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Slominski RM, Kim TK, Janjetovic Z, Brożyna AA, Podgorska E, Dixon KM, Mason RS, Tuckey RC, Sharma R, Crossman DK, Elmets C, Raman C, Jetten AM, Indra AK, Slominski AT. Malignant Melanoma: An Overview, New Perspectives, and Vitamin D Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2262. [PMID: 38927967 PMCID: PMC11201527 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16122262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanoma, originating through malignant transformation of melanin-producing melanocytes, is a formidable malignancy, characterized by local invasiveness, recurrence, early metastasis, resistance to therapy, and a high mortality rate. This review discusses etiologic and risk factors for melanoma, diagnostic and prognostic tools, including recent advances in molecular biology, omics, and bioinformatics, and provides an overview of its therapy. Since the incidence of melanoma is rising and mortality remains unacceptably high, we discuss its inherent properties, including melanogenesis, that make this disease resilient to treatment and propose to use AI to solve the above complex and multidimensional problems. We provide an overview on vitamin D and its anticancerogenic properties, and report recent advances in this field that can provide solutions for the prevention and/or therapy of melanoma. Experimental papers and clinicopathological studies on the role of vitamin D status and signaling pathways initiated by its active metabolites in melanoma prognosis and therapy are reviewed. We conclude that vitamin D signaling, defined by specific nuclear receptors and selective activation by specific vitamin D hydroxyderivatives, can provide a benefit for new or existing therapeutic approaches. We propose to target vitamin D signaling with the use of computational biology and AI tools to provide a solution to the melanoma problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radomir M. Slominski
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Z.J.); (E.P.); (C.E.); (C.R.)
| | - Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Z.J.); (E.P.); (C.E.); (C.R.)
| | - Anna A. Brożyna
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Ewa Podgorska
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Z.J.); (E.P.); (C.E.); (C.R.)
| | - Katie M. Dixon
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (K.M.D.); (R.S.M.)
| | - Rebecca S. Mason
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (K.M.D.); (R.S.M.)
| | - Robert C. Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - David K. Crossman
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Craig Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Z.J.); (E.P.); (C.E.); (C.R.)
| | - Chander Raman
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Z.J.); (E.P.); (C.E.); (C.R.)
| | - Anton M. Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, NIEHS—National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;
| | - Arup K. Indra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (T.-K.K.); (Z.J.); (E.P.); (C.E.); (C.R.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, Veteran Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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2
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Kim TK, Slominski RM, Pyza E, Kleszczynski K, Tuckey RC, Reiter RJ, Holick MF, Slominski AT. Evolutionary formation of melatonin and vitamin D in early life forms: insects take centre stage. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 38686544 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Melatonin, a product of tryptophan metabolism via serotonin, is a molecule with an indole backbone that is widely produced by bacteria, unicellular eukaryotic organisms, plants, fungi and all animal taxa. Aside from its role in the regulation of circadian rhythms, it has diverse biological actions including regulation of cytoprotective responses and other functions crucial for survival across different species. The latter properties are also shared by its metabolites including kynuric products generated by reactive oxygen species or phototransfomation induced by ultraviolet radiation. Vitamins D and related photoproducts originate from phototransformation of ∆5,7 sterols, of which 7-dehydrocholesterol and ergosterol are examples. Their ∆5,7 bonds in the B ring absorb solar ultraviolet radiation [290-315 nm, ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation] resulting in B ring opening to produce previtamin D, also referred to as a secosteroid. Once formed, previtamin D can either undergo thermal-induced isomerization to vitamin D or absorb UVB radiation to be transformed into photoproducts including lumisterol and tachysterol. Vitamin D, as well as the previtamin D photoproducts lumisterol and tachysterol, are hydroxylated by cyochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes to produce biologically active hydroxyderivatives. The best known of these is 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) for which the major function in vertebrates is regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Herein we review data on melatonin production and metabolism and discuss their functions in insects. We discuss production of previtamin D and vitamin D, and their photoproducts in fungi, plants and insects, as well as mechanisms for their enzymatic activation and suggest possible biological functions for them in these groups of organisms. For the detection of these secosteroids and their precursors and photoderivatives, as well as melatonin metabolites, we focus on honey produced by bees and on body extracts of Drosophila melanogaster. Common biological functions for melatonin derivatives and secosteroids such as cytoprotective and photoprotective actions in insects are discussed. We provide hypotheses for the photoproduction of other secosteroids and of kynuric metabolites of melatonin, based on the known photobiology of ∆5,7 sterols and of the indole ring, respectively. We also offer possible mechanisms of actions for these unique molecules and summarise differences and similarities of melatoninergic and secosteroidogenic pathways in diverse organisms including insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Radomir M Slominski
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics and Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Elzbieta Pyza
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Konrad Kleszczynski
- Department of Dermatology, Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, Münster, 48161, Germany
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | | | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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3
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Janjetovic Z, Qayyum S, Reddy SB, Podgorska E, Scott SG, Szpotan J, Mobley AA, Li W, Boda VK, Ravichandran S, Tuckey RC, Jetten AM, Slominski AT. Novel Vitamin D3 Hydroxymetabolites Require Involvement of the Vitamin D Receptor or Retinoic Acid-Related Orphan Receptors for Their Antifibrogenic Activities in Human Fibroblasts. Cells 2024; 13:239. [PMID: 38334631 PMCID: PMC10854953 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated multiple signaling pathways activated by CYP11A1-derived vitamin D3 hydroxymetabolites in human skin fibroblasts by assessing the actions of these molecules on their cognate receptors and by investigating the role of CYP27B1 in their biological activities. The actions of 20(OH)D3, 20,23(OH)2D3, 1,20(OH)2D3 and 1,20,23(OH)3D3 were compared to those of classical 1,25(OH)2D3. This was undertaken using wild type (WT) fibroblasts, as well as cells with VDR, RORs, or CYP27B1 genes knocked down with siRNA. Vitamin D3 hydroxymetabolites had an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of WT cells, but this effect was abrogated in cells with silenced VDR or RORs. The collagen expression by WT cells was reduced upon secosteroid treatment. This effect was reversed in cells where VDR or RORs were knocked down where the inhibition of collagen production and the expression of anti-fibrotic genes in response to the hydroxymetabolites was abrogated, along with ablation of their anti-inflammatory action. The knockdown of CYP27B1 did not change the effect of either 20(OH)D3 or 20,23(OH)2D3, indicating that their actions are independent of 1α-hydroxylation. In conclusion, the expression of the VDR and/or RORα/γ receptors in fibroblasts is necessary for the inhibition of both the proliferation and fibrogenic activity of hydroxymetabolites of vitamin D3, while CYP27B1 is not required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.J.); (S.Q.); (S.B.R.); (E.P.); (S.G.S.); (J.S.); (A.A.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Shariq Qayyum
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.J.); (S.Q.); (S.B.R.); (E.P.); (S.G.S.); (J.S.); (A.A.M.); (S.R.)
- Brigham’s Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sivani B. Reddy
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.J.); (S.Q.); (S.B.R.); (E.P.); (S.G.S.); (J.S.); (A.A.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Ewa Podgorska
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.J.); (S.Q.); (S.B.R.); (E.P.); (S.G.S.); (J.S.); (A.A.M.); (S.R.)
| | - S. Gates Scott
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.J.); (S.Q.); (S.B.R.); (E.P.); (S.G.S.); (J.S.); (A.A.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Justyna Szpotan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.J.); (S.Q.); (S.B.R.); (E.P.); (S.G.S.); (J.S.); (A.A.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Alisa A. Mobley
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.J.); (S.Q.); (S.B.R.); (E.P.); (S.G.S.); (J.S.); (A.A.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Wei Li
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (W.L.); (V.K.B.)
| | - Vijay K. Boda
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (W.L.); (V.K.B.)
| | - Senthilkumar Ravichandran
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.J.); (S.Q.); (S.B.R.); (E.P.); (S.G.S.); (J.S.); (A.A.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Robert C. Tuckey
- School of Molecular Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia;
| | - Anton M. Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.J.); (S.Q.); (S.B.R.); (E.P.); (S.G.S.); (J.S.); (A.A.M.); (S.R.)
- Cancer Chemoprevention Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Romano F, Serpico D, Cantelli M, Di Sarno A, Dalia C, Arianna R, Lavorgna M, Colao A, Di Somma C. Osteoporosis and dermatoporosis: a review on the role of vitamin D. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1231580. [PMID: 37693364 PMCID: PMC10484397 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1231580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) and Dermatoporosis (DP) are expressions of the aging process at the skin and bone levels, respectively. Both conditions are associated with increased morbidity for elderly people, and this requires necessary interventions. They share many common risk factors; among these, vitamin D (VD) deficiency appears to have a role. VD is involved in either disease with many mechanisms, among which immunomodulation. VD deficiency has been linked to OP because it inhibits the body's capacity to absorb calcium and maintain optimal bone health. Available evidence suggests that proper vitaminosis D also appears to be vital in preventing skin age-related issues. DP is often seen in elderly individuals, particularly those with long-term sun exposure and a history of chronic sun damage. VD deficiency can be linked to DP, since its involvement in collagen production, epidermal barrier function, inflammation regulation, wound healing, and sun protection. Aim of this review is to summarize the most updated existing evidence on the role of VD in the development of fragility syndromes such as DP and OP and the possible benefits of VD supplementation as a simple and harmful weapon against aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiammetta Romano
- Endocrinology Diabetology and Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Serpico
- Endocrinology Diabetology and Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Cantelli
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Di Sarno
- Endocrinology Diabetology and Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmine Dalia
- Internal Medicine S. Maria Della Pietà Hospital Nola, Nola, Italy
| | - Rossana Arianna
- Endocrinology Diabetology and Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Lavorgna
- Endocrinology Diabetology and Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Endocrinology Diabetology and Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- UNESCO Chair “Education for Health and Sustainable Development”, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Carolina Di Somma
- Endocrinology Diabetology and Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
- UNESCO Chair “Education for Health and Sustainable Development”, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
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Grzesiak M, Tchurzyk M, Socha M, Sechman A, Hrabia A. An Overview of the Current Known and Unknown Roles of Vitamin D 3 in the Female Reproductive System: Lessons from Farm Animals, Birds, and Fish. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214137. [PMID: 36430615 PMCID: PMC9693557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have clearly shown that vitamin D3 is a crucial regulator of the female reproductive process in humans and animals. Knowledge of the expression of vitamin D3 receptors and related molecules in the female reproductive organs such as ovaries, uterus, oviduct, or placenta under physiological and pathological conditions highlights its contribution to the proper function of the reproductive system in females. Furthermore, vitamin D3 deficiency leads to serious reproductive disturbances and pathologies including ovarian cysts. Although the influence of vitamin D3 on the reproductive processes of humans and rodents has been extensively described, the association between vitamin D3 and female reproductive function in farm animals, birds, and fish has rarely been summarized. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of vitamin D3 in the reproductive system of those animals, with special attention paid to the expression of vitamin D3 receptors and its metabolic molecules. This updated information could be essential for better understanding animal physiology and overcoming the incidence of infertility, which is crucial for optimizing reproductive outcomes in female livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Grzesiak
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-664-5025
| | - Marcelina Tchurzyk
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Socha
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Sechman
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Hrabia
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
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Vitamin D-Mediated Regulation of Intestinal Calcium Absorption. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14163351. [PMID: 36014856 PMCID: PMC9416674 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a critical regulator of calcium and bone homeostasis. While vitamin D has multiple effects on bone and calcium metabolism, the regulation of intestinal calcium (Ca) absorption efficiency is a critical function for vitamin D. This is necessary for optimal bone mineralization during growth, the protection of bone in adults, and the prevention of osteoporosis. Intestinal Ca absorption is regulated by 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2 D), a hormone that activates gene transcription following binding to the intestinal vitamin D receptor (VDR). When dietary Ca intake is low, Ca absorption follows a vitamin-D-regulated, saturable pathway, but when dietary Ca intake is high, Ca absorption is predominately through a paracellular diffusion pathway. Deletion of genes that mediate vitamin D action (i.e., VDR) or production (CYP27B1) eliminates basal Ca absorption and prevents the adaptation of mice to low-Ca diets. Various physiologic or disease states modify vitamin-D-regulated intestinal absorption of Ca (enhanced during late pregnancy, reduced due to menopause and aging).
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Issa NT, Wathieu H, Glasgow E, Peran I, Parasido E, Li T, Simbulan-Rosenthal CM, Rosenthal D, Medvedev AV, Makarov SS, Albanese C, Byers SW, Dakshanamurthy S. A novel chemo-phenotypic method identifies mixtures of salpn, vitamin D3, and pesticides involved in the development of colorectal and pancreatic cancer. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 233:113330. [PMID: 35189517 PMCID: PMC10202418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Environmental chemical (EC) exposures and our interactions with them has significantly increased in the recent decades. Toxicity associated biological characterization of these chemicals is challenging and inefficient, even with available high-throughput technologies. In this report, we describe a novel computational method for characterizing toxicity, associated biological perturbations and disease outcome, called the Chemo-Phenotypic Based Toxicity Measurement (CPTM). CPTM is used to quantify the EC "toxicity score" (Zts), which serves as a holistic metric of potential toxicity and disease outcome. CPTM quantitative toxicity is the measure of chemical features, biological phenotypic effects, and toxicokinetic properties of the ECs. For proof-of-concept, we subject ECs obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) database to the CPTM. We validated the CPTM toxicity predictions by correlating 'Zts' scores with known toxicity effects. We also confirmed the CPTM predictions with in-vitro, and in-vivo experiments. In in-vitro and zebrafish models, we showed that, mixtures of the motor oil and food additive 'Salpn' with endogenous nuclear receptor ligands such as Vitamin D3, dysregulated the nuclear receptors and key transcription pathways involved in Colorectal Cancer. Further, in a human patient derived cell organoid model, we found that a mixture of the widely used pesticides 'Tetramethrin' and 'Fenpropathrin' significantly impacts the population of patient derived pancreatic cancer cells and 3D organoid models to support rapid PDAC disease progression. The CPTM method is, to our knowledge, the first comprehensive toxico-physicochemical, and phenotypic bionetwork-based platform for efficient high-throughput screening of environmental chemical toxicity, mechanisms of action, and connection to disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiem T Issa
- Department of Oncology, and Molecular and Experimental Therapeutic Research in Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Henri Wathieu
- Department of Oncology, and Molecular and Experimental Therapeutic Research in Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Eric Glasgow
- Department of Oncology, and Molecular and Experimental Therapeutic Research in Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Ivana Peran
- Department of Oncology, and Molecular and Experimental Therapeutic Research in Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Erika Parasido
- Department of Oncology, and Molecular and Experimental Therapeutic Research in Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Tianqi Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | | | - Dean Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | | | | | - Christopher Albanese
- Department of Oncology, and Molecular and Experimental Therapeutic Research in Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Stephen W Byers
- Department of Oncology, and Molecular and Experimental Therapeutic Research in Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Sivanesan Dakshanamurthy
- Department of Oncology, and Molecular and Experimental Therapeutic Research in Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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8
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De Silva WGM, Han JZR, Yang C, Tongkao-On W, McCarthy BY, Ince FA, Holland AJA, Tuckey RC, Slominski AT, Abboud M, Dixon KM, Rybchyn MS, Mason RS. Evidence for Involvement of Nonclassical Pathways in the Protection From UV-Induced DNA Damage by Vitamin D-Related Compounds. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10555. [PMID: 34950826 PMCID: PMC8674768 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The vitamin D hormone, 1,25dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), and related compounds derived from vitamin D3 or lumisterol as a result of metabolism via the enzyme CYP11A1, have been shown, when applied 24 hours before or immediately after UV irradiation, to protect human skin cells and skin from DNA damage due to UV exposure, by reducing both cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and oxidative damage in the form of 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG). We now report that knockdown of either the vitamin D receptor or the endoplasmic reticulum protein ERp57 by small, interfering RNA (siRNA) abolished the reductions in UV‐induced DNA damage with 20‐hydroxyvitamin D3 or 24‐hydroxylumisterol3, as previously shown for 1,25(OH)2D3. Treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 reduced oxygen consumption rates in UV‐exposed and sham‐exposed human keratinocytes and reduced phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response binding element protein (CREB). Both these actions have been shown to inhibit skin carcinogenesis after chronic UV exposure, consistent with the anticarcinogenic activity of 1,25(OH)2D3. The requirement for a vitamin D receptor for the photoprotective actions of 1,25(OH)2D3 and of naturally occurring CYP11A1‐derived vitamin D–related compounds may explain why mice lacking the vitamin D receptor in skin are more susceptible to UV‐induced skin cancers, whereas mice lacking the 1α‐hydroxylase and thus unable to make 1,25(OH)2D3 are not more susceptible. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy Zhuo Ru Han
- Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Chen Yang
- Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Wannit Tongkao-On
- Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Bianca Yuko McCarthy
- Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Furkan Akif Ince
- Anatomy & Histology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Andrew J A Holland
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Children's Hospital at Westmead University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | | | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA
| | | | - Katie Marie Dixon
- Anatomy & Histology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Mark Stephen Rybchyn
- Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia.,School of Chemical Engineering University of NSW Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Rebecca Sara Mason
- Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
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9
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Mendes AKB, Sulis PM, Cavalari FC, Padilla DPR, Aragón M, Gaspar JM, Silva FRMB. 1α,25-(OH) 2 vitamin D 3 prevents insulin resistance and regulates coordinated exocytosis and insulin secretion. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 99:108864. [PMID: 34606907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 is associated with improvements in insulin resistance and glycemia. In this study, we investigated the short-term effect of 1α,25(OH)2 Vitamin D3 (1,25-D3) and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) on the glycemia and insulin sensitivity of control and dexamethasone-induced insulin-resistance rats. 45Ca2+ influx responses to 1,25-D3 and its role in insulin secretion were investigated in isolated pancreatic islets from control rats. In vivo, 5 d treatment with 1,25-D3 (i.p.) prevented insulin resistance in dexamethasone-treated rats. Treatment with 1,25-D3 improved the activities of hepatic enzymes, serum lipids and calcium concentrations in insulin-resistant rats. 25-D3 (o.g.) does not affect insulin resistance. In pancreatic islets, 1,25-D3 increased insulin secretion and stimulated rapid response 45Ca2+ influx. The stimulatory effect of 1,25-D3 on 45Ca2+ influx was decreased by diazoxide, apamine, thapsigargin, dantrolene, 2-APB, nifedipine, TEA, PKA, PKC, and cytoskeleton inhibitor, while it was increased by glibenclamide and N-ethylmaleimide. The stimulatory effect of 1,25-D3 on 45Ca2+ influx involves the activation of L-type VDCC, K+-ATP, K+-Ca2+, and Kv channels, which augment cytosolic calcium. These ionic changes mobilize calcium from stores and downstream activation of PKC, PKA tethering vesicle traffic and fusion at the plasma membrane for insulin secretion. This is the first study highlighting the unprecedented role of 1,25-D3 (short-term effect) in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and on prevention of insulin resistance. Furthermore, this study shows the intracellular β-cell signal transduction of 1,25-D3 through the modulation of pivotal ionic channels and proteins exhibiting a coordinated exocytosis of vesicles for insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Karla Bittencourt Mendes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Núcleo de Bioeletricidade Celular (NUBIOCEL), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Florianópolis- SC, Brazil
| | - Paola Miranda Sulis
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Núcleo de Bioeletricidade Celular (NUBIOCEL), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Florianópolis- SC, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Carvalho Cavalari
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Núcleo de Bioeletricidade Celular (NUBIOCEL), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Florianópolis- SC, Brazil; Núcleo de Bioeletricidade Celular (NUBIOCEL), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Florianópolis- SC, Brazil
| | - Diana Patricia Rey Padilla
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Departamento de Farmácia, Facultad de Ciencias, Bogotá, D. C., Colombia
| | - Marcela Aragón
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Departamento de Farmácia, Facultad de Ciencias, Bogotá, D. C., Colombia
| | - Joana Margarida Gaspar
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Núcleo de Bioeletricidade Celular (NUBIOCEL), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Florianópolis- SC, Brazil
| | - Fátima Regina Mena Barreto Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Núcleo de Bioeletricidade Celular (NUBIOCEL), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Florianópolis- SC, Brazil; Núcleo de Bioeletricidade Celular (NUBIOCEL), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Florianópolis- SC, Brazil.
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Bocheva G, Slominski RM, Slominski AT. The Impact of Vitamin D on Skin Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169097. [PMID: 34445803 PMCID: PMC8396468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The active metabolites of vitamin D3 (D3) and lumisterol (L3) exert a variety of antiaging and photoprotective effects on the skin. These are achieved through immunomodulation and include anti-inflammatory actions, regulation of keratinocytes proliferation, and differentiation programs to build the epidermal barrier necessary for maintaining skin homeostasis. In addition, they induce antioxidative responses, inhibit DNA damage and induce DNA repair mechanisms to attenuate premature skin aging and cancerogenesis. The mechanism of action would involve interaction with multiple nuclear receptors including VDR, AhR, LXR, reverse agonism on RORα and -γ, and nongenomic actions through 1,25D3-MARRS receptor and interaction with the nongenomic binding site of the VDR. Therefore, active forms of vitamin D3 including its canonical (1,25(OH)2D3) and noncanonical (CYP11A1-intitated) D3 derivatives as well as L3 derivatives are promising agents for the prevention, attenuation, or treatment of premature skin aging. They could be administrated orally and/or topically. Other forms of parenteral application of vitamin D3 precursor should be considered to avoid its predominant metabolism to 25(OH)D3 that is not recognized by CYP11A1 enzyme. The efficacy of topically applied vitamin D3 and L3 derivatives needs further clinical evaluation in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgeta Bocheva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: (G.B.); (A.T.S.)
| | - Radomir M. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- Graduate Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Veteran Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Correspondence: (G.B.); (A.T.S.)
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Goksøyr SØ, Goldstone J, Lille-Langøy R, Lock EJ, Olsvik PA, Goksøyr A, Karlsen OA. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons modulate the activity of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) vitamin D receptor paralogs in vitro. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 238:105914. [PMID: 34304057 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) mediates the biological function of the steroid hormone calcitriol, which is the metabolically active version of vitamin D. Calcitriol is important for a wide array of physiological functions, including calcium and phosphate homeostasis. In contrast to mammals, which harbor one VDR encoding gene, teleosts possess two orthologous vdr genes encoding Vdr alpha (Vdra) and Vdr beta (Vdrb). Genome mining identified the vdra and vdrb paralogs in the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) genome, which were further characterized regarding their phylogeny, tissue-specific expression, and transactivational properties induced by calcitriol. In addition, a selected set of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), and 7-methylbenzo[a]pyrene, were assessed for their ability to modulate the transcriptional activity of gmVdra and gmVdrb in vitro. Both gmVdra and gmVdrb were activated by calcitriol with similar potencies, but gmVdra produced significantly higher maximal fold activation. Notably, none of the tested PAHs showed agonistic properties towards the Atlantic cod Vdrs. However, binary exposures of calcitriol together with phenanthrene, fluorene, or pyrene, antagonized the activation of gmVdra, while chrysene and BaP significantly potentiated the calcitriol-mediated activity of both receptors. Homology modeling, solvent mapping, and docking analyses complemented the experimental data, and revealed a putative secondary binding site in addition to the canonical ligand-binding pocket (LBP). Calcitriol was predicted to interact with both binding sites, whereas PAHs docked primarily to the LBP. Importantly, our in vitro data suggest that PAHs can interact with the paralogous gmVdrs and interfere with their transcriptional activities, and thus potentially modulate the vitamin D signaling pathway and contribute to adverse effects of crude oil and PAH exposures on cardiac development and bone deformities in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jed Goldstone
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | | | - Erik-Jan Lock
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway; Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pål A Olsvik
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway; Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway
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12
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Anti-Tumor Effects of Ginsenoside 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Combination in Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer. MEDICINES 2021; 8:medicines8060028. [PMID: 34199743 PMCID: PMC8227560 DOI: 10.3390/medicines8060028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In spite of possessing desirable anticancer properties, currently, limited clinical success has been achieved with 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (aPPD) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol). This study is designed to evaluate if the combination of aPPD with calcitriol can inhibit human prostate cancer xenograft growth by using nuclear receptor signaling. Athymic male nude mice were utilized to establish an androgen-independent human prostate cancer C4-2 cell castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) xenograft model. Mice were treated orally for six weeks with 70 mg/kg aPPD administered once daily or three times per week with 4 µg/kg calcitriol or in combination or only with vehicle control. Contrary to our expectations, calcitriol treatment alone increased C4-2 tumor growth. However, the addition of calcitriol substantially increased aPPD-mediated tumor growth suppression (76% vs. 53%, combination vs. aPPD alone). The combination treatment significantly increased levels of cleaved caspase-3 apoptotic marker compared to vehicle-treated or aPPD-treated C4-2 tumors. The mechanistic elucidations indicate that tumor inhibition by the aPPD and calcitriol combination was accompanied by elevated vitamin D receptor (VDR) protein expression. In silico data suggest that aPPD weakly binds to the native LBD pocket of VDR. Interestingly, the combination of aPPD and calcitriol activated VDR at a significantly higher level than calcitriol alone and this indicates that aPPD may be an allosteric activator of VDR. Overall, aPPD and calcitriol combination significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo with no acute or chronic toxic effects in the C4-2 xenograft CRPC nude mice. The involvement of VDR and downstream apoptotic pathways are potential mechanistic routes of antitumor effects of this combination.
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13
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A hierarchical regulatory network analysis of the vitamin D induced transcriptome reveals novel regulators and complete VDR dependency in monocytes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6518. [PMID: 33753848 PMCID: PMC7985518 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor vitamin D receptor (VDR) is the high affinity nuclear target of the biologically active form of vitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). In order to identify pure genomic transcriptional effects of 1,25(OH)2D3, we used VDR cistrome, transcriptome and open chromatin data, obtained from the human monocytic cell line THP-1, for a novel hierarchical analysis applying three bioinformatics approaches. We predicted 75.6% of all early 1,25(OH)2D3-responding (2.5 or 4 h) and 57.4% of the late differentially expressed genes (24 h) to be primary VDR target genes. VDR knockout led to a complete loss of 1,25(OH)2D3–induced genome-wide gene regulation. Thus, there was no indication of any VDR-independent non-genomic actions of 1,25(OH)2D3 modulating its transcriptional response. Among the predicted primary VDR target genes, 47 were coding for transcription factors and thus may mediate secondary 1,25(OH)2D3 responses. CEBPA and ETS1 ChIP-seq data and RNA-seq following CEBPA knockdown were used to validate the predicted regulation of secondary vitamin D target genes by both transcription factors. In conclusion, a directional network containing 47 partly novel primary VDR target transcription factors describes secondary responses in a highly complex vitamin D signaling cascade. The central transcription factor VDR is indispensable for all transcriptome-wide effects of the nuclear hormone.
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14
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Verma A, Cohen DJ, Jacobs TW, Boyan BD, Schwartz Z. The Relative Expression of ERα Isoforms ERα66 and ERα36 Controls the Cellular Response to 24R,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in Breast Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 19:99-111. [PMID: 33082240 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 and its metabolites have antitumorigenic properties in vitro and in vivo; however, clinical trials and retrospective studies on the effectiveness of vitamin D3 oral supplementation against cancer have been inconclusive. One reason for this may be that clinical trials ignore the complex vitamin D metabolome and the many active vitamin D3 metabolites present in the body. Recent work by our lab showed that 24R,25(OH)2D3, a vitamin D3 metabolite that is active in chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, has antitumorigenic properties in estrogen receptor alpha-66 (ERα66)-positive (ER+) breast cancer, but not in ERα66-negative (ER-) breast cancer. Here we show that 24R,25(OH)2D3 is protumorigenic in an in vivo mouse model (NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl /SzJ (NSG) mice) of ER- breast cancer, causing greater tumor growth than in mice treated with vehicle alone. In vitro results indicate that the effect of 24R,25(OH)2D3 is via a membrane-associated mechanism involving ERs and phospholipase D. 24R,25(OH)2D3 increased proliferation and reduced apoptosis in ERα66-negative HCC38 breast cancer cells, and stimulated expression of metastatic markers. Overexpressing ESRI, which encodes ERα66, ERα46, and ERα36, reduced the proapoptotic response of ERα66- cells to 24R,25(OH)2D3, possibly by upregulating ERα66. Silencing ESR1 in ERα66+ cells increased apoptosis. This suggests 24R,25(OH)2D3 is differentially tumorigenic in cancers with different ERα isoform profiles. Antiapoptotic actions of 24R,25(OH)2D3 require ERα36 and proapoptotic actions require ERα66. IMPLICATIONS: These results suggest that 24R,25(OH)2D3, which is a major circulating metabolite of vitamin D, is functionally active in breast cancer and that the regulatory properties of 24R,25(OH)2D3 are dependent upon the relative expression of ERα66 and ERα36.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Verma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - D Joshua Cohen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Thomas W Jacobs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Barbara D Boyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia. .,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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15
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Slominski AT, Chaiprasongsuk A, Janjetovic Z, Kim TK, Stefan J, Slominski RM, Hanumanthu VS, Raman C, Qayyum S, Song Y, Song Y, Panich U, Crossman DK, Athar M, Holick MF, Jetten AM, Zmijewski MA, Zmijewski J, Tuckey RC. Photoprotective Properties of Vitamin D and Lumisterol Hydroxyderivatives. Cell Biochem Biophys 2020; 78:165-180. [PMID: 32441029 PMCID: PMC7347247 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-020-00913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have previously described new pathways of vitamin D3 activation by CYP11A1 to produce a variety of metabolites including 20(OH)D3 and 20,23(OH)2D3. These can be further hydroxylated by CYP27B1 to produce their C1α-hydroxyderivatives. CYP11A1 similarly initiates the metabolism of lumisterol (L3) through sequential hydroxylation of the side chain to produce 20(OH)L3, 22(OH)L3, 20,22(OH)2L3 and 24(OH)L3. CYP11A1 also acts on 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) producing 22(OH)7DHC, 20,22(OH)27DHC and 7-dehydropregnenolone (7DHP) which can be converted to the D3 and L3 configurations following exposure to UVB. These CYP11A1-derived compounds are produced in vivo and are biologically active displaying anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and pro-differentiation properties. Since the protective role of the classical form of vitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) against UVB-induced damage is recognized, we recently tested whether novel CYP11A1-derived D3- and L3-hydroxyderivatives protect against UVB-induced damage in epidermal human keratinocytes and melanocytes. We found that along with 1,25(OH)2D3, CYP11A1-derived D3-hydroxyderivatives and L3 and its hydroxyderivatives exert photoprotective effects. These included induction of intracellular free radical scavenging and attenuation and repair of DNA damage. The protection of human keratinocytes against DNA damage included the activation of the NRF2-regulated antioxidant response, p53-phosphorylation and its translocation to the nucleus, and DNA repair induction. These data indicate that novel derivatives of vitamin D3 and lumisterol are promising photoprotective agents. However, detailed mechanisms of action, and the involvement of specific nuclear receptors, other vitamin D binding proteins or mitochondria, remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA.
- Veteran Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Al, USA.
| | - Anyamanee Chaiprasongsuk
- Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Joanna Stefan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Radomir M Slominski
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Vidya Sagar Hanumanthu
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Chander Raman
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Shariq Qayyum
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Yuwei Song
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Yuhua Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Uraiwan Panich
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - David K Crossman
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | | | - Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Jaroslaw Zmijewski
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Al, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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16
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Abstract
Vitamin D3 is well-known as a major regulator of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. A growing body of evidence highlights its crucial role in the regulation of reproductive processes in females. The role of vitamin D3 in the female reproductive tract has been extensively investigated because its receptor is abundant in reproductive organs, including ovary. Importantly, besides expression of vitamin D3 receptor, the ovary is an extrarenal site of vitamin D3 metabolism. The influence of vitamin D3 on follicular development and ovarian steroidogenesis has been investigated. Furthermore, vitamin D3 deficiency has also been associated with polycystic ovary syndrome, premature ovarian failure and ovarian cancer. The objective of this review is to summarize our knowledge about the contribution of vitamin D3 to physiological and pathological processes within the ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grzesiak
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland.
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17
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Structure-based Identification of Endocrine Disrupting Pesticides Targeting Breast Cancer Proteins. Toxicology 2020; 439:152459. [PMID: 32278787 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting pesticides (EDPs) are exogenous compounds that disrupt endocrine activity. Human exposure to EDPs can occur through occupational contact, and through the consumption of food, milk and water with trace amounts of these pollutants. Several EDPs are epidemiologically linked to breast cancer or are considered as possible carcinogens. However, current evidence is not fully conclusive and their mechanisms of action remain unknown. Thus, the potential interactions between 262 EDPs and 189 proteins associated with breast cancer were evaluated by using a virtual high-throughput screening approach, with AutoDock Vina 1.1.1. The molecular coordinates were previously downloaded from Protein Data Bank and EDCs DataBank, and used for preparation and optimization in Sybyl X-2.0. The best affinity score (-11.0 kcal/mol) was obtained for flucythrinate with the nuclear receptor for vitamin D (VDR). This synthetic pyrethroid, along with other EDPs, such as fluvalinate, bifenthrin, cyhalothrin and cypermethrin, are proposed as multi-target ligands of several proteins related to breast cancer. In addition, the validation of our protocol showed a good accuracy in terms of binding pose prediction and affinity estimation. This study provides a guide to prioritize EDPs for which further in vitro and in vivo analysis could be done to evaluate the risk and possible mechanisms of action of these contaminants and their potential association with breast cancer.
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18
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Bikle DD. Vitamin D: Newer Concepts of Its Metabolism and Function at the Basic and Clinical Level. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvz038. [PMID: 32051922 PMCID: PMC7007804 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvz038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The interest in vitamin D continues unabated with thousands of publications contributing to a vast and growing literature each year. It is widely recognized that the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and the enzymes that metabolize vitamin D are found in many cells, not just those involved with calcium and phosphate homeostasis. In this mini review I have focused primarily on recent studies that provide new insights into vitamin D metabolism, mechanisms of action, and clinical applications. In particular, I examine how mutations in vitamin D metabolizing enzymes-and new information on their regulation-links vitamin D metabolism into areas such as metabolism and diseases outside that of the musculoskeletal system. New information regarding the mechanisms governing the function of the VDR elucidates how this molecule can be so multifunctional in a cell-specific fashion. Clinically, the difficulty in determining vitamin D sufficiency for all groups is addressed, including a discussion of whether the standard measure of vitamin D sufficiency, total 25OHD (25 hydroxyvitamin) levels, may not be the best measure-at least by itself. Finally, several recent large clinical trials exploring the role of vitamin D supplementation in nonskeletal diseases are briefly reviewed, with an eye toward what questions they answered and what new questions they raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- Department of Medicine and Endocrine Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, California
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19
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Slominski AT, Brożyna AA, Zmijewski MA, Janjetovic Z, Kim TK, Slominski RM, Tuckey RC, Mason RS, Jetten AM, Guroji P, Reichrath J, Elmets C, Athar M. The Role of Classical and Novel Forms of Vitamin D in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1268:257-283. [PMID: 32918223 PMCID: PMC7490773 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-46227-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonmelanoma skin cancers including basal and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC and BCC) represent a significant clinical problem due to their relatively high incidence, imposing an economic burden to healthcare systems around the world. It is accepted that ultraviolet radiation (UVR: λ = 290-400 nm) plays a crucial role in the initiation and promotion of BCC and SCC with UVB (λ = 290-320 nm) having a central role in this process. On the other hand, UVB is required for vitamin D3 (D3) production in the skin, which supplies >90% of the body's requirement for this prohormone. Prolonged exposure to UVB can also generate tachysterol and lumisterol. Vitamin D3 itself and its canonical (1,25(OH)2D3) and noncanonical (CYP11A1-intitated) D3 hydroxyderivatives show photoprotective functions in the skin. These include regulation of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, induction of anti-oxidative responses, inhibition of DNA damage and induction of DNA repair mechanisms, and anti-inflammatory activities. Studies in animals have demonstrated that D3 hydroxyderivatives can attenuate UVB or chemically induced epidermal cancerogenesis and inhibit growth of SCC and BCC. Genomic and non-genomic mechanisms of action have been suggested. In addition, vitamin D3 itself inhibits hedgehog signaling pathways which have been implicated in many cancers. Silencing of the vitamin D receptor leads to increased propensity to develop UVB or chemically induced epidermal cancers. Other targets for vitamin D compounds include 1,25D3-MARRS, retinoic orphan receptors α and γ, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and Wnt signaling. Most recently, photoprotective effects of lumisterol hydroxyderivatives have been identified. Clinical trials demonstrated a beneficial role of vitamin D compounds in the treatment of actinic keratosis. In summary, recent advances in vitamin D biology and pharmacology open new exciting opportunities in chemoprevention and treatment of skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Anna A Brożyna
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | | | - Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Radomir M Slominski
- Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rebecca S Mason
- Physiology & Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Purushotham Guroji
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jörg Reichrath
- Center for Clinical and Experimental Photodermatology and Department of Dermatology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Craig Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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20
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Verma A, Schwartz Z, Boyan BD. 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 modulates tumorigenicity in breast cancer in an estrogen receptor-dependent manner. Steroids 2019; 150:108447. [PMID: 31302113 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D has long been prescribed as a supplement to breast cancer patients. This is partially motivated by data indicating that low serum vitamin D, measured as 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3], is associated with worsened cancer prognosis and decreased survival rates in cancer patients. However, clinical studies investigating the role of vitamin D supplementation in breast cancer treatment are largely inconclusive. One reason for this may be that many of these studies ignore the complexity of the vitamin D metabolome and the effects of these metabolites at the cellular level. Once ingested, vitamin D is metabolized into 37 different metabolites, including 25(OH)D3, which is the metabolite actually measured clinically, as well as 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3. Recent work by our lab and others has demonstrated a role for 24R,25(OH)2D3, in the modulation of breast cancer tumors via an estrogen receptor α-dependent mechanism. This review highlights the importance of considering estrogen receptor status in vitamin d-associated prognostic studies of breast cancer and proposes a potential mechanism for 24R,25(OH)2D3 signaling in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Verma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, United States
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, United States; Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Barbara D Boyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, United States; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States.
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21
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Berkowska K, Corcoran A, Grudzień M, Jakuszak A, Chodyński M, Kutner A, Marcinkowska E. Investigating the Role of VDR and Megalin in Semi-Selectivity of Side-Chain Modified 19- nor Analogs of Vitamin D. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174183. [PMID: 31455010 PMCID: PMC6747128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) is implicated in many cellular functions, including cell proliferation and differentiation, thus exerting potential antitumor effects. A major limitation for therapeutic use of 1,25D3 are potent calcemic activities. Therefore, synthetic analogs of 1,25D3 for use in anticancer therapy should retain cell differentiating potential, with calcemic activity being reduced. To obtain this goal, the analogs should effectively activate transcription of genes responsible for cell differentiation, leaving the genes responsible for calcium homeostasis less active. In order to better understand this phenomenon, we selected a series of structurally related 19-nor analogs of 1,25D (PRI-5100, PRI-5101, PRI-5105, and PRI-5106) and tested their activities in blood cells and in cells connected to calcium homeostasis. Affinities of analogs to recombinant vitamin D receptor (VDR) protein were not correlated to their pro-differentiating activities. Moreover, the pattern of transcriptional activities of the analogs was different in cell lines originating from various vitamin D-responsive tissues. We thus hypothesized that receptors which participate in transport of the analogs to the cells might contribute to the observed differences. In order to study this hypothesis, we produced renal cells with knock-out of the megalin gene. Our results indicate that megalin has a minor effect on semi-selective activities of vitamin D analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Berkowska
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aoife Corcoran
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Grudzień
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jakuszak
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Michał Chodyński
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Rydygiera 8, 01-793 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kutner
- Department of Bioanalysis and Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Laboratory Medicine Division, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Ewa Marcinkowska
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
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22
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Verma A, Cohen DJ, Schwartz N, Muktipaty C, Koblinski JE, Boyan BD, Schwartz Z. 24R,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 regulates breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:1498-1512. [PMID: 31125679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies indicate high serum 25(OH)D3 is associated with increased survival in breast cancer patients. Pre-clinical studies attributed this to anti-tumorigenic properties of its metabolite 1α,25(OH)2D3. However, 1α,25(OH)2D3 is highly calcemic and thus has a narrow therapeutic window. Here we propose another metabolite, 24R,25(OH)2D3, as an alternative non-calcemic vitamin D3 supplement. METHODS NOD-SCID-IL2γR null female mice with MCF7 breast cancer xenografts in the mammary fat pad were treated with 24R,25(OH)2D3 and changes in tumor burden and metastases were assessed. ERα66+ MCF7 and T47D cells, and ERα66- HCC38 cells were treated with 24R,25(OH)2D3in vitro to assess effects on proliferation and apoptosis. Effects on migration and metastatic markers were assessed in MCF7. RESULTS 24R,25(OH)2D3 reduced MCF7 tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. In vitro results indicate that this was not due to an anti-proliferative effect; 24R,25(OH)2D3 stimulated DNA synthesis in MCF7 and T47D. In contrast, markers of invasion and metastasis were decreased. 24R,25(OH)2D3 caused dose-dependent increases in apoptosis in MCF7 and T47D, but not HCC38 cells. Inhibitors to palmitoylation, caveolae integrity, phospholipase-D, and estrogen receptors (ER) demonstrate that 24R,25(OH)2D3 acts on MCF7 cells through caveolae-associated, phospholipase D-dependent mechanisms via cross-talk with ERs. CONCLUSION These results indicate that 24R,25(OH)2D3 shows promise in treatment of breast cancer by stimulating tumor apoptosis and reducing metastasis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE 24R,25(OH)2D3 regulates breast cancer cell survival through ER-associated mechanisms similar to 24R,25(OH)2D3 effects on chondrocytes. Thus, 24R,25(OH)2D3 may modulate cell survival in other estrogen-responsive cell types, and its therapeutic potential should be investigated in ER-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Verma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - D Joshua Cohen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Nofrat Schwartz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Meir Hospital, Tchernichovsky St 59, Kfar Saba 4428164, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Caroline Chapel Hill, 170 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chandana Muktipaty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Jennifer E Koblinski
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 N 13th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Massey Cancer Center, 401 College Street, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Barbara D Boyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; Massey Cancer Center, 401 College Street, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, 313 Ferst Drive NW, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, VA, USA.
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8210 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Mutchie TR, Yu OB, Di Milo ES, Arnold LA. Alternative binding sites at the vitamin D receptor and their ligands. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 485:1-8. [PMID: 30654005 PMCID: PMC6444937 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the majority of ligands developed for the vitamin D receptor (VDR) bind at its deeply buried genomic ligand binding pocket. Theses ligands can be categorized into agonists and partial agonists/antagonists. A limited number of ligands, most of them peptides, bind the VDR‒coactivator binding site that is formed in the presence of an agonist and inhibit coactivator recruitment, and therefore transcription. Another solvent exposed VDR‒ligand binding pocket was identified for lithocholic acid, improving the overall stability of the VDR complex. Additional proposed interactions with VDR are discussed herein that include the alternative VDR‒ligand binding pocket that may mediate both non-genomic cellular responses and binding function 3 that was identified for the androgen receptor. Many VDR ligands increase blood calcium levels at therapeutic concentrations in vivo, thus the identification of alternative VDR‒ligand binding pockets might be crucial to develop non-calcemic and potent ligands for VDR to treat cancer and inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania R Mutchie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery (MIDD), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Olivia B Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery (MIDD), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Elliot S Di Milo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery (MIDD), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery (MIDD), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA.
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24
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Dzik KP, Kaczor JJ. Mechanisms of vitamin D on skeletal muscle function: oxidative stress, energy metabolism and anabolic state. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:825-839. [PMID: 30830277 PMCID: PMC6422984 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review provides a current perspective on the mechanism of vitamin D on skeletal muscle function with the emphasis on oxidative stress, muscle anabolic state and muscle energy metabolism. It focuses on several aspects related to cellular and molecular physiology such as VDR as the trigger point of vitamin D action, oxidative stress as a consequence of vitamin D deficiency. METHOD The interaction between vitamin D deficiency and mitochondrial function as well as skeletal muscle atrophy signalling pathways have been studied and clarified in the last years. To the best of our knowledge, we summarize key knowledge and knowledge gaps regarding the mechanism(s) of action of vitamin D in skeletal muscle. RESULT Vitamin D deficiency is associated with oxidative stress in skeletal muscle that influences the mitochondrial function and affects the development of skeletal muscle atrophy. Namely, vitamin D deficiency decreases oxygen consumption rate and induces disruption of mitochondrial function. These deleterious consequences on muscle may be associated through the vitamin D receptor (VDR) action. Moreover, vitamin D deficiency may contribute to the development of muscle atrophy. The possible signalling pathway triggering the expression of Atrogin-1 involves Src-ERK1/2-Akt- FOXO causing protein degradation. CONCLUSION Based on the current knowledge we propose that vitamin D deficiency results from the loss of VDR function and it could be partly responsible for the development of neurodegenerative diseases in human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Patrycja Dzik
- Department of Neurobiology of Muscle, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Kazimierza Gorskiego 1, 80-336, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jan Jacek Kaczor
- Department of Neurobiology of Muscle, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Kazimierza Gorskiego 1, 80-336, Gdansk, Poland.
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25
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Tamayo M, Martin-Nunes L, Val-Blasco A, Piedras MJ, Larriba MJ, Gómez-Hurtado N, Fernández-Velasco M, Delgado C. Calcitriol, the Bioactive Metabolite of Vitamin D, Increases Ventricular K + Currents in Isolated Mouse Cardiomyocytes. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1186. [PMID: 30197603 PMCID: PMC6117532 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcitriol, the bioactive metabolite of vitamin D, interacts with the ubiquitously expressed nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR) to induce genomic effects, but it can also elicit rapid responses via membrane-associated VDR through mechanisms that are poorly understood. The down-regulation of K+ currents is the main origin of electrophysiological remodeling in pathological hypertrophy and heart failure (HF), which can contribute to action potential prolongation and subsequently increase the risk of triggered arrhythmias. Adult mouse ventricular myocytes were isolated and treated with 10 nM calcitriol or vehicle for 15–30 min. In some experiments, cardiomyocytes were pretreated with the Akt inhibitor triciribine. In the adult mouse ventricle, outward K+ currents involved in cardiac repolarization are comprised of three components: the fast transient outward current (Itof), the ultrarapid delayed rectifier K+ current (Ikur), and the non-inactivating steady-state outward current (Iss). K+ currents were investigated using the whole-cell or the perforated patch-clamp technique and normalized to cell capacitance to obtain current densities. Calcitriol treatment of cardiomyocytes induced an increase in the density of Itof and Ikur, which was lost in myocytes isolated from VDR-knockout mice. In addition, calcitriol activated Akt in cardiomyocytes and pretreatment with triciribine prevented the calcitriol-induced increase of outward K+ currents. In conclusion, we demonstrate that calcitriol via VDR and Akt increases both Itof and Ikur densities in mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes. Our findings may provide new mechanistics clues for the cardioprotective role of this hormone in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Tamayo
- Biomedical Research Institute "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM/CIBER-CV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Martin-Nunes
- Biomedical Research Institute "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM/CIBER-CV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Val-Blasco
- Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ/CIBER-CV, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Piedras
- Biomedical Research Institute "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM/CIBER-CV, Madrid, Spain.,University Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - María J Larriba
- Biomedical Research Institute "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM/CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Carmen Delgado
- Biomedical Research Institute "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM/CIBER-CV, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Starkey NJE, Li Y, Drenkhahn-Weinaug SK, Liu J, Lubahn DB. 27-Hydroxycholesterol Is an Estrogen Receptor β-Selective Negative Allosteric Modifier of 17β-Estradiol Binding. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1972-1981. [PMID: 29579190 PMCID: PMC6693046 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens bind to two nuclear estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes, ERα and ERβ, which are expressed in differing amounts in various tissues. The endogenous estrogen, 17β-estradiol (E2), binds to both subtypes with nearly equal affinity and is the prototypical agonist. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) may bind to both subtypes with equivalent affinities but have agonist activities in some tissues while having antagonist activities in others. In the present study, we demonstrate that the first reported endogenous SERM, 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC), binds preferentially (>100-fold) to ERβ over ERα. Furthermore, 27-OHC is not able to fully compete with E2 binding, suggesting the two may bind at different sites. We provide an allosteric ternary complex model for the simultaneous binding of 27-OHC and E2 to ERβ, which accurately describes the binding data we have observed. We conclude that 27-OHC is a negative allosteric modifier of E2 binding, with an inhibitor constantof 50 nM and cooperativity factor (α) of 0.036. We also propose an in silico three-dimensional model of the simultaneous binding to guide future experiments. Further study of this unique binding model may allow for the discovery of novel ERβ-selective ligands and potentially explain the lack of effectiveness of ERβ-selective agonists in humans vs preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yufei Li
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Sara K Drenkhahn-Weinaug
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Chemistry, Lindenwood University–Belleville, Belleville, Illinois
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Dennis B Lubahn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Correspondence: Dennis B. Lubahn, PhD, 110A Animal Science Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211. E-mail:
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Natural Anti-Estrogen Receptor Alpha Antibodies Able to Induce Estrogenic Responses in Breast Cancer Cells: Hypotheses Concerning Their Mechanisms of Action and Emergence. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020411. [PMID: 29385743 PMCID: PMC5855633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of human anti-estrogen receptor α antibodies (ERαABs) inducing estrogenic responses in MCF-7 mammary tumor cells suggests their implication in breast cancer emergence and/or evolution. A recent report revealing a correlation between the titer of such antibodies in sera from patients suffering from this disease and the percentage of proliferative cells in samples taken from their tumors supports this concept. Complementary evidence of the ability of ERαABs to interact with an epitope localized within the estradiol-binding core of ERα also argues in its favor. This epitope is indeed inserted in a regulatory platform implicated in ERα-initiated signal transduction pathways and transcriptions. According to some experimental observations, two auto-immune reactions may already be advocated to explain the emergence of ERαABs: one involving probably the idiotypic network to produce antibodies acting as estrogenic secretions and the other based on antibodies able to abrogate the action of a natural ERα inhibitor or to prevent the competitive inhibitory potency of released receptor degradation products able to entrap circulating estrogens and co-activators. All of this information, the aspect of which is mainly fundamental, may open new ways in the current tendency to combine immunological and endocrine approaches for the management of breast cancer.
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Bálint M, Jeszenői N, Horváth I, Ábrahám IM, Hetényi C. Dynamic changes in binding interaction networks of sex steroids establish their non-classical effects. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14847. [PMID: 29093525 PMCID: PMC5665952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14840-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-classical signaling in the intracellular second messenger system plays a pivotal role in the cytoprotective effect of estradiol. Estrogen receptor is a common target of sex steroids and important in mediating estradiol-induced neuroprotection. Whereas the mechanism of genomic effects of sex steroids is fairly understood, their non-classical effects have not been elucidated completely. We use real time molecular dynamics calculations to uncover the interaction network of estradiol and activator estren. Besides steroid interactions, we also investigate the co-activation of the receptor. We show how steroid binding to the alternative binding site of the non-classical action is facilitated by the presence of a steroid in the classical binding site and the absence of the co-activator peptide. Uncovering such dynamic mechanisms behind steroid action will help the structure-based design of new drugs with non-classical responses and cytoprotective potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónika Bálint
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Norbert Jeszenői
- MTA NAP-B Molecular Neuroendocrinology Group, Institute of Physiology, Szentágothai Research Center, Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - István Horváth
- Chemistry Doctoral School, University of Szeged, Dugonics tér 13, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István M Ábrahám
- MTA NAP-B Molecular Neuroendocrinology Group, Institute of Physiology, Szentágothai Research Center, Center for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Csaba Hetényi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, 7624, Pécs, Hungary.
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29
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Slominski AT, Kim TK, Hobrath JV, Oak ASW, Tang EKY, Tieu EW, Li W, Tuckey RC, Jetten AM. Endogenously produced nonclassical vitamin D hydroxy-metabolites act as "biased" agonists on VDR and inverse agonists on RORα and RORγ. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 173:42-56. [PMID: 27693422 PMCID: PMC5373926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The classical pathway of vitamin D activation follows the sequence D3→25(OH)D3→1,25(OH)2D3 with the final product acting on the receptor for vitamin D (VDR). An alternative pathway can be started by the action of CYP11A1 on the side chain of D3, primarily producing 20(OH)D3, 22(OH)D3, 20,23(OH)2D3, 20,22(OH)2D3 and 17,20,23(OH)3D3. Some of these metabolites are hydroxylated by CYP27B1 at C1α, by CYP24A1 at C24 and C25, and by CYP27A1 at C25 and C26. The products of these pathways are biologically active. In the epidermis and/or serum or adrenals we detected 20(OH)D3, 22(OH)D3, 20,22(OH)2D3, 20,23(OH)2D3, 17,20,23(OH)3D3, 1,20(OH)2D3, 1,20,23(OH)3D3, 1,20,22(OH)3D3, 20,24(OH)2D3, 1,20,24(OH)3D3, 20,25(OH)2D3, 1,20,25(OH)3D3, 20,26(OH)2D3 and 1,20,26(OH)3D3. 20(OH)D3 and 20,23(OH)2D3 are non-calcemic, while the addition of an OH at C1α confers some calcemic activity. Molecular modeling and functional assays show that the major products of the pathway can act as "biased" agonists for the VDR with high docking scores to the ligand binding domain (LBD), but lower than that of 1,25(OH)2D3. Importantly, cell based functional receptor studies and molecular modeling have identified the novel secosteroids as inverse agonists of both RORα and RORγ receptors. Specifically, they have high docking scores using crystal structures of RORα and RORγ LBDs. Furthermore, 20(OH)D3 and 20,23(OH)2D3 have been tested in a cell model that expresses a Tet-on RORα or RORγ vector and a RORE-LUC reporter (ROR-responsive element), and in a mammalian 2-hybrid model that test interactions between an LBD-interacting LXXLL-peptide and the LBD of RORα/γ. These assays demonstrated that the novel secosteroids have ROR-antagonist activities that were further confirmed by the inhibition of IL17 promoter activity in cells overexpressing RORα/γ. In conclusion, endogenously produced novel D3 hydroxy-derivatives can act both as "biased" agonists of the VDR and/or inverse agonists of RORα/γ. We suggest that the identification of large number of endogenously produced alternative hydroxy-metabolites of D3 that are biologically active, and of possible alternative receptors, may offer an explanation for the pleiotropic and diverse activities of vitamin D, previously assigned solely to 1,25(OH)2D3 and VDR.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme/metabolism
- Humans
- Hydroxycholecalciferols/metabolism
- Hydroxycholecalciferols/pharmacology
- Models, Molecular
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1/agonists
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/agonists
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- Receptors, Calcitriol/agonists
- Receptors, Calcitriol/metabolism
- Vitamins/metabolism
- Vitamins/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35249, USA.
| | | | - Judith V Hobrath
- Drug Discovery Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Edith K Y Tang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Elaine W Tieu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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Reichrath J, Saternus R, Vogt T. Endocrine actions of vitamin D in skin: Relevance for photocarcinogenesis of non-melanoma skin cancer, and beyond. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 453:96-102. [PMID: 28526240 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The skin represents a pivotal organ for the human body's vitamin D endocrine system, being both the site of ultraviolet (UV)-B-induced vitamin D synthesis and a target tissue for the pluripotent effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 and other biologically active vitamin D metabolites. As many other steroid hormones, 1,25(OH)2D3 exerts its effects via two independent signal transduction pathways: the classical genomic and the non-genomic pathway. While non-genomic effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 are in part exerted via effects on intracellular calcium, genomic effects are mediated by the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Recent findings convincingly support the concept of a new function of the VDR as a tumor suppressor in skin, with key components of the vitamin D endocrine system, including VDR, CYP24A1, CYP27A1, and CYP27B1 being strongly expressed in non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). It has now been shown that anti-tumor effects of VDR, that include some of its ligand-induced growth-regulatory effects, are at least in part mediated by interacting in a highly coordinated manner with the p53 family (p53/p63/p73) in response to a large number of alterations in cell homeostasis, including UV-induced DNA damage, a hallmark for skin photocarcinogenesis. Considering the relevance of the vitamin D endocrine system for carcinogenesis of skin cancer, it is not surprising that low 25(OH)D serum concentrations and genetic variants (SNPs) of the vitamin D endocrine system have been identified as potential risk factors for occurrence and prognosis of skin malignancies. In conclusion, an increasing body of evidence now convincingly supports the concept that the vitamin D endocrine system is of relevance for photocarcinogenesis and progression of NMSC and that its pharmacologic modulation by vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D3, and analogs represents a promising new strategy for prevention and/or treatment of these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Reichrath
- Center for Clinical and Experimental Photo-Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, The Saarland University Hospital, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
| | - Roman Saternus
- Center for Clinical and Experimental Photo-Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, The Saarland University Hospital, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Vogt
- Center for Clinical and Experimental Photo-Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, The Saarland University Hospital, 66421 Homburg, Germany
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31
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Fleet JC. The role of vitamin D in the endocrinology controlling calcium homeostasis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 453:36-45. [PMID: 28400273 PMCID: PMC5529228 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D and its' metabolites are a crucial part of the endocrine system that controls whole body calcium homeostasis. The goal of this hormonal control is to regulate serum calcium levels so that they are maintained within a very narrow range. To achieve this goal, regulatory events occur in coordination at multiple tissues, e.g. the intestine, kidney, bone, and parathyroid gland. Production of the vitamin D endocrine hormone, 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2 D) is regulated by habitual dietary calcium intake and physiologic states like growth, aging, and the menopause. The molecular actions of 1,25(OH)2 D on calcium regulating target tissues are mediated predominantly by transcription controlled by the vitamin D receptor. A primary role for 1,25(OH)2 D during growth is to increase intestinal calcium absorption so that sufficient calcium is available for bone mineralization. However, vitamin D also has specific actions on kidney and bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Fleet
- Department of Nutrition Science, Room G1B Stone Hall, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2059, United States.
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32
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Vitamin D signaling and melanoma: role of vitamin D and its receptors in melanoma progression and management. J Transl Med 2017; 97:706-724. [PMID: 28218743 PMCID: PMC5446295 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB), in addition to having carcinogenic activity, is required for the production of vitamin D3 (D3) in the skin which supplies >90% of the body's requirement. Vitamin D is activated through hydroxylation by 25-hydroxylases (CYP2R1 or CYP27A1) and 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) to produce 1,25(OH)2D3, or through the action of CYP11A1 to produce mono-di- and trihydroxy-D3 products that can be further modified by CYP27B1, CYP27A1, and CYP24A1. The active forms of D3, in addition to regulating calcium metabolism, exert pleiotropic activities, which include anticarcinogenic and anti-melanoma effects in experimental models, with photoprotection against UVB-induced damage. These diverse effects are mediated through an interaction with the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and/or as most recently demonstrated through action on retinoic acid orphan receptors (ROR)α and RORγ. With respect to melanoma, low levels of 25(OH)D are associated with thicker tumors and reduced patient survival. Furthermore, single-nucleotide polymorphisms of VDR and the vitamin D-binding protein (VDP) genes affect melanomagenesis or disease outcome. Clinicopathological analyses have shown positive correlation between low or undetectable expression of VDR and/or CYP27B1 in melanoma with tumor progression and shorter overall (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) times. Paradoxically, this correlation was reversed for CYP24A1 (inactivating 24-hydroxylase), indicating that this enzyme, while inactivating 1,25(OH)2D3, can activate other forms of D3 that are products of the non-canonical pathway initiated by CYP11A1. An inverse correlation has been found between the levels of RORα and RORγ expression and melanoma progression and disease outcome. Therefore, we propose that defects in vitamin D signaling including D3 activation/inactivation, and the expression and activity of the corresponding receptors, affect melanoma progression and the outcome of the disease. The existence of multiple bioactive forms of D3 and alternative receptors affecting the behavior of melanoma should be taken into consideration when applying vitamin D management for melanoma therapy.
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33
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Keane KN, Cruzat VF, Calton EK, Hart PH, Soares MJ, Newsholme P, Yovich JL. Molecular actions of vitamin D in reproductive cell biology. Reproduction 2017; 153:R29-R42. [PMID: 30390417 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D (VitD) is an important secosteroid and has attracted attention in several areas of research due to common VitD deficiency in the population, and its potential to regulate molecular pathways related to chronic and inflammatory diseases. VitD metabolites and the VitD receptor (VDR) influence many tissues including those of the reproductive system. VDR expression has been demonstrated in various cell types of the male reproductive tract, including spermatozoa and germ cells, and in female reproductive tissues including the ovaries, placenta and endometrium. However, the molecular role of VitD signalling and metabolism in reproductive function have not been fully established. Consequently, the aim of this work is to review current metabolic and molecular aspects of the VitD–VDR axis in reproductive medicine and to propose the direction of future research. Specifically, the influence of VitD on sperm motility, calcium handling, capacitation, acrosin reaction and lipid metabolism is examined. In addition, we will also discuss the effect of VitD on sex hormone secretion and receptor expression in primary granulosa cells, along with the impact on cytokine production in trophoblast cells. The review concludes with a discussion of the recent developments in VitD–VDR signalling specifically related to altered cellular bioenergetics, which is an emerging concept in the field of reproductive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin N Keane
- School of Biomedical SciencesCurtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,PIVET Medical CentrePerth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Vinicius F Cruzat
- School of Biomedical SciencesCurtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Emily K Calton
- Health Promotion & Disease PreventionSchool of Public Health, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids InstituteUniversity of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mario J Soares
- Health Promotion & Disease PreventionSchool of Public Health, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Philip Newsholme
- School of Biomedical SciencesCurtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - John L Yovich
- School of Biomedical SciencesCurtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,PIVET Medical CentrePerth, Western Australia, Australia
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Loureiro J, Maestro MA, Mouriño A, Sigüeiro R. Stereoselective synthesis of 1β,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 and its 26,27-hexadeuterated derivative. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 164:56-58. [PMID: 26363188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A mild convergent synthesis of 1β,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (3a), a metabolite of vitamin D3, and its C26,27-hexadeuterated derivative (3b) are described. The A-ring and the CD-fragments are constructed from (R)-carvone and Inhoffen-Lythgoe diol, respectively. The triene system is assembled by a Pd(0)-catalyzed process, which involves an enol-triflate (A-ring fragment) and an alkenyl boronate (CD-side chain fragment). Deuterium labeling is introduced at the last step of the synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Loureiro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación "Ignacio Ribas", Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel A Maestro
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidad de A Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación "Ignacio Ribas", Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rita Sigüeiro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación "Ignacio Ribas", Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Tee WV, Ripen AM, Mohamad SB. The conformational dynamics of H2-H3n and S2-H6 in gating ligand entry into the buried binding cavity of vitamin D receptor. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35937. [PMID: 27786277 PMCID: PMC5081507 DOI: 10.1038/srep35937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystal structures of holo vitamin D receptor (VDR) revealed a canonical conformation in which the ligand is entrapped in a hydrophobic cavity buried in the ligand-binding domain (LBD). The mousetrap model postulates that helix 12 is positioned away from the domain to expose the interior cavity. However, the extended form of helix 12 is likely due to artifacts during crystallization. In this study, we set out to investigate conformational dynamics of apo VDR using molecular dynamics simulation on microsecond timescale. Here we show the neighboring backbones of helix 2-helix 3n and beta strand 2-helix 6 of LBD, instead of the helix 12, undergo large-scale motion, possibly gating the entrance of ligand to the ligand binding domain. Docking analysis to the simulated open structure of VDR with the estimated free energy of -37.0 kJ/mol, would emphasise the role of H2-H3n and S2-H6 in facilitating the entrance of calcitriol to the LBD of VDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ven Tee
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Adiratna Mat Ripen
- Allergy and Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, 50588 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Saharuddin Bin Mohamad
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre of Research for Computational Sciences and Informatics in Biology, Bioindustry, Environment, Agriculture and Healthcare (CRYSTAL), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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36
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The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Relays Metabolic Signals to Promote Cellular Regeneration. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:4389802. [PMID: 27563312 PMCID: PMC4987465 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4389802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
While sensing the cell environment, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) interacts with different pathways involved in cellular homeostasis. This review summarizes evidence suggesting that cellular regeneration in the context of aging and diseases can be modulated by AHR signaling on stem cells. New insights connect orphaned observations into AHR interactions with critical signaling pathways such as WNT to propose a role of this ligand-activated transcription factor in the modulation of cellular regeneration by altering pathways that nurture cellular expansion such as changes in the metabolic efficiency rather than by directly altering cell cycling, proliferation, or cell death. Targeting the AHR to promote regeneration might prove to be a useful strategy to avoid unbalanced disruptions of homeostasis that may promote disease and also provide biological rationale for potential regenerative medicine approaches.
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37
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Leclercq G, Laïos I, Elie-Caille C, Leiber D, Laurent G, Lesniewska E, Tanfin Z, Jacquot Y. ERα dimerization: a key factor for the weak estrogenic activity of an ERα modulator unable to compete with estradiol in binding assays. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2016; 37:149-166. [PMID: 27400858 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2016.1203940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Estrothiazine (ESTZ) is a weak estrogen sharing structural similarities with coumestrol. ESTZ failed to compete with [3H]17β-estradiol ([3H]17β-E2) for binding to the estrogen receptor α (ERα), questioning its ability to interact with the receptor. However, detection by atomic force spectroscopy (AFS) of an ESTZ-induced ERα dimerization has eliminated any remaining doubts. The effect of the compound on the proliferation of ERα-positive and negative breast cancer cells confirmed the requirement of the receptor. The efficiency of ESTZ in MCF-7 cells was weak without any potency to modify the proliferation profile of estradiol and coumestrol. Growth enhancement was associated with a proteasomal degradation of ERα without substantial recruitment of LxxLL coactivators. This may be related to an unusual delay between the acquisition by the receptor of an ERE-binding capacity and the subsequent estrogen-dependent transcription. A complementary ability to enhance TPA-induced AP-1 transcription was observed, even at concentrations insufficient to activate the ERα, suggesting a partly independent mechanism. ESTZ also rapidly and transiently activated ERK1/2 likely through membrane estrogenic pathways provoking a reorganization of the actin network. Finally, the systematic absence of biological responses with an ESTZ derivative unable to induce ERα dimerization stresses the importance of this step in the action of the compound, as reported for conventional estrogens. In view of the existence of many other ERα modulators (endocrine disruptors such as, for example, pesticides, environmental contaminants or phytoestrogens) with extremely weak or similar apparent lack of binding ability, our work may appear as pilot investigation for assessing their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Leclercq
- a Laboratoire J.-C. Heuson de Cancérologie Mammaire , Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut Jules Bordet , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Ioanna Laïos
- a Laboratoire J.-C. Heuson de Cancérologie Mammaire , Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Institut Jules Bordet , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Céline Elie-Caille
- b Institut FEMTO-ST, CNRS UMR 6174, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Besançon , France
| | - Denis Leiber
- c Laboratoire Signalisation et Régulations Cellulaires , Institut de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 8619, Université Paris-Sud , Orsay Cedex , France.,d INSERM U1063, Stress Oxydant et Pathologies Métaboliques, Université d'Angers , Angers , France
| | - Guy Laurent
- e Service d'Histologie et de Cytologie Expérimentale, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie , Université de Mons-Hainaut , Mons , Belgium
| | - Eric Lesniewska
- f ICB, CNRS UMR 6303, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Dijon , France
| | - Zahra Tanfin
- c Laboratoire Signalisation et Régulations Cellulaires , Institut de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 8619, Université Paris-Sud , Orsay Cedex , France
| | - Yves Jacquot
- g Département de Chimie, CNRS UMR 7203 LBM , Sorbonne Universités - UPMC Univ Paris 06, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University , Paris , France
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38
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Schwartz N, Verma A, Bivens CB, Schwartz Z, Boyan BD. Rapid steroid hormone actions via membrane receptors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2289-98. [PMID: 27288742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Steroid hormones regulate a wide variety of physiological and developmental functions. Traditional steroid hormone signaling acts through nuclear and cytosolic receptors, altering gene transcription and subsequently regulating cellular activity. This is particularly important in hormonally-responsive cancers, where therapies that target classical steroid hormone receptors have become clinical staples in the treatment and management of disease. Much progress has been made in the last decade in detecting novel receptors and elucidating their mechanisms, particularly their rapid signaling effects and subsequent impact on tumorigenesis. Many of these receptors are membrane-bound and lack DNA-binding sites, functionally separating them from their classical cytosolic receptor counterparts. Membrane-bound receptors have been implicated in a number of pathways that disrupt the cell cycle and impact tumorigenesis. Among these are pathways that involve phospholipase D, phospholipase C, and phosphoinositide-3 kinase. The crosstalk between these pathways has been shown to affect apoptosis and proliferation in cardiac cells, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes as well as cancer cells. This review focuses on rapid signaling by 17β-estradiol and 1α,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 to examine the integrated actions of classical and rapid steroid signaling pathways both in contrast to each other and in concert with other rapid signaling pathways. This new approach lends insight into rapid signaling by steroid hormones and its potential for use in targeted drug therapies that maximize the benefits of traditional steroid hormone-directed therapies while mitigating their less desirable effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nofrat Schwartz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Meir Hospital, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Anjali Verma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Caroline B Bivens
- School of Art, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Barbara D Boyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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Tuckey RC, Slominski AT, Cheng CYS, Chen J, Kim TK, Xiao M, Li W. Lumisterol is metabolized by CYP11A1: discovery of a new pathway. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 55:24-34. [PMID: 25130438 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lumisterol3 (L3) is produced by photochemical transformation of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) during exposure to high doses of ultraviolet B radiation. It has been assumed that L3 is biologically inactive and is not metabolized in the body. However, some synthetic derivatives of L3 display biological activity. The aim of this study was to test the ability of CYP11A1 to metabolize L3. Incubation of L3 with bovine or human CYP11A1 resulted in the formation of three major and a number of minor products. The catalytic efficiency of bovine CYP11A1 for metabolism of L3 dissolved in 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin was approximately 20% of that reported for vitamin D3 and cholesterol. The structures of the three major products were identified as 24-hydroxy-L3, 22-hydroxy-L3 and 20,22-dihydroxy-L3 by NMR. 22-Hydroxy-L3 was further metabolized by bovine CYP11A1 to 20,22-dihydroxy-L3. Both 22-hydroxy-L3 and 20,22-dihydroxy-L3 gave rise to a minor metabolite identified from authentic standard and mass spectrometry as pregnalumisterol (pL) (product of C20-C22 side chain cleavage of L3) and two trihydroxy-L3 products. The capability of tissues expressing CYP11A1 to metabolize L3 was demonstrated using pig adrenal fragments where 20,22-dihydroxy-L3, 22-hydroxy-L3, 24-hydroxy-L3 and pL were detected by LC/MS. Thus, we have established that L3 is metabolized by CYP11A1 to 22- and 24-hydroxy-L3 and 20,22-dihydroxy-L3 as major products, as well as to pL and other minor products. The previously reported biological activity of pL and the presence of CYP11A1 in skin suggest that this pathway may serve to produce biologically active products from L3, emphasizing a novel role of CYP11A1 in sterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Chloe Y S Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, South College, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Min Xiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Abstract
Crystal structures represent the static picture in the life of a molecule giving a sneak preview what it might be in reality. Hence, it is very hard to extrapolate from these photos toward dynamic processes such as transcriptional regulation. Mechanistically VDR may be considered as molecular machine able to perform ligand-, DNA- and protein recognition, and interaction in a multi-task manner. Taking this into account the functional net effect will be the combination of all these processes. The long awaited answer to explain the differences in physiological effects for various ligands was one of the biggest disappointment that crystal structures provided since no substantial distinction could be made for the conformation of the active VDR-ligand complexes. This may have come from the limitation on the complexity of the available ligand-VDR structures. The recent studies with full length VDR-RXRα showed somewhat more comprehensive perspective for the 3D organization and possible function of the VDR-RXRα-cofactor complex. In addition to in vitro approaches, also computational tools had been introduced with the aim to get understanding on the mechanic and dynamic properties of the VDR complexes with some success. Using these methods and based on measurable descriptors such as pocket size and positions of side chains it is possible to note subtle differences between the structures. The meaning of these differences has not been fully understood yet but the possibility of a “butterfly effect” may have more extreme consequences in terms of VDR signaling. In this review, the three functional aspects (ligand-, DNA- and protein recognition, and binding) will be discussed with respect to available data as well as possible implication and questions that may be important to address in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Molnár
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Biopharmacy, University of Eastern Finland Kuopio, Finland
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41
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Belorusova AY, Eberhardt J, Potier N, Stote RH, Dejaegere A, Rochel N. Structural insights into the molecular mechanism of vitamin D receptor activation by lithocholic acid involving a new mode of ligand recognition. J Med Chem 2014; 57:4710-9. [PMID: 24818857 DOI: 10.1021/jm5002524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR), an endocrine nuclear receptor for 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, acts also as a bile acid sensor by binding lithocholic acid (LCA). The crystal structure of the zebrafish VDR ligand binding domain in complex with LCA and the SRC-2 coactivator peptide reveals the binding of two LCA molecules by VDR. One LCA binds to the canonical ligand-binding pocket, and the second one, which is not fully buried, is anchored to a site located on the VDR surface. Despite the low affinity of the alternative site, the binding of the second molecule promotes stabilization of the active receptor conformation. Biological activity assays, structural analysis, and molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the recognition of two ligand molecules is crucial for VDR agonism by LCA. The unique binding mode of LCA provides clues for the development of new chemical compounds that target alternative binding sites for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Y Belorusova
- Department of Integrative Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
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42
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Hughes TS, Giri PK, de Vera IMS, Marciano DP, Kuruvilla DS, Shin Y, Blayo AL, Kamenecka TM, Burris TP, Griffin PR, Kojetin DJ. An alternate binding site for PPARγ ligands. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3571. [PMID: 24705063 PMCID: PMC4070320 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PPARγ is a target for insulin-sensitizing drugs such as glitazones, which improve plasma glucose maintenance in patients with diabetes. Synthetic ligands have been designed to mimic endogenous ligand binding to a canonical ligand-binding pocket to hyperactivate PPARγ. Here we reveal that synthetic PPARγ ligands also bind to an alternate site, leading to unique receptor conformational changes that impact coregulator binding, transactivation and target gene expression. Using structure-function studies we show that alternate site binding occurs at pharmacologically relevant ligand concentrations, and is neither blocked by covalently bound synthetic antagonists nor by endogenous ligands indicating non-overlapping binding with the canonical pocket. Alternate site binding likely contributes to PPARγ hyperactivation in vivo, perhaps explaining why PPARγ full and partial or weak agonists display similar adverse effects. These findings expand our understanding of PPARγ activation by ligands and suggest that allosteric modulators could be designed to fine tune PPARγ activity without competing with endogenous ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis S Hughes
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Pankaj Kumar Giri
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Ian Mitchelle S de Vera
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - David P Marciano
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Dana S Kuruvilla
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Youseung Shin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Anne-Laure Blayo
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Theodore M Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Thomas P Burris
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Patrick R Griffin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Douglas J Kojetin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
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Sulindac-derived RXRα modulators inhibit cancer cell growth by binding to a novel site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:596-607. [PMID: 24704507 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor-alpha (RXRα), an intriguing and unique drug target, can serve as an intracellular target mediating the anticancer effects of certain nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including sulindac. We report the synthesis and characterization of two sulindac analogs, K-8008 and K-8012, which exert improved anticancer activities over sulindac in a RXRα-dependent manner. The analogs inhibit the interaction of the N-terminally truncated RXRα (tRXRα) with the p85α subunit of PI3K, leading to suppression of AKT activation and induction of apoptosis. Crystal structures of the RXRα ligand-binding domain (LBD) with K-8008 or K-8012 reveal that both compounds bind to tetrameric RXRα LBD at a site different from the classical ligand-binding pocket. Thus, these results identify K-8008 and K-8012 as tRXRα modulators and define a binding mechanism for regulating the nongenomic action of tRXRα.
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44
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Doroudi M, Chen J, Boyan BD, Schwartz Z. New insights on membrane mediated effects of 1α,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 signaling in the musculoskeletal system. Steroids 2014; 81:81-7. [PMID: 24291576 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1α,25-Dihydroxy vitamin D3 [1α,25(OH)2D3] acts on cells via classical steroid hormone receptor-mediated gene transcription and by initiating rapid membrane-mediated signaling pathways. Two receptors have been implicated to play roles in 1α,25(OH)2D3 mediated rapid signaling, the classical nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR) and protein disulfide isomerase, family A, member 3 (Pdia3). Long term efforts to investigate the roles of these two receptors demonstrated thatPdia3 is located in caveolae, where it interacts with phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activating protein (PLAA) and caveolin-1 (Cav-1) to initiate rapid signaling via Ca(++)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), PLA2, phospholipase C (PLC), protein kinase C (PKC), and ultimately the ERK1/2 family of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK). VDR is present on the plasma membrane, and it is required for 1α,25(OH)2D3 induced rapid activation of Src. PDIA3+/- mice demonstrate an impaired musculoskeletal phenotype. Moreover, our studies examining mineralization of pre-osteoblasts in 3D culture have shown the physiological importance of Pdia3 and VDR interaction: knockdown of Pdia3 or VDR is characterized by impaired mineralization of the constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Doroudi
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 310 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jiaxuan Chen
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Barbara D Boyan
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 310 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA; School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 West Main Street, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 West Main Street, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Periodontics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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45
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Souza PCT, Puhl AC, Martínez L, Aparício R, Nascimento AS, Figueira ACM, Nguyen P, Webb P, Skaf MS, Polikarpov I. Identification of a new hormone-binding site on the surface of thyroid hormone receptor. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:534-45. [PMID: 24552590 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors involved in cell differentiation, growth, and homeostasis. Although X-ray structures of many nuclear receptor ligand-binding domains (LBDs) reveal that the ligand binds within the hydrophobic core of the ligand-binding pocket, a few studies suggest the possibility of ligands binding to other sites. Here, we report a new x-ray crystallographic structure of TR-LBD that shows a second binding site for T3 and T4 located between H9, H10, and H11 of the TRα LBD surface. Statistical multiple sequence analysis, site-directed mutagenesis, and cell transactivation assays indicate that residues of the second binding site could be important for the TR function. We also conducted molecular dynamics simulations to investigate ligand mobility and ligand-protein interaction for T3 and T4 bound to this new TR surface-binding site. Extensive molecular dynamics simulations designed to compute ligand-protein dissociation constant indicate that the binding affinities to this surface site are of the order of the plasma and intracellular concentrations of the thyroid hormones, suggesting that ligands may bind to this new binding site under physiological conditions. Therefore, the second binding site could be useful as a new target site for drug design and could modulate selectively TR functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C T Souza
- Institute of Chemistry (P.C.T.S., L.M., R.A., M.S.S.), State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Physics of São Carlos (A.C.P., A.S.N., P.W., I.P.), University of São Paulo-USP, São Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil; National Laboratory of Biosciences (A.C.M.F.), CNPEM, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil; University of California Medical Center (P.N.), Diabetes Center, San Francisco, California; and Genomic Medicine (P.W.), Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
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46
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Heger M, van Golen RF, Broekgaarden M, Michel MC. The molecular basis for the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of curcumin and its metabolites in relation to cancer. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 66:222-307. [PMID: 24368738 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.004044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review addresses the oncopharmacological properties of curcumin at the molecular level. First, the interactions between curcumin and its molecular targets are addressed on the basis of curcumin's distinct chemical properties, which include H-bond donating and accepting capacity of the β-dicarbonyl moiety and the phenylic hydroxyl groups, H-bond accepting capacity of the methoxy ethers, multivalent metal and nonmetal cation binding properties, high partition coefficient, rotamerization around multiple C-C bonds, and the ability to act as a Michael acceptor. Next, the in vitro chemical stability of curcumin is elaborated in the context of its susceptibility to photochemical and chemical modification and degradation (e.g., alkaline hydrolysis). Specific modification and degradatory pathways are provided, which mainly entail radical-based intermediates, and the in vitro catabolites are identified. The implications of curcumin's (photo)chemical instability are addressed in light of pharmaceutical curcumin preparations, the use of curcumin analogues, and implementation of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetics of curcumin and its most important degradation products are detailed in light of curcumin's poor bioavailability. Particular emphasis is placed on xenobiotic phase I and II metabolism as well as excretion of curcumin in the intestines (first pass), the liver (second pass), and other organs in addition to the pharmacokinetics of curcumin metabolites and their systemic clearance. Lastly, a summary is provided of the clinical pharmacodynamics of curcumin followed by a detailed account of curcumin's direct molecular targets, whereby the phenotypical/biological changes induced in cancer cells upon completion of the curcumin-triggered signaling cascade(s) are addressed in the framework of the hallmarks of cancer. The direct molecular targets include the ErbB family of receptors, protein kinase C, enzymes involved in prostaglandin synthesis, vitamin D receptor, and DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Heger
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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47
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Plasma membrane Pdia3 and VDR interact to elicit rapid responses to 1α,25(OH)2D3. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2362-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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48
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Buitrago C, Pardo VG, Boland R. Role of VDR in 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-dependent non-genomic activation of MAPKs, Src and Akt in skeletal muscle cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 136:125-30. [PMID: 23470620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25D] is recognized as a steroid hormone that rapidly elicits intracellular signals in various tissues. In skeletal myoblasts, we have previously demonstrated that one of the 1,25D-induced non-genomic effects is the upstream stimulation of MAPKs through Src activation. In this work, the data obtained suggest that the classical receptor of vitamin D (VDR) participates in non-transcriptional actions of 1,25D. We significantly reduced VDR expression by infection of C2C12 murine myoblasts with lentiviral particles containing the pLKO.1 plasmid with information to express a shRNA against mouse VDR. In these cells (C2C12-shVDR), Western blot analyses show that 1,25D-induced p38 MAPK activation and Src tyr416 phosphorylation were abolished. In addition, 1,25D-dependent activity of ERK1/2 was diminished in cells lacking VDR but to a lesser extent (∼-60%). Phosphorylation of Akt by 1,25D, recently demonstrated in C2C12 cells, in the present work also appeared to be partially dependent on VDR expression (∼50% in C2C12-shVDR cells). Our results indicate that VDR is involved in 1,25D-induced rapid events related to survival/proliferation responses in skeletal muscle cells, providing relevant information on the mechanism of initiation of the non-genomic hormone signal. The participation of a VDR-independent non-genomic mechanism of action should also be taken into consideration. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Vitamin D Workshop'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Buitrago
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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49
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Chen J, Dosier CR, Park JH, De S, Guldberg RE, Boyan BD, Schwartz Z. Mineralization of three-dimensional osteoblast cultures is enhanced by the interaction of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and BMP2 via two specific vitamin D receptors. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 10:40-51. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxuan Chen
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA USA
| | - Christopher R. Dosier
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA USA
| | - Jung Hwa Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA USA
| | - Subhendu De
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA USA
| | - Robert E. Guldberg
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA USA
| | - Barbara D. Boyan
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA USA
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA USA
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50
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Yamamoto Y, Yoshizawa T, Fukuda T, Shirode-Fukuda Y, Yu T, Sekine K, Sato T, Kawano H, Aihara KI, Nakamichi Y, Watanabe T, Shindo M, Inoue K, Inoue E, Tsuji N, Hoshino M, Karsenty G, Metzger D, Chambon P, Kato S, Imai Y. Vitamin D receptor in osteoblasts is a negative regulator of bone mass control. Endocrinology 2013; 154:1008-20. [PMID: 23389957 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The physiological and beneficial actions of vitamin D in bone health have been experimentally and clinically proven in mammals. The active form of vitamin D [1α,25(OH)(2)D(3)] binds and activates its specific nuclear receptor, the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Activated VDR prevents the release of calcium from its storage in bone to serum by stimulating intestinal calcium absorption and renal reabsorption. However, the direct action of VDR in bone tissue is poorly understood because serum Ca(2+) homeostasis is maintained through tightly regulated ion transport by the kidney, intestine, and bone. In addition, conventional genetic approaches using VDR knockout (VDR-KO, VDR(-/-)) mice could not identify VDR action in bone because of the animals' systemic defects in calcium metabolism. In this study, we report that systemic VDR heterozygous KO (VDR(+/L-)) mice generated with the Cre/loxP system as well as conventional VDR heterozygotes (VDR(+/-)) showed increased bone mass in radiological assessments. Because mineral metabolism parameters were unaltered in both types of mice, these bone phenotypes imply that skeletal VDR plays a role in bone mass regulation. To confirm this assumption, osteoblast-specific VDR-KO (VDR(ΔOb/ΔOb)) mice were generated with 2.3 kb α1(I)-collagen promoter-Cre transgenic mice. They showed a bone mass increase without any dysregulation of mineral metabolism. Although bone formation parameters were not affected in bone histomorphometry, bone resorption was obviously reduced in VDR(ΔOb/ΔOb) mice because of decreased expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (an essential molecule in osteoclastogenesis) in VDR(ΔOb/ΔOb) osteoblasts. These findings establish that VDR in osteoblasts is a negative regulator of bone mass control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Yamamoto
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0032, Japan
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