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Smith TJ, Elmore ZC, Fusco RM, Hull JA, Rosales A, Martinez M, Tarantal AF, Asokan A. Engineered IgM and IgG cleaving enzymes for mitigating antibody neutralization and complement activation in AAV gene transfer. Mol Ther 2024; 32:2080-2093. [PMID: 38715362 PMCID: PMC11286816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic dosing of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors poses potential risk of adverse side effects including complement activation triggered by anti-capsid immunity. Due to the multifactorial nature of toxicities observed in this setting, a wide spectrum of immune modulatory regimens are being investigated in the clinic. Here, we discover an IgM cleaving enzyme (IceM) that degrades human IgM, a key trigger in the anti-AAV immune cascade. We then engineer a fusion enzyme (IceMG) with dual proteolytic activity against human IgM and IgG. IceMG cleaves B cell surface antigen receptors and inactivates phospholipase gamma signaling in vitro. Importantly, IceMG is more effective at inhibiting complement activation compared with an IgG cleaving enzyme alone. Upon IV dosing, IceMG rapidly and reversibly clears circulating IgM and IgG in macaques. Antisera from these animals treated with IceMG shows decreased ability to neutralize AAV and activate complement. Consistently, pre-conditioning with IceMG restores AAV transduction in mice passively immunized with human antisera. Thus, IgM cleaving enzymes show promise in simultaneously addressing multiple aspects of anti-AAV immunity mediated by B cells, circulating antibodies and complement. These studies have implications for improving safety of AAV gene therapies and possibly broader applications including organ transplantation and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Smith
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Zachary C Elmore
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert M Fusco
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Joshua A Hull
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alan Rosales
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Michele Martinez
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, and California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alice F Tarantal
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, and California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Aravind Asokan
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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2
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Halleck F, Böhmig GA, Couzi L, Rostaing L, Einecke G, Lefaucheur C, Legendre C, Montgomery R, Hughes P, Chandraker A, Wyburn K, Halloran P, Maldonado AQ, Sjöholm K, Runström A, Lefèvre P, Tollemar J, Jordan S. A Randomized Trial Comparing Imlifidase to Plasmapheresis in Kidney Transplant Recipients With Antibody-Mediated Rejection. Clin Transplant 2024; 38:e15383. [PMID: 39023092 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.15383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) poses a barrier to long-term graft survival and is one of the most challenging events after kidney transplantation. Removing donor specific antibodies (DSA) through therapeutic plasma exchange (PLEX) is a cornerstone of antibody depletion but has inconsistent effects. Imlifidase is a treatment currently utilized for desensitization with near-complete inactivation of DSA both in the intra- and extravascular space. METHODS This was a 6-month, randomized, open-label, multicenter, multinational trial conducted at 14 transplant centers. Thirty patients were randomized to either imlifidase or PLEX treatment. The primary endpoint was reduction in DSA level during the 5 days following the start of treatment. RESULTS Despite considerable heterogeneity in the trial population, DSA reduction as defined by the primary endpoint was 97% for imlifidase compared to 42% for PLEX. Additionally, imlifidase reduced DSA to noncomplement fixing levels, whereas PLEX failed to do so. After antibody rebound in the imlifidase arm (circa days 6-12), both arms had similar reductions in DSA. Five allograft losses occurred during the 6 months following the start of ABMR treatment-four within the imlifidase arm (18 patients treated) and one in the PLEX arm (10 patients treated). In terms of clinical efficacy, the Kaplan-Meier estimated graft survival was 78% for imlifidase and 89% for PLEX, with a slightly higher eGFR in the PLEX arm at the end of the trial. The observed adverse events in the trial were as expected, and there were no apparent differences between the arms. CONCLUSION Imlifidase was safe and well-tolerated in the ABMR population. Despite meeting the primary endpoint of maximum DSA reduction compared to PLEX, the trial was unsuccessful in demonstrating a clinical benefit of imlifidase in this heterogenous ABMR population. TRIAL REGISTRATION EudraCT number: 2018-000022-66, 2020-004777-49; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03897205, NCT04711850.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Halleck
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg A Böhmig
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lionel Couzi
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation, Dialysis and Apheresis, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS-UMR 5164 ImmunoConcEpT, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lionel Rostaing
- Department of Néphrology, Hemodialysis, Apheresis and Kidney Transplantation, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Gunilla Einecke
- Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover, Germany
- Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carmen Lefaucheur
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Peter Hughes
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Kate Wyburn
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stanley Jordan
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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3
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Blin T, Parent C, Pichon G, Guillon A, Jouan Y, Allouchi H, Aubrey N, Boursin F, Domain R, Korkmaz B, Sécher T, Heuzé-Vourc'h N. The proteolytic airway environment associated with pneumonia acts as a barrier for treatment with anti-infective antibodies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 195:114163. [PMID: 38086491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Like pneumonia, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized by a massive infiltration of innate immune cells (such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes) into the airways and alveolar spaces. These cells release proteases that may degrade therapeutic antibodies and thus limit their effectiveness. Here, we investigated the in vitro and ex vivo impact on anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) IgG1s and other IgG subclasses (IgG2 and IgG4) of the neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3 and cathepsin G (the three main neutrophil serine proteases) found in endotracheal aspirates from patients with severe COVID-19. Although the IgGs were sensitive to neutrophil serine proteases, IgG2 was most resistant to proteolytic degradation. The two anti-SARS CoV2 antibodies (casirivimab and imdevimab) were sensitive to the lung's proteolytic environment, although neutrophil serine protease inhibitors only partly limited the degradation. Overall, our results show that the pneumonia-associated imbalance between proteases and their inhibitors in the airways contributes to degradation of antiviral antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Blin
- INSERM, Respiratory Disease Research Centre, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France; University of Tours, F-37032 Tours, France; Tours University Hospital (CHRU), Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Cystic Fibrosis Resource Center, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Christelle Parent
- INSERM, Respiratory Disease Research Centre, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France; University of Tours, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Gabrielle Pichon
- INSERM, Respiratory Disease Research Centre, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France; University of Tours, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Antoine Guillon
- INSERM, Respiratory Disease Research Centre, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France; University of Tours, F-37032 Tours, France; Tours University Hospital (CHRU), Critical Care Department, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Youenn Jouan
- INSERM, Respiratory Disease Research Centre, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France; University of Tours, F-37032 Tours, France; Tours University Hospital (CHRU), Cardiac Surgery Department, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Hassan Allouchi
- INSERM, Respiratory Disease Research Centre, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France; University of Tours, F-37032 Tours, France; Tours University Hospital (CHRU), Pharmacy Department, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Aubrey
- University of Tours, F-37032 Tours, France; UMR INRA ISP 1282, BioMap Team, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Fanny Boursin
- University of Tours, F-37032 Tours, France; UMR INRA ISP 1282, BioMap Team, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Roxane Domain
- INSERM, Respiratory Disease Research Centre, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France; University of Tours, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Baris Korkmaz
- INSERM, Respiratory Disease Research Centre, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France; University of Tours, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Thomas Sécher
- INSERM, Respiratory Disease Research Centre, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France; University of Tours, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Nathalie Heuzé-Vourc'h
- INSERM, Respiratory Disease Research Centre, U1100, F-37032 Tours, France; University of Tours, F-37032 Tours, France.
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Happonen L, Collin M. Immunomodulating Enzymes from Streptococcus pyogenes-In Pathogenesis, as Biotechnological Tools, and as Biological Drugs. Microorganisms 2024; 12:200. [PMID: 38258026 PMCID: PMC10818452 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes, or Group A Streptococcus, is an exclusively human pathogen that causes a wide variety of diseases ranging from mild throat and skin infections to severe invasive disease. The pathogenesis of S. pyogenes infection has been extensively studied, but the pathophysiology, especially of the more severe infections, is still somewhat elusive. One key feature of S. pyogenes is the expression of secreted, surface-associated, and intracellular enzymes that directly or indirectly affect both the innate and adaptive host immune systems. Undoubtedly, S. pyogenes is one of the major bacterial sources for immunomodulating enzymes. Major targets for these enzymes are immunoglobulins that are destroyed or modified through proteolysis or glycan hydrolysis. Furthermore, several enzymes degrade components of the complement system and a group of DNAses degrade host DNA in neutrophil extracellular traps. Additional types of enzymes interfere with cellular inflammatory and innate immunity responses. In this review, we attempt to give a broad overview of the functions of these enzymes and their roles in pathogenesis. For those enzymes where experimentally determined structures exist, the structural aspects of the enzymatic activity are further discussed. Lastly, we also discuss the emerging use of some of the enzymes as biotechnological tools as well as biological drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Happonen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mattias Collin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
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5
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Chen H, Lee SJ, Ouyang B, Suen N, Ye J, Lu C, Li Y. Effects of Fc glycosylation on the activity of WNT mimetic agonistic antibodies. Antib Ther 2024; 7:88-95. [PMID: 38371954 PMCID: PMC10873268 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have been explored in a broad range of applications including receptor agonism. Given the importance of receptor conformation in signaling, the agonistic activity of antibodies that engage these receptors are influenced by many parameters. Tetravalent bispecific antibodies that target the frizzled and lipoprotein receptor-related protein receptors and subsequently activate WNT ("Wingless-related integration site" or "Wingless and Int-1" or "Wingless-Int") signaling have been constructed. Because WNT activation stimulates stem cell proliferation and tissue regeneration, immune effector functions should be eliminated from therapeutic antibodies targeting this pathway. Here, we report an unexpected effect of Fc glycosylation on the agonistic activity of WNT mimetic antibodies. Our findings underscore the importance of antibody format, geometry and epitope in agonistic antibody design, and highlight the need to establish appropriate early discovery screening strategies to identify hits for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Protein Sciences, Surrozen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sung-Jin Lee
- Discovery Biology, Surrozen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Brian Ouyang
- Protein Sciences, Surrozen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Nicholas Suen
- Protein Sciences, Surrozen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jay Ye
- Protein Sciences, Surrozen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Chenggang Lu
- Discovery Biology, Surrozen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Research, Surrozen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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6
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Srivastava PK, Kittleson MM. Modern advances in heart transplantation. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2024; 82:147-156. [PMID: 38244826 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2024.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Heart transplantation (HTx) is the only definitive therapy for patients with end stage heart disease. With the increasing global prevalence of heart failure, the demand for HTx has continued to grow and outpace supply. In this paper, we will review advances in the field of HTx along the clinical journey of a HTx recipient. Starting with the sensitized patient, we discuss current methods to define sensitization, and assays to help identify clinically relevant anti-HLA antibodies. Desensitization strategies targeting all levels of the adaptive immune system are discussed with emphasis on novel techniques such as anti-CD 38 blockade and use of the Immunoglobulin G-Degrading Enzyme of Streptococcus Pyogenes. We next discuss donor procurement and the resurgence of donation after circulatory death as a viable strategy to significantly and safely increase the donor pool. Post-transplant, we evaluate non-invasive surveillance techniques including gene expression profiling and donor-derived cell-free DNA. Last, we discuss the ground-breaking developments in the field of xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratyaksh K Srivastava
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute at Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Michelle M Kittleson
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute at Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
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7
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Wang SH, Kuo BJ, Ho TC, Wan SW, Yen KL, Huang PH, Perng OGC, Chen PL, Chien YW, Lo YC. Lambda-free light chain: A serum marker of dengue disease via NS3 protease-mediated antibody cleavage. Virulence 2023; 14:2279355. [PMID: 37927064 PMCID: PMC10766417 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2279355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue poses a significant global public health threat, with diverse clinical manifestations due to complex interactions between the host and the pathogen. Recent reports have highlighted elevated serum-free light chain (FLC) levels in viral infectious diseases. Hence, our study aimed to investigate serum FLC levels in dengue patients. The findings revealed elevated serum λ FLCs, which were associated with the severity of dengue. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis demonstrated that λ FLCs may serve as a serum marker for identifying dengue disease (AUC: 0.7825, sensitivity: 80, specificity: 71.43) and classifying severe dengue (AUC: 0.8102, sensitivity: 75, specificity: 79.52). The viral protease, Dengue virus (DENV) nonstructural protein 3 (NS3), acts as a protease that cleaves viral polyproteins as well as host substrates. Therefore, we proposed that antibodies might be potential targets of NS3 protease, leading to an increase in FLCs. LC/MS-MS analysis confirmed that λ FLCs were the predominant products after antibody degradation by NS3 protease. Additionally, purified NS3 protease cleaved both human IgG and DENV2-neutralizing antibodies, resulting in the presence of λ FLCs. Moreover, NS3 protease administration in vitro led to a reduction in the neutralizing efficacy of DENV2-neutralizing antibodies. In summary, the elevated serum λ FLC levels effectively differentiate dengue patients from healthy individuals and identify severe dengue. Furthermore, the elevation of serum λ FLCs is, at least in part, mediated through NS3 protease-mediated antibody cleavage. These findings provide new insights for developing diagnostic tools and understanding the pathogenesis of DENV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Hsuan Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bai-Jiun Kuo
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chuan Ho
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wen Wan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Lun Yen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hui Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Oscar Guey Chuen Perng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Lin Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center for Infection Control, National Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Chien
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chih Lo
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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8
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Frick IM, Happonen L, Wrighton S, Nordenfelt P, Björck L. IdeS, a secreted proteinase of Streptococcus pyogenes, is bound to a nuclease at the bacterial surface where it inactivates opsonizing IgG antibodies. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105345. [PMID: 37838172 PMCID: PMC10654033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The important bacterial pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes secretes IdeS (immunoglobulin G-degrading enzyme of S. pyogenes), a proteinase that cleaves human immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in the hinge region resulting in Fc (fragment crystallizable) and F(ab')2 (fragment antigen-binding) fragments and protects the bacteria against phagocytic killing. Experiments with radiolabeled IdeS and flow cytometry demonstrated that IdeS binds to the surface of S. pyogenes, and the interaction was most prominent in conditions resembling those in the pharynx (acidic pH and low salt), the habitat for S. pyogenes. SpnA (S. pyogenes nuclease A) is a cell wall-anchored DNase. A dose-dependent interaction between purified SpnA and IdeS was demonstrated in slot binding and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy experiments. Gel filtration showed that IdeS forms proteolytically active complexes with SpnA in solution, and super-resolution fluorescence microscopy revealed the presence of SpnA-IdeS complexes at the surface of S. pyogenes. Finally, specific IgG antibodies binding to S. pyogenes surface antigens were efficiently cleaved by surface-associated IdeS. IdeS is secreted by all S. pyogenes isolates and cleaves IgG antibodies with a unique degree of specificity and efficiency. These properties and the finding here that the proteinase is present and fully active at the bacterial surface in complex with SpnA implicate an important role for IdeS in S. pyogenes biology and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga-Maria Frick
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Lotta Happonen
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Wrighton
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pontus Nordenfelt
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Björck
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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9
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Zhu J, Liu S, Fang J, Cui Z, Wang B, Wang Y, Liu L, Wang Q, Cao X. Enzymolysis-based RNA pull-down identifies YTHDC2 as an inhibitor of antiviral innate response. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113192. [PMID: 37776518 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response must be terminated in a timely manner at the late stage of infection to prevent unwanted inflammation. The role of m6A-modified RNAs and their binding partners in this process is not well known. Here, we develop an enzymolysis-based RNA pull-down (eRP) method that utilizes the immunoglobulin G-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus pyogenes (IdeS) to fish out m6A-modified RNA-associated proteins. We apply eRP to capture the methylated single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) probe-associated proteins and identify YT521-B homology domain-containing 2 (YTHDC2) as the m6A-modified interferon β (IFN-β) mRNA-binding protein. YTHDC2, induced in macrophages at the late stage of virus infection, recruits IFN-stimulated exonuclease ISG20 (IFN-stimulated exonuclease gene 20) to degrade IFN-β mRNA, consequently inhibiting antiviral innate immune response. In vitro and in vivo deficiency of YTHDC2 increases IFN-β production at the late stage of viral infection. Our findings establish an eRP method to effectively identify RNA-protein interactions and add mechanistic insight to the termination of innate response for maintaining homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Frontier Research Center for Cell Response, Institute of Immunology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Jiali Fang
- Frontier Research Center for Cell Response, Institute of Immunology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zenghui Cui
- Frontier Research Center for Cell Response, Institute of Immunology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bingjing Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yuzhou Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuetao Cao
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Frontier Research Center for Cell Response, Institute of Immunology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China.
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10
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Boksha IS, Lunin VG, Danilova TA, Poponova MS, Polyakov NB, Lyashchuk AM, Konstantinova SV, Galushkina ZM, Ustenko EV. Recombinant Endopeptidases IdeS and IdeZ and Their Potential Application. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:731-740. [PMID: 37748870 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923060020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Endopeptidases IdeS and IdeZ (streptococcal virulence factors that specifically cleave IgG heavy chains) are of particular interest because of their potential use in biotechnology, medicine, and veterinary. Genes encoding these enzymes were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli heterologous expression system (ideS was cloned from a Streptococcus pyogenes collection strain; ideZ from Streptococcus zooepidemicus was synthesized). The 6His-tag was introduced into the amino acid sequence of each endopeptidase, and IdeS and IdeZ were purified by metal affinity chromatography to an apparent homogeneity (according to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). Purified enzymes were active against human and animal IgGs; their specificity toward human IgGs was confirmed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Recombinant IdeZ was used for immunological analysis of equine strangles infection (diagnostics and determination of the titer of specific antibodies in blood). Hence, IdeZ can be used in veterinary and sanitary microbiology to diagnose infections caused by Streptococcus equi and S. zooepidemicus in addition to its application in medicine and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina S Boksha
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia.
- Mental Health Research Centre, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Vladimir G Lunin
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Tatyana A Danilova
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Maria S Poponova
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Nikita B Polyakov
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Alexander M Lyashchuk
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Svetlana V Konstantinova
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Zoya M Galushkina
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Ustenko
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 123098, Russia
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11
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Ozhelvaci F, Steczkiewicz K. Identification and Classification of Papain-like Cysteine Proteinases. J Biol Chem 2023:104801. [PMID: 37164157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Papain-like cysteine peptidases form a big and highly diverse superfamily of proteins involved in many important biological functions, such as protein turnover, deubiquitination, tissue remodeling, blood clotting, virulence, defense, and cell wall remodeling. High sequence and structure diversity observed within these proteins hinders their comprehensive classification as well as the identification of new representatives. Moreover, in general protein databases, many families already classified as papain-like lack details regarding their mechanism of action or biological function. Here, we use transitive remote homology searches and 3D modeling to newly classify 21 families to the papain-like cysteine peptidase superfamily. We attempt to predict their biological function, and provide structural chacterization of 89 protein clusters defined based on sequence similarity altogether spanning 106 papain-like families. Moreover, we systematically discuss observed diversity in sequences, structures, and catalytic sites. Eventually, we expand the list of human papain-related proteins by seven representatives, including dopamine receptor-interacting protein (DRIP1) as potential deubiquitinase, and centriole duplication regulating CEP76 as retaining catalytically active peptidase-like domain. The presented results not only provide structure-based rationales to already existing peptidase databases but also may inspire further experimental research focused on peptidase-related biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Ozhelvaci
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Steczkiewicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Bobo TA, Samowitz PN, Robinson MI, Montes LI, Forsberg LJ, Feng R, Nicely NI, Fu H. IgG-cleavage protein allows therapeutic AAV gene delivery in passively immunized MPS IIIA mice. Gene Ther 2023; 30:377-385. [PMID: 36253453 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-022-00368-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The widespread pre-existing αAAV-Abs in humans pose a critical challenge in translation of AAV gene therapy. The IgG degrading enzyme of Streptococci (IdeS) is demonstrated to specifically cleave IgG of humans and other species (not mouse). This study developed a modified new modified IdeS protein product (IdeSop). When incubated in vitro, IdeSop was shown to completely cleave human and rabbit IgGs within 6 h. To test IdeSop in a disease setting, we established a rabbitized αAAV9-Ab+ mouse by an IV infusion of purified acute αAAV9-Ab+ rabbit IgG into MPS IIIA mice, resulting in serum αAAV9-IgG at 1:6,400 and αAAV9-nAbs at 1:800. IdeSop-Ab-cleavage was shown to be dose-dependent. An IV IdeSop infusion at the effective doses resulted in rapid IgG depletion and clearance of pre-existing αAAV9-IgG and αAAV9-nAbs in rabbitized αAAV9-Abs+ MPS IIIA mice. Importantly, an IV injection of a high dose AAV9-hSGSHop vector (5 × 1013vg/kg) at 24 h post IdeSop treatment led to transduction as effective in αAAV9-Abs+ MPS IIIA mice, as in αAAV9-Abs-negative controls. We believe that transient IdeSop administration may offer a great tool to address the pre-existing-αAAV-Abs for the translation of rAAV gene therapy to treat diseases in humans, making effective rAAV gene therapy available to all patients in need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tierra A Bobo
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Preston N Samowitz
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael I Robinson
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Laura I Montes
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lawrence J Forsberg
- Protein Production & Purification Core, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Richard Feng
- Protein Production & Purification Core, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nathan I Nicely
- Protein Production & Purification Core, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Haiyan Fu
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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13
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Trastoy B, Du JJ, Cifuente JO, Rudolph L, García-Alija M, Klontz EH, Deredge D, Sultana N, Huynh CG, Flowers MW, Li C, Sastre DE, Wang LX, Corzana F, Mallagaray A, Sundberg EJ, Guerin ME. Mechanism of antibody-specific deglycosylation and immune evasion by Streptococcal IgG-specific endoglycosidases. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1705. [PMID: 36973249 PMCID: PMC10042849 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens have evolved intricate mechanisms to evade the human immune system, including the production of immunomodulatory enzymes. Streptococcus pyogenes serotypes secrete two multi-modular endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases, EndoS and EndoS2, that specifically deglycosylate the conserved N-glycan at Asn297 on IgG Fc, disabling antibody-mediated effector functions. Amongst thousands of known carbohydrate-active enzymes, EndoS and EndoS2 represent just a handful of enzymes that are specific to the protein portion of the glycoprotein substrate, not just the glycan component. Here, we present the cryoEM structure of EndoS in complex with the IgG1 Fc fragment. In combination with small-angle X-ray scattering, alanine scanning mutagenesis, hydrolytic activity measurements, enzyme kinetics, nuclear magnetic resonance and molecular dynamics analyses, we establish the mechanisms of recognition and specific deglycosylation of IgG antibodies by EndoS and EndoS2. Our results provide a rational basis from which to engineer novel enzymes with antibody and glycan selectivity for clinical and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Trastoy
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, 48903, Spain.
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160, Derio, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Jonathan J Du
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Javier O Cifuente
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, 48903, Spain
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Lorena Rudolph
- University of Lübeck, Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine (CSCM), Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mikel García-Alija
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, 48903, Spain
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Erik H Klontz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Daniel Deredge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Nazneen Sultana
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Chau G Huynh
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Maria W Flowers
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Diego E Sastre
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Francisco Corzana
- Departamento Química and Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Quı́mica, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006, Rioja, Spain
| | - Alvaro Mallagaray
- University of Lübeck, Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine (CSCM), Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Eric J Sundberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Marcelo E Guerin
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, 48903, Spain.
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160, Derio, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain.
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14
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Rostaing L, Noble J, Malvezzi P, Jouve T. Imlifidase therapy: exploring its clinical uses. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2023; 24:259-265. [PMID: 36404277 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2022.2150965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Imlifidase, the IgG-degrading enzyme derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, can cleave all four human IgG subclasses with precise specificity. All IgG molecules can be inactivated for ~1-to-2 weeks, until new IgG synthesis is detected. AREAS COVERED Imlifidase was first studied for the desensitization of highly HLA-sensitized patients to enable kidney transplantation. It is currently being evaluated for kidney transplant recipients who have antibody-mediated rejection (AMR), those with acute kidney injury in the setting of anti-glomerular basement membrane disease, and those with Guillain-Barré syndrome. In 2020, imlifidase received conditional approval from the European Medicines Agency for use to desensitize deceased-donor kidney transplant recipients with a positive crossmatch. Literature search through PubMed revealed that so far, 39 crossmatched-positive patients, i.e. in the presence of donor-specific alloantibodies (DSA) on the transplantation day, have received imlifidase prior to kidney transplantation in four single-arm, open-label, phase II studies. Results at 3-year follow-up are good, i.e. allograft survival is 84%, despite 38% of patients presenting with acute AMR. Mean estimated glomerular filtration rate at 3 years was 55 mL/min/1.73 m2. EXPERT OPINION The major hurdle now is how to prevent/avoid DSA rebound within days 5-15 post-transplantation. Thus, imlifidase represents a major breakthrough for highly HLA-sensitized kidney transplant candidates, particularly those that have calculated panel-reactive alloantibodies of ≥90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Rostaing
- Nephrology, Hemodialysis, Apheresis and Kidney Transplantation Department, University Hospital Grenoble, Grenoble, France.,School of Medicine, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Johan Noble
- Nephrology, Hemodialysis, Apheresis and Kidney Transplantation Department, University Hospital Grenoble, Grenoble, France.,School of Medicine, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Paolo Malvezzi
- Nephrology, Hemodialysis, Apheresis and Kidney Transplantation Department, University Hospital Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Jouve
- Nephrology, Hemodialysis, Apheresis and Kidney Transplantation Department, University Hospital Grenoble, Grenoble, France.,School of Medicine, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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15
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Becker HEF, Demers K, Derijks LJJ, Jonkers DMAE, Penders J. Current evidence and clinical relevance of drug-microbiota interactions in inflammatory bowel disease. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1107976. [PMID: 36910207 PMCID: PMC9996055 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1107976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing-remitting disease. An adverse immune reaction toward the intestinal microbiota is involved in the pathophysiology and microbial perturbations are associated with IBD in general and with flares specifically. Although medical drugs are the cornerstone of current treatment, responses vary widely between patients and drugs. The intestinal microbiota can metabolize medical drugs, which may influence IBD drug (non-)response and side effects. Conversely, several drugs can impact the intestinal microbiota and thereby host effects. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current evidence on bidirectional interactions between the microbiota and relevant IBD drugs (pharmacomicrobiomics). Methods Electronic literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane databases to identify relevant publications. Studies reporting on microbiota composition and/or drug metabolism were included. Results The intestinal microbiota can both enzymatically activate IBD pro-drugs (e.g., in case of thiopurines), but also inactivate certain drugs (e.g., mesalazine by acetylation via N-acetyltransferase 1 and infliximab via IgG-degrading enzymes). Aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, thiopurines, calcineurin inhibitors, anti-tumor necrosis factor biologicals and tofacitinib were all reported to alter the intestinal microbiota composition, including changes in microbial diversity and/or relative abundances of various microbial taxa. Conclusion Various lines of evidence have shown the ability of the intestinal microbiota to interfere with IBD drugs and vice versa. These interactions can influence treatment response, but well-designed clinical studies and combined in vivo and ex vivo models are needed to achieve consistent findings and evaluate clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike E F Becker
- Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Infection Prevention, NUTRIM School of Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Karlijn Demers
- Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Luc J J Derijks
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Daisy M A E Jonkers
- Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - John Penders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Infection Prevention, NUTRIM School of Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Infection Prevention, CAPHRI School of Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
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16
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Sudol ASL, Butler J, Ivory DP, Tews I, Crispin M. Extensive substrate recognition by the streptococcal antibody-degrading enzymes IdeS and EndoS. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7801. [PMID: 36528711 PMCID: PMC9759587 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic cleavage of IgG antibodies is a common strategy used by pathogenic bacteria to ablate immune effector function. The Streptococcus pyogenes bacterium secretes the protease IdeS and the glycosidase EndoS, which specifically catalyse cleavage and deglycosylation of human IgG, respectively. IdeS has received clinical approval for kidney transplantation in hypersensitised individuals, while EndoS has found application in engineering antibody glycosylation. We present crystal structures of both enzymes in complex with their IgG1 Fc substrate, which was achieved using Fc engineering to disfavour preferential Fc crystallisation. The IdeS protease displays extensive Fc recognition and encases the antibody hinge. Conversely, the glycan hydrolase domain in EndoS traps the Fc glycan in a "flipped-out" conformation, while additional recognition of the Fc peptide is driven by the so-called carbohydrate binding module. In this work, we reveal the molecular basis of antibody recognition by bacterial enzymes, providing a template for the development of next-generation enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail S. L. Sudol
- grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - John Butler
- grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Dylan P. Ivory
- grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Ivo Tews
- grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Max Crispin
- grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
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17
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Wang Z, Gu J, Xiao K, Zhu W, Lin Y, Wen S, He Q, Xu X, Cai X. Glaesserella parasuis autotransporters EspP1 and EspP2 are novel IgA-specific proteases. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1041774. [PMID: 36590439 PMCID: PMC9797811 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1041774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glaesserella parasuis causes Glässer's disease, which is associated with severe polyarthritis, fibrinous polyserositis and meningitis, and leads to significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. IgA is one of the most important humoral immune factors present on mucosal surfaces, and it plays a crucial role in neutralizing and removing pathogens. G. parasuis is able to colonize the mucosal membrane of respiratory tract without being eliminated. Nevertheless, the immune evasion mechanism of G. parasuis in thwarting IgA remains unclear. Aims The object of this study is to characterize the IgA degradation activity of Mac-1-containing autotransporter EspP1 and EspP2 from G. parasuis. Methods The swine IgA was purified and incubated with EspP1 and EspP2 respectively. Western blotting was used to detect the cleavage of swine IgA. Generation of EspP1 and EspP2 mutant protein were used to explore the putative active sites of EspPs. LC-MS/MS based N/C-terminal sequencing was performed to measure the cleavage sites in swine IgA. Result Our results show that G. parasuis EspP1 and EspP2 cleave swine IgA in a dose- and time- dependent manner. G. parasuis lose the IgA protease activity after simultaneously delete espP1 and espP2 indicating that EspP1 and EspP2 are the only two IgA proteases in G. parasuis. The IgA protease activity of EspP1 and EspP2 is affected by the putative active sites which contain Cys47, His172 and Asp194/195. Swine IgA is cleaved within Cα1 and Cα3 domains upon incubation with EspPs. Moreover, EspPs can degrade neither IgG nor IgM while G. parasuis possess the ability to degrade IgM unexpectedly. It suggests that G. parasuis can secrete other proteases to cleave IgM which have never been reported. Conclusion We report for the first time that both EspP1 and EspP2 are novel IgA-specific proteases and cleave swine IgA within the Cα1 and Cα3 domains. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the EspPs-induced immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiayun Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Kunxue Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenlong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Siting Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuwang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Xuwang Cai,
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18
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van Vugt LK, Schagen MR, de Weerd A, Reinders ME, de Winter BC, Hesselink DA. Investigational drugs for the treatment of kidney transplant rejection. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2022; 31:1087-1100. [PMID: 36175360 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2022.2130751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kidney transplant rejection remains an important clinical problem despite the development of effective immunosuppressive drug combination therapy. Two major types of rejection are recognized, namely T-cell-mediated rejection (TCMR) and antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR), which have a different pathophysiology and are treated differently. Unfortunately, long-term outcomes of both TCMR and ABMR remain unsatisfactory despite current therapy. Hence, alternative therapeutic drugs are urgently needed. AREAS COVERED This review covers novel and investigational drugs for the pharmacological treatment of kidney transplant rejection. Potential therapeutic strategies and future directions are discussed. EXPERT OPINION The development of alternative pharmacologic treatment of rejection has focused mostly on ABMR, since this is the leading cause of kidney allograft loss and currently lacks an effective, evidence-based therapy. At present, there is insufficient high-quality evidence for any of the covered investigational drugs to support their use in ABMR. However, with the emergence of targeted therapies, this potential arises for individualized treatment strategies. In order to generate more high-quality evidence for such strategies and overcome the obstacles of classic, randomized, controlled trials, we advocate the implementation of adaptive trial designs and surrogate clinical endpoints. We believe such adaptive trial designs could help to understand the risks and benefits of promising drugs such as tocilizumab, clazakizumab, belimumab, and imlifidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas K van Vugt
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike R Schagen
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annelies de Weerd
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marlies Ej Reinders
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Brenda Cm de Winter
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis A Hesselink
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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19
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Klontz EH. Chop-chop: The future of bacterial enzymes in transfusion medicine. Transfus Med Rev 2022; 36:246-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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20
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Gross DA, Tedesco N, Leborgne C, Ronzitti G. Overcoming the Challenges Imposed by Humoral Immunity to AAV Vectors to Achieve Safe and Efficient Gene Transfer in Seropositive Patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:857276. [PMID: 35464422 PMCID: PMC9022790 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.857276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major goals of in vivo gene transfer is to achieve long-term expression of therapeutic transgenes in terminally differentiated cells. The extensive clinical experience and the recent approval of Luxturna® (Spark Therapeutics, now Roche) and Zolgensma® (AveXis, now Novartis) place vectors derived from adeno-associated viruses (AAV) among the best options for gene transfer in multiple tissues. Despite these successes, limitations remain to the application of this therapeutic modality in a wider population. AAV was originally identified as a promising virus to derive gene therapy vectors because, despite infecting humans, it was not associated with any evident disease. Thee large proportion of AAV infections in the human population is now revealing as a limitation because after exposure to wild-type AAV, anti-AAV antibodies develops and may neutralize the vectors derived from the virus. Injection of AAV in humans is generally well-tolerated although the immune system can activate after the recognition of AAV vectors capsid and genome. The formation of high-titer neutralizing antibodies to AAV after the first injection precludes vector re-administration. Thus, both pre-existing and post-treatment humoral responses to AAV vectors greatly limit a wider application of this gene transfer modality. Different methods were suggested to overcome this limitation. The extensive preclinical data available and the large clinical experience in the control of AAV vectors immunogenicity are key to clinical translation and to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of these methods and ultimately bring a curative treatment to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David-Alexandre Gross
- Genethon, Evry, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare research unit UMR_S951, Evry, France
| | - Novella Tedesco
- Genethon, Evry, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare research unit UMR_S951, Evry, France
| | - Christian Leborgne
- Genethon, Evry, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare research unit UMR_S951, Evry, France
| | - Giuseppe Ronzitti
- Genethon, Evry, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, Inserm, Genethon, Integrare research unit UMR_S951, Evry, France
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21
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Ramírez-Larrota JS, Eckhard U. An Introduction to Bacterial Biofilms and Their Proteases, and Their Roles in Host Infection and Immune Evasion. Biomolecules 2022; 12:306. [PMID: 35204806 PMCID: PMC8869686 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms represent multicellular communities embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances, conveying increased resistance against environmental stress factors but also antibiotics. They are shaped by secreted enzymes such as proteases, which can aid pathogenicity by degrading host proteins of the connective tissue or the immune system. Importantly, both secreted proteases and the capability of biofilm formation are considered key virulence factors. In this review, we focus on the basic aspects of proteolysis and protein secretion, and highlight various secreted bacterial proteases involved in biofilm establishment and dispersal, and how they aid bacteria in immune evasion by degrading immunoglobulins and components of the complement system. Thus, secreted proteases represent not only prominent antimicrobial targets but also enzymes that can be used for dedicated applications in biotechnology and biomedicine, including their use as laundry detergents, in mass spectrometry for the glycoprofiling of antibodies, and the desensitization of donor organs intended for positive crossmatch patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrich Eckhard
- Department of Structural Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
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22
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Current Progress in the Development of Zika Virus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9091004. [PMID: 34579241 PMCID: PMC8472938 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus first discovered in the Americas. ZIKV infection is insidious based on its mild clinical symptoms observed after infection. In Brazil, after 2015, ZIKV infection broke out on a large scale, and many infected pregnant women gave birth to babies with microcephaly. The teratogenic effects of the virus on the fetus and its effects on nerves and the immune system have attracted great attention. Currently, no specific prophylactics or therapeutics are clinically available to treat ZIKV infection. Development of a safe and effective vaccine is essential to prevent the rise of any potential pandemic. In this review, we summarize the latest research on Zika vaccine development based on different strategies, including DNA vaccines, subunit vaccines, live-attenuated vaccines, virus-vector-based vaccines, inactivated vaccines, virus-like particles (VLPs), mRNA-based vaccines, and others. We anticipate that this review will facilitate further progress toward the development of effective and safe vaccines against ZIKV infection.
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23
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Runström A, Sjöholm K, Roupé KM, Lorant T, Kjellman C, Bockermann R. IgM single antigen bead HLA-assay is affected by imlifidase through the cleavage of IgG but not IgM. Transpl Immunol 2021; 68:101436. [PMID: 34265468 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2021.101436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate if human IgM is a cleavable substrate for imlifidase and to explain an observed effect in anti-HLA IgM single antigen bead (SAB) assays in sensitized patients. METHODS Serum samples collected pre- and 24 h post-imlifidase administration from sensitized patients enrolled in a phase II trial were investigated for anti-HLA IgG and IgM using SAB assays, with and without in vitro IgG depletion using a CaptureSelect™ affinity matrix. In addition, pre-dose samples and purified human IgM samples were treated with imlifidase in vitro and evaluated by SDS-PAGE, Western blot (PE-conjugated anti-human IgM) and SAB (IgG, IgM) assays. RESULTS By comparing the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of HLA-beads, pre- and post-imlifidase administration, three IgM-related patterns were observed; IgM-specific HLA-SABs with an increased MFI post-imlifidase, IgM-specific HLA-SABs with a decreased MFI post-imlifidase, and IgM-specific HLA-SABs with a marginal MFI difference between the pre- and post-imlifidase administration. These IgM signal patterns were observed despite neither purified IgM nor serum IgM could be cleaved by imlifidase. After removing IgG, the effects observed on anti-HLA IgM was largely eliminated with the biggest differences seen in patients with very high anti-HLA IgG in pre-dose samples. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that imlifidase does not cleave human IgM, including HLA-specific IgM antibodies from highly sensitized subjects. Observed decreases of SAB-HLA IgM signals after imlifidase treatment may result from the cleavage of IgG-IgM complexes which are bound to SAB-HLA. Serum analysis of patients with high levels of anti-HLA IgG will result in a more accurate SAB-HLA IgM reading after IgG depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tomas Lorant
- Uppsala University, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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24
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Park Y, Ko EJ, Chung BH, Yang CW. Kidney transplantation in highly sensitized recipients. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2021; 40:355-370. [PMID: 34233438 PMCID: PMC8476304 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.21.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In kidney transplantation (KT), overcoming donor shortage is particularly challenging in patients with preexisting donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) against human leukocyte antigen (HLA), called HLA-incompatible KT (HLAi KT), carrying the risk of rejection and allograft loss. Thus, it is necessary to accurately evaluate the degree of sensitization before HLAi KT, and undertake appropriate pretreatment strategies. To determine the degree of sensitization, complement-dependent cytotoxicity has been the only method employed; the development of a method using flow cytometry further improved the test sensitivity. However, these tests present disadvantages, including the need for living cells, with a solid-phase assay developed to resolve this problem. Currently, the method using Luminex (Luminex Corp.) is widely used in clinical practice. As this method measures DSAs using single antigen beads, it is possible to classify immunological risks by measuring the type and amount of DSAs. Furthermore, there have been major advances in methods that involve DSA removal before HLAi KT. In the early stages of desensitization, plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulins were the main treatment methods employed; however, the introduction of CD20 monoclonal antibody and proteasome inhibitors further increased the success rate of desensitization. Currently, HLAi KT has been established as an important transplant method, but an understanding of DSAs and a novel desensitization treatment are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Park
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine and Transplantation Research Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Ko
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine and Transplantation Research Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Ha Chung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine and Transplantation Research Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Woo Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine and Transplantation Research Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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25
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Dadouch M, Ladner Y, Bich C, Montels J, Morel J, Bechara C, Perrin C. In-capillary (electrophoretic) digestion-reduction-separation: A smart tool for middle-up analysis of mAb. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1648:462213. [PMID: 33991752 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive characterization of physicochemical properties of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a critical process to ensure their quality, efficacy, and safety. For this purpose, mAb analysis at different levels (bottom-up, middle-up) is a common approach that includes rather complex multistep sample preparation (reduction, digestion). To ensure high analysis performance, the development of fully integrated methodologies is highly valuable. Capillary zone electrophoresis is a particularly well-adapted technique for the multistep implementation of analytical strategies from sample preparation to detection. This feature was employed to develop novel integrated methodologies for the analysis of mAb at the middle-up level. Multiple in-line reactions (simultaneous reduction and digestion) were performed for the first time in the separation capillary. Tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP) was used as an effective reducing agent under a broad pH range and IdeS (Immunoglobulin degrading enzyme from Streptococcus) as a highly specific enzyme for mAb digestion. Transverse diffusion of laminar flow profile (TDLFP) was applied for reactants mixing. Both in-line sample preparation and separation parameters were optimized under non-denaturing and denaturing conditions. The developed in-line methodologies provided good reproducibility and higher peak efficiencies comparing with off-line assays. They were successfully applied to different mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Dadouch
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Yoann Ladner
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Claudia Bich
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Montels
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Morel
- Département de Rhumatologie, Université de Montpellier, Hôpital Lapeyronie, 34295 Cedex 5, Montpellier, France
| | - Cherine Bechara
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France
| | - Catherine Perrin
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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26
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Sato N, Yogo R, Yanaka S, Martel A, Porcar L, Morishima K, Inoue R, Tominaga T, Arimori T, Takagi J, Sugiyama M, Kato K. A feasibility study of inverse contrast-matching small-angle neutron scattering method combined with size exclusion chromatography using antibody interactions as model systems. J Biochem 2021; 169:701-708. [PMID: 33585933 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and small- angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) are powerful techniques for the structural characterization of biomolecular complexes. In particular, SANS enables a selective observation of specific components in complexes by selective deuteration with contrast-matching techniques. In most cases, however, biomolecular interaction systems with heterogeneous oligomers often contain unfavorable aggregates and unbound species, hampering data interpretation. To overcome these problems, SAXS has been recently combined with size exclusion chromatography (SEC), which enables the isolation of the target complex in a multi-component system. By contrast, SEC-SANS is only at a preliminary stage. Hence, we herein perform a feasibility study of this method based on our newly developed inverse contrast-matching (iCM) SANS technique using antibody interactions as model systems. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) or its Fc fragment was mixed with 75% deuterated Fc-binding proteins, i.e. a mutated form of IgG-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus pyogenes and a soluble form of Fcγ receptor IIIb, and subjected to SEC-SANS as well as SEC-SAXS as reference. We successfully observe SANS from the non-deuterated IgG or Fc formed in complex with these binding partners, which were unobservable in terms of SANS in D2O, hence demonstrating the potential utility of the SEC-iCM-SANS approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Sato
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2-1010 Asashiro-nishi, Kumatori, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Rina Yogo
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Saeko Yanaka
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Anne Martel
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Lionel Porcar
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Ken Morishima
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2-1010 Asashiro-nishi, Kumatori, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Rintaro Inoue
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2-1010 Asashiro-nishi, Kumatori, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Taiki Tominaga
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society (CROSS), Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Takao Arimori
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Junichi Takagi
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaaki Sugiyama
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2-1010 Asashiro-nishi, Kumatori, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
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27
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Nicholson TL, Waack U, Anderson TK, Bayles DO, Zaia SR, Goertz I, Eppinger M, Hau SJ, Brockmeier SL, Shore SM. Comparative Virulence and Genomic Analysis of Streptococcus suis Isolates. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:620843. [PMID: 33574803 PMCID: PMC7870872 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.620843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic bacterial swine pathogen causing substantial economic and health burdens to the pork industry. Mechanisms used by S. suis to colonize and cause disease remain unknown and vaccines and/or intervention strategies currently do not exist. Studies addressing virulence mechanisms used by S. suis have been complicated because different isolates can cause a spectrum of disease outcomes ranging from lethal systemic disease to asymptomatic carriage. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the virulence capacity of nine United States S. suis isolates following intranasal challenge in swine and then perform comparative genomic analyses to identify genomic attributes associated with swine-virulent phenotypes. No correlation was found between the capacity to cause disease in swine and the functional characteristics of genome size, serotype, sequence type (ST), or in vitro virulence-associated phenotypes. A search for orthologs found in highly virulent isolates and not found in non-virulent isolates revealed numerous predicted protein coding sequences specific to each category. While none of these predicted protein coding sequences have been previously characterized as potential virulence factors, this analysis does provide a reliable one-to-one assignment of specific genes of interest that could prove useful in future allelic replacement and/or functional genomic studies. Collectively, this report provides a framework for future allelic replacement and/or functional genomic studies investigating genetic characteristics underlying the spectrum of disease outcomes caused by S. suis isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Nicholson
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ursula Waack
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Tavis K Anderson
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Darrell O Bayles
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Sam R Zaia
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Isaiah Goertz
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Mark Eppinger
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Samantha J Hau
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, United States Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Susan L Brockmeier
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Sarah M Shore
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
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28
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Analysis of Monoclonal Antibodies by Capillary Electrophoresis: Sample Preparation, Separation, and Detection. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are dominating the biopharmaceutical field due to the fact of their high specificity in the treatment of diverse diseases. Nevertheless, mAbs are very complex glycoproteins exhibiting several macro- and microheterogeneities that may affect their safety, quality, and efficacy. This complexity is very challenging for mAbs development, formulation, and quality control. To tackle the quality issue, a combination of multiple analytical approaches is necessary. In this perspective, capillary electrophoresis has gained considerable interest over the last decade due to the fact of its complementary features to chromatographic approaches. This review provides an overview of the strategies of mAbs and derivatives analysis by capillary electrophoresis hyphenated to ultraviolet, fluorescence, and mass spectrometry detection. The main sample preparation approaches used for mAb analytical characterization (i.e., intact, middle-up/down, and bottom-up) are detailed. The different electrophoretic modes used as well as integrated analysis approaches (sample preparation and separation) are critically discussed.
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29
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Elmore ZC, Oh DK, Simon KE, Fanous MM, Asokan A. Rescuing AAV gene transfer from neutralizing antibodies with an IgG-degrading enzyme. JCI Insight 2020; 5:139881. [PMID: 32941184 PMCID: PMC7566709 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.139881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Preexisting humoral immunity to recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors restricts the treatable patient population and efficacy of human gene therapies. Approaches to clear neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), such as plasmapheresis and immunosuppression, are either ineffective or cause undesirable side effects. Here, we describe a clinically relevant strategy to rapidly and transiently degrade NAbs before AAV administration using an IgG-degrading enzyme (IdeZ). We demonstrate that recombinant IdeZ efficiently cleaved IgG in dog, monkey, and human antisera. Prophylactically administered IdeZ cleaved circulating human IgG in mice and prevented AAV neutralization in vivo. In macaques, a single intravenous dose of IdeZ rescued AAV transduction by transiently reversing seropositivity. Importantly, IdeZ efficiently cleaved NAbs and rescued AAV transduction in mice passively immunized with individual human donor sera representing a diverse population. Our antibody clearance approach presents a potentially new paradigm for expanding the prospective patient cohort and improving efficacy of AAV gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Aravind Asokan
- Department of Surgery and
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, and
- Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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30
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Ge S, Chu M, Choi J, Louie S, Vo A, Jordan SC, Toyoda M. Imlifidase Inhibits HLA Antibody-mediated NK Cell Activation and Antibody-dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) In Vitro. Transplantation 2020; 104:1574-1579. [PMID: 32732834 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) is an important pathway responsible for antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). Imlifidase (IdeS) cleaves human IgG into F(ab')2 and Fc fragments, potentially inhibiting ADCC. Here we examined the effect of IdeS on allo-antibody-mediated NK cell activation (Allo-CFC) and ADCC in vitro. METHODS For Allo-CFC, normal whole blood was incubated with third-party peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) pretreated with anti-HLA antibody positive (HS) or negative (NC) sera to measure IFNγ+ NK cell%. For ADCC, normal PBMCs were incubated with Farage B (FB) cells with HS or NC sera to measure 7-AAD+ lysed FB cell%. To assess the effect of IdeS on these assays, serum-treated PBMCs (Allo-CFC-1) and serum used for PBMC pretreatment (Allo-CFC-2) in Allo-CFC, and serum used for ADCC were preincubated with IdeS. Sera from IdeS-treated patients were also tested for Allo-CFC (Allo-CFC-3). RESULTS IFNγ+ NK cell% were significantly elevated in HS versus NC sera in Allo-CFC-1 (10 ± 3% versus 2 ± 1%, P = 0.001), Allo-CFC-2 (20 ± 10% versus 4 ± 2%, P = 0.01) and 7AAD+ FB cell% (11 ± 3% versus 4 ± 2%, P = 0.02) in ADCC. These were significantly reduced by IdeS treatment. Patient sera with significantly reduced anti-HLA antibody levels at 1 day postimlifidase lost the capacity to activate NK cells in Allo-CFC-3, but those at 1-3 months postimlifidase regained the capacity. CONCLUSIONS IdeS inhibited NK cell activation and ADCC in vitro and in treated patients. These results and reported inhibition of complement activating anti-HLA antibodies by IdeS suggest its possible role in treatment of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shili Ge
- Transplant Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Maggie Chu
- Transplant Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jua Choi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sabrina Louie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ashley Vo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Stanley C Jordan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mieko Toyoda
- Transplant Immunology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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31
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Bioanalytical methods for therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and antibody–drug conjugates: A review of recent advances and future perspectives. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 179:112991. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Vaisman-Mentesh A, Rosenstein S, Yavzori M, Dror Y, Fudim E, Ungar B, Kopylov U, Picard O, Kigel A, Ben-Horin S, Benhar I, Wine Y. Molecular Landscape of Anti-Drug Antibodies Reveals the Mechanism of the Immune Response Following Treatment With TNFα Antagonists. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2921. [PMID: 31921180 PMCID: PMC6930160 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs formulated from monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are clinically effective in various diseases. Repeated administration of mAbs, however, elicits an immune response in the form of anti-drug-antibodies (ADA), thereby reducing the drug's efficacy. Notwithstanding their importance, the molecular landscape of ADA and the mechanisms involved in their formation are not fully understood. Using a newly developed quantitative bio-immunoassay, we found that ADA concentrations specific to TNFα antagonists can exceed extreme concentrations of 1 mg/ml with a wide range of neutralization capacity. Our data further suggest a preferential use of the λ light chain in a subset of neutralizing ADA. Moreover, we show that administration of TNFα antagonists result in a vaccine-like response whereby ADA formation is governed by the extrafollicular T cell-independent immune response. Our bio-immunoassay coupled with insights on the nature of the immune response can be leveraged to improve mAb immunogenicity assessment and facilitate improvement in therapeutic intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vaisman-Mentesh
- George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Shai Rosenstein
- George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Miri Yavzori
- Gastroenterology Department, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Yael Dror
- George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Ella Fudim
- Gastroenterology Department, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Bella Ungar
- Gastroenterology Department, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Uri Kopylov
- Gastroenterology Department, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Orit Picard
- Gastroenterology Department, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Aya Kigel
- George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Shomron Ben-Horin
- Gastroenterology Department, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Itai Benhar
- George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Yariv Wine
- George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
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Abstract
The human major histocompatibility complex is a family of genes that encodes HLAs, which have a crucial role in defence against foreign pathogens and immune surveillance of tumours. In the context of transplantation, HLA molecules are polymorphic antigens that comprise an immunodominant alloreactive trigger for the immune response, resulting in rejection. Remarkable advances in knowledge and technology in the field of immunogenetics have considerably enhanced the safety of transplantation. However, access to transplantation among individuals who have become sensitized as a result of previous exposure to alloantigens is reduced proportional to the breadth of their sensitization. New approaches for crossing the HLA barrier in transplantation using plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulin and kidney paired donation have been made possible by the relative ease with which even low levels of anti-HLA antibodies can now be detected and tracked. The development of novel protocols for the induction of tolerance and new approaches to immunomodulation was also facilitated by advances in HLA technology. Here, we review the progress made in understanding HLAs that has enabled organ transplantation to become a life-saving endeavour that is accessible even for sensitized patients. We also discuss novel approaches to desensitization, immunomodulation and tolerance induction that have the potential to further improve transplantation access and outcomes.
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Bults P, Spanov B, Olaleye O, van de Merbel NC, Bischoff R. Intact protein bioanalysis by liquid chromatography – High-resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1110-1111:155-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Stubbs MJ, Thomas M, Vendramin C, Sonesson E, Kjellman C, Järnum S, Stenberg Y, Elfving C, Scully M. Administration of immunoglobulin G‐degrading enzyme of
Streptococcus pyogenes
(IdeS) for persistent anti‐
ADAMTS
13 antibodies in patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in clinical remission. Br J Haematol 2018; 186:137-140. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Stubbs
- University College London Haemostasis Research Unit London UK
- University College London Hospital London UK
| | - Mari Thomas
- University College London Hospital London UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marie Scully
- University College London Haemostasis Research Unit London UK
- University College London Hospital London UK
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Lorant T, Bengtsson M, Eich T, Eriksson B, Winstedt L, Järnum S, Stenberg Y, Robertson A, Mosén K, Björck L, Bäckman L, Larsson E, Wood K, Tufveson G, Kjellman C. Safety, immunogenicity, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of degradation of anti-HLA antibodies by IdeS (imlifidase) in chronic kidney disease patients. Am J Transplant 2018; 18:2752-2762. [PMID: 29561066 PMCID: PMC6221156 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Safety, immunogenicity, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of the IgG-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus pyogenes (IdeS [imlifidase]) were assessed in a single-center, open-label ascending-dose study in highly sensitized patients with chronic kidney disease. Eight patients with cytotoxic PRAs (median cytotoxic PRAs of 64%) at enrollment received 1 or 2 intravenous infusions of IdeS on consecutive days (0.12 mg/kg body weight ×2 [n = 3]; 0.25 mg/kg ×1 [n = 3], or 0.25 mg/kg ×2 [n = 2]). IgG degradation was observed in all subjects after IdeS treatment, with <1% plasma IgG remaining within 48 hours and remaining low up to 7 days. Mean fluorescence intensity values of HLA class I and II reactivity were substantially reduced in all patients, and C1q binding to anti-HLA was abolished. IdeS also cleaved the IgG-type B cell receptor on CD19+ memory B cells. Anti-IdeS antibodies developed 1 week after treatment, peaking at 2 weeks. A few hours after the second IdeS infusion, 1 patient received a deceased donor kidney offer. At enrollment, the patient had a positive serum crossmatch (HLA-B7), detected by complement-dependent cytotoxicity, flow cytometry, and multiplex bead assays. After IdeS infusion (0.12 mg/kg ×2) and when the HLA-incompatible donor (HLA-B7+ ) kidney was offered, the HLA antibody profile was negative. The kidney was transplanted successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Lorant
- Department of Surgical SciencesSection of Transplantation SurgeryUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Mats Bengtsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and PathologySection of Clinical ImmunologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Torsten Eich
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and PathologySection of Clinical ImmunologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Britt‐Marie Eriksson
- Department of Medical SciencesSection of Infectious DiseasesUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lars Björck
- Department of Clinical SciencesDivision of Infection MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Lars Bäckman
- Department of Surgical SciencesSection of Transplantation SurgeryUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Erik Larsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and PathologySection of Molecular and Morphological PathologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Kathryn Wood
- Nuffield Department of Surgical SciencesOxford UniversityOxfordUK
| | - Gunnar Tufveson
- Department of Surgical SciencesSection of Transplantation SurgeryUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
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IdeS (Imlifidase): A Novel Agent That Cleaves Human IgG and Permits Successful Kidney Transplantation Across High-strength Donor-specific Antibody. Ann Surg 2018; 268:488-496. [DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000002924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Zhang J, Woods C, He F, Han M, Treuheit MJ, Volkin DB. Structural Changes and Aggregation Mechanisms of Two Different Dimers of an IgG2 Monoclonal Antibody. Biochemistry 2018; 57:5466-5479. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Christopher Woods
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, United States
| | - Feng He
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Mei Han
- Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Michael J. Treuheit
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - David B. Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, United States
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Proteolytic single hinge cleavage of pertuzumab impairs its Fc effector function and antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. Breast Cancer Res 2018; 20:43. [PMID: 29859099 PMCID: PMC5984793 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-0972-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proteolytic impairment of the Fc effector functions of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can compromise their antitumor efficacy in the tumor microenvironment and may represent an unappreciated mechanism of host immune evasion. Pertuzumab is a human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-targeting antibody and has been widely used in the clinic in combination with trastuzumab for treatment of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer. Pertuzumab susceptibility to proteolytic hinge cleavage and its impact on the drug’s efficacy has not been previously studied. Methods Pertuzumab was incubated with high and low HER2-expressing cancer cells and proteolytic cleavage in the lower hinge region was detected by western blotting. The single hinge cleaved pertuzumab (scIgG-P) was purified and evaluated for its ability to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in vitro and anti-tumor efficacy in vivo. To assess the cleavage of trastuzumab (IgG-T) and pertuzumab (IgG-P) when simultaneously bound to the same cancer cell surface, F(ab’)2 fragments of IgG-T or IgG-P were combined with the intact IgG-P and IgG-T, respectively, to detect scIgG generation by western blotting. Results Pertuzumab hinge cleavage occurred when the mAb was incubated with high HER2-expressing cancer cells. The hinge cleavage of pertuzumab caused a substantial loss of ADCC in vitro and reduced antitumor efficacy in vivo. The reduced ADCC function of scIgG-P was restored by an anti-hinge mAb specific for a cleavage site neoepitope. In addition, we constructed a protease-resistant version of the anti-hinge mAb that restored ADCC and the cell-killing functions of pertuzumab when cancer cells exressed a potent IgG hinge-cleaving protease. We also observed increased hinge cleavage of pertuzumab when combined with trastuzumab. Conclusion The reduced Fc effector function of single hinge-cleaved pertuzumab can be restored by an anti-hinge mAb. The restoration effect indicated that immune function could be readily augmented when the damaged primary antibodies were bound to cancer cell surfaces. The anti-hinge mAb also restored Fc effector function to the mixture of proteolytically disabled trastuzumab and pertuzumab, suggesting a general therapeutic strategy to restore the immune effector function to protease-inactivated anticancer antibodies in the tumor microenvironment. The findings point to a novel tactic for developing breast cancer immunotherapy.
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A three-point identity criteria tool for establishing product identity using icIEF method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1083:271-277. [PMID: 29554523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Product identity is one of the release testing requirements that needs to be established to ensure that there is no misidentification of drugs. Here, we demonstrated the challenges that can come across while establishing a product identity method for monoclonal antibody (mAb) and mAb-related products using icIEF method. A unique three-point identity criteria tool (visual comparison, pI of individual peaks and ΔpIs) was applied to distinguish mAb1 from the other in-house mAbs. A reduction approach followed by icIEF showed higher potential for establishing identity for mAb1 product as compared to native and enzymatic digestion approach. In general, icIEF method lacks specificity required to unequivocally establish the identity for mAbs, therefore, risk analysis is recommended before implementing icIEF as a stand-alone identity method for monoclonal antibodies.
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41
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Karlsson CAQ, Järnum S, Winstedt L, Kjellman C, Björck L, Linder A, Malmström JA. Streptococcus pyogenes Infection and the Human Proteome with a Special Focus on the Immunoglobulin G-cleaving Enzyme IdeS. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:1097-1111. [PMID: 29511047 PMCID: PMC5986240 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are characterized by a complex interplay between host and pathogen, but how these interactions impact the host proteome is unclear. Here we applied a combined mass spectrometry-based proteomics strategy to investigate how the human proteome is transiently modified by the pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes, with a particular focus on bacterial cleavage of IgG in vivo. In invasive diseases, S. pyogenes evokes a massive host response in blood, whereas superficial diseases are characterized by a local leakage of several blood plasma proteins at the site of infection including IgG. S. pyogenes produces IdeS, a protease cleaving IgG in the lower hinge region and we find highly effective IdeS-cleavage of IgG in samples from local IgG poor microenvironments. The results show that IdeS contributes to the adaptation of S. pyogenes to its normal ecological niches. Additionally, the work identifies novel clinical opportunities for in vivo pathogen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christofer A Q Karlsson
- From the ‡Lund University, Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Solvegatan 19, BMC, Lund, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sofia Järnum
- §Hansa Medical AB, Scheelevägen 22, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lena Winstedt
- §Hansa Medical AB, Scheelevägen 22, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Lars Björck
- From the ‡Lund University, Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Solvegatan 19, BMC, Lund, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Adam Linder
- From the ‡Lund University, Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Solvegatan 19, BMC, Lund, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan A Malmström
- From the ‡Lund University, Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Solvegatan 19, BMC, Lund, 221 84 Lund, Sweden;
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Bennett LD, Yang Q, Berquist BR, Giddens JP, Ren Z, Kommineni V, Murray RP, White EL, Holtz BR, Wang LX, Marcel S. Implementation of Glycan Remodeling to Plant-Made Therapeutic Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E421. [PMID: 29385073 PMCID: PMC5855643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
N-glycosylation profoundly affects the biological stability and function of therapeutic proteins, which explains the recent interest in glycoengineering technologies as methods to develop biobetter therapeutics. In current manufacturing processes, N-glycosylation is host-specific and remains difficult to control in a production environment that changes with scale and production batches leading to glycosylation heterogeneity and inconsistency. On the other hand, in vitro chemoenzymatic glycan remodeling has been successful in producing homogeneous pre-defined protein glycoforms, but needs to be combined with a cost-effective and scalable production method. An efficient chemoenzymatic glycan remodeling technology using a plant expression system that combines in vivo deglycosylation with an in vitro chemoenzymatic glycosylation is described. Using the monoclonal antibody rituximab as a model therapeutic protein, a uniform Gal2GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2 (A2G2) glycoform without α-1,6-fucose, plant-specific α-1,3-fucose or β-1,2-xylose residues was produced. When compared with the innovator product Rituxan®, the plant-made remodeled afucosylated antibody showed similar binding affinity to the CD20 antigen but significantly enhanced cell cytotoxicity in vitro. Using a scalable plant expression system and reducing the in vitro deglycosylation burden creates the potential to eliminate glycan heterogeneity and provide affordable customization of therapeutics' glycosylation for maximal and targeted biological activity. This feature can reduce cost and provide an affordable platform to manufacture biobetter antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay D Bennett
- Metropolitan Nashville Police Department Crime Lab, 400 Myatt Drive, Madison, TN 37115, USA.
| | - Qiang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Brian R Berquist
- iBio CDMO, 8800 Health Science Center Parkway, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
| | - John P Giddens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Zhongjie Ren
- iBio CDMO, 8800 Health Science Center Parkway, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
| | - Vally Kommineni
- iBio CDMO, 8800 Health Science Center Parkway, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
| | - Ryan P Murray
- Lonza Houston, Inc., 8066 El Rio St., Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Earl L White
- MDx BioAnalytical Laboratory, Inc., 5890 Imperial loop, Suite 12, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
| | - Barry R Holtz
- iBio CDMO, 8800 Health Science Center Parkway, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Sylvain Marcel
- iBio CDMO, 8800 Health Science Center Parkway, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
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Montgomery RA, Loupy A, Segev DL. Antibody-mediated rejection: New approaches in prevention and management. Am J Transplant 2018; 18 Suppl 3:3-17. [PMID: 29292861 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite the success of desensitization protocols, antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) remains a significant contributor to renal allograft failure in patients with donor-specific antibodies. Plasmapheresis and high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin have proved to be effective treatments to prevent and treat AMR, but irreversible injury in the form of transplant glomerulopathy can commonly manifest months to years later. There is an unmet need to improve the outcomes for patients at risk for AMR. Updated Banff criteria now take into account the increasing understanding of the complex and heterogeneous nature of AMR phenotypes, including the timing of rejection, subclinical and chronic AMR, C4d-negative AMR, and antibody-mediated vascular rejection. Treatment for AMR is not standardized, and there is little in the way of evidence-based treatment guidelines. Refining more precisely the mechanisms of injury responsible for different AMR phenotypes and establishing relevant surrogate endpoints to facilitate more informative studies will likely allow for more accurate determination of prognosis and efficacious intervention using new therapeutic approaches. In addition to plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin, a number of other add-on therapies have been tried in small studies without consistent benefit, including anti-CD20, proteasome inhibitors, complement inhibitors, anti-interleukin-6 receptor blockers, and immunoglobulin G-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus pyogenes (called IdeS).
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Montgomery
- Department of Surgery and NYU Langone Transplant Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Loupy
- Paris Translational Research Center for Organ Transplantation and Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation, Hôpital Necker, INSERM U 970, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - D L Segev
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is initiated by cholesterol entry into arteries that triggers chronic immune-inflammatory lesions in the vessels. Early lesions are clinically insignificant but advanced complex lesions and vulnerable rupture prone lesions impact on quality of life and can be life threatening. Rupture of vulnerable atherosclerotic lesions initiates thrombotic occlusion of vital arteries precipitating heart attacks and strokes that remain major killers globally despite therapeutic use of statins to lower blood cholesterol levels. Conventional B2 cells are proatherogenic whereas peritoneal Bla cells are atheroprotective. Depletion of B2 cells by administration of mAb to CD20 or to BAFF receptor or in BAFF receptor-deficient mice ameliorates atherosclerosis. B2 cells may promote atherosclerosis by production of IgG, secretion of proinflammatory cytokine TNFα and activation of CD4 T cells. Together these B2 cell mechanisms contribute to generation of rupture-prone vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques characterised by large necrotic cores. In contrast, peritoneal Bla cells protect against atherosclerosis by secretion of natural IgM that scavenges apoptotic cells and oxidised LDL and reduces necrotic cores in atherosclerotic lesions. These atheroprotective effects can be further increased by stimulating Bla cells by administration of apoptotic cells, liposomes of phosphatidylserine abundant on surfaces of apoptotic cell, by mAb to TIM1, a phosphatidylserine receptor expressed by B1a cells and by TLR4-MyD88 activation. Experimental studies of atherosclerosis in mouse models indicate that reductions in atherogenic B2 cells and/or activation of atheroprotective B1a cells protects against atherosclerosis development, findings which have potential for clinical translation to reduce risks of deaths from heart attacks and strokes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Kyaw
- a Australia and Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Victoria , Australia.,b Department of Medicine , Southern Clinical School, Monash University , Victoria , Australia , and
| | - Peter Tipping
- b Department of Medicine , Southern Clinical School, Monash University , Victoria , Australia , and
| | - Alex Bobik
- a Australia and Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute , Victoria , Australia.,c Department of Immunology , Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University , Victoria , Australia
| | - Ban-Hock Toh
- b Department of Medicine , Southern Clinical School, Monash University , Victoria , Australia , and
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Zhao L, Kong X, Zhang C, Hua Y, Chen Y. Soybean P34 Probable Thiol Protease Probably Has Proteolytic Activity on Oleosins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:5741-5750. [PMID: 28656754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
P34 probable thiol protease (P34) and Gly m Bd 30K (30K) show high relationship with the protease of 24 kDa oleosin of soybean oil bodies. In this study, 9 day germinated soybean was used to separate bioprocessed P34 (P32) from bioprocessed 30K (28K). Interestingly, P32 existed as dimer, whereas 28K existed as monomer; a P32-rich sample had proteolytic activity and high cleavage site specificity (Lys-Thr of 24 kDa oleosin), whereas a 28K-rich sample showed low proteolytic activity; the P32-rich sample contained one thiol protease. After mixing with purified oil bodies, all P32 dimers were dissociated and bound to 24 kDa oleosins to form P32-24 kDa oleosin complexes. By incubation, 24 kDa oleosin was preferentially hydrolyzed, and two hydrolyzed products (HPs; 17 and 7 kDa) were confirmed. After most of 24 kDa oleosin was hydrolyzed, some P32 existed as dimer, and the other as P32-17 kDa HP. It was suggested that P32 was the protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, P. R. China
| | - Xiangzhen Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, P. R. China
| | - Caimeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, P. R. China
| | - Yufei Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, P. R. China
| | - Yeming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, P. R. China
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Biacchi M, Said N, Beck A, Leize-Wagner E, François YN. Top-down and middle-down approach by fraction collection enrichment using off-line capillary electrophoresis – mass spectrometry coupling: Application to monoclonal antibody F c/2 charge variants. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1498:120-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Otani Y, Yonezawa A, Tsuda M, Imai S, Ikemi Y, Nakagawa S, Omura T, Nakagawa T, Yano I, Matsubara K. Time-Dependent Structural Alteration of Rituximab Analyzed by LC/TOF-MS after a Systemic Administration to Rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169588. [PMID: 28052138 PMCID: PMC5215255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have heterogeneities in their structures. Multiple studies have reported that the variety of post-translational modifications could affect the pharmacokinetic profiles or pharmacological potencies of therapeutic mAbs. Taking into the account that the structural modification of mAbs would affect the efficacy, it is worth investigating the structural alteration of therapeutic mAbs in the blood and the relationship between their structures and pharmacological effects. Herein, we have developed the method to isolate rituximab from plasma in which endogenous IgGs interfere the detection of rituximab, and successfully developed the analytical method with a liquid chromatograph time-of-flight mass spectrometer to detect the structure of rituximab in plasma with errors less than 30 parts per millions. Eight types of carbohydrate chains in rituximab were detected by this method. Interestingly, time-dependent changes in carbohydrate chains such as AAF (G2F) and GnGn (G0) were observed in rats, although the amino acids were stable. Additionally, these structural changes were observed via incubation in plasma as in the rat experiment, suggesting that a certain type of enzyme in plasma caused the alterations of the carbohydrate chains. The present analytical methods could clarify the actual pharmacokinetics of therapeutic mAbs, and help to evaluate the interindividual variations in pharmacokinetics and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Otani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atushi Yonezawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masahiro Tsuda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Imai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Ikemi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shunsaku Nakagawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Omura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ikuko Yano
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuo Matsubara
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
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Generation and Characterization of an IgG4 Monomeric Fc Platform. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160345. [PMID: 27479095 PMCID: PMC4968834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunoglobulin Fc region is a homodimer consisted of two sets of CH2 and CH3 domains and has been exploited to generate two-arm protein fusions with high expression yields, simplified purification processes and extended serum half-life. However, attempts to generate one-arm fusion proteins with monomeric Fc, with one set of CH2 and CH3 domains, are often plagued with challenges such as weakened binding to FcRn or partial monomer formation. Here, we demonstrate the generation of a stable IgG4 Fc monomer with a unique combination of mutations at the CH3-CH3 interface using rational design combined with in vitro evolution methodologies. In addition to size-exclusion chromatography and analytical ultracentrifugation, we used multi-angle light scattering (MALS) to show that the engineered Fc monomer exhibits excellent monodispersity. Furthermore, crystal structure analysis (PDB ID: 5HVW) reveals monomeric properties supported by disrupted interactions at the CH3-CH3 interface. Monomeric Fc fusions with Fab or scFv achieved FcRn binding and serum half-life comparable to wildtype IgG. These results demonstrate that this monomeric IgG4 Fc is a promising therapeutic platform to extend the serum half-life of proteins in a monovalent format.
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Novarra S, Grinberg L, Rickert KW, Barnes A, Wilson S, Baca M. A hingeless Fc fusion system for site-specific cleavage by IdeS. MAbs 2016; 8:1118-25. [PMID: 27210548 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1186321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusion of proteins to the Fc region of IgG is widely used to express cellular receptors and other extracellular proteins, but cleavage of the fusion partner is sometimes required for downstream applications. Immunoglobulin G-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus pyogenes (IdeS) is a protease with exquisite specificity for human IgG, and it can also cleave Fc-fusion proteins at a single site in the N-terminal region of the CH2 domain. However, the site of IdeS cleavage results in the disulfide-linked hinge region partitioning with the released protein, complicating downstream usage of the cleaved product. To tailor the Fc fragment for release of partner proteins by IdeS treatment, we investigated the effect of deleting regions of IgG-derived sequence that are upstream of the cleavage site. Elimination of the IgG-derived hinge sequence along with several residues of the CH2 domain had negligible effects on expression and purity of the fusion protein, while retaining efficient processing by IdeS. An optimal Fc fragment comprising residues 235-447 of the human IgG1 heavy chain sufficed for efficient production of fusion proteins and minimized the amount of residual Ig-derived sequence on the cleavage product following IdeS treatment. Pairing of this truncated Fc fragment with IdeS cleavage enables highly specific cleavage of Fc-fusion proteins, thus eliminating the need to engineer extraneous cleavage sequences. This system should be helpful for producing Fc-fusion proteins requiring downstream cleavage, particularly those that are sensitive to internal miscleavage if treated with alternative proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabazz Novarra
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Luba Grinberg
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Keith W Rickert
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Arnita Barnes
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Susan Wilson
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Manuel Baca
- a Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
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