthy donors were enrolled in the study. Peripheral blood cells were stained for CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD154 (CD40L), and cellular viability was assessed with 7-aminoactinomycin D and analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: The median value for DPTs was 2.6% (interquartile range=1.70%-3.67%). Women had higher percentages of DPTs than men (3.3% vs. 2.1%). The subpopulation of CD4low CD8high showed higher expression of CD154 than the other T-cell subpopulations. Conclusion: DPT reference values were obtained from blood bank donors. A sex difference was found, and the CD4low CD8high subpopulation had the highest activation marker expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia I. Bolaños
- University of los Andes, School of Medicine, Grupo de Ciencias Básicas Médicas, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel Salamanca
- University of los Andes, School of Medicine, Grupo de Ciencias Básicas Médicas, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | - John M. Gonzalez
- University of los Andes, School of Medicine, Grupo de Ciencias Básicas Médicas, Bogotá, Colombia
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17
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Nyanhete TE, Frisbee AL, Bradley T, Faison WJ, Robins E, Payne T, Freel SA, Sawant S, Weinhold KJ, Wiehe K, Haynes BF, Ferrari G, Li QJ, Moody MA, Tomaras GD. HLA class II-Restricted CD8+ T cells in HIV-1 Virus Controllers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10165. [PMID: 31308388 PMCID: PMC6629643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46462-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A paradigm shifting study demonstrated that induction of MHC class E and II-restricted CD8+ T cells was associated with the clearance of SIV infection in rhesus macaques. Another recent study highlighted the presence of HIV-1-specific class II-restricted CD8+ T cells in HIV-1 patients who naturally control infection (virus controllers; VCs). However, questions regarding class II-restricted CD8+ T cells ontogeny, distribution across different HIV-1 disease states and their role in viral control remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the distribution and anti-viral properties of HLA-DRB1*0701 and DQB1*0501 class II-restricted CD8+ T cells in different HIV-1 patient cohorts; and whether class II-restricted CD8+ T cells represent a unique T cell subset. We show that memory class II-restricted CD8+ T cell responses were more often detectable in VCs than in chronically infected patients, but not in healthy seronegative donors. We also demonstrate that VC CD8+ T cells inhibit virus replication in both a class I- and class II-dependent manner, and that in two VC patients the class II-restricted CD8+ T cells with an anti-viral gene signature expressed both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell lineage-specific genes. These data demonstrated that anti-viral memory class II-restricted CD8+ T cells with hybrid CD4+ and CD8+ features are present during natural HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinashe E Nyanhete
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Alyse L Frisbee
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,University of Virginia Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, 345 Crispell Drive, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
| | - Todd Bradley
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - William J Faison
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Elizabeth Robins
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Tamika Payne
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Stephanie A Freel
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Sheetal Sawant
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Kent J Weinhold
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Qi-Jing Li
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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18
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Burel JG, Pomaznoy M, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Weiskopf D, da Silva Antunes R, Jung Y, Babor M, Schulten V, Seumois G, Greenbaum JA, Premawansa S, Premawansa G, Wijewickrama A, Vidanagama D, Gunasena B, Tippalagama R, deSilva AD, Gilman RH, Saito M, Taplitz R, Ley K, Vijayanand P, Sette A, Peters B. Circulating T cell-monocyte complexes are markers of immune perturbations. eLife 2019; 8:46045. [PMID: 31237234 PMCID: PMC6592685 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our results highlight for the first time that a significant proportion of cell doublets in flow cytometry, previously believed to be the result of technical artifacts and thus ignored in data acquisition and analysis, are the result of biological interaction between immune cells. In particular, we show that cell:cell doublets pairing a T cell and a monocyte can be directly isolated from human blood, and high resolution microscopy shows polarized distribution of LFA1/ICAM1 in many doublets, suggesting in vivo formation. Intriguingly, T cell-monocyte complex frequency and phenotype fluctuate with the onset of immune perturbations such as infection or immunization, reflecting expected polarization of immune responses. Overall these data suggest that cell doublets reflecting T cell-monocyte in vivo immune interactions can be detected in human blood and that the common approach in flow cytometry to avoid studying cell:cell complexes should be re-visited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie G Burel
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, United States
| | - Mikhail Pomaznoy
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, United States
| | | | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, United States
| | | | - Yunmin Jung
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, United States
| | - Mariana Babor
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, United States
| | - Veronique Schulten
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, United States
| | - Gregory Seumois
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, United States
| | - Jason A Greenbaum
- Bioinformatics core, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, United States
| | - Sunil Premawansa
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, Science Faculty, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | | | - Bandu Gunasena
- National Hospital for Respiratory Diseases, Welisara, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Aruna D deSilva
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, United States.,Genetech Research Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States.,Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Mayuko Saito
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Randy Taplitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Pandurangan Vijayanand
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
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19
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Rabiger FV, Bismarck D, Protschka M, Köhler G, Moore PF, Büttner M, von Buttlar H, Alber G, Eschke M. Canine tissue-associated CD4+CD8α+ double-positive T cells are an activated T cell subpopulation with heterogeneous functional potential. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213597. [PMID: 30865691 PMCID: PMC6415905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine CD4+CD8α+ double-positive (dp) T cells of peripheral blood are a unique effector memory T cell subpopulation characterized by an increased expression of activation markers in comparison with conventional CD4+ or CD8α+ single-positive (sp) T cells. In this study, we investigated CD4+CD8α+ dp T cells in secondary lymphatic organs (i.e. mesenteric and tracheobronchial lymph nodes, spleen, Peyer’s patches) and non-lymphatic tissues (i.e. lung and epithelium of the small intestine) within a homogeneous group of healthy Beagle dogs by multi-color flow cytometry. The aim of this systematic analysis was to identify the tissue-specific localization and characteristics of this distinct T cell subpopulation. Our results revealed a mature extrathymic CD1a-CD4+CD8α+ dp T cell population in all analyzed organs, with highest frequencies within Peyer’s patches. Constitutive expression of the activation marker CD25 is a feature of many CD4+CD8α+ dp T cells independent of their localization and points to an effector phenotype. A proportion of lymph node CD4+CD8α+ dp T cells is FoxP3+ indicating regulatory potential. Within the intestinal environment, the cytotoxic marker granzyme B is expressed by CD4+CD8α+ dp intraepithelial lymphocytes. In addition, a fraction of CD4+CD8α+ dp intraepithelial lymphocytes and of mesenteric lymph node CD4+CD8α+ dp T cells is TCRγδ+. However, the main T cell receptor of all tissue-associated CD4+CD8α+ dp T cells could be identified as TCRαβ. Interestingly, the majority of the CD4+CD8α+ dp T cell subpopulation expresses the unconventional CD8αα homodimer, in contrast to CD8α+ sp T cells, and CD4+CD8α+ dp thymocytes which are mainly CD8αβ+. The presented data provide the basis for a functional analysis of tissue-specific CD4+CD8α+ dp T cells to elucidate their role in health and disease of dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike V. Rabiger
- Institute of Immunology/Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Doris Bismarck
- Institute of Immunology/Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martina Protschka
- Institute of Immunology/Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Peter F. Moore
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Mathias Büttner
- Institute of Immunology/Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heiner von Buttlar
- Institute of Immunology/Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gottfried Alber
- Institute of Immunology/Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Eschke
- Institute of Immunology/Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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20
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Diedrich CR, Gideon HP, Rutledge T, Baranowski TM, Maiello P, Myers AJ, Lin PL. CD4CD8 Double Positive T cell responses during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in cynomolgus macaques. J Med Primatol 2019; 48:82-89. [PMID: 30723927 PMCID: PMC6519377 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) kills millions of people every year. CD4 and CD8 T cells are critical in the immune response against TB. T cells expressing both CD4 and CD8 (CD4CD8 T cells) are functionally active and have not been examined in the context of TB. METHODS We examine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and bronchoalveolar lavage cells (BAL) and lung granulomas from 28 cynomolgus macaques during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. RESULTS CD4CD8 T cells increase in frequency during early Mtb infection in PBMC and BAL from pre-infection. Peripheral, airway, and lung granuloma CD4CD8 T cells have distinct patterns and greater cytokine production than CD4 or CD8 T cells. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that CD4CD8 T cells transient the blood and airways early during infection to reach the granulomas where they are involved directly in the host response to Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Richard Diedrich
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Hannah Priyadarshini Gideon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tara Rutledge
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tonilynn Marie Baranowski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Pauline Maiello
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Amy J Myers
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Philana Ling Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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21
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Menard LC, Fischer P, Kakrecha B, Linsley PS, Wambre E, Liu MC, Rust BJ, Lee D, Penhallow B, Manjarrez Orduno N, Nadler SG. Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) Tumors Display Large Expansion of Double Positive (DP) CD4+CD8+ T Cells With Expression of Exhaustion Markers. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2728. [PMID: 30534127 PMCID: PMC6275222 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint inhibitors target the inhibitory receptors expressed by tumor-infiltrating T cells in order to reinvigorate an anti-tumor immune response. Therefore, understanding T cell composition and phenotype in human tumors is crucial. We analyzed by flow cytometry tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) from two independent cohorts of patients with different cancer types, including RCC, lung, and colon cancer. In healthy donors, peripheral T cells are usually either CD4+ or CD8+ with a small percentage of CD4+ CD8+ DP cells (<5%). Compared to several other cancer types, including lung, and colorectal cancers, TILs from about a third of RCC patients showed an increased proportion of DP CD4+CD8+ T cells (>5%, reaching 30–50% of T cells in some patients). These DP T cells have an effector memory phenotype and express CD38, 4-1BB, and HLA-DR, suggesting antigen-driven expansion. In fact, TCR sequencing analysis revealed a high degree of clonality in DP T cells. Additionally, there were high levels of PD-1 and TIM-3 expression on DP T cells, which correlated with higher expression of PD-1 and TIM-3 in conventional single positive CD8 T cells from the same patients. These results suggest that DP T cells could be dysfunctional tumor-specific T cells with the potential to be reactivated by checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence C Menard
- Translational Medicine, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Paul Fischer
- Translational Medicine, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Bijal Kakrecha
- Translational Medicine, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Peter S Linsley
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Erik Wambre
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Maochang C Liu
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Blake J Rust
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Deborah Lee
- Translational Medicine, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Becky Penhallow
- Translational Medicine, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | | | - Steven G Nadler
- Translational Medicine, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, United States
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22
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McGill JL, Wang Y, Ganta CK, Boorgula GDY, Ganta RR. Antigen-Specific CD4 +CD8 + Double-Positive T Cells Are Increased in the Blood and Spleen During Ehrlichia chaffeensis Infection in the Canine Host. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1585. [PMID: 30050533 PMCID: PMC6050357 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ehrlichia chaffeensis is an obligate intracellular bacterium belonging to the order, Rickettsiales and is a frequent cause of severe and fatal tick-borne infection in people in North America. The reservoir host for E. chaffeensis is the white-tailed deer, while humans and dogs are regarded as common incidental hosts. In dogs, we and others have shown that E. chaffeensis establishes a chronic infection that persists for several weeks to months, while promoting the development of Th1 and Th17 cellular responses and pathogen-specific humoral immunity. We demonstrate here that vaccination with a live, attenuated clone of E. chaffeensis bearing a targeted mutation in the Ech_0230 gene neither promotes the development of long-lived cellular or humoral immunity, nor confers protection against secondary wild-type E. chaffeensis challenge. In dogs, a population of mature CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) T cells exists in the periphery that shares similarities with the DP T cell populations that have been described in humans and swine. Little is known about the function of these cells, particularly in the context of infectious diseases. Here, we demonstrate that canine DP T cells expand significantly in response to E. chaffeensis infection. Using in vitro antigen recall assays, we further demonstrate that canine DP T cells undergo clonal expansion, produce IFNγ and IL-17, and upregulate expression of granzyme B and granulysin. Together, our results demonstrate that DP T cells accumulate in the host during E. chaffeensis infection, and suggest that alternative lymphocyte populations may participate in the immune response to tick-borne infections in the incidental host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L. McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Center of Excellence for Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Chanran K. Ganta
- Center of Excellence for Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Gunavanthi D. Y. Boorgula
- Center of Excellence for Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Roman R. Ganta
- Center of Excellence for Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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23
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Leibman RS, Richardson MW, Ellebrecht CT, Maldini CR, Glover JA, Secreto AJ, Kulikovskaya I, Lacey SF, Akkina SR, Yi Y, Shaheen F, Wang J, Dufendach KA, Holmes MC, Collman RG, Payne AS, Riley JL. Supraphysiologic control over HIV-1 replication mediated by CD8 T cells expressing a re-engineered CD4-based chimeric antigen receptor. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006613. [PMID: 29023549 PMCID: PMC5638568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV is adept at avoiding naturally generated T cell responses; therefore, there is a need to develop HIV-specific T cells with greater potency for use in HIV cure strategies. Starting with a CD4-based chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that was previously used without toxicity in clinical trials, we optimized the vector backbone, promoter, HIV targeting moiety, and transmembrane and signaling domains to determine which components augmented the ability of T cells to control HIV replication. This re-engineered CAR was at least 50-fold more potent in vitro at controlling HIV replication than the original CD4 CAR, or a TCR-based approach, and substantially better than broadly neutralizing antibody-based CARs. A humanized mouse model of HIV infection demonstrated that T cells expressing optimized CARs were superior at expanding in response to antigen, protecting CD4 T cells from infection, and reducing viral loads compared to T cells expressing the original, clinical trial CAR. Moreover, in a humanized mouse model of HIV treatment, CD4 CAR T cells containing the 4-1BB costimulatory domain controlled HIV spread after ART removal better than analogous CAR T cells containing the CD28 costimulatory domain. Together, these data indicate that potent HIV-specific T cells can be generated using improved CAR design and that CAR T cells could be important components of an HIV cure strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S. Leibman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Max W. Richardson
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christoph T. Ellebrecht
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Colby R. Maldini
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joshua A. Glover
- Department of Medicine and Center for AIDS Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anthony J. Secreto
- Department of Medicine and Center for AIDS Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Irina Kulikovskaya
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Simon F. Lacey
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sarah R. Akkina
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yanjie Yi
- Department of Medicine and Center for AIDS Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Farida Shaheen
- Department of Medicine and Center for AIDS Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jianbin Wang
- Sangamo BioSciences Inc., Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Keith A. Dufendach
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Holmes
- Sangamo BioSciences Inc., Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Ronald G. Collman
- Department of Medicine and Center for AIDS Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Aimee S. Payne
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James L. Riley
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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24
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Dammeijer F, Lievense LA, Kaijen-Lambers ME, van Nimwegen M, Bezemer K, Hegmans JP, van Hall T, Hendriks RW, Aerts JG. Depletion of Tumor-Associated Macrophages with a CSF-1R Kinase Inhibitor Enhances Antitumor Immunity and Survival Induced by DC Immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2017; 5:535-546. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-16-0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Ferraz R, Cunha CF, Pimentel MIF, Lyra MR, Pereira-Da-Silva T, Schubach AO, Da-Cruz AM, Bertho AL. CD3 +CD4 negCD8 neg (double negative) T lymphocytes and NKT cells as the main cytotoxic-related-CD107a + cells in lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:219. [PMID: 28468680 PMCID: PMC5415843 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, which infects dermal macrophages and dendritic cells, causing an intense immune-mediated-tissue inflammation and a skin ulcer with elevated borders that can heal spontaneously or after antimonial therapy. The resolution of lesions depends on an adaptive immune response, and cytotoxic cells seem to have a fundamental role in this process. The aim of this study is to better understand the role of cytotoxicity mediated mechanisms that occur during the immune response in the CL lesion milieu, considering distinct cytotoxic-related CD107a+ cells, such as CD8+, CD4+, CD4neg CD8neg (double-negative, DN) and CD4+CD8+ (double-positive, DP) T lymphocytes, as well as NK and NKT cells. Methods Lesion derived cells were assessed for T cell subpopulations and NK cells, as well as CD107a expression by flow cytometry. In addition, cytometric bead array (CBA) was used to quantify cytokines and granzyme B concentrations in supernatants from macerated lesions. Results Flow cytometry analyses revealed that NKT cells are the major CD107a-expressing cell population committed to cytotoxicity in CL lesion, although we also observed high frequencies of CD4+ and DN T cells expressing CD107a. Analysing the pool of CD107a+-cell populations, we found a higher distribution of DN T cells (44%), followed by approximately 25% of NKT cells. Interestingly, NK and CD8+ T cells represented only 3 and 4% of the total-CD107a+-cell pool, respectively. Conclusions The cytotoxicity activity that occurs in the lesion milieu of CL patients seems to be dominated by DN T and NKT cells. These findings suggest the need for a reevaluation of the role of classical-cytotoxic NK and CD8+ T cells in the pathogenesis of CL, implicating an important role for other T cell subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Ferraz
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Flow Cytometry Sorting Core Facility, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Clarissa F Cunha
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês F Pimentel
- Laboratory of Surveillance for Leishmaniasis, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectology, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo R Lyra
- Laboratory of Surveillance for Leishmaniasis, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectology, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Pereira-Da-Silva
- Laboratory of AIDS and Molecular Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Armando O Schubach
- Laboratory of Surveillance for Leishmaniasis, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectology, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alda Maria Da-Cruz
- Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Medical Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alvaro Luiz Bertho
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,Flow Cytometry Sorting Core Facility, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Canine peripheral blood CD4 + CD8 + double-positive T cell subpopulations exhibit distinct T cell phenotypes and effector functions. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 185:48-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Boieri M, Shah P, Jalapothu D, Zaitseva O, Walter L, Rolstad B, Naper C, Dressel R, Inngjerdingen M. Rat acute GvHD is Th1 driven and characterized by predominant donor CD4 + T-cell infiltration of skin and gut. Exp Hematol 2017; 50:33-45.e3. [PMID: 28238806 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) remains a significant hurdle to successful treatment of many hematological disorders. The disease is caused by infiltration of alloactivated donor T cells primarily into the gastrointestinal tract and skin. Although cytotoxic T cells mediate direct cellular damage, T helper (Th) cells differentially secrete immunoregulatory cytokines. aGvHD is thought to be initiated primarily by Th1 cells but a consensus is still lacking regarding the role of Th2 and Th17 cells. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of distinct T-cell subsets to aGvHD in the rat. aGvHD was induced by transplanting irradiated rats with T-cell-depleted major histocompatibility complex-mismatched bone marrow, followed 2 weeks later by donor lymphocyte infusion. Near complete donor T-cell chimerism was achieved in the blood and lymphatic tissues, in contrast to mixed chimerism in the skin and gut. Skin and gut donor T cells were predominantly CD4+, in contrast to T cells in the blood and lymphatic tissues. Genes associated with Th1 cells were upregulated in gut, liver, lung, and skin tissues affected by aGvHD. Increased serum levels of CXCL10 and IL-18 preceded symptoms of aGvHD, accompanied by increased responsiveness to CXCL10 by blood CD4+ T cells. No changes in the expression of Th2- or Th17-associated genes were observed, indicating that aGvHD in this rat model is mainly Th1 driven. The rat model of aGvHD could be instrumental for further investigations of donor T-cell subsets in the skin and gut and for exploring therapeutic options to ameliorate symptoms of aGvHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Boieri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pranali Shah
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dasaradha Jalapothu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olena Zaitseva
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Walter
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bent Rolstad
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian Naper
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ralf Dressel
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marit Inngjerdingen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
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Kitchen SG, Zack JA. Engineering HIV-Specific Immunity with Chimeric Antigen Receptors. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2016; 30:556-561. [PMID: 27905838 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2016.0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV remains a highly important public health and clinical issue despite many recent advances in attempting to develop a cure, which has remained elusive for most people infected with HIV. HIV disease can be controlled with pharmacologic therapies; however, these treatments are expensive, may have severe side effects, and are not curative. Consequently, an improved means to control or eliminate HIV replication is needed. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play a critical role in controlling viral replication and are an important part in the ability of the immune response to eradicate most viral infections. There are considerable efforts to enhance CTL responses in HIV-infected individuals in hopes of providing the immune response with armaments to more effectively control viral replication. In this review, we discuss some of these efforts and focus on the development of a gene therapy-based approach to engineer hematopoietic stem cells with an HIV-1-specific chimeric antigen receptor, which seeks to provide an inexhaustible source of HIV-1-specific immune cells that are MHC unrestricted and superior to natural antiviral T cell responses. These efforts provide the basis for further development of T cell functional enhancement to target and treat chronic HIV infection in hopes of eradicating the virus from the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G. Kitchen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, and UCLA Center for AIDS Research, UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jerome A. Zack
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, and UCLA Center for AIDS Research, UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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Richards MH, Narasipura SD, Seaton MS, Lutgen V, Al-Harthi L. Migration of CD8+ T Cells into the Central Nervous System Gives Rise to Highly Potent Anti-HIV CD4dimCD8bright T Cells in a Wnt Signaling-Dependent Manner. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:317-27. [PMID: 26582945 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of CD8(+) T cells in HIV control in the brain and the consequences of such control are unclear. Approximately 3% of peripheral CD8(+) T cells dimly express CD4 on their surface. This population is known as CD4(dim)CD8(bright) T cells. We evaluated the role of CD4(dim)CD8(bright) and CD8 single positive T cells in HIV-infected brain using NOD/SCID/IL-2rcγ(-/-) mice reconstituted with human PBMCs (NSG-huPBMC). All three T cell populations (CD4 single positive, CD8 single positive, and CD4(dim)CD8(bright)) were found in NSG-huPBMC mouse brain within 2 wk of infection. Wnts secreted from astrocytes induced CD4(dim)CD8(bright) T cells by 2-fold in vitro. Injection of highly purified CD8 single positive T cells into mouse brain induced CD4(dim)CD8(bright) T cells by 10-fold, which were proliferative and exhibited a terminally differentiated effector memory phenotype. Brain CD4(dim)CD8(bright) T cells from HIV-infected mice exhibited anti-HIV-specific responses, as demonstrated by induction of CD107ab post exposure to HIV peptide-loaded targets. Further, higher frequency of CD4(dim)CD8(bright) T cells (R = -0.62; p ≤ 0.001), but not CD8 single positive T cells (R = -0.24; p ≤ 0.27), negatively correlated with HIV gag mRNA transcripts in HIV-infected NSG-huPBMC brain. Together, these studies indicate that single positive CD8(+) T cells entering the CNS during HIV infection can give rise to CD4(dim)CD8(bright) T cells, likely through a Wnt signaling-dependent manner, and that these cells are associated with potent anti-HIV control in the CNS. Thus, CD4(dim)CD8(bright) T cells are capable of HIV control in the CNS and may offer protection against HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen H Richards
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Srinivas D Narasipura
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Melanie S Seaton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Victoria Lutgen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Lena Al-Harthi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
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von Buttlar H, Bismarck D, Alber G. Peripheral canine CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive T cells - unique amongst others. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 168:169-75. [PMID: 26460086 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes co-expressing CD4 and CD8 ("double-positive T cells") are commonly associated with a thymic developmental stage of T cells. Their first description in humans and pigs as extrathymic T cells with a memory phenotype almost 30 years ago came as a surprise. Meanwhile peripheral double-positive T cells have been described in a growing number of different species. In this review we highlight novel data from our very recent studies on canine peripheral double-positive T cells which point to unique features of double-positive T cells in the dog. In contrast to porcine CD4(+)CD8(+) T cells forming a homogenous cellular population based on their expression of CD4 and CD8α, canine CD4(+)CD8(+) T cells can be divided into three different cellular subsets with distinct expression levels of CD4 and CD8α. Double-positive T cells expressing CD8β are present in humans and dogs but absent in swine. Moreover, canine CD4(+)CD8(+) T cells can not only develop from CD4(+) single-positive T cells but also from CD8(+) single-positive T cells. Together, this places canine CD4(+)CD8(+) T cells closer to their human than porcine counterparts since human double-positive T cells also appear to be heterogeneous in their CD4 and CD8α expression and have both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells as progenitor cells. However, CD4(+) single-positive T cells are the more potent progenitors for canine double-positive T cells, whereas CD8(+) single-positive T cells are more potent progenitors for human double-positive T cells. Canine double-positive T cells have an activated phenotype and may have as yet unrecognized roles in vivo in immunity to infection or in inflammatory diseases such as chronic infection, autoimmunity, allergy, or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiner von Buttlar
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Doris Bismarck
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Gottfried Alber
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Overgaard NH, Jung JW, Steptoe RJ, Wells JW. CD4+/CD8+ double-positive T cells: more than just a developmental stage? J Leukoc Biol 2014; 97:31-8. [PMID: 25360000 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1ru0814-382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+)/CD8(+) DP thymocytes are a well-described T cell developmental stage within the thymus. However, once differentiated, the CD4(+) lineage or the CD8(+) lineage is generally considered to be fixed. Nevertheless, mature CD4(+)/CD8(+) DP T cells have been described in the blood and peripheral lymphoid tissues of numerous species, as well as in numerous disease settings, including cancer. The expression of CD4 and CD8 is regulated by a very strict transcriptional program involving the transcription factors Runx3 and ThPOK. Initially thought to be mutually exclusive within CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cell populations, outside of the thymus, have recently been described to express concurrently ThPOK and Runx3. Considerable heterogeneity exists within the CD4(+)/CD8(+) DP T cell pool, and the function of CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cell populations remains controversial, with conflicting reports describing cytotoxic or suppressive roles for these cells. In this review, we describe how transcriptional regulation, lineage of origin, heterogeneity of CD4 and CD8 expression, age, species, and specific disease settings influence the functionality of this rarely studied T cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana H Overgaard
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ji-Won Jung
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - Raymond J Steptoe
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - James W Wells
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and
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CD4 ligation on human blood monocytes triggers macrophage differentiation and enhances HIV infection. J Virol 2014; 88:9934-46. [PMID: 24942581 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00616-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED A unique aspect of human monocytes, compared to monocytes from many other species, is that they express the CD4 molecule. However, the role of the CD4 molecule in human monocyte development and function is not known. We determined that the activation of CD4 via interaction with major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) triggers cytokine expression and the differentiation of human monocytes into functional mature macrophages. Importantly, we determined that CD4 activation induces intracellular signaling in monocytes and that inhibition of the MAPK and Src family kinase pathways blocked the ability of CD4 ligation to trigger macrophage differentiation. We observed that ligation of CD4 by MHC-II on activated endothelial cells induced CD4-mediated macrophage differentiation of blood monocytes. Finally, CD4 ligation by MHC-II increases the susceptibility of blood-derived monocytes to HIV binding and subsequent infection. Altogether, our studies have identified a novel function for the CD4 molecule on peripheral monocytes and suggest that a unique set of events that lead to innate immune activation differ between humans and mice. Further, these events can have effects on HIV infection and persistence in the macrophage compartment. IMPORTANCE The CD4 molecule, as the primary receptor for HIV, plays an important role in HIV pathogenesis. There are many cell types that express CD4 other than the primary HIV target, the CD4(+) T cell. Other than allowing HIV infection, the role of the CD4 molecule on human monocytes or macrophages is not known. We were interested in determining the role of CD4 in human monocyte/macrophage development and function and the potential effects of this on HIV infection. We identified a role for the CD4 molecule in triggering the activation and development of a monocyte into a macrophage following its ligation. Activation of the monocyte through the CD4 molecule in this manner increases the ability of monocytes to bind to and become infected with HIV. Our studies have identified a novel function for the CD4 molecule on peripheral monocytes in triggering macrophage development that has direct consequences for HIV infection.
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Ismahil MA, Hamid T, Bansal SS, Patel B, Kingery JR, Prabhu SD. Remodeling of the mononuclear phagocyte network underlies chronic inflammation and disease progression in heart failure: critical importance of the cardiosplenic axis. Circ Res 2013; 114:266-82. [PMID: 24186967 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.301720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The role of mononuclear phagocytes in chronic heart failure (HF) is unknown. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to delineate monocyte, macrophage, and dendritic cell trafficking in HF and define the contribution of the spleen to cardiac remodeling. METHODS AND RESULTS We evaluated C57Bl/6 mice with chronic HF 8 weeks after coronary ligation. As compared with sham-operated controls, HF mice exhibited: (1) increased proinflammatory CD11b+ F4/80+ CD206- macrophages and CD11b+ F4/80+ Gr-1(hi) monocytes in the heart and peripheral blood, respectively, and reduced CD11b+ F4/80+ Gr-1(hi) monocytes in the spleen; (2) significantly increased CD11c+ B220- classical dendritic cells and CD11c+ low)B220+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells in both the heart and spleen, and increased classic dendritic cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow, respectively; (3) increased CD4+ helper and CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells in the spleen; and (4) profound splenic remodeling with abundant white pulp follicles, markedly increased size of the marginal zone and germinal centers, and increased expression of alarmins. Splenectomy in mice with established HF reversed pathological cardiac remodeling and inflammation. Splenocytes adoptively transferred from mice with HF, but not from sham-operated mice, homed to the heart and induced long-term left ventricular dilatation, dysfunction, and fibrosis in naive recipients. Recipient mice also exhibited monocyte activation and splenic remodeling similar to HF mice. CONCLUSIONS Activation of mononuclear phagocytes is central to the progression of cardiac remodeling in HF, and heightened antigen processing in the spleen plays a critical role in this process. Splenocytes (presumably splenic monocytes and dendritic cells) promote immune-mediated injurious responses in the failing heart and retain this memory on adoptive transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ameen Ismahil
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Birmingham VAMC, Birmingham, AL (M.A.I., T.H., S.S.S., B.P., S.D.P.); and Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY (J.R.K.)
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Ren T, Yang J, Broeg K, Liu X, Loughran TP, Cheng H. Developing an in vitro model of T cell type of large granular lymphocyte leukemia. Leuk Res 2013; 37:1737-43. [PMID: 24183305 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We developed a strategy that can prolong in vitro growth of T cell type of large granular lymphocyte (T-LGL) leukemia cells. Primary CD8+ lymphocytes from T-LGL leukemia patients were stably transduced with the retroviral tax gene derived from human T cell leukemia virus type 2. Expression of Tax overrode replicative senescence and promoted clonal expansion of the leukemic CD8+ T cells. These cells exhibit features characteristic of leukemic LGL, including resistance to FasL-mediated apoptosis, sensitivity to the inhibitors of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor and IκB kinases as well as expression of cytotoxic gene products such as granzyme B, perforin and IFNγ. Collectively, these results indicate that this leukemia cell model can duplicate the main phenotype and pathophysiological characteristics of the clinical isolates of T-LGL leukemia. This model should be useful for investigating molecular pathogenesis of the disease and for developing new therapeutics targeting T-LGL leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Ren
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
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35
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Takamatsu HH, Denyer MS, Lacasta A, Stirling CMA, Argilaguet JM, Netherton CL, Oura CAL, Martins C, Rodríguez F. Cellular immunity in ASFV responses. Virus Res 2012. [PMID: 23201582 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) infection usually results in an acute haemorrhagic disease with a mortality rate approaching 100% in domestic pigs. However, pigs can survive infection with less-virulent isolates of ASFV and may become chronically infected. Surviving animals are resistant to challenge with homologous or, in some cases, closely related isolates of the virus indicating that pigs can develop protective immunity against ASFV. During asymptomatic, non-virulent ASFV infections natural killer cell activity increases in pigs, suggesting this cell type plays a role in ASFV immunity. Furthermore, depletion of CD8(+) lymphocytes from ASFV immune pigs demolishes protective immunity against related virulent viruses. This suggests that ASFV specific antibody alone is not sufficient for protection against ASFV infection and that there is an important role for the CD8(+) lymphocyte subset in ASFV protective immunity. These results were supported by DNA immunization studies, demonstrating a correlation between the protection afforded against lethal challenge and the detection of a large number of vaccine-induced antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cells. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from ASF immune pigs protected from clinical disease show higher proportions of ASFV specific CD4(+)CD8(high+) double positive cytotoxic T cells than PBMCs from ASF immune but clinically diseased pig. The frequency of ASFV specific IFNγ producing T cells induced by immunization correlates to the degree of protection from ASFV challenge, and this may prove to be a useful indicator of any potential cross-protection against heterologous ASFV isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haru-Hisa Takamatsu
- The Pirbright Institute (formerly Institute for Animal Health), Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
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Al-Harthi L. Comment on "CD4+ CD8+ T cells represent a significant portion of the anti-HIV T cell response to acute HIV infection". THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5809; author reply 5809-10. [PMID: 22675214 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1290028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kitchen SG, Levin BR, Bristol G, Rezek V, Kim S, Aguilera-Sandoval C, Balamurugan A, Yang OO, Zack JA. In vivo suppression of HIV by antigen specific T cells derived from engineered hematopoietic stem cells. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002649. [PMID: 22511873 PMCID: PMC3325196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response is a critical component in controlling viral replication in vivo, but ultimately fails in its ability to eradicate the virus. Our intent in these studies is to develop ways to enhance and restore the HIV-specific CTL response to allow long-term viral suppression or viral clearance. In our approach, we sought to genetically manipulate human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) such that they differentiate into mature CTL that will kill HIV infected cells. To perform this, we molecularly cloned an HIV-specific T cell receptor (TCR) from CD8+ T cells that specifically targets an epitope of the HIV-1 Gag protein. This TCR was then used to genetically transduce HSCs. These HSCs were then introduced into a humanized mouse containing human fetal liver, fetal thymus, and hematopoietic progenitor cells, and were allowed to differentiate into mature human CD8+ CTL. We found human, HIV-specific CTL in multiple tissues in the mouse. Thus, genetic modification of human HSCs with a cloned TCR allows proper differentiation of the cells to occur in vivo, and these cells migrate to multiple anatomic sites, mimicking what is seen in humans. To determine if the presence of the transgenic, HIV-specific TCR has an effect on suppressing HIV replication, we infected with HIV-1 mice expressing the transgenic HIV-specific TCR and, separately, mice expressing a non-specific control TCR. We observed significant suppression of HIV replication in multiple organs in the mice expressing the HIV-specific TCR as compared to control, indicating that the presence of genetically modified HIV-specific CTL can form a functional antiviral response in vivo. These results strongly suggest that stem cell based gene therapy may be a feasible approach in the treatment of chronic viral infections and provide a foundation towards the development of this type of strategy. There is a desperate need for the development of new therapeutic strategies to eradicate HIV infection. HIV actively subverts the potent natural immune responses against it, particularly cellular cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. The development of a therapy that allows long-lived immune self-containment of HIV and restoration of these CTL responses by the host would be ideal. Through genetic manipulation of human blood-forming stem cells, we introduced a molecule– an HIV-targeting T cell receptor (TCR)–that allowed the generation of functional HIV-specific CTLs following differentiation within human tissues in a humanized mouse model. To assess if these newly developed, HIV-specific CTLs can allow active suppression of HIV replication, we infected these mice with HIV. We found that the development of genetically modified, HIV-specific CTLs in these mice results in the presence of a functional antiviral CTL response in vivo that significantly lowers viral replication following HIV infection. These results have strong implications for the use of this technology to engineer the human immune response to combat viral infections and suggest that genetic engineering via HSCs may allow tailoring of the immune response to target and eradicate HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G Kitchen
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
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Landi A, Iannucci V, Nuffel AV, Meuwissen P, Verhasselt B. One protein to rule them all: modulation of cell surface receptors and molecules by HIV Nef. Curr HIV Res 2012; 9:496-504. [PMID: 22103833 PMCID: PMC3290772 DOI: 10.2174/157016211798842116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV Nef protein are known to modulate the expression of several cell surface receptors and molecules to escape the immune system, to alter T cell activation, to enhance viral replication, infectivity and transmission and overall to ensure the optimal environment for infection outcome. Consistent and continuous efforts have been made over the years to characterize the modulation of expression of each of these molecules, in the hope that a better understanding of these processes essential for HIV infection and/or pathogenesis will eventually highlight new therapeutic targets. In this article we provide an extensive review of the knowledge gained so far on this important and evolving topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Landi
- Department of Clinical Biology, Immunology and Microbiology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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Vaginal langerhans cells nonproductively transporting HIV-1 mediate infection of T cells. J Virol 2011; 85:13443-7. [PMID: 21976645 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05615-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although implied by other models, proof that Langerhans cells (LCs) in the human vagina participate in dissemination of infectious human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been lacking. Here, we show that LCs migrate from HIV-1-exposed vaginal epithelia and pass infectious virus to CD4+ T cells without being productively infected themselves, and we point to a pathway that might enable HIV-1 to avoid degradation in vaginal LCs. Transport by migratory LCs to local lymphatics in a nonproductive but infectious form may aid HIV-1 in evasion of topical microbicides that target its intracellular productive life cycle.
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HIV-1 Nef disrupts intracellular trafficking of major histocompatibility complex class I, CD4, CD8, and CD28 by distinct pathways that share common elements. J Virol 2011; 85:6867-81. [PMID: 21543478 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00229-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Nef protein is an important HIV virulence factor that promotes the degradation of host proteins to augment virus production and facilitate immune evasion. The best-characterized targets of Nef are major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and CD4, but Nef also has been reported to target several other proteins, including CD8β, CD28, CD80, CD86, and CD1d. To compare and contrast the effects of Nef on each protein, we constructed a panel of chimeric proteins in which the extracellular and transmembrane regions of the MHC-I allele HLA-A2 were fused to the cytoplasmic tails of CD4, CD28, CD8β, CD80, CD86, and CD1d. We found that Nef coprecipitated with and disrupted the expression of molecules with cytoplasmic tails from MHC-I HLA-A2, CD4, CD8β, and CD28, but Nef did not bind to or alter the expression of molecules with cytoplasmic tails from CD80, CD86, and CD1d. In addition, we used short interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown and coprecipitation experiments to implicate AP-1 as a cellular cofactor for Nef in the downmodulation of both CD28 and CD8β. The interaction with AP-1 required for CD28 and CD8β differed from the AP-1 interaction required for MHC-I downmodulation in that it was mediated through the dileucine motif within Nef (LL(164,165)AA) and did not require the tyrosine binding pocket of the AP-1 μ subunit. In addition, we demonstrate a requirement for β-COP as a cellular cofactor for Nef that was necessary for the degradation of targeted molecules HLA-A2, CD4, and CD8. These studies provide important new information on the similarities and differences with which Nef affects intracellular trafficking and help focus future research on the best potential pharmaceutical targets.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Stem cell-based strategies for treating HIV-infected individuals represent a novel approach toward reconstituting the ravaged immune system with the ultimate aim of clearing the virus from the body. Genetic modification of human hematopoietic stem cells to produce cells that are either resistant to infection, cells that produce lower amounts of infectious virus, or cells that specifically target the immune response against the virus are currently the dominant strategies under development. This review focuses on the understanding of stem cell-based approaches that are under investigation and the rationale behind such approaches. RECENT FINDINGS Significant progress has recently been made utilizing stem cell-based approaches to treat HIV infection. Ideally, a successful strategy would result in immune clearance of the virus from the body as well long-term restoration of overall immune responses to successfully combat everyday environmental antigens. Two recent clinical trails illustrate how new advances in stem cell-based approaches may propel this field forward to clinical reality: one that demonstrates that large-scale gene therapy trials can be performed in a conventional, reproducible manner; and one that demonstrates the utilization of a multipronged approach using lentiviral-based gene therapy vectors. These clinical trails serve as the foundation for the development of other technologies, discussed here, that are currently in preclinical development. SUMMARY Recent advances using stem cell-based approaches to treat HIV infection have provided the impetus for a renewed and expanded interest in the development of new cell-based strategies to treat HIV infection as well as a variety of other diseases.
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Perez R, Gibson S, Lopez P, Koenig E, De Castro M, Yamamura Y. Distribution of HIV-1 infection in different T lymphocyte subsets: antiretroviral therapy-naïve vs. experienced patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011; 27:399-410. [PMID: 21054214 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2010.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory CD4 T cells are the primary targets of HIV-1 infection, which then subsequently spreads to other T lymphocyte subsets. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) alters the pattern of HIV-1 distribution. Blood samples were collected from ART-naïve or -experienced HIV-1 patients, and the memory and naïve subsets of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes, respectively, were isolated by cell sorting. DNA was extracted and the HIV-1 env C2/V3 region PCR amplified. Amplicons were cloned and sequenced, and genetic relatedness among different HIV-1 compartments was determined by the phylogenetic analysis of clonal sequences. The viral V3 sequence of HIV-1 in each compartment was analyzed by using webPSSM to determine CCR5 or CXCR4 coreceptor binding property of the virus. The direction of viral migration among involved compartments was determined by using the MacClade program. In ART-naïve patients, HIV-1 was generally confined to the memory CD4 T (mT4) cell compartment, even though in a few cases, naïve CD4 T (nT4) cells were also infected. When this occurred, the HIV-1 gene migrated from nT4 to mT4. In contrast, HIV-1 was detected in nT4 and mT4 as well as in the memory CD8 T (mT8) compartments of ART-experienced patients. However, no clear pattern of directional HIV-1 gene flow among the compartments could be determined because of the small sample size. All HIV-1-infected T cell compartments housed the virus that used either CCR5 or CXCR4 as the coreceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Perez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Sonia Gibson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Pablo Lopez
- Ponce School of Medicine AIDS Research Program, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Ellen Koenig
- Instituto Dominicano de Estudios Virológicos, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Marisol De Castro
- Instituto Dominicano de Estudios Virológicos, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
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Li L, Aiamkitsumrit B, Pirrone V, Nonnemacher MR, Wojno A, Passic S, Flaig K, Kilareski E, Blakey B, Ku J, Parikh N, Shah R, Martin-Garcia J, Moldover B, Servance L, Downie D, Lewis S, Jacobson JM, Kolson D, Wigdahl B. Development of co-selected single nucleotide polymorphisms in the viral promoter precedes the onset of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-associated neurocognitive impairment. J Neurovirol 2011; 17:92-109. [PMID: 21225391 PMCID: PMC3057211 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-010-0014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The long terminal repeat (LTR) regulates gene expression of HIV-1 by interacting with multiple host and viral factors. Cross-sectional studies in the pre-HAART era demonstrated that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in peripheral blood-derived LTRs (a C-to-T change at position 3 of C/EBP site I (3T) and at position 5 of Sp site III (5T)) increased in frequency as disease severity increased. Additionally, the 3T variant correlated with HIV-1-associated dementia. LTR sequences derived by longitudinal sampling of peripheral blood from a single patient in the DrexelMed HIV/AIDS Genetic Analysis Cohort resulted in the detection of the 3T and 5T co-selected SNPs before the onset of neurologic impairment, demonstrating that these SNPs may be useful in predicting HIV-associated neurological complications. The relative fitness of the LTRs containing the 3T and/or 5T co-selected SNPs as they evolve in their native patient-derived LTR backbone structure demonstrated a spectrum of basal and Tat-mediated transcriptional activities using the IIIB-derived Tat and colinear Tat derived from the same molecular clone containing the 3T/5T LTR SNP. In silico predictions utilizing colinear envelope sequence suggested that the patient's virus evolved from an X4 to an R5 swarm prior to the development of neurological complications and more advanced HIV disease. These results suggest that the HIV-1 genomic swarm may evolve during the course of disease in response to selective pressures that lead to changes in prevalence of specific polymorphisms in the LTR, env, and/or tat that could predict the onset of neurological disease and result in alterations in viral function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, MS #1013A, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamas Aiamkitsumrit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, MS #1013A, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vanessa Pirrone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, MS #1013A, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael R. Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, MS #1013A, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam Wojno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, MS #1013A, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shendra Passic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, MS #1013A, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katherine Flaig
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, MS #1013A, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Evelyn Kilareski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, MS #1013A, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brandon Blakey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, MS #1013A, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jade Ku
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, MS #1013A, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nirzari Parikh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, MS #1013A, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rushabh Shah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, MS #1013A, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julio Martin-Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, MS #1013A, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Laila Servance
- Division of Infectious Disease and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Downie
- Division of Infectious Disease and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sharon Lewis
- Division of Infectious Disease and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Jacobson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, MS #1013A, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Division of Infectious Disease and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dennis Kolson
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, MS #1013A, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Renukaradhya GJ, Alekseev K, Jung K, Fang Y, Saif LJ. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-induced immunosuppression exacerbates the inflammatory response to porcine respiratory coronavirus in pigs. Viral Immunol 2011; 23:457-66. [PMID: 20883160 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2010.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed a comprehensive analysis of innate and adaptive immune responses in dual-virus infected pigs to understand whether a pre-existing immunomodulatory respiratory viral infection affects the overall immunity to a subsequent porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) infection in pigs. Pigs were either mock-infected or infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a virus known to cause immunosuppressive respiratory disease, and then pigs were co-infected with PRCV, which normally causes subclinical respiratory infection. We collected samples for six independent experiments from 178 pigs that were also used for pathological studies. We detected a significant reduction in innate NK-cell-mediated cytotoxic function in PRRSV-infected pigs, which was synergistically further decreased in pigs co-infected with PRCV. Subsequently, in association with clinical signs we observed elevated levels of proinflammatory (IL-6), Th-1 (IL-12), and regulatory (IL-10 and TGF-β) cytokines. Increased frequencies of CD4CD8 double-positive T lymphocytes and myeloid cells, in addition to the elevated Th-1 and proinflammatory cytokines in dual-infected pigs, contributed to the severity of lung disease in pigs. The results of our study clarify how each virus modulates the host innate and adaptive immune responses, leading to inflammatory reactions and lung pathology. Thus measurements of cytokines and frequencies of immune cells may serve as indicators of the progression of respiratory viral co-infections, and provide more definitive approaches for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA.
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Schenkel JM, Zloza A, Li W, Narasipura SD, Al-Harthi L. Beta-catenin signaling mediates CD4 expression on mature CD8+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2013-9. [PMID: 20631314 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Upon activation, a subset of mature human CD8(+) T cells re-expresses CD4 dimly. This CD4(dim)CD8(bright) T cell population is genuine and enriched in antiviral CD8(+) T cell responses. The signaling pathway that leads to CD4 re-expression on mature CD8(+) T cells is not clear. Given that Wnt/beta-catenin signaling plays a critical role in the transition of CD4(-)CD8(-) to CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes, we determined whether beta-catenin mediates CD4 expression on mature CD8(+) T cells. We demonstrate that active beta-catenin expression is 20-fold higher on CD4(dim)CD8(bright) than CD4(-)CD8(+) T cells. Activation of beta-catenin signaling, through LiCl or transfection with a constitutively active construct of beta-catenin, induced CD4 on CD8(+) T cells by approximately 10-fold. Conversely, inhibition of beta-catenin signaling through transfection with a dominant-negative construct for T cell factor-4, a downstream effector of beta-catenin signaling, diminished CD4 expression on CD8(+) T cells by 50% in response to T cell activation. Beta-catenin-mediated induction of CD4 on CD8(+) T cells is transcriptionally regulated, as it induced CD4 mRNA, and T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor sites were identified within the human CD4 promoter. Further, beta-catenin expression induced the antiapoptotic factor BcL-xL, suggesting that beta-catenin may mediate protection against activation-induced cell death. Collectively, these data demonstrate that beta-catenin is critical in inducing CD4 expression on mature CD8(+) T cells, suggesting that it is a common pathway for CD4 upregulation among thymocytes and mature CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Schenkel
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Saksena NK, Wang B, Zhou L, Soedjono M, Ho YS, Conceicao V. HIV reservoirs in vivo and new strategies for possible eradication of HIV from the reservoir sites. HIV AIDS (Auckl) 2010; 2:103-22. [PMID: 22096389 PMCID: PMC3218690 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s6882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) provides a complete control of plasma viremia to below detectable levels (<40 copies/mL plasma), there is an unequal distribution of all antiretroviral drugs across diverse cellular and anatomic compartments in vivo. The main consequence of this is the acquisition of resistance by HIV to all known classes of currently prescribed antiretroviral drugs and the establishment of HIV reservoirs in vivo. HIV has a distinct advantage of surviving in the host via both pre-and postintegration latency. The postintegration latency is caused by inert and metabolically inactive provirus, which cannot be accessed either by the immune system or the therapeutics. This integrated provirus provides HIV with a safe haven in the host where it is incessantly challenged by its immune selection pressure and also by HAART. Thus, the provirus is one of the strategies for viral concealment in the host and the provirus can be rekindled, through unknown stimuli, to create progeny for productive infection of the host. Thus, the reservoir establishment remains the biggest impediment to HIV eradication from the host. This review provides an overview of HIV reservoir sites and discusses both the virtues and problems associated with therapies/strategies targeting these reservoir sites in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin K Saksena
- Retroviral Genetics Division, Center for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bin Wang
- Retroviral Genetics Division, Center for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Li Zhou
- Retroviral Genetics Division, Center for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Maly Soedjono
- Retroviral Genetics Division, Center for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yung Shwen Ho
- Retroviral Genetics Division, Center for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Viviane Conceicao
- Retroviral Genetics Division, Center for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Sydney, Australia
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Could CD4 capture by CD8+ T cells play a role in HIV spreading? J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:907371. [PMID: 20368790 PMCID: PMC2846356 DOI: 10.1155/2010/907371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells have been shown to capture plasma membrane fragments from target cells expressing their cognate antigen, a process termed "trogocytosis". Here, we report that human CD4, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) receptor, can be found among the proteins transferred by trogocytosis. CD4 is expressed in a correct orientation after its capture by CD8(+) T cells as shown by its detection using conformational antibodies and its ability to allow HIV binding on recipient CD8(+) T cells. Although we could not find direct evidence for infection of CD8(+) T cells having captured CD4 by HIV, CD4 was virologically functional on these cells as it conferred on them the ability to undergo syncytia formation induced by HIV-infected MOLT-4 cells. Our results show that acquisition of CD4 by CD8(+) T cells via trogocytosis could play a previously unappreciated role for CD8(+) T cells in HIV spreading possibly without leading to their infection.
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Potent HIV-specific responses are enriched in a unique subset of CD8+ T cells that coexpresses CD4 on its surface. Blood 2009; 114:3841-53. [PMID: 19700667 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-02-202481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, approximately 3% of peripheral CD8+ T cells coexpress CD4 dimly on their surface and hence are designated as CD4(dim)CD8(bright) T cells. We evaluated the contribution of this CD4(dim)CD8(bright) T-cell population to anti-HIV immunity. We demonstrate that CD4(dim)CD8(bright) T cells generate greater than 55% of CD8+ T-cell antigen recognition and effector response to HIV, as evaluated by multiple parameters for assessing T-cell antiviral immunity, including HIV tetramer recognition, cytokine production, and cytolytic potential. Inhibition of major histocompatibility class II (MHC-II) on target cells or CD4 on CD4(dim)CD8(bright) T cells diminishes their anti-HIV responses, suggesting that CD4 on effector cells and MHC-II on target cells provides an additional arm of contact between effector and target cells which is critical to CD4(dim)CD8(bright) T-cell function. CD4(dim)CD8(bright) T cells also exhibit features that are indicative of central memory T cells. Finally, CD4(dim)CD8(bright) T cells are elevated in blood of HIV+ long-term nonprogressors in comparison to HIV- donors. Collectively, our findings show that CD4(dim)CD8(bright) T cells designate an enriched antiviral subpopulation of CD8+ T cells that should be targeted for therapeutic intervention or evaluation of vaccine efficacy.
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Gerner W, Käser T, Saalmüller A. Porcine T lymphocytes and NK cells--an update. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:310-320. [PMID: 18601948 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells represent an important cell population of the innate immune system with the ability to attack spontaneously pathogen-infected and malignant body cells as well as to produce immune-regulatory cytokines. T lymphocytes belong to the adaptive immune system and perform a wide array of functions in immune regulation, inflammation and protective immune responses. In this review we summarize the current knowledge about the phenotype and functional characteristics of these two cell populations in swine. Porcine NK cells can be distinguished from T cells by the complex phenotype perforin+ CD3(-)CD4(-)CD5(-)CD6(-)CD8alpha+CD8beta(-)CD11b+CD16+. Investigations so far show that these cells have the capacity to lyse virus-infected target cells and respond to various regulatory cytokines. Such cytokines can induce interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production in porcine NK cells, as well as the up-regulation of effector/activation molecules like perforin and CD25. Porcine T cells can be divided into a number of subpopulations, including a prominent fraction of T cells expressing T-cell receptors (TCR) with gammadelta-chains. Like TCR-alphabeta T cells, these TCR-gammadelta T cells can express CD8alpha and MHC class II, two molecules which in swine seem to be correlated with an activation status of T cells. Functional properties of these cells seem to include cytolytic activity as well as antigen presentation; however, both aspects require further investigation. Like in other species, TCR-alphabeta T cells in swine comprise MHC class-I restricted cytolytic T cells, T-helper cells and recently identified regulatory T cells. We summarize data on the phenotype and function of these cells including memory cell formation. Current knowledge suggests that MHC class-I restricted cytolytic T cells can be identified by the expression of CD8alphabeta heterodimers. T-helper cells express CD4 as well as other activation-related markers, including CD8alpha, MHC class II and CD45RC. Porcine regulatory T cells have a phenotype similar to that of mouse and humans: CD4+CD25+Foxp3+. First results indicate that these cells can suppress proliferation of other T cells and produce IL-10. Finally, the abundant expression of swine-specific activation markers CD8alpha and MHC class II on T cells and NK cells is discussed in more detail.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- CD8 Antigens/immunology
- CD8 Antigens/metabolism
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Genes, MHC Class II/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Natural Killer T-Cells/cytology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Swine/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Bernstein HB, Wang G, Plasterer MC, Zack JA, Ramasastry P, Mumenthaler SM, Kitchen CMR. CD4+ NK cells can be productively infected with HIV, leading to downregulation of CD4 expression and changes in function. Virology 2009; 387:59-66. [PMID: 19251297 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
NK cells mediate the innate immune response, and HIV-infected individuals demonstrate altered NK cell phenotype and function. We find that CD4+ NK cells are susceptible to HIV infection; this could account for the NK cell dysfunction seen in HIV-infected individuals. CD4+ NK cells express CXCR4 and can be infected with X4-tropic viruses and some primary R5-utilizing viral isolates. Treatment with the CXCR4 ligands AMD3100 and SDF-1alpha partially blocks infection with X4-tropic virus, treatment with anti-CCL Igs upregulates CCR5 surface expression and enables infection with HIV-Bal. HIV infection of NK cells results in CD4 downregulation and the production of infectious virus. HIV-infected CD4+ NK cells mediate NK cell cytotoxicity, however, HIV infection is associated with decreased chemotaxis towards IL-16. Thus, HIV infection of CD4+ NK cells could account for the NK cell dysfunction observed in HIV-infected individuals. Furthermore infected NK cells could serve as a viral reservoir of HIV in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene B Bernstein
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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