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Feng Z, Yin J, Zhang Z, Chen Z, Huang L, Tang N, Wang K. O-GlcNAcylation of E3 ubiquitin ligase SKP2 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation. Oncogene 2024; 43:1149-1159. [PMID: 38396292 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-02977-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation) and ubiquitination are critical posttranslational modifications that regulate tumor development and progression. The continuous progression of the cell cycle is the fundamental cause of tumor proliferation. S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2), an important E3 ubiquitin ligase, assumes a pivotal function in the regulation of the cell cycle. However, it is still unclear whether SKP2 is an effector of O-GlcNAcylation that affects tumor progression. In this study, we found that SKP2 interacted with O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and was highly O-GlcNAcylated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Mechanistically, the O-GlcNAcylation at Ser34 stabilized SKP2 by reducing its ubiquitination and degradation mediated by APC-CDH1. Moreover, the O-GlcNAcylation of SKP2 enhanced its binding ability with SKP1, thereby enhancing its ubiquitin ligase function. Consequently, SKP2 facilitated the transition from the G1-S phase of the cell cycle by promoting the ubiquitin degradation of cell cycle-dependent kinase inhibitors p27 and p21. Additionally, targeting the O-GlcNAcylation of SKP2 significantly suppressed the proliferation of HCC. Altogether, our findings reveal that O-GlcNAcylation, a novel posttranslational modification of SKP2, plays a crucial role in promoting HCC proliferation, and targeting the O-GlcNAcylation of SKP2 may become a new therapeutic strategy to impede the progression of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jiaxin Yin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Luyi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Ni Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Skp2-mediated Zeb1 expression facilitates cancer migration by a ubiquitination-independent pathway. Life Sci 2022; 311:121135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Neudorf NM, Thompson LL, Lichtensztejn Z, Razi T, McManus KJ. Reduced SKP2 Expression Adversely Impacts Genome Stability and Promotes Cellular Transformation in Colonic Epithelial Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233731. [PMID: 36496990 PMCID: PMC9738323 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high morbidity and mortality rates associated with colorectal cancer (CRC), the underlying molecular mechanisms driving CRC development remain largely uncharacterized. Chromosome instability (CIN), or ongoing changes in chromosome complements, occurs in ~85% of CRCs and is a proposed driver of cancer development, as the genomic changes imparted by CIN enable the acquisition of karyotypes that are favorable for cellular transformation and the classic hallmarks of cancer. Despite these associations, the aberrant genes and proteins driving CIN remain elusive. SKP2 encodes an F-box protein, a variable subunit of the SKP1-CUL1-F-box (SCF) complex that selectively targets proteins for polyubiquitylation and degradation. Recent data have identified the core SCF complex components (SKP1, CUL1, and RBX1) as CIN genes; however, the impact reduced SKP2 expression has on CIN, cellular transformation, and oncogenesis remains unknown. Using both short- small interfering RNA (siRNA) and long-term (CRISPR/Cas9) approaches, we demonstrate that diminished SKP2 expression induces CIN in both malignant and non-malignant colonic epithelial cell contexts. Moreover, temporal assays reveal that reduced SKP2 expression promotes cellular transformation, as demonstrated by enhanced anchorage-independent growth. Collectively, these data identify SKP2 as a novel CIN gene in clinically relevant models and highlight its potential pathogenic role in CRC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Neudorf
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Laura L. Thompson
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Zelda Lichtensztejn
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Tooba Razi
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Kirk J. McManus
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-204-787-2833
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Targeting the untargetable: RB1-deficient tumours are vulnerable to Skp2 ubiquitin ligase inhibition. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:969-975. [PMID: 35752713 PMCID: PMC9470583 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01898-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins that regulate the cell cycle are accumulated and degraded in a coordinated manner during the transition from one cell cycle phase to the next. The rapid loss of a critical protein, for example, to allow the cell to move from G1/G0 to S phase, is often regulated by its ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. Protein ubiquitination is mediated by a series of three ligases, of which the E3 ligases provide the specificity for a particular protein substrate. One such E3 ligase is SCFSkp1/Cks1, which has a substrate recruiting subunit called S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2). Skp2 regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation, can act as an oncogene, and is overexpressed in human cancer. A primary target of Skp2 is the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 (CDKN1b) that regulates the cell cycle at several points. The RB1 tumour suppressor gene regulates Skp2 activity by two mechanisms: by controlling its mRNA expression, and by an effect on Skp2's enzymatic activity. For the latter, the RB1 protein (pRb) directly binds to the substrate-binding site on Skp2, preventing protein substrates from being ubiquitinated and degraded. Inactivating mutations in RB1 are common in human cancer, becoming more frequent in aggressive, metastatic, and drug-resistant tumours. Hence, RB1 mutation leads to the loss of pRb, an unrestrained increase in Skp2 activity, the unregulated decrease in p27, and the loss of cell cycle control. Because RB1 mutations lead to the loss of a functional protein, its direct targeting is not possible. This perspective will discuss evidence validating Skp2 as a therapeutic target in RB1-deficient cancer.
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Campos Gudiño R, Farrell AC, Neudorf NM, McManus KJ. A Comprehensive Assessment of Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations Identifies Frequent Variations Impacting Six Prototypic SCF Complex Members. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010084. [PMID: 35008511 PMCID: PMC8744973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The SKP1, CUL1, F-box protein (SCF) complex represents a family of 69 E3 ubiquitin ligases that poly-ubiquitinate protein substrates marking them for proteolytic degradation via the 26S proteasome. Established SCF complex targets include transcription factors, oncoproteins and tumor suppressors that modulate cell cycle activity and mitotic fidelity. Accordingly, genetic and epigenetic alterations involving SCF complex member genes are expected to adversely impact target regulation and contribute to disease etiology. To gain novel insight into cancer pathogenesis, we determined the prevalence of genetic and epigenetic alterations in six prototypic SCF complex member genes (SKP1, CUL1, RBX1, SKP2, FBXW7 and FBXO5) from patient datasets extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Collectively, ~45% of observed SCF complex member mutations are predicted to impact complex structure and/or function in 10 solid tumor types. In addition, the distribution of encoded alterations suggest SCF complex members may exhibit either tumor suppressor or oncogenic mutational profiles in a cancer type dependent manner. Further bioinformatic analyses reveal the potential functional implications of encoded alterations arising from missense mutations by examining predicted deleterious mutations with available crystal structures. The SCF complex also exhibits frequent copy number alterations in a variety of cancer types that generally correspond with mRNA expression levels. Finally, we note that SCF complex member genes are differentially methylated across cancer types, which may effectively phenocopy gene copy number alterations. Collectively, these data show that SCF complex member genes are frequently altered at the genetic and epigenetic levels in many cancer types, which will adversely impact the normal targeting and timely destruction of protein substrates, which may contribute to the development and progression of an extensive array of cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubi Campos Gudiño
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (R.C.G.); (A.C.F.); (N.M.N.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Ally C. Farrell
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (R.C.G.); (A.C.F.); (N.M.N.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Nicole M. Neudorf
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (R.C.G.); (A.C.F.); (N.M.N.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Kirk J. McManus
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-204-787-2833
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Thompson LL, Rutherford KA, Lepage CC, McManus KJ. The SCF Complex Is Essential to Maintain Genome and Chromosome Stability. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8544. [PMID: 34445249 PMCID: PMC8395177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The SKP1, CUL1, F-box protein (SCF) complex encompasses a group of 69 SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes that primarily modify protein substrates with poly-ubiquitin chains to target them for proteasomal degradation. These SCF complexes are distinguishable by variable F-box proteins, which determine substrate specificity. Although the function(s) of each individual SCF complex remain largely unknown, those that have been characterized regulate a wide array of cellular processes, including gene transcription and the cell cycle. In this regard, the SCF complex regulates transcription factors that modulate cell signaling and ensures timely degradation of primary cell cycle regulators for accurate replication and segregation of genetic material. SCF complex members are aberrantly expressed in a myriad of cancer types, with altered expression or function of the invariable core SCF components expected to have a greater impact on cancer pathogenesis than that of the F-box proteins. Accordingly, this review describes the normal roles that various SCF complexes have in maintaining genome stability before discussing the impact that aberrant SCF complex expression and/or function have on cancer pathogenesis. Further characterization of the SCF complex functions is essential to identify and develop therapeutic approaches to exploit aberrant SCF complex expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L. Thompson
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (L.L.T.); (K.A.R.); (C.C.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Kailee A. Rutherford
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (L.L.T.); (K.A.R.); (C.C.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Chloe C. Lepage
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (L.L.T.); (K.A.R.); (C.C.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Kirk J. McManus
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; (L.L.T.); (K.A.R.); (C.C.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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Wu T, Gu X, Cui H. Emerging Roles of SKP2 in Cancer Drug Resistance. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051147. [PMID: 34068643 PMCID: PMC8150781 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
More than half of all cancer patients receive chemotherapy, however, some of them easily acquire drug resistance. Resistance to chemotherapy has become a massive obstacle to achieve high rates of pathological complete response during cancer therapy. S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2), as an E3 ligase, was found to be highly correlated with drug resistance and poor prognosis. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms that Skp2 confers to drug resistance, including the Akt-Skp2 feedback loop, Skp2-p27 pathway, cell cycle and mitosis regulation, EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) property, enhanced DNA damage response and repair, etc. We also addressed novel molecules that either inhibit Skp2 expression or target Skp2-centered interactions, which might have vast potential for application in clinics and benefit cancer patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
| | - Xinsheng Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China;
| | - Hongmei Cui
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
- Correspondence:
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Hynes-Smith RW, Wittorf KJ, Buckley SM. Regulation of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis by FBOX Ubiquitin E3 Ligases. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:1128-1140. [PMID: 33160841 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is responsible for numerous functions, ranging from oxygen transportation to host defense, to injury repair. This process of hematopoiesis is maintained throughout life by hematopoietic stem cells and requires a controlled balance between self-renewal, differentiation, and quiescence. Disrupting this balance can result in hematopoietic malignancies, including anemia, immune deficiency, leukemia, and lymphoma. Recent work has shown that FBOX E3 ligases, a substrate recognition component of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), have an integral role in maintaining this balance. In this review, we detail how FBOX proteins target specific proteins for degradation to regulate hematopoiesis through cell processes, such as cell cycle, development, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Willow Hynes-Smith
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Karli J Wittorf
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shannon M Buckley
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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Mason B, Flach S, Teixeira FR, Manzano Garcia R, Rueda OM, Abraham JE, Caldas C, Edwards PAW, Laman H. Fbxl17 is rearranged in breast cancer and loss of its activity leads to increased global O-GlcNAcylation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2605-2620. [PMID: 31560077 PMCID: PMC7320043 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03306-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In cancer, many genes are mutated by genome rearrangement, but our understanding of the functional consequences of this remains rudimentary. Here we report the F-box protein encoded by FBXL17 is disrupted in the region of the gene that encodes its substrate-binding leucine rich repeat (LRR) domain. Truncating Fbxl17 LRRs impaired its association with the other SCF holoenzyme subunits Skp1, Cul1 and Rbx1, and decreased ubiquitination activity. Loss of the LRRs also differentially affected Fbxl17 binding to its targets. Thus, genomic rearrangements in FBXL17 are likely to disrupt SCFFbxl17-regulated networks in cancer cells. To investigate the functional effect of these rearrangements, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify Fbxl17-interacting proteins. Among the 37 binding partners Uap1, an enzyme involved in O-GlcNAcylation of proteins was identified most frequently. We demonstrate that Fbxl17 binds to UAP1 directly and inhibits its phosphorylation, which we propose regulates UAP1 activity. Knockdown of Fbxl17 expression elevated O-GlcNAcylation in breast cancer cells, arguing for a functional role for Fbxl17 in this metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Mason
- Department of Pathology at Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Susanne Flach
- Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Site, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Felipe R Teixeira
- Department of Pathology at Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Manzano Garcia
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Cancer Centre, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Oscar M Rueda
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Cancer Centre, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Jean E Abraham
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Cancer Centre, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Cambridge Breast Unit, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre at Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Cancer Centre, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- Cambridge Breast Unit, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre at Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Paul A W Edwards
- Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Site, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Cancer Centre, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Heike Laman
- Department of Pathology at Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK.
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Chen X, Huang Z, Wu W, Xia R. Inhibition of Skp2 Sensitizes Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Cells to Imatinib. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:4777-4787. [PMID: 32606967 PMCID: PMC7319929 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s253367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Skp2 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that plays an important role in modulating tumor progression. The mechanisms underlying Skp2 in the promotion of proliferation and its function in the primary resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in human CML remain to be determined. This study aimed to investigate the function of Skp2 in CML progression as well as its effects on TKI sensitivity. Methods Expression of Skp2 in leukocytes from patients with CML and normal blood samples was analyzed by qRT-PCR. Cell proliferation was analyzed by EdU incorporation and cell counting assays. Luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were used for examination of the effects of CREB on Skp2 expression. The apoptosis in vitro of K562 cells was analyzed by MTT and caspase 3/7 activity assays. Results The present study demonstrates that Skp2 was expressed at a higher level in patients with CML compared with healthy donors, and the elevated expression of Skp2 is critical for CML cell proliferation. Mechanistically, Skp2 was transcriptionally upregulated by CREB responsive to the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Furthermore, inhibition of Skp2 expression by shRNAs or blocking the PI3K/Akt/CREB pathway greatly enhances the sensitivity of CML cells to Imatinib treatment. Conclusion We conclude that the PI3K/Akt/CREB axis regulates the sensitivity of K562 cells to Imatinib via mediating Skp2 expression. The present study revealed an unknown role of Skp2 in CML progression and provided new aspects on the Skp2-modulated TKI sensitivity in CML, contributing to the development of potential therapeutic anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Chen
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenqi Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixiang Xia
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, People's Republic of China
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Yumimoto K, Yamauchi Y, Nakayama KI. F-Box Proteins and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051249. [PMID: 32429232 PMCID: PMC7281081 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled protein degradation is essential for the operation of a variety of cellular processes including cell division, growth, and differentiation. Identification of the relations between ubiquitin ligases and their substrates is key to understanding the molecular basis of cancer development and to the discovery of novel targets for cancer therapeutics. F-box proteins function as the substrate recognition subunits of S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 (SKP1)−Cullin1 (CUL1)−F-box protein (SCF) ubiquitin ligase complexes. Here, we summarize the roles of specific F-box proteins that have been shown to function as tumor promoters or suppressors. We also highlight proto-oncoproteins that are targeted for ubiquitylation by multiple F-box proteins, and discuss how these F-box proteins are deployed to regulate their cognate substrates in various situations.
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12
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Cai Z, Moten A, Peng D, Hsu CC, Pan BS, Manne R, Li HY, Lin HK. The Skp2 Pathway: A Critical Target for Cancer Therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 67:16-33. [PMID: 32014608 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Strictly regulated protein degradation by ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is essential for various cellular processes whose dysregulation is linked to serious diseases including cancer. Skp2, a well characterized component of Skp2-SCF E3 ligase complex, is able to conjugate both K48-linked ubiquitin chains and K63-linked ubiquitin chains on its diverse substrates, inducing proteasome mediated proteolysis or modulating the function of tagged substrates respectively. Overexpression of Skp2 is observed in various human cancers associated with poor survival and adverse therapeutic outcomes, which in turn suggests that Skp2 engages in tumorigenic activity. To that end, the oncogenic properties of Skp2 are demonstrated by various genetic mouse models, highlighting the potential of Skp2 as a target for tackling cancer. In this article, we will describe the downstream substrates of Skp2 as well as upstream regulators for Skp2-SCF complex activity. We will further summarize the comprehensive oncogenic functions of Skp2 while describing diverse strategies and therapeutic platforms currently available for developing Skp2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, 27101, USA.
| | - Asad Moten
- National Capital Consortium, Department of Defense, Washington DC, 20307, USA; Institute for Complex Systems, HealthNovations International, Houston, TX, 77089, USA; Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA; Center on Genomics, Vulnerable Populations, and Health Disparities, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Danni Peng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - Che-Chia Hsu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - Bo-Syong Pan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - Rajeshkumar Manne
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - Hong-Yu Li
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Science, 200 South Cedar, Little Rock AR 72202, USA
| | - Hui-Kuan Lin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, 27101, USA; Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
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13
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Cyclin D degradation by E3 ligases in cancer progression and treatment. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 67:159-170. [PMID: 32006569 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
D cyclins include three isoforms: D1, D2, and D3. D cyclins heterodimerize with cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) to form kinase complexes that can phosphorylate and inactivate Rb. Inactivation of Rb triggers the activation of E2F transcription factors, which in turn regulate the expression of genes whose products drive cell cycle progression. Because D-type cyclins function as mitogenic sensors that link growth factor signaling directly with G1 phase progression, it is not surprising that D cyclin accumulation is dysregulated in a variety of human tumors. Elevated expression of D cyclins results from gene amplification, increased gene transcription and protein translation, decreased microRNA levels, and inefficiency or loss of ubiquitylation-mediated protein degradation. This review focuses on the clinicopathological importance of D cyclins, how dysregulation of Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS) contributes to the overexpression of D cyclins, and the therapeutic potential through targeting D cyclin-related machinery in human tumors.
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14
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Liu J, Peng Y, Zhang J, Long J, Liu J, Wei W. Targeting SCF E3 Ligases for Cancer Therapies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1217:123-146. [PMID: 31898226 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1025-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SKP1-cullin-1-F-box-protein (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex is responsible for the degradation of proteins in a strictly regulated manner, through which it exerts pivotal roles in regulating various key cellular processes including cell cycle and division, apoptosis, and differentiation. The substrate specificity of the SCF complex largely depends on the distinct F-box proteins, which function in either tumor promotion or suppression or in a context-dependent manner. Among the 69 F-box proteins identified in human genome, FBW7, SKP2, and β-TRCP have been extensively investigated among various types of cancer in respective of their roles in cancer development, progression, and metastasis. Moreover, several specific inhibitors have been developed to target those E3 ligases, and their efficiency in tumors has been determined. In this review, we provide a summary of the roles of SCF E3 ligases in cancer development, as well as the potential application of miRNA or specific inhibitors for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yunhua Peng
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jinfang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiangang Long
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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15
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Pérez-Benavente B, Nasresfahani AF, Farràs R. Ubiquitin-Regulated Cell Proliferation and Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1233:3-28. [PMID: 32274751 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38266-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin ligases (E3) play a crucial role in the regulation of different cellular processes such as proliferation and differentiation via recognition, interaction, and ubiquitination of key cellular proteins in a spatial and temporal regulated manner. The type of ubiquitin chain formed determines the fate of the substrates. The ubiquitinated substrates can be degraded by the proteasome, display altered subcellular localization, or can suffer modifications on their interaction with functional protein complexes. Deregulation of E3 activities is frequently found in various human pathologies, including cancer. The illegitimated or accelerated degradation of oncosuppressive proteins or, inversely, the abnormally high accumulation of oncoproteins, contributes to cell proliferation and transformation. Anomalies in protein abundance may be related to mutations that alter the direct or indirect recognition of proteins by the E3 enzymes or alterations in the level of expression or activity of ubiquitin ligases. Through a few examples, we illustrate here the complexity and diversity of the molecular mechanisms related to protein ubiquitination involved in cell cycle regulation. We will discuss the role of ubiquitin-dependent degradation mediated by the proteasome, the role of non-proteolytic ubiquitination during cell cycle progression, and the consequences of this deregulation on cellular transformation. Finally, we will highlight the novel opportunities that arise from these studies for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rosa Farràs
- Oncogenic Signaling Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain.
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16
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Rodriguez S, Abundis C, Boccalatte F, Mehrotra P, Chiang MY, Yui MA, Wang L, Zhang H, Zollman A, Bonfim-Silva R, Kloetgen A, Palmer J, Sandusky G, Wunderlich M, Kaplan MH, Mulloy JC, Marcucci G, Aifantis I, Cardoso AA, Carlesso N. Therapeutic targeting of the E3 ubiquitin ligase SKP2 in T-ALL. Leukemia 2019; 34:1241-1252. [PMID: 31772299 PMCID: PMC7192844 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0653-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Timed degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 by the E3 ubiquitin ligase F-box protein SKP2 is critical for T-cell progression into cell cycle, coordinating proliferation and differentiation processes. SKP2 expression is regulated by mitogenic stimuli and by Notch signaling, a key pathway in T-cell development and in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL); however, it is not known whether SKP2 plays a role in the development of T-ALL. Here, we determined that SKP2 function is relevant for T-ALL leukemogenesis, whereas is dispensable for T-cell development. Targeted inhibition of SKP2 by genetic deletion or pharmacological blockade markedly inhibited proliferation of human T-ALL cells in vitro and antagonized disease in vivo in murine and xenograft leukemia models, with little effect on normal tissues. We also demonstrate a novel feed forward feedback loop by which Notch and IL-7 signaling cooperatively converge on SKP2 induction and cell cycle activation. These studies show that the Notch/SKP2/p27Kip1 pathway plays a unique role in T-ALL development and provide a proof-of-concept for the use of SKP2 as a new therapeutic target in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Rodriguez
- Beckman Research Institute, Gehr Leukemia Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.,Herman B Wells Center, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Christina Abundis
- Beckman Research Institute, Gehr Leukemia Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Francesco Boccalatte
- Department of Pathology and Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Purvi Mehrotra
- Herman B Wells Center, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Mark Y Chiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Mary A Yui
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Herman B Wells Center, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Huajia Zhang
- Herman B Wells Center, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Amy Zollman
- Herman B Wells Center, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Ricardo Bonfim-Silva
- Herman B Wells Center, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Riberão Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Andreas Kloetgen
- Department of Pathology and Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Joycelynne Palmer
- Beckman Research Institute, Gehr Leukemia Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - George Sandusky
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Mark Wunderlich
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Herman B Wells Center, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - James C Mulloy
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Guido Marcucci
- Beckman Research Institute, Gehr Leukemia Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Iannis Aifantis
- Department of Pathology and Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Angelo A Cardoso
- Beckman Research Institute, Gehr Leukemia Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Nadia Carlesso
- Beckman Research Institute, Gehr Leukemia Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA. .,Herman B Wells Center, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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17
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Yao F, Zhou Z, Kim J, Hang Q, Xiao Z, Ton BN, Chang L, Liu N, Zeng L, Wang W, Wang Y, Zhang P, Hu X, Su X, Liang H, Sun Y, Ma L. SKP2- and OTUD1-regulated non-proteolytic ubiquitination of YAP promotes YAP nuclear localization and activity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2269. [PMID: 29891922 PMCID: PMC5995870 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04620-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of YAP localization and activity is associated with pathological conditions such as cancer. Although activation of the Hippo phosphorylation cascade is known to cause cytoplasmic retention and inactivation of YAP, emerging evidence suggests that YAP can be regulated in a Hippo-independent manner. Here, we report that YAP is subject to non-proteolytic, K63-linked polyubiquitination by the SCFSKP2 E3 ligase complex (SKP2), which is reversed by the deubiquitinase OTUD1. The non-proteolytic ubiquitination of YAP enhances its interaction with its nuclear binding partner TEAD, thereby inducing YAP's nuclear localization, transcriptional activity, and growth-promoting function. Independently of Hippo signaling, mutation of YAP's K63-linkage specific ubiquitination sites K321 and K497, depletion of SKP2, or overexpression of OTUD1 retains YAP in the cytoplasm and inhibits its activity. Conversely, overexpression of SKP2 or loss of OTUD1 leads to nuclear localization and activation of YAP. Altogether, our study sheds light on the ubiquitination-mediated, Hippo-independent regulation of YAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yao
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zhicheng Zhou
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jongchan Kim
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Qinglei Hang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zhenna Xiao
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Baochau N Ton
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Liang Chang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Liyong Zeng
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wenqi Wang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Yumeng Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Peijing Zhang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xiaohua Su
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Han Liang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yutong Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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18
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Chou CF, Hsieh YH, Grubbs CJ, Atigadda VR, Mobley JA, Dummer R, Muccio DD, Eto I, Elmets CA, Garvey WT, Chang PL. The retinoid X receptor agonist, 9-cis UAB30, inhibits cutaneous T-cell lymphoma proliferation through the SKP2-p27kip1 axis. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 90:343-356. [PMID: 29599065 PMCID: PMC6329374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bexarotene (Targretin®) is currently the only FDA approved retinoid X receptor (RXR) -selective agonist for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs). The main side effects of bexarotene are hypothyroidism and elevation of serum triglycerides (TGs). The novel RXR ligand, 9-cis UAB30 (UAB30) does not elevate serum TGs or induce hypothyroidism in normal subjects. OBJECTIVES To assess preclinical efficacy and mechanism of action of UAB30 in the treatment of CTCLs and compare its action with bexarotene. METHODS With patient-derived CTCL cell lines, we evaluated UAB30 function in regulating growth, apoptosis, cell cycle check points, and cell cycle-related markers. RESULTS Compared to bexarotene, UAB30 had lower half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values and was more effective in inhibiting the G1 cell cycle checkpoint. Both rexinoids increased the stability of the cell cycle inhibitor, p27kip1 protein, in part, through targeting components involved in the ubiquitination-proteasome system: 1) decreasing SKP2, a F-box protein that binds and targets p27kip1 for degradation by 26S proteasome and 2) suppressing 20S proteasome activity (cell line-dependent) through downregulation of PSMA7, a component of the 20S proteolytic complex in 26S proteasome. CONCLUSIONS UAB30 and bexarotene induce both early cell apoptosis and suppress cell proliferation. Inhibition of the G1 to S cell cycle transition by rexinoids is mediated, in part, through downregulation of SKP2 and/or 20S proteasome activity, leading to increased p27kip1 protein stability. Because UAB30 has minimal effect in elevating serum TGs and inducing hypothyroidism, it is potentially a better alternative to bexarotene for the treatment of CTCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Fang Chou
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Hsieh
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Clinton J Grubbs
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Venkatram R Atigadda
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - James A Mobley
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Donald D Muccio
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Isao Eto
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Craig A Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - W Timothy Garvey
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Pi-Ling Chang
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA.
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19
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Suppression of APC/CCdh1 has subtype specific biological effects in acute myeloid leukemia. Oncotarget 2018; 7:48220-48230. [PMID: 27374082 PMCID: PMC5217013 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase and tumor suppressor APC/CCdh1 is crucial for cell cycle progression, development and differentiation in many cell types. However, little is known about the role of Cdh1 in hematopoiesis. Here we analyzed Cdh1 expression and function in malignant hematopoiesis. We found a significant decrease of Cdh1 in primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts compared to normal CD34+ cells. Thus, according to its important role in connecting cell cycle exit and differentiation, decreased expression of Cdh1 may be a mechanism contributing to the differentiation block in leukemogenesis. Indeed, knockdown (kd) of Cdh1 in HL-60 cell line (AML with maturation, FAB M2) led to less differentiated cells and a delay in PMA-induced differentiation. Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL, FAB M3) is an AML subtype which is highly vulnerable to differentiation therapy with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). Accordingly, we found that APL is resistant to a Cdh1-kd mediated differentiation block. However, further depletion of Cdh1 in APL significantly reduced viability of leukemia cells upon ATRA-induced differentiation. Thus, low Cdh1 expression may be important in AML biology by contributing to the differentiation block and response to therapy depending on differences in the microenvironment and the additional genetic background.
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20
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Abstract
Abnormally activated RAS proteins are the main oncogenic driver that governs the functioning of major signaling pathways involved in the initiation and development of human malignancies. Mutations in RAS genes and or its regulators, most frequent in human cancers, are the main force for incessant RAS activation and associated pathological conditions including cancer. In general, RAS is the main upstream regulator of the highly conserved signaling mechanisms associated with a plethora of important cellular activities vital for normal homeostasis. Mutated or the oncogenic RAS aberrantly activates a web of interconnected signaling pathways including RAF-MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase)-ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT (protein kinase B), protein kinase C (PKC) and ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator (RALGDS), etc., leading to uncontrolled transcriptional expression and reprogramming in the functioning of a range of nuclear and cytosolic effectors critically associated with the hallmarks of carcinogenesis. This review highlights the recent literature on how oncogenic RAS negatively use its signaling web in deregulating the expression and functioning of various effector molecules in the pathogenesis of human malignancies.
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21
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Yang B, Tong R, Liu H, Wu J, Chen D, Xue Z, Ding C, Zhou L, Xie H, Wu J, Zheng S. H2A.Z regulates tumorigenesis, metastasis and sensitivity to cisplatin in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Oncol 2018. [PMID: 29532867 PMCID: PMC5843396 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a fatal, malignant tumor of the liver; effective diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for ICC have not been identified yet. High expression of H2A histone family member Z (H2A.Z) is a high-risk factor for poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer and primary hepatocellular cancer. However, the significance of H2A.Z and its expression in ICC remains unknown. The present study demonstrated that H2A.Z is overexpressed in ICC and expression of H2A.Z correlated with poor prognosis in patients with ICC. H2A.Z regulated cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo via H2A.Z/S-phase kinase-associated protein 2/p27/p21 signaling. Inhibition of H2A.Z reduced cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in ICC. In addition, downregulation of H2AZ reduced tumor metastasis by repressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition and enhanced the antitumor effects of cisplatin in the treatment of ICC. Overall, H2A.Z promoted cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in ICC, suggesting that H2A.Z may be a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beng Yang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Rongliang Tong
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Hua Liu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jingbang Wu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Diyu Chen
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Zhengze Xue
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Chaofeng Ding
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
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22
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Nayak D, Sivaraman J. Structure of LNX1:Ubc13~Ubiquitin Complex Reveals the Role of Additional Motifs for the E3 Ligase Activity of LNX1. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:1173-1188. [PMID: 29496391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
LNX1 (ligand of numb protein-X1) is a RING and PDZ domain-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase that ubiquitinates human c-Src kinase. Here, we report the identification and structure of the ubiquitination domain of LNX1, the identification of Ubc13/Ube2V2 as a functional E2 in vitro, and the structural and functional studies of the Ubc13~Ub intermediate in complex with the ubiquitination domain of LNX1. The RING domain of LNX1 is embedded between two zinc-finger motifs (Zn-RING-Zn), both of which are crucial for its ubiquitination activity. In the heterodimeric complex, the ubiquitin of one monomer shares more buried surface area with LNX1 of the other monomer and these interactions are unique and essential for catalysis. This study reveals how the LNX1 RING domain is structurally and mechanistically dependent on other motifs for its E3 ligase activity, and describes how dimeric LNX1 recruits ubiquitin-loaded Ubc13 for Ub transfer via E3 ligase-mediated catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digant Nayak
- Department of Biological Sciences, 14 Science Drive 4, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - J Sivaraman
- Department of Biological Sciences, 14 Science Drive 4, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543.
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23
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Abstract
The cellular response to external stress signals and DNA damage depends on the activity of ubiquitin ligases (E3s), which regulate numerous cellular processes, including homeostasis, metabolism and cell cycle progression. E3s recognize, interact with and ubiquitylate protein substrates in a temporally and spatially regulated manner. The topology of the ubiquitin chains dictates the fate of the substrates, marking them for recognition and degradation by the proteasome or altering their subcellular localization or assembly into functional complexes. Both genetic and epigenetic alterations account for the deregulation of E3s in cancer. Consequently, the stability and/or activity of E3 substrates are also altered, in some cases leading to downregulation of tumour-suppressor activities and upregulation of oncogenic activities. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying E3 regulation and function in tumorigenesis is expected to identify novel prognostic markers and to enable the development of the next generation of anticancer therapies. This Review summarizes the oncogenic and tumour-suppressor roles of selected E3s and highlights novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Senft
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92130, USA
| | - Jianfei Qi
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Ze'ev A Ronai
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92130, USA
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology Faculty of Medicine, Haifa 31096, Israel
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John R, Atri Y, Chand V, Jaiswal N, Raj K, Nag A. Cell cycle-dependent regulation of cytoglobin by Skp2. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3507-3522. [PMID: 28948618 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytoglobin (Cygb) is a cellular haemoprotein belonging to the globin family with ambiguous biological functions. Downregulation of Cygb in many cancers is indicative of its tumour-suppressive role. This is the first report showing the cell cycle regulation of Cygb, which was found to peak at G1 and rapidly decline in S phase. Importantly, Skp2-mediated degradation of Cygb was identified as the key mechanism for controlling its oscillating levels during the cell cycle. Moreover, overexpression of Cygb stimulates hypophosphorylation of Rb causing delayed cell cycle progression. Overall, the study reveals a novel mechanism for the regulated expression of Cygb and also assigns a new role to Cygb in cell cycle control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rince John
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Yama Atri
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Vaibhav Chand
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Neha Jaiswal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Kritika Raj
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Alo Nag
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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Bencivenga D, Caldarelli I, Stampone E, Mancini FP, Balestrieri ML, Della Ragione F, Borriello A. p27 Kip1 and human cancers: A reappraisal of a still enigmatic protein. Cancer Lett 2017; 403:354-365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Kulinski M, Achkar IW, Haris M, Dermime S, Mohammad RM, Uddin S. Dysregulated expression of SKP2 and its role in hematological malignancies. Leuk Lymphoma 2017; 59:1051-1063. [PMID: 28797197 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1359740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2) is a well-studied F-box protein and a critical part of the Skp1-Cul1-Fbox (SCF) E3 ligase complex. It controls cell cycle by regulating the expression level of p27 and p21 through ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. SKP2-mediated loss of p27Kip1 is associated with poor clinical outcome in various types of cancers including hematological malignancies. It is however well established that SKP2 is an oncogene, and its targeting may be an attractive therapeutic strategy for the management of hematological malignancies. In this article, we have highlighted the recent findings from our group and other investigators regarding the role of SKP2 in the pathogenesis of hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kulinski
- a Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System , Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha , Qatar
| | - Iman W Achkar
- a Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System , Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha , Qatar
| | - Mohammad Haris
- b Translational Medicine Research Branch , Sidra Medical and Research Center , Doha , Qatar
| | - Said Dermime
- c National Center for Cancer Care and Research , Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha , Qatar
| | - Ramzi M Mohammad
- a Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System , Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha , Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- a Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System , Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha , Qatar
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Xu T, Chen J, Zhu D, Chen L, Wang J, Sun X, Hu B, Duan Y. Egg antigen p40 of Schistosoma japonicum promotes senescence in activated hepatic stellate cells via SKP2/P27 signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:275. [PMID: 28325896 PMCID: PMC5428252 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00326-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is characterized by egg deposition, granulomatous inflammatory reaction and then subsequent hepatic fibrosis formation. Activated HSCs are regarded as the main effector cells in the progression of liver fibrosis and induction of senescence in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is vital to the reversion of hepatic fibrosis. Our previous work has showed that S. japonicum egg antigen p40 (Sjp40) could promote HSCs senescence via a STAT3/p53/p21 mechanism. In this paper, the major aim was to explore whether there are other signaling pathways in the process of Sjp40-induced HSCs aging and the underlying effect of SKP2/P27 signal pathway in this procedure. We observed the Sjp40-induced decrease of α-SMA and the senescence of LX-2 cells, and Sjp40 could upregulate P27 and downregulate the protein level of SKP2. The senescence induced by Sjp40 might be reversed in LX-2 cells that treated with P27-specific siRNA or with SKP2-special over-expression plasmid. In addition, we also demonstrated that the decreased expression of P-Rb and α-SMA induced by Sjp40 were partly restored by SKP2-overexpression. These data suggest that Sjp40 might inhibit HSCs activation by promoting cellular senescence via SKP2/P27 signaling pathway, which put forward novel mechanism in the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhua Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinling Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuting Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinong Duan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Qie S, Diehl JA. Cyclin D1, cancer progression, and opportunities in cancer treatment. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:1313-1326. [PMID: 27695879 PMCID: PMC5145738 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1475-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells encode three D cyclins (D1, D2, and D3) that coordinately function as allosteric regulators of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and CDK6 to regulate cell cycle transition from G1 to S phase. Cyclin expression, accumulation, and degradation, as well as assembly and activation of CDK4/CDK6 are governed by growth factor stimulation. Cyclin D1 is more frequently dysregulated than cyclin D2 or D3 in human cancers, and as such, it has been more extensively characterized. Overexpression of cyclin D1 results in dysregulated CDK activity, rapid cell growth under conditions of restricted mitogenic signaling, bypass of key cellular checkpoints, and ultimately, neoplastic growth. This review discusses cyclin D1 transcriptional, translational, and post-translational regulations and its biological function with a particular focus on the mechanisms that result in its dysregulation in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Qie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas St, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - J Alan Diehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas St, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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Hafez MM, Alhoshani AR, Al-Hosaini KA, Alsharari SD, Al Rejaie SS, Sayed-Ahmed MM, Al-Shabanah OA. SKP2/P27Kip1 pathway is associated with Advanced Ovarian Cancer in Saudi Patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:5807-15. [PMID: 26320455 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.14.5807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer is the most common gynecological malignancy and constitutes the fifth leading cause of female cancer death. Some biological parameters have prognostic roles in patients with advanced ovarian cancer and their expression may contribute to tumor progression. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential prognostic value of SKP2, genes P27Kip1, K-ras, c-Myc, COX2 and HER2 genes expression in ovarian cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was performed on two hundred formalin fixed paraffin embedded ovarian cancer and normal adjacent tissues (NAT). Gene expression levels were assessed using real time PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS Elevated expression levels of SKP2, K-ras, c-Myc, HER2 and COX2 genes were observed in 61.5% (123/200), 92.5% (185/200), 74% (148/200), 96 % (192/200), 90% (180/200) and 78.5% (157/200) of cancer tissues, respectively. High expression of SKP2 and down-regulation of P27 was associated with advanced stages of cancer. CONCLUSIONS The association between high expression of c-Myc and SKP2 with low expression of P27 suggested that the Skp2-P27 pathway may play an important role in ovarian carcinogenesis. Reduced expression of P27 is associated with advanced stage of cancer and can be used as a biological marker in clinical routine assessment and management of women with advanced ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Hafez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia E-mail :
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Watanabe N, Osada H. Small molecules that target phosphorylation dependent protein-protein interaction. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3246-54. [PMID: 27017542 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interaction is one of the key events in the signal transduction pathway. The interaction changes the conformations, activities, localization and stabilities of the proteins, and transduces the signal to the next step. Frequently, this interaction occurs upon the protein phosphorylation. When upstream signals are stimulated, protein kinase(s) is/are activated and phosphorylate(s) their substrates, and induce the phosphorylation dependent protein-protein interaction. For this interaction, several domains in proteins are known to specifically recognize the phosphorylated residues of target proteins. These specific domains for interaction are important in the progression of the diseases caused by disordered signal transduction such as cancer. Thus small molecules that modulate this interaction are attractive lead compounds for the treatment of such diseases. In this review, we focused on three examples of phosphorylation dependent protein-protein interaction modules (14-3-3, polo box domain of Plk1 and F-box proteins in SCF ubiquitin ligases) and summarize small molecules that modulate their interaction. We also introduce our original screening system to identify such small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobumoto Watanabe
- Bio-Active Compounds Discovery Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Bio-Probe Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center for Systems Chemical Biology, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Bio-Probe Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center for Systems Chemical Biology, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Chemical Biology Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Skp2 Regulates the Expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9, and Enhances the Invasion Potential of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2016; 22:625-32. [PMID: 26874697 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-016-0049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignant tumor of the head and neck regions and accounts for more than 90 % of cancers in the oral cavity. S-phase kinase-associated protein-2 (Skp2) is a member of the F-box protein family and the substrate recognition subunit of the Skp1-Cullin-F box protein E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Skp2 is oncogenic and overexpressed in human cancers. The aims of the present study were to determine the clinicopathological significance of Skp2 in OSCC and clarify its function in OSCC cell lines in vitro. Multiple methods including immunohistochemical staining, RT-PCR, western blotting, migration and invasion assays, and siRNA transfection were employed in order to investigate the clinicopathological significance and molecular function of Skp2 in OSCC. The overexpression of Skp2 was more frequent in OSCC than in the normal oral epithelium. It was also more frequently detected in cancers with higher grades according to the T classification, N classification, and pattern of invasion. The high-Skp2 expression group had a significantly poorer prognosis, at 30.1 %, than that of the low-expression group, at 63.0 %. The downregulation of Skp2 decreased migration and invasion potentials in HSC3 cells. Moreover, the suppression of Skp2 reduced the enzyme activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 via Sp1. Skp2 may be a prognostic factor in OSCC patients, and may also play crucial roles in the migration and invasion potentials of OSCC cells.
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32
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Benesova V, Kinterova V, Kanka J, Toralova T. Characterization of SCF-Complex during Bovine Preimplantation Development. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147096. [PMID: 26824694 PMCID: PMC4732672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The degradation of maternal proteins is one of the most important events during early development, and it is presumed to be essential for embryonic genome activation (EGA), but the precise mechanism is still not known. It is thought that a large proportion of the degradation of maternal proteins is mediated by the ubiquitin-proteolytic system. In this study we focused on the expression of the Skp1-Cullin1-F-box (SCF) complex, a modular RING-type E3 ubiquitin-ligase, during bovine preimplantation development. The complex consists of three invariable components—Cul1, Skp1, Rbx1 and F-box protein, which determines the substrate specificity. The protein level and mRNA expression of all three invariable members were determined. Cul1 and Skp1 mRNA synthesis was activated at early embryonic stages, at the 4c and early 8c stage, respectively, which suggests that these transcripts are necessary for preparing the embryo for EGA. CUL1 protein level increased from MII to the morula stage, with a significant difference between MII and L8c, and between MII and the morula. The CUL1 protein was localized primarily to nuclei and to a lesser extent to the cytoplasm, with a lower signal in the inner cell mass (ICM) compared to the trophectoderm (TE) at the blastocyst stage. The level of SKP1 protein significantly increased from MII oocytes to 4c embryos, but then significantly decreased again. The localization of the SKP1 protein was analysed throughout the cell and similarly to CUL1 at the blastocyst stage, the staining was less intensive in the ICM. There were no statistical differences in RBX1 protein level and localization. The active SCF-complex, which is determined by the interaction of Cul1 and Skp1, was found throughout the whole embryo during preimplantation development, but there was a difference at the blastocyst stage, which exhibits a much stronger signal in the TE than in the ICM. These results suggest that all these genes could play an important role during preimplantation development. This paper reveals comprehensive expression profile, the basic but important knowledge necessary for further studying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Benesova
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Academy of Science of Czech Republic, v.v.i., Libechov, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Veronika Kinterova
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Academy of Science of Czech Republic, v.v.i., Libechov, Czech Republic
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Kanka
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Academy of Science of Czech Republic, v.v.i., Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Toralova
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Academy of Science of Czech Republic, v.v.i., Libechov, Czech Republic
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Delogu S, Wang C, Cigliano A, Utpatel K, Sini M, Longerich T, Waldburger N, Breuhahn K, Jiang L, Ribback S, Dombrowski F, Evert M, Chen X, Calvisi DF. SKP2 cooperates with N-Ras or AKT to induce liver tumor development in mice. Oncotarget 2016; 6:2222-34. [PMID: 25537506 PMCID: PMC4385847 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that S-Phase Kinase-Associated Protein 2 (SKP2) is overexpressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the role of SKP2 in hepatocarcinogenesis remains poorly delineated. To elucidate the function(s) of SKP2 in HCC, we stably overexpressed the SKP2 gene in the mouse liver, either alone or in combination with activated forms of N-Ras (N-RasV12), AKT1 (myr-AKT1), or β-catenin (ΔN90-β-catenin) protooncogenes, via hydrodynamic gene delivery. We found that forced overexpression of SKP2, N-RasV12 or ΔN90-β-catenin alone as well as co-expression of SKP2 and ΔN90-β-catenin did not induce liver tumor development. Overexpression of myr-AKT1 alone led to liver tumor development after long latency. In contrast, co-expression of SKP2 with N-RasV12 or myr-AKT1 resulted in early development of multiple hepatocellular tumors in all SKP2/N-RasV12 and SKP2/myr-AKT1 mice. At the molecular level, preneoplastic and neoplastic liver lesions from SKP2/N-RasV12 and SKP2/myr-AKT1 mice exhibited a strong induction of AKT/mTOR and Ras/MAPK pathways. Noticeably, the tumor suppressor proteins whose levels have been shown to be downregulated by SKP2-dependent degradation in various tumor types, including p27, p57, Dusp1, and Rassf1A were not decreased in liver lesions from SKP2/N-RasV12 and SKP2/myr-AKT1 mice. In human HCC specimens, nuclear translocation of SKP2 was associated with activation of the AKT/mTOR and Ras/MAPK pathways, but not with β-catenin mutation or activation. Altogether, the present data indicate that SKP2 cooperates with N-Ras and AKT proto-oncogenes to promote hepatocarcinogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Delogu
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Antonio Cigliano
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kirsten Utpatel
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marcella Sini
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Longerich
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Waldburger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kai Breuhahn
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lijie Jiang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Silvia Ribback
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank Dombrowski
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Evert
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Diego F Calvisi
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Wu ZH, Pfeffer LM. MicroRNA regulation of F-box proteins and its role in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 36:80-7. [PMID: 26433073 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous non-coding RNAs, which play critical roles in cancer development by suppressing gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. In general, oncogenic miRNAs are upregulated in cancer, while miRNAs that act as tumor suppressors are downregulated, leading to decreased expression of tumor suppressors and upregulated oncogene expression, respectively. F-box proteins function as the substrate-recognition components of the SKP1-CUL1-F-box (SCF)-ubiquitin ligase complex for the degradation of their protein targets by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Therefore F-box proteins and miRNAs both negatively regulate target gene expression post-transcriptionally. Since each miRNA is capable of fine-tuning the expression of multiple target genes, multiple F-box proteins may be suppressed by the same miRNA. Meanwhile, one F-box proteins could be regulated by several miRNAs in different cancer types. In this review, we will focus on miRNA-mediated downregulation of various F-box proteins, the resulting stabilization of F-box protein substrates and the impact of these processes on human malignancies. We provide insight into how the miRNA: F-box protein axis may regulate cancer progression and metastasis. We also consider the broader role of F-box proteins in the regulation of pathways that are independent of the ubiquitin ligase complex and how that impacts on oncogenesis. The area of miRNAs and the F-box proteins that they regulate in cancer is an emerging field and will inform new strategies in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Hui Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19 S. Manassas St., Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Lawrence M Pfeffer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 19 S. Manassas St., Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Heo J, Eki R, Abbas T. Deregulation of F-box proteins and its consequence on cancer development, progression and metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 36:33-51. [PMID: 26432751 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
F-box proteins are substrate receptors of the SCF (SKP1-Cullin 1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin ligase that play important roles in a number of physiological processes and activities. Through their ability to assemble distinct E3 ubiquitin ligases and target key regulators of cellular activities for ubiquitylation and degradation, this versatile group of proteins is able to regulate the abundance of cellular proteins whose deregulated expression or activity contributes to disease. In this review, we describe the important roles of select F-box proteins in regulating cellular activities, the perturbation of which contributes to the initiation and progression of a number of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Heo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Rebeka Eki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Tarek Abbas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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36
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Yu WN, Nogueira V, Sobhakumari A, Patra KC, Bhaskar PT, Hay N. Systemic Akt1 Deletion after Tumor Onset in p53(-/-) Mice Increases Lifespan and Regresses Thymic Lymphoma Emulating p53 Restoration. Cell Rep 2015; 12:610-21. [PMID: 26190111 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Akt is frequently activated in human cancers. However, it is unknown whether systemic inhibition of a single Akt isoform could regress cancer progression in cancers that are not driven by Akt activation. We systemically deleted Akt1 after tumor onset in p53(-/-) mice, which develop tumors independently of Akt activation. Systemic Akt1 deletion regresses thymic lymphoma in p53(-/-) mice emulating p53 restoration. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of Akt selectively kills thymic lymphoma cells and not primary thymocytes. Mechanistically, Akt1 inhibition in p53(-/-) thymic lymphoma inhibits Skp2 expression and induces FasL, which is the primary cause of cell death. Skp2 exerts resistance to cell death by antagonizing the induction of FasL and reducing FAS expression, which is linked to cyclin D1 expression. The results established a paradigm whereby systemic Akt1 inhibition is sufficient to regress tumors that are not driven by Akt activation and a mechanism of cell survival by Skp2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ni Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Veronique Nogueira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Arya Sobhakumari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Krushna C Patra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Prashanth T Bhaskar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Nissim Hay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; Research & Development Section, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Ding B, Gao M, Li Z, Xu C, Fan S, He W. Expression of TYMS in lymph node metastasis from low-grade glioma. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1569-1574. [PMID: 26622711 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of thymidylate synthase (TYMS) in the primary foci and metastatic lymph nodes of low-grade glioma, and to analyze the function of TYMS in the lymph node metastases from low-grade glioma. The study included 93 cases of surgically resected and pathologically confirmed low-grade glioma, form patients treated at Huaihe Hospital of Henan University (Kaifeng, China). The following clinical data was obtained from each patient: Gender, age, subjective symptoms (dizziness, headache, a feeling of pressure in the head, etc.), site of disease, tumor type, pathological stage, degree of differentiation and lymph node involvement. The surgically resected gliomas and dissected cervical lymph nodes were immunohistochemically stained, and DNA was extracted from the tumor and lymph node tissues samples for polymerase chain reaction sequencing and amplification. The expression of TYMS in the primary foci and metastatic lymph nodes of low-grade glioma was examined. Additionally, the association between pathological features and the postoperative survival rate of the patients was analyzed. The primary lesions of all 93 cases exhibited positive TYMS expression and 43/157 (27.39%) lymph nodes exhibited positive TYMS expression. Factors that significantly influenced the postoperative survival rate of the patients, included the metastasis of the cervical lymph nodes (P<0.01), the number of dissected cervical lymph nodes (P<0.01) and the degree of differentiation (P<0.05). The metastasis of the cervical lymph nodes was the only independent risk factor affecting postoperative disease-free survival. The risk of recurrence in patients with metastasis of the cervical lymph nodes was 6.3-fold higher than in those without metastasis (P<0.01). Thus, the results of the present study provide a theoretical basis for accurately predicting the prognosis of patients with low-grade malignant brain glioma, reducing the conjecture involved in selecting postoperative treatment strategies and improving therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqian Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, P.R. China
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, P.R. China
| | - Zhenjiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, P.R. China
| | - Chenyang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, P.R. China
| | - Shaokang Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, P.R. China
| | - Weiya He
- Department of Neurology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, P.R. China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Deregulated proteolysis is increasingly being implicated in pathogenesis of lymphoma. In this review, we highlight the major cellular processes that are affected by deregulated proteolysis of critical substrates that promote lymphoproliferative disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Emerging evidence supports the role of aberrant proteolysis by the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) in lymphoproliferative disorders. Several UPS mediators are identified to be altered in lymphomagenesis. However, the precise role of their alteration and comprehensive knowledge of their target substrate critical for lymphomagenesis is far from complete. SUMMARY Many E3 ligase and deubiquitinases that contribute to regulated proteolysis of substrates critical for major cellular processes are altered in various lineages of lymphoma. Understanding of the proteolytic regulatory mechanisms of these major cellular pathways may offer novel biomarkers and targets for lymphoma therapy.
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Duan P, Li B, Li C, Han X, Xu Y, Xing Y, Yan W. Effects of delayed motherhood on hippocampal gene expression in offspring rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 405:89-95. [PMID: 25976665 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2399-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
While many studies have examined the pregnancy and health-related outcomes of delayed motherhood for women, less is known concerning the potential consequences for their children. This study aims to investigate the effect of delayed motherhood on the hippocampus at the whole genome level. Sprague-Dawley rat females, either at the age of 3 or 12 months, were individually housed with a randomly selected 3-month-old male. The rat whole genome expression chips were used to detect gene expression differences in the hippocampus of newborn rats. The gene expression profile was studied through gene ontology and signal pathway analyses. qRT-PCR was used to determine the mRNA expression of solute carrier family 2 (SLC2A1) and S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2). Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of SKP2. Compared to the control group, 1291 differentially expressed genes were detected, including 635 up-regulated genes and 656 down-regulated genes. These differential expressed genes were involved in 110 significant biological process and nine significant signaling pathways, in which the pathway in cancer is the most changed pathway. For SKP2 (up-regulated) and SLC2A1 (up-regulated) genes which were relevant to the pathway in cancer, qRT-PCR results were consistent with gene chip assay results. The upregulation of SKP2 was also demonstrated at protein level. In conclusion, delayed motherhood led to unique patterns of hippocampal gene expression in offspring and the newly identified genes afford a quantitative view of the changes which enable deeper insights into the molecular basis underlying the role of delayed motherhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Duan
- Department of Basic Medicine, Institute of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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40
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GONG JIAN, HUO JIRONG. New insights into the mechanism of F-box proteins in colorectal cancer (Review). Oncol Rep 2015; 33:2113-20. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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41
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Sahasrabuddhe AA, Elenitoba-Johnson KSJ. Role of the ubiquitin proteasome system in hematologic malignancies. Immunol Rev 2014; 263:224-39. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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42
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Song GJ, Leslie KL, Barrick S, Mamonova T, Fitzpatrick JM, Drombosky KW, Peyser N, Wang B, Pellegrini M, Bauer PM, Friedman PA, Mierke DF, Bisello A. Phosphorylation of ezrin-radixin-moesin-binding phosphoprotein 50 (EBP50) by Akt promotes stability and mitogenic function of S-phase kinase-associated protein-2 (Skp2). J Biol Chem 2014; 290:2879-87. [PMID: 25492869 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.609768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of the cell cycle by the ubiquitin-proteasome system is dependent on the activity of E3 ligases. Skp2 (S-phase kinase associated protein-2) is the substrate recognition subunit of the E3 ligase that ubiquitylates the cell cycle inhibitors p21(cip1) and p27(kip1) thus promoting cell cycle progression. Increased expression of Skp2 is frequently observed in diseases characterized by excessive cell proliferation, such as cancer and neointima hyperplasia. The stability and cellular localization of Skp2 are regulated by Akt, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects remain only partly understood. The scaffolding protein Ezrin-Binding Phosphoprotein of 50 kDa (EBP50) contains two PDZ domains and plays a critical role in the development of neointimal hyperplasia. Here we report that EBP50 directly binds Skp2 via its first PDZ domain. Moreover, EBP50 is phosphorylated by Akt on Thr-156 within the second PDZ domain, an event that allosterically promotes binding to Skp2. The interaction with EBP50 causes cytoplasmic localization of Skp2, increases Skp2 stability and promotes proliferation of primary vascular smooth muscle cells. Collectively, these studies define a novel regulatory mechanism contributing to aberrant cell growth and highlight the importance of scaffolding function of EBP50 in Akt-dependent cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyun Jee Song
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea, and
| | | | - Stacey Barrick
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology
| | | | | | | | - Noah Peyser
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology
| | - Bin Wang
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology
| | - Maria Pellegrini
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Philip M Bauer
- Vascular Medicine Institute, and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | | | - Dale F Mierke
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Alessandro Bisello
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Vascular Medicine Institute, and
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Migita K, Takayama T, Matsumoto S, Wakatsuki K, Tanaka T, Ito M, Nishiwada S, Nakajima Y. Prognostic impact of RING box protein-1 (RBX1) expression in gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2014; 17:601-9. [PMID: 24292229 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-013-0318-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RING box protein-1 (RBX1) is an essential component of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Skp1/Cullin/RBX1/F-box protein complex. Although an altered expression of RBX1 has been reported in several human cancers, the role of RBX1 in gastric cancer remains unknown. METHODS We investigated the RBX1 expression in primary gastric cancer tissues from 145 patients by immunohistochemistry, and explored its clinical relevance and prognostic value. Furthermore, the effect of RBX1 expression on cancer cell proliferation was analyzed in vitro using a siRNA silencing technique. RESULTS The RBX1 expression was abundant in gastric cancer tissues. There was a significant difference in the expression level of RBX1 in terms of the tumor depth (P = 0.008), presence of distant metastasis (P = 0.016) and venous invasion (P = 0.005). The postoperative overall (P < 0.001) and relapse-free survival (P < 0.001) rates were significantly poorer in patients with RBX1-high tumors than in patients with RBX1-low tumors. There was a significant correlation of the RBX1 status with postoperative hematogenous recurrence (P = 0.013). Importantly, the RBX1 status was identified as an independent prognostic factor for gastric cancer (P = 0.002). Furthermore, RBX1 gene silencing significantly inhibited the proliferation of gastric cancer cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS The RBX1 expression has a significant prognostic value in gastric cancer. RBX1 might play an important role in regulating the proliferation of gastric cancer cells and promoting the development of postoperative recurrence. Our data provide a rationale for developing a novel therapy targeting RBX1 for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Migita
- Department of Surgery, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan,
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Abstract
F-box proteins, which are the substrate-recognition subunits of SKP1-cullin 1-F-box protein (SCF) E3 ligase complexes, have pivotal roles in multiple cellular processes through ubiquitylation and subsequent degradation of target proteins. Dysregulation of F-box protein-mediated proteolysis leads to human malignancies. Notably, inhibitors that target F-box proteins have shown promising therapeutic potential, urging us to review the current understanding of how F-box proteins contribute to tumorigenesis. As the physiological functions for many of the 69 putative F-box proteins remain elusive, additional genetic and mechanistic studies will help to define the role of each F-box protein in tumorigenesis, thereby paving the road for the rational design of F-box protein-targeted anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Wang
- 1] Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. [2] The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China. [3]
| | - Pengda Liu
- 1] Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. [2]
| | - Hiroyuki Inuzuka
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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45
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Kang B, Sun XH. Regulation of cancer stem cells by RING finger ubiquitin ligases. Stem Cell Investig 2014; 1:5. [PMID: 27358852 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2306-9759.2014.01.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Like normal stem cells, cancer stem cells (CSCs) are capable of self-renewal, either by symmetric or asymmetric cell division. They have the exclusive ability to reproduce malignant tumors indefinitely, and to confer resistance in response to radiation or chemotherapy. The ubiquitin modification system plays various roles in physiology and pathology. The key component for the specificity of this system is ubiquitin ligases (E3s). Of these E3s, the majority are RING finger proteins. Many RING finger E3s, such as the Cullin1-Skp1-F-box protein (SCF) E3s, CBL, BRCA1, MDM2 and von Hippel-Lindau tumour suppressor (VHL), are crucial in the regulation of cell-cycle progression and cell differentiation. As a result, many RING finger E3s are implicated in the positive and negative regulation of CSC maintenance. This review summarizes current knowledge in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Kang
- Program in Immunobiology and Cancer Research, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Xiao-Hong Sun
- Program in Immunobiology and Cancer Research, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, USA
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46
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Huang MH, Lin SZ, Lin PC, Chiou TW, Harn YW, Ho LI, Chan TM, Chou CW, Chuang CH, Su HL, Harn HJ. Brain tumor senescence might be mediated by downregulation of S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 via butylidenephthalide leading to decreased cell viability. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:4875-84. [PMID: 24464249 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1639-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing an effective drug for treating human glioblastoma multiform (GBM) has been investigated persistently. A pure compound butylidenephthalide (BP), isolated from Angelica sinensis, has been shown the activities to arrest the growth and initiate apoptosis of GBM in our previous reports. In this study, we further demonstrated that BP treatment accelerates the cell senescence in a dose-dependent manner in vitro and in vivo. S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2), a proto-oncogene, is generally upregulated in cancer. We found that it was downregulated in BP-treated GBM cells. The downregulation of Skp2 is parallel with increasing p16 and p21 expression which causes G0/G1 arrest and tumor cell senescence. We also found that restoring the Skp2 protein level by exogenous overexpression prevents the BP-induced cell senescence. Therefore, the linkage between cell senescence and Skp2 expression is strengthened. Promoter binding analysis further detailed that the BP-mediated SP1 reduction might involve in the Skp2 downregulation. In summary, these results emphasize that BP-triggered senescence in GBM cells is highly associated with its control on Skp2 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Hsuan Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Alexander A, Keyomarsi K. Exploiting Cell Cycle Pathways in Cancer Therapy: New (and Old) Targets and Potential Strategies. NUCLEAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS AND TARGETING TRANSCRIPTION IN CANCER 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8039-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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48
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Li X, Bian Y, Takizawa Y, Hashimoto T, Ikoma T, Tanaka J, Kitamura N, Inagaki Y, Komada M, Tanaka T. ERK-Dependent Downregulation of Skp2 Reduces Myc Activity with HGF, Leading to Inhibition of Cell Proliferation through a Decrease in Id1 Expression. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 11:1437-47. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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49
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Ooi LC, Watanabe N, Futamura Y, Sulaiman SF, Darah I, Osada H. Identification of small molecule inhibitors of p27(Kip1) ubiquitination by high-throughput screening. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:1461-7. [PMID: 23910095 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of p27(Kip1) due to proteolysis that involves the ubiquitin ligase (SCF) complex with S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) as the substrate-recognition component (SCF(Skp2)) frequently results in tumorigenesis. In this report, we developed a high-throughput screening system to identify small-molecule inhibitors of p27(Kip1) degradation. This system was established by tagging Skp2 with fluorescent monomeric Azami Green (mAG) and CDK subunit 1 (Cks1) (mAGSkp2-Cks1) to bind to p27(Kip1) phosphopeptides. We identified two compounds that inhibited the interaction between mAGSkp2-Cks1 and p27(Kip1): linichlorin A and gentian violet. Further studies have shown that the compounds inhibit the ubiquitination of p27(Kip1) in vitro as well as p27(Kip1) degradation in HeLa cells. Notably, both compounds exhibited preferential antiproliferative activity against HeLa and tsFT210 cells compared with NIH3T3 cells and delayed the G1 phase progression in tsFT210 cells. Our approach indicates a potential strategy for restoring p27(Kip1) levels in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ching Ooi
- Antibiotics Laboratory, RIKEN, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan; School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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50
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Cheng H, Meng J, Wang G, Meng Y, Li Y, Wei D, Fu C, Deng K, Shen A, Wang H, Dai S. Skp2 regulates subcellular localization of PPARγ by MEK signaling pathways in human breast cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:16554-69. [PMID: 23939428 PMCID: PMC3759925 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140816554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear hormone receptor family member PPARγ plays an important role in mammary gland tumorigenesis. Previous studies have shown PPARγ has cytoplasmic activities upon tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA) stimulation. However, the clinical pathological significance of cytoplasmic PPARγ is not completely understood in human breast cancer. Skp2 is oncogenic, and its frequent amplification and overexpression correlated with the grade of malignancy. In this study, the role of cytoplasmic PPARγ and Skp2 expression was investigated in human breast cancer progression. Therefore, immunohistochemical analysis was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin sections of 70 specimens. Furthermore, Western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy analysis were used to study the relationship between expression of cytoplasmic PPARγ and Skp2 expression in human breast cancer cells in vitro. Results showed that the expression of cytoplasmic PPARγ was positively correlated with Skp2 expression (p < 0.05), and correlated significantly with estrogen receptor (p = 0.026) and pathological grade (p = 0.029), respectively. In addition, Skp2 overexpression can provoke cytoplasmic localization of PPARγ upon MEK1-dependent mechanisms in human breast cancer cells by nuclear-cytosolic fractionation technology and immunofluorescence microscopy analysis. Using RNA interference technology, we also found that down-regulated Skp2 reduced the phosphorylation level of MEK1 and significantly reversed TPA-induced nuclear export of PPARγ in MDA-MB-231 cells. The changes in the subcellular localization of PPARγ may represent a novel target for selective interference in patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongge Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Science, the Fourth Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou 545005, Guangxi, China; E-Mails: (H.C.); (J.M.); (G.W.); (Y.M.); (Y.L.); (D.W.); (C.F.); (K.D.)
| | - Jie Meng
- Department of Laboratory Science, the Fourth Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou 545005, Guangxi, China; E-Mails: (H.C.); (J.M.); (G.W.); (Y.M.); (Y.L.); (D.W.); (C.F.); (K.D.)
| | - Guisheng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Science, the Fourth Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou 545005, Guangxi, China; E-Mails: (H.C.); (J.M.); (G.W.); (Y.M.); (Y.L.); (D.W.); (C.F.); (K.D.)
| | - Yuming Meng
- Department of Laboratory Science, the Fourth Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou 545005, Guangxi, China; E-Mails: (H.C.); (J.M.); (G.W.); (Y.M.); (Y.L.); (D.W.); (C.F.); (K.D.)
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Laboratory Science, the Fourth Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou 545005, Guangxi, China; E-Mails: (H.C.); (J.M.); (G.W.); (Y.M.); (Y.L.); (D.W.); (C.F.); (K.D.)
| | - Dong Wei
- Department of Laboratory Science, the Fourth Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou 545005, Guangxi, China; E-Mails: (H.C.); (J.M.); (G.W.); (Y.M.); (Y.L.); (D.W.); (C.F.); (K.D.)
| | - Chunyun Fu
- Department of Laboratory Science, the Fourth Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou 545005, Guangxi, China; E-Mails: (H.C.); (J.M.); (G.W.); (Y.M.); (Y.L.); (D.W.); (C.F.); (K.D.)
| | - Kaifeng Deng
- Department of Laboratory Science, the Fourth Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou 545005, Guangxi, China; E-Mails: (H.C.); (J.M.); (G.W.); (Y.M.); (Y.L.); (D.W.); (C.F.); (K.D.)
| | - Aiguo Shen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; E-Mail:
| | - Huimin Wang
- Medical Laboratory Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (H.W.); (S.D.); Tel.: +86-513-8505-2102 (H.W.); +86-772-381-5334 (S.D.); Fax: +86-513-8505-2102 (H.W.); +86-772-383-7242 (S.D.)
| | - Shengming Dai
- Department of Laboratory Science, the Fourth Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou 545005, Guangxi, China; E-Mails: (H.C.); (J.M.); (G.W.); (Y.M.); (Y.L.); (D.W.); (C.F.); (K.D.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (H.W.); (S.D.); Tel.: +86-513-8505-2102 (H.W.); +86-772-381-5334 (S.D.); Fax: +86-513-8505-2102 (H.W.); +86-772-383-7242 (S.D.)
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