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Nani JV, Coelho C, Oyadomari WY, Santiago TC, Machado MM, Christoff RR, Garcez PP, Oliveira V, Würtele M, Hayashi MAF. Identification of an ex vivo inhibitor of the schizophrenia biomarker Ndel1 by high throughput screening. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 217:115841. [PMID: 37820964 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Ndel1 oligopeptidase activity shows promise as a potential biomarker for diagnosing schizophrenia (SCZ) and monitoring early-stage pharmacotherapy. Ndel1 plays a pivotal role in critical aspects of brain development, such as neurite outgrowth, neuronal migration, and embryonic brain formation, making it particularly relevant to neurodevelopmental disorders like SCZ. Currently, the most specific inhibitor for Ndel1 is the polyclonal anti-Ndel1 antibody (NOAb), known for its high specificity and efficient anti-catalytic activity. NOAb has been vital in measuring Ndel1 activity in humans and animal models, enabling the prediction of pharmacological responses to antipsychotics in studies with patients and animals. To advance our understanding of in vivo Ndel1 function and develop drugs for mental disorders, identifying small chemical compounds capable of specifically inhibiting Ndel1 oligopeptidase is crucial, including within living cells. Due to challenges in obtaining Ndel1's three-dimensional structure and its promiscuous substrate recognition, we conducted a high-throughput screening (HTS) of 2,400 small molecules. Nine compounds with IC50-values ranging from 7 to 56 μM were identified as potent Ndel1 inhibitors. Notably, one compound showed similar efficacy to NOAb and inhibited Ndel1 within living cells, although its in vivo use may pose toxicity concerns. Despite this, all identified compounds hold promise as candidates for further refinement through rational drug design, aiming to enhance their inhibitory efficacy, specificity, stability, and biodistribution. Our ultimate goal is to develop druggable Ndel1 inhibitors that can improve the treatment and support the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders like SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- João V Nani
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), SP, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq/FAPESP/CAPES), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Camila Coelho
- Department of Science and Technology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - William Y Oyadomari
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), SP, Brazil; Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), SP, Brazil
| | - Thays Calista Santiago
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Marcondes Machado
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), SP, Brazil
| | - Raissa R Christoff
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), RJ, Brazil
| | - Patrícia P Garcez
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), RJ, Brazil
| | - Vitor Oliveira
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), SP, Brazil
| | - Martin Würtele
- Department of Science and Technology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Mirian A F Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), SP, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq/FAPESP/CAPES), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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2
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Christoff RR, Nani JV, Lessa G, Rabello T, Rossi AD, Krenn V, Higa LM, Tanuri A, Garcez PP, Hayashi MAF. Assessing the role of Ndel1 oligopeptidase activity in congenital Zika syndrome: Potential predictor of congenital syndrome endophenotype and treatment response. J Neurochem 2023; 166:763-776. [PMID: 37497817 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Maternal infections are among the main risk factors for cognitive impairments in the offspring. Zika virus (ZIKV) can be transmitted vertically, causing a set of heterogeneous birth defects, such as microcephaly, ventriculomegaly and corpus callosum dysgenesis. Nuclear distribution element like-1 (Ndel1) oligopeptidase controls crucial aspects of cerebral cortex development underlying cortical malformations. Here, we examine Ndel1 activity in an animal model for ZIKV infection, which was associated with deregulated corticogenesis. We observed here a reduction in Ndel1 activity in the forebrain associated with the congenital syndrome induced by ZIKV isolates, in an in utero and postnatal injections of different inoculum doses in mice models. In addition, we observed a strong correlation between Ndel1 activity and brain size of animals infected by ZIKV, suggesting the potential of this measure as a biomarker for microcephaly. More importantly, the increase of interferon (IFN)-beta signaling, which was used to rescue the ZIKV infection outcomes, also recovered Ndel1 activity to levels similar to those of uninfected healthy control mice, but with no influence on Ndel1 activity in uninfected healthy control animals. Taken together, we demonstrate for the first time here an association of corticogenesis impairments determined by ZIKV infection and the modulation of Ndel1 activity. Although further studies are still necessary to clarify the possible role(s) of Ndel1 activity in the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the congenital syndrome induced by ZIKV, we suggest here the potential of monitoring the Ndel1 activity to predict this pathological condition at early stages of embryos or offspring development, during while the currently employed methods are unable to detect impaired corticogenesis leading to microcephaly. Ndel1 activity may also be possibly used to follow up the positive response to the treatment, such as that employing the IFN-beta that is able to rescue the ZIKV-induced brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raissa R Christoff
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João V Nani
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq/FAPESP/CAPES), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Lessa
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tailene Rabello
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Atila D Rossi
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Veronica Krenn
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Luiza M Higa
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amilcar Tanuri
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia P Garcez
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mirian A F Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq/FAPESP/CAPES), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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3
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Garrott SR, Gillies JP, DeSantis ME. Nde1 and Ndel1: Outstanding Mysteries in Dynein-Mediated Transport. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:871935. [PMID: 35493069 PMCID: PMC9041303 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.871935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein-1 (dynein) is the primary microtubule minus-end directed molecular motor in most eukaryotes. As such, dynein has a broad array of functions that range from driving retrograde-directed cargo trafficking to forming and focusing the mitotic spindle. Dynein does not function in isolation. Instead, a network of regulatory proteins mediate dynein’s interaction with cargo and modulate dynein’s ability to engage with and move on the microtubule track. A flurry of research over the past decade has revealed the function and mechanism of many of dynein’s regulators, including Lis1, dynactin, and a family of proteins called activating adaptors. However, the mechanistic details of two of dynein’s important binding partners, the paralogs Nde1 and Ndel1, have remained elusive. While genetic studies have firmly established Nde1/Ndel1 as players in the dynein transport pathway, the nature of how they regulate dynein activity is unknown. In this review, we will compare Ndel1 and Nde1 with a focus on discerning if the proteins are functionally redundant, outline the data that places Nde1/Ndel1 in the dynein transport pathway, and explore the literature supporting and opposing the predominant hypothesis about Nde1/Ndel1’s molecular effect on dynein activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon R. Garrott
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - John P. Gillies
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Morgan E. DeSantis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Morgan E. DeSantis,
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Cuveillier C, Boulan B, Ravanello C, Denarier E, Deloulme JC, Gory-Fauré S, Delphin C, Bosc C, Arnal I, Andrieux A. Beyond Neuronal Microtubule Stabilization: MAP6 and CRMPS, Two Converging Stories. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:665693. [PMID: 34025352 PMCID: PMC8131560 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.665693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and function of the central nervous system rely on the microtubule (MT) and actin cytoskeletons and their respective effectors. Although the structural role of the cytoskeleton has long been acknowledged in neuronal morphology and activity, it was recently recognized to play the role of a signaling platform. Following this recognition, research into Microtubule Associated Proteins (MAPs) diversified. Indeed, historically, structural MAPs—including MAP1B, MAP2, Tau, and MAP6 (also known as STOP);—were identified and described as MT-binding and -stabilizing proteins. Extensive data obtained over the last 20 years indicated that these structural MAPs could also contribute to a variety of other molecular roles. Among multi-role MAPs, MAP6 provides a striking example illustrating the diverse molecular and cellular properties of MAPs and showing how their functional versatility contributes to the central nervous system. In this review, in addition to MAP6’s effect on microtubules, we describe its impact on the actin cytoskeleton, on neuroreceptor homeostasis, and its involvement in signaling pathways governing neuron development and maturation. We also discuss its roles in synaptic plasticity, brain connectivity, and cognitive abilities, as well as the potential relationships between the integrated brain functions of MAP6 and its molecular activities. In parallel, the Collapsin Response Mediator Proteins (CRMPs) are presented as examples of how other proteins, not initially identified as MAPs, fall into the broader MAP family. These proteins bind MTs as well as exhibiting molecular and cellular properties very similar to MAP6. Finally, we briefly summarize the multiple similarities between other classical structural MAPs and MAP6 or CRMPs.In summary, this review revisits the molecular properties and the cellular and neuronal roles of the classical MAPs, broadening our definition of what constitutes a MAP.
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Campeiro JD, Nani JV, Monte GG, Almeida PGC, Mori MA, Hayashi MAF. Regulation of monoamine levels by typical and atypical antipsychotics in Caenorhabditis elegans mutant for nuclear distribution element genes. Neurochem Int 2021; 147:105047. [PMID: 33872680 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian nuclear distribution genes encode proteins with essential roles in neuronal migration and brain formation during embryogenesis. The implication of human nuclear distribution genes, namely nudC and NDE1 (Nuclear Distribution Element 1)/NDEL1 (Nuclear Distribution Element-Like 1), in psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, has been recently described. The partial loss of NDEL1 expression results in neuronal migration defects, while ndel1 null knockout (KO) leads to early embryonic lethality in mice. On the other hand, loss-of-function of the orthologs of nuclear distribution element genes (nud) in Caenorhabditis elegans renders viable worms and influences behavioral endophenotypes associated with dopaminergic and serotoninergic pathways. In the present work, we evaluated the role of nud genes in monoamine levels at baseline and after the treatment with typical or atypical antipsychotics. Dopamine, serotonin and octopamine levels were significantly lower in homozygous loss-of-function mutant worms KO for nud genes compared with wild-type (WT) C. elegans at baseline. While treatment with antipsychotics determined significant differences in monoamine levels in WT, the nud KO mutant worms appear to respond differently to the treatment. According to the best of our knowledge, we are the first to report the influence of nud genes in the monoamine levels changes in response to antipsychotic drugs, ultimately placing the nuclear distribution genes family at the cornerstone of pathways involved in the modulation of monoamines in response to different classes of antipsychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana D'Arc Campeiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil
| | - João V Nani
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq), Brazil
| | - Gabriela G Monte
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil
| | - Priscila G C Almeida
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Mori
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mirian A F Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq), Brazil.
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Soto-Perez J, Baumgartner M, Kanadia RN. Role of NDE1 in the Development and Evolution of the Gyrified Cortex. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:617513. [PMID: 33390896 PMCID: PMC7775536 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.617513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An expanded cortex is a hallmark of human neurodevelopment and endows increased cognitive capabilities. Recent work has shown that the cell cycle-related gene NDE1 is essential for proper cortical development. Patients who have mutations in NDE1 exhibit congenital microcephaly as a primary phenotype. At the cellular level, NDE1 is essential for interkinetic nuclear migration and mitosis of radial glial cells, which translates to an indispensable role in neurodevelopment. The nuclear migration function of NDE1 is well conserved across Opisthokonta. In mammals, multiple isoforms containing alternate terminal exons, which influence the functionality of NDE1, have been reported. It has been noted that the pattern of terminal exon usage mirrors patterns of cortical complexity in mammals. To provide context to these findings, here, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature regarding NDE1, its molecular biology and physiological relevance at the cellular and organismal levels. In particular, we outline the potential roles of NDE1 in progenitor cell behavior and explore the spectrum of NDE1 pathogenic variants. Moreover, we assessed the evolutionary conservation of NDE1 and interrogated whether the usage of alternative terminal exons is characteristic of species with gyrencephalic cortices. We found that gyrencephalic species are more likely to express transcripts that use the human-associated terminal exon, whereas lissencephalic species tend to express transcripts that use the mouse-associated terminal exon. Among gyrencephalic species, the human-associated terminal exon was preferentially expressed by those with a high order of gyrification. These findings underscore phylogenetic relationships between the preferential usage of NDE1 terminal exon and high-order gyrification, which provide insight into cortical evolution underlying high-order brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaseph Soto-Perez
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | | | - Rahul N. Kanadia
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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Evaluation of NDEL1 oligopeptidase activity in blood and brain in an animal model of schizophrenia: effects of psychostimulants and antipsychotics. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18513. [PMID: 33116174 PMCID: PMC7595172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75616-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear distribution element-like 1 (NDEL1) enzyme activity is important for neuritogenesis, neuronal migration, and neurodevelopment. We reported previously lower NDEL1 enzyme activity in blood of treated first episode psychosis and chronic schizophrenia (SCZ) compared to healthy control subjects, with even lower activity in treatment resistant chronic SCZ patients, implicating NDEL1 activity in SCZ. Herein, higher NDEL1 activity was observed in the blood and several brain regions of a validated animal model for SCZ at baseline. In addition, long-term treatment with typical or atypical antipsychotics, under conditions in which SCZ-like phenotypes were reported to be reversed in this animal model for SCZ, showed a significant NDEL1 activity reduction in blood and brain regions which is in line with clinical data. Importantly, these results support measuring NDEL1 enzyme activity in the peripheral blood to predict changes in NDEL1 activity in the CNS. Also, acute administration of psychostimulants, at levels reported to induce SCZ-like phenotype in normal rat strains, increased NDEL1 enzyme activity in blood. Therefore, alterations in NDEL1 activity after treatment with antipsychotics or psychostimulants may suggest a possible modulation of NDEL1 activity secondary to neurotransmission homeostasis and provide new insights into the role of NDEL1 in SCZ pathophysiology.
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Thimet Oligopeptidase Biochemical and Biological Significances: Past, Present, and Future Directions. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091229. [PMID: 32847123 PMCID: PMC7565970 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thimet oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.15; EP24.15, THOP1) is a metallopeptidase ubiquitously distributed in mammalian tissues. Beyond its previously well characterized role in major histocompatibility class I (MHC-I) antigen presentation, the recent characterization of the THOP1 C57BL6/N null mice (THOP1−/−) phenotype suggests new key functions for THOP1 in hyperlipidic diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance and non-alcoholic liver steatosis. Distinctive levels of specific intracellular peptides (InPeps), genes and microRNAs were observed when comparing wild type C57BL6/N to THOP1−/− fed either standard or hyperlipidic diets. A possible novel mechanism of action was suggested for InPeps processed by THOP1, which could be modulating protein-protein interactions and microRNA processing, thus affecting the phenotype. Together, research into the biochemical and biomedical significance of THOP1 suggests that degradation by the proteasome is a step in the processing of various proteins, not merely for ending their existence. This allows many functional peptides to be generated by proteasomal degradation in order to, for example, control mRNA translation and the formation of protein complexes.
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9
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Nani JV, Fonseca MC, Engi SA, Perillo MG, Dias CS, Gazarini ML, Korth C, Cruz FC, Hayashi MA. Decreased nuclear distribution nudE-like 1 enzyme activity in an animal model with dysfunctional disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 signaling featuring aberrant neurodevelopment and amphetamine-supersensitivity. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:467-477. [PMID: 31916893 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119897562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interaction of nuclear-distribution element-like 1 with disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 protein is crucial for neurite outgrowth/neuronal migration, and this interaction competitively inhibits nuclear-distribution element-like 1 peptidase activity. Nuclear-distribution element-like 1 activity is reduced in antipsychotic-naïve first-episode psychosis and in medicated chronic schizophrenia, with even lower activity in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. AIMS The purpose of this study was to investigate in a rat model overexpressing human non-mutant disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1, with consequent dysfunctional disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 signaling, the relation of nuclear-distribution element-like 1 activity with neurodevelopment and dopamine-related phenotypes. METHODS We measured cell distribution in striatum and cortex by histology and microtomography, and quantified the basal and amphetamine-stimulated locomotion and nuclear-distribution element-like 1 activity (in blood and brain) of transgenic disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 rat vs wild-type littermate controls. RESULTS 3D assessment of neuronal cell body number and spatial organization of mercury-impregnated neurons showed defective neuronal positioning, characteristic of impaired cell migration, in striatum/nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex of transgenic disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 compared to wild-type brains. Basal nuclear-distribution element-like 1 activity was lower in the blood and also in several brain regions of transgenic disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 compared to wild-type. Locomotion and nuclear-distribution element-like 1 activity were both significantly increased by amphetamine in transgenic disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1, but not in wild-type. CONCLUSIONS Our findings in the transgenic disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 rat allow us to state that decreased nuclear-distribution element-like 1 activity reflects both a trait (neurodevelopmental phenotype) and a state (amphetamine-induced dopamine release). We thus define here a role for decreased nuclear-distribution element-like 1 peptidase activity both for the developing brain (the neurodevelopmental phenotype) and for the adult (interaction with dopaminergic responses), and present nuclear-distribution element-like 1 activity in a novel way, as unifying neurodevelopmental with dysfunctional dopamine response phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- João V Nani
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq/FAPESP/CAPES), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Matheus C Fonseca
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBio), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Sheila A Engi
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayara G Perillo
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Sb Dias
- Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron (LNLS), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marcos L Gazarini
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil
| | - Carsten Korth
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fábio C Cruz
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirian Af Hayashi
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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10
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Nani JV, Yonamine CM, Castro Musial D, Dal Mas C, Mari JJ, Hayashi MAF. ACE activity in blood and brain axis in an animal model for schizophrenia: Effects of dopaminergic manipulation with antipsychotics and psychostimulants. World J Biol Psychiatry 2020; 21:53-63. [PMID: 30806143 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2019.1583372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) was initially correlated with schizophrenia (SCZ) in studies showing a correlation of ACE increased enzyme activity with memory impairments. Possible role for ACE in SCZ was also suggested by ACE activity interaction with dopaminergic mechanisms to modulate abnormalities of sensorimotor gating. In addition, we have demonstrated higher ACE activity in blood of SCZ subjects, its implication in cognitive performance in SCZ and its power as a predictor for SCZ diagnosis.Methods: ACE activity was determined in the serum and in selected brain regions of an animal model presenting SCZ-like behaviour, before and after the treatment with typical and atypical antipsychotics, and also in the serum of animals receiving the psychostimulants amphetamine/lisdexamphetamine.Results: Dopaminergic manipulations with antipsychotics and psychostimulants influenced the ACE activity, but with no correlation with the animal blood pressure.Conclusions: The validity of measuring ACE activity in animal blood to predict activity in the CNS, as well as the lack of correlation between the activity and blood pressure, before and after the treatment with antipsychotics, were confirmed here. Correlations of the present findings with data from clinical studies also strengthen the value of this animal model for studying several aspects of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- João V Nani
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq/FAPESP/CAPES), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Camila M Yonamine
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq/FAPESP/CAPES), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Diego Castro Musial
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Dal Mas
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq/FAPESP/CAPES), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jair J Mari
- Department of Psychiatry, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirian A F Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq/FAPESP/CAPES), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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11
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Rodríguez B, Nani JV, Almeida PGC, Brietzke E, Lee RS, Hayashi MAF. Neuropeptides and oligopeptidases in schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 108:679-693. [PMID: 31794779 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a complex psychiatric disorder with severe impact on patient's livelihood. In the last years, the importance of neuropeptides in SCZ and other CNS disorders has been recognized, mainly due to their ability to modulate the signaling of classical monoaminergic neurotransmitters as dopamine. In addition, a class of enzymes coined as oligopeptidases are able to cleave several of these neuropeptides, and their potential implication in SCZ was also demonstrated. Interestingly, these enzymes are able to play roles as modulators of neuropeptidergic systems, and they were also implicated in neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth, neuron migration, and therefore, in neurodevelopment and brain formation. Altered activity of oligopeptidases in SCZ was described only more recently, suggesting their possible utility as biomarkers for mental disorders diagnosis or treatment response. We provide here an updated and comprehensive review on neuropeptides and oligopeptidases involved in mental disorders, aiming to attract the attention of physicians to the potential of targeting this system for improving the therapy and for understanding the neurobiology underlying mental disorders as SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín Rodríguez
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - João Victor Nani
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq/FAPESP/CAPES), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Priscila G C Almeida
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Richard S Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mirian A F Hayashi
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM, CNPq/FAPESP/CAPES), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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Monte GG, Nani JV, de Almeida Campos MR, Dal Mas C, Marins LAN, Martins LG, Tasic L, Mori MA, Hayashi MAF. Impact of nuclear distribution element genes in the typical and atypical antipsychotics effects on nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: Putative animal model for studying the pathways correlated to schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 92:19-30. [PMID: 30578843 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear distribution element genes are conserved from fungus to humans. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans expresses two isoforms of nuclear distribution element genes, namely nud-1 and nud-2. While nud-1 was functionally demonstrated to be the worm nudC ortholog, bioinformatic analysis revealed that the nud-2 gene encodes the worm ortholog of the mammalian NDE1 (Nuclear Distribution Element 1 or NudE) and NDEL1 (NDE-Like 1 or NudEL) genes, which share overlapping roles in brain development in mammals and also mediate the axon guidance in mammalian and C. elegans neurons. A significantly higher NDEL1 enzyme activity was shown in treatment non-resistant compared to treatment resistant SCZ patients, who essentially present response to the therapy with atypical clozapine but not with typical antipsychotics. Using C. elegans as a model, we tested the consequence of nud genes suppression in the effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics. To assess the role of nud genes and antipsychotic drugs over C. elegans behavior, we measured body bend frequency, egg laying and pharyngeal pumping, which traits are controlled by specific neurons and neurotransmitters known to be involved in SCZ, as dopamine and serotonin. Evaluation of metabolic and behavioral response to the pharmacotherapy with these antipsychotics demonstrates an important unbalance in serotonin pathway in both nud-1 and nud-2 knockout worms, with more significant effects for nud-2 knockout. The present data also show an interesting trend of mutant knockout worm strains to present a metabolic profile closer to that observed for the wild-type animals after the treatment with the typical antipsychotic haloperidol, but which was not observed for the treatment with the atypical antipsychotic clozapine. Paradoxically, behavioral assays showed more evident effects for clozapine than for haloperidol, which is in line with previous studies with rodent animal models and clinical evaluations with SCZ patients. In addition, the validity and reliability of using this experimental animal model to further explore the convergence between the dopamine/serotonin pathways and neurodevelopmental processes was demonstrated here, and the potential usefulness of this model for evaluating the metabolic consequences of treatments with antipsychotics is also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Guilherme Monte
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João V Nani
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Caroline Dal Mas
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Augusto Negri Marins
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Gelain Martins
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ljubica Tasic
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Mori
- Departament of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mirian A F Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) São Paulo, Brazil.
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Ndel1 oligopeptidase activity as a potential biomarker of early stages of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2019; 208:202-208. [PMID: 30857875 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies showed reduced Ndel1 enzyme activity in patients with chronic schizophrenia (SCZ), and only a subtle NDEL1 mRNA increases in antipsychotic-naïve first-episode psychosis (FEP) individuals compared to matched healthy controls (HC). Aiming to refine the evaluation of Ndel1 enzyme activity in early stages of psychosis, we compared 3 groups composed by (1) subjects at ultra-high-risk (UHR) for psychosis, (2) a cohort comprising antipsychotic-naïve FEP individuals (assessed in three moments, at baseline (FEP-0), and after 2 months (FEP-2 M) and one year (FEP-1Y) of treatment with risperidone), and (3) a HC group. There was no significant difference in Ndel1 enzyme activity between UHR and HC, but this activity was significantly lower in FEP compared to HC. Conversely, Ndel1 activity in HC groups was higher than in FEP even before (FEP-0) or after the treatment with risperidone (FEP-2 M and FEP-1Y), and with progressive decrease of Ndel1 activity and significant improvement of symptoms observed after this treatment. In addition, a positive correlation was observed for Ndel1 activity with clinical symptoms as assessed by PANSS, while a negative correlation was seen for GAF scores. Our results suggest that reductions in Ndel1 activity in FEP may be possibly related to responses to the illness, rather than to the pharmacological effects of antipsychotics, which might be acting essentially in the symptoms suppression. This hypothesis might be further evaluated in prospective long-term follow-up studies with a larger sample cohort.
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Dal Mas C, Carvalho MS, Marins LA, Yonamine CM, Cordeiro Q, McIntyre RS, Mansur RB, Brietzke E, Hayashi MAF. Oligopeptidases activity in bipolar disorder: Ndel1 and angiotensin I converting enzyme. J Affect Disord 2019; 244:67-70. [PMID: 30321766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal activity of two enzymes relevant to neurodevelopment, namely nuclear-distribution element-like 1 (Ndel1) and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE), was reported in individuals with schizophrenia; to our knowledge, these oligopeptidases were never measured in bipolar disorder (BD). AIMS Evaluate the enzyme activity of Ndel1 and ACE in euthymic individuals with BD type 1 which was compare to healthy control (HC) group. METHODS Ndel1 and ACE activities were assessed in the serum of individuals with BD type 1 according to DSM-IV criteria (n = 70) and a HC group (n = 34). The possible differences between BD type 1 and HC groups were evaluated using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), and the results were adjusted for age, gender and body mass index. RESULTS We observed a positive correlation between Ndel1 activity and the total YMRS score in BD group (p = 0.030) and a positive correlation between ACE activity and Ham-D score (p = 0.047). ANCOVA analysis showed lower Ndel1 activity in BDs compared to HCs. Interestingly, we did not observe between-groups differences in ACE activity, despite the recognized correlation of ACE activity levels with cognitive functions, also described to be worsened in psychiatric patients. CONCLUSION Oligopeptidases, especially Ndel1, which has been strongly correlated with neurodevelopment and brain formation, are potentially a good new target in the study of the neurobiology of BD. LIMITATIONS The relatively small sample size did not permit to examine the cause-effect relationship of clinical dimensions of BD and the enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Dal Mas
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua 3 de maio 100, Ed. INFAR, 3rd floor, CEP 04044-020 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michelle S Carvalho
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua 3 de maio 100, Ed. INFAR, 3rd floor, CEP 04044-020 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Marins
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua 3 de maio 100, Ed. INFAR, 3rd floor, CEP 04044-020 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila M Yonamine
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua 3 de maio 100, Ed. INFAR, 3rd floor, CEP 04044-020 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Quirino Cordeiro
- Department of Psychiatry, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (ISCMSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rodrigo B Mansur
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Department of Psychiatry, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 3rd floor, Vila Clementino, CEP 04039-032 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Mirian A F Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua 3 de maio 100, Ed. INFAR, 3rd floor, CEP 04044-020 São Paulo, Brazil.
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Gou N, Liu Z, Palaniyappan L, Li M, Pan Y, Chen X, Tao H, Wu G, Ouyang X, Wang Z, Dou T, Xue Z, Pu W. Effects of DISC1 Polymorphisms on Resting-State Spontaneous Neuronal Activity in the Early-Stage of Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:137. [PMID: 29875705 PMCID: PMC5974222 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Localized abnormalities in the synchrony of spontaneous neuronal activity, measured with regional homogeneity (ReHo), has been consistently reported in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) and their unaffected siblings. To date, little is known about the genetic influences affecting the spontaneous neuronal activity in SCZ. DISC1, a strong susceptible gene for SCZ, has been implicated in neuronal excitability and synaptic function possibly associated with regional spontaneous neuronal activity. This study aimed to examine the effects of DISC1 variations on the regional spontaneous neuronal activity in SCZ. Methods: Resting-state fMRI data were obtained from 28 SCZ patients and 21 healthy controls (HC) for ReHo analysis. Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of DISC1 gene were genotyped using the PCR and direct sequencing. Results: Significant diagnosis × genotype interactions were noted for three SNPs (rs821616, rs821617, and rs2738880). For rs821617, the interactions were localized to the precuneus, basal ganglia and pre-/post-central regions. Significant interactive effects were identified at the temporal and post-central gyri for rs821616 (Ser704Cys) and the inferior temporal gyrus for rs2738880. Furthermore, post-hoc analysis revealed that the DISC1 variations on these SNPs exerted different influences on ReHo between SCZ patients and HC. Conclusion: To our knowledge this is the first study to unpick the influence of DISC1 variations on spontaneous neuronal activity in SCZ; Given the emerging evidence that ReHo is a stable inheritable phenotype for schizophrenia, our findings suggest the DISC1 variations are possibly an inheritable source for the altered ReHo in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningzhi Gou
- Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Changsha, China
| | - Zhening Liu
- Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Changsha, China
| | - Lena Palaniyappan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Biophysics & Robarts and Lawson Research Institutes, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mingding Li
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunzhi Pan
- Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Changsha, China
| | - Xudong Chen
- Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Changsha, China
| | - Haojuan Tao
- Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Changsha, China
| | - Guowei Wu
- Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Changsha, China
| | - Xuan Ouyang
- Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Changsha, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Changsha, China
| | - Taotao Dou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Zhimin Xue
- Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, The China National Clinical Research Center for Mental Health Disorders, National Technology Institute of Psychiatry, Changsha, China
| | - Weidan Pu
- Medical Psychological Center, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Medical Psychological Institute of Central South University, Changsha, China
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16
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Bradshaw NJ. The interaction of schizophrenia-related proteins DISC1 and NDEL1, in light of the newly identified domain structure of DISC1. Commun Integr Biol 2017. [PMCID: PMC5595412 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2017.1335375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
DISC1 and NDEL1 are both key proteins in cortical neurodevelopment, which are each also implicated in the pathogenesis of mental illness. That the two proteins interact with each other in a functionally important manner is well established, but two distinct binding domains for NDEL1 on DISC1 have been proposed. A partial domain structure for DISC1 has recently been described, consisting of 4 structured regions referred to as “D,” “I,” “S” and “C” respectively, with one of the NDEL1 binding sites lying in the “C” region of DISC1. In light of this domain structure, it can be deduced that this site is the likely location at which NDEL1 binds, although the other proposed site (which lies in the DISC1 “I” and “S” regions) may indirectly impact on DISC1-NDEL1 interactions through determination of the oligomeric state of DISC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Bradshaw
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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17
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Bradshaw NJ, Hayashi MAF. NDE1 and NDEL1 from genes to (mal)functions: parallel but distinct roles impacting on neurodevelopmental disorders and psychiatric illness. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1191-1210. [PMID: 27742926 PMCID: PMC11107680 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
NDE1 (Nuclear Distribution Element 1, also known as NudE) and NDEL1 (NDE-Like 1, also known as NudEL) are the mammalian homologues of the fungus nudE gene, with important and at least partially overlapping roles for brain development. While a large number of studies describe the various properties and functions of these proteins, many do not directly compare the similarities and differences between NDE1 and NDEL1. Although sharing a high degree structural similarity and multiple common cellular roles, each protein presents several distinct features that justify their parallel but also unique functions. Notably both proteins have key binding partners in dynein, LIS1 and DISC1, which impact on neurodevelopmental and psychiatric illnesses. Both are implicated in schizophrenia through genetic and functional evidence, with NDE1 also strongly implicated in microcephaly, as well as other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions through copy number variation, while NDEL1 possesses an oligopeptidase activity with a unique potential as a biomarker in schizophrenia. In this review, we aim to give a comprehensive overview of the various cellular roles of these proteins in a "bottom-up" manner, from their biochemistry and protein-protein interactions on the molecular level, up to the consequences for neuronal differentiation, and ultimately to their importance for correct cortical development, with direct consequences for the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental and mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Bradshaw
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Mirian A F Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Gene expression alterations related to mania and psychosis in peripheral blood of patients with a first episode of psychosis. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e908. [PMID: 27701407 PMCID: PMC5315542 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychotic disorders affect ~3% of the general population and are among the most severe forms of mental diseases. In early stages of psychosis, clinical aspects may be difficult to distinguish from one another. Undifferentiated psychopathology at the first-episode of psychosis (FEP) highlights the need for biomarkers that can improve and refine differential diagnosis. We investigated gene expression differences between patients with FEP-schizophrenia spectrum (SCZ; N=53) or FEP-Mania (BD; N=16) and healthy controls (N=73). We also verified whether gene expression was correlated to severity of psychotic, manic, depressive symptoms and/or functional impairment. All participants were antipsychotic-naive. After the psychiatric interview, blood samples were collected and the expression of 12 psychotic-disorder-related genes was evaluated by quantitative PCR. AKT1 and DICER1 expression levels were higher in BD patients compared with that in SCZ patients and healthy controls, suggesting that expression of these genes is associated more specifically to manic features. Furthermore, MBP and NDEL1 expression levels were higher in SCZ and BD patients than in healthy controls, indicating that these genes are psychosis related (independent of diagnosis). No correlation was found between gene expression and severity of symptoms or functional impairment. Our findings suggest that genes related to neurodevelopment are altered in psychotic disorders, and some might support the differential diagnosis between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, with a potential impact on the treatment of these disorders.
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Gadelha A, Coleman J, Breen G, Mazzoti DR, Yonamine CM, Pellegrino R, Ota VK, Belangero SI, Glessner J, Sleiman P, Hakonarson H, Hayashi MAF, Bressan RA. Genome-wide investigation of schizophrenia associated plasma Ndel1 enzyme activity. Schizophr Res 2016; 172:60-7. [PMID: 26851141 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ndel1 is a DISC1-interacting oligopeptidase that cleaves in vitro neuropeptides as neurotensin and bradykinin, and which has been associated with both neuronal migration and neurite outgrowth. We previously reported that plasma Ndel1 enzyme activity is lower in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) compared to healthy controls (HCs). To our knowledge, no previous study has investigated the genetic factors associated with the plasma Ndel1 enzyme activity. In the current analyses, samples from 83 SCZ patients and 92 control subjects that were assayed for plasma Ndel1 enzyme activity were genotyped on Illumina Omni Express arrays. A genetic relationship matrix using genome-wide information was then used for ancestry correction, and association statistics were calculated genome-wide. Ndel1 enzyme activity was significantly lower in patients with SCZ (t=4.9; p<0.001) and was found to be associated with CAMK1D, MAGI2, CCDC25, and GABGR3, at a level of suggestive significance (p<10(-6)), independent of the clinical status. Then, we performed a model to investigate the observed differences for case/control measures. 2 SNPs at region 1p22.2 reached the p<10(-7) level. ZFPM2 and MAD1L1 were the only two genes with more than one hit at 10(-6) order of p value. Therefore, Ndel1 enzyme activity is a complex trait influenced by many different genetic variants that may contribute to SCZ physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ary Gadelha
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Jonathan Coleman
- Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerome Breen
- Medical Research Council Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, Maudsley Hospital and Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Camila M Yonamine
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, UNIFESP/EPM, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Pellegrino
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Vanessa Kiyomi Ota
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Morphology and Genetics, UNIFESP/EPM, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sintia Iole Belangero
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Morphology and Genetics, UNIFESP/EPM, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joseph Glessner
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Patrick Sleiman
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States; Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States; Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Rodrigo A Bressan
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, Brazil
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Ota VK, Noto C, Santoro ML, Spindola LM, Gouvea ES, Carvalho CM, Santos CM, Xavier G, Higuchi CH, Yonamine C, Moretti PN, Abílio VC, Hayashi MAF, Brietzke E, Gadelha A, Cordeiro Q, Bressan RA, Belangero SI. Increased expression of NDEL1 and MBP genes in the peripheral blood of antipsychotic-naïve patients with first-episode psychosis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:2416-25. [PMID: 26476704 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorder with high heritability. First-episode psychosis (FEP) is a critical period for determining the disease prognosis and is especially helpful for identifying potential biomarkers associated with the onset and progression of the disorder. We investigated the mRNA expression of 12 schizophrenia-related genes in the blood of antipsychotic-naïve FEP patients (N=73) and healthy controls (N=73). To evaluate the influences of antipsychotic treatment and progression of the disorder, we compared the gene expression within patients before and after two months of treatment with risperidone (N=64). We observed a significantly increased myelin basic protein (MBP) and nuclear distribution protein nudE-like 1 (NDEL1) mRNA levels in FEP patients compared with controls. Comparing FEP before and after risperidone treatment, no significant differences were identified; however; a trend of relatively low NDEL1 expression was observed after risperidone treatment. Animals chronically treated with saline or risperidone exhibited no significant change in Ndel1 expression levels in the blood or the prefrontal cortex (PFC), suggesting that the trend of low NDEL1 expression observed in FEP patients after treatment is likely due to factors other than risperidone treatment (i.e., disease progression). In addition to the recognized association with schizophrenia, MBP and NDEL1 gene products also play an essential role in the functions that are deregulated in schizophrenia, such as neurodevelopment. Our data strengthen the importance of these biological processes in psychotic disorders, indicating that these changes can be detected peripherally and potentially represent putative novel blood biomarkers of susceptibility and disorder progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Kiyomi Ota
- Genetics Division of Department of Morphology and Genetics of Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil; LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry of UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Noto
- LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry of Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (ISCMSP), Brazil
| | - Marcos Leite Santoro
- Genetics Division of Department of Morphology and Genetics of Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil; LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences of UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Leticia Maria Spindola
- Genetics Division of Department of Morphology and Genetics of Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil; LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry of UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Sauerbronn Gouvea
- Department of Psychiatry of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry of Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (ISCMSP), Brazil
| | - Carolina Muniz Carvalho
- Genetics Division of Department of Morphology and Genetics of Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil; LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences of UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Camila Maurício Santos
- LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry of UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Xavier
- Genetics Division of Department of Morphology and Genetics of Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil; LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences of UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Cinthia Hiroko Higuchi
- LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry of UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Camila Yonamine
- LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology of UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Natalia Moretti
- Genetics Division of Department of Morphology and Genetics of Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil; LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry of UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Costhek Abílio
- LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology of UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Mirian Akemi F Hayashi
- LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology of UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry of UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Ary Gadelha
- LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry of UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Quirino Cordeiro
- Department of Psychiatry of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry of Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (ISCMSP), Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Affonseca Bressan
- LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry of UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Sintia Iole Belangero
- Genetics Division of Department of Morphology and Genetics of Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil; LiNC - Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences of UNIFESP, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry of UNIFESP, Brazil.
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Depression, Cytokine, and Cytokine by Treatment Interactions Modulate Gene Expression in Antipsychotic Naïve First Episode Psychosis. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:5701-9. [PMID: 26491028 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In schizophrenia, genetic and environmental factors affect neurodevelopment and neuroprogressive trajectory. Altered expression of neuro-immune genes and increased levels of cytokines are observed, especially in patients with comorbid depression. However, it remains unclear whether circulating levels of cytokines and expression of these genes are associated, and how antipsychotic treatments impact this association. Relationships between messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of 11 schizophrenia-related genes and circulating levels of cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) were analyzed in 174 antipsychotic naïve first episode psychosis (FEP) and in 77 healthy controls. A subgroup of 72 patients was reassessed after treatment with risperidone. FEP patients were divided into those with and without depression. FEP patients with depression showed increased COMT expression and decreased NDEL1 expression. Increased IL-6 was associated with lowered AKT1 and DROSHA expression, while increased IL-10 was associated with increased NDEL1, DISC1, and MBP expression. IL-6 levels significantly increased the risperidone-induced expression of AKT1, DICER1, DROSHA, and COMT mRNA. The differential mRNA gene expression in FEP is largely associated with increased cytokine levels. While increased IL-6 may downregulate AKT-mediated cellular functions and dysregulate genes involved in microRNA (miRNA) machinery, increased IL-10 has neuroprotective properties. Increased IL-6 levels may prime the expression of genes (AKT1, DICER1, DROSHA, and COMT) in response to risperidone, suggesting that cytokine × treatment × gene interactions may improve cell function profiles. FEP patients with depression show a different gene expression profile reinforcing the theory that depression in FEP is a different phenotype.
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Gadelha A, Yonamine CM, Ota VK, Oliveira V, Sato JR, Belangero SI, Bressan RA, Hayashi MAF. ACE I/D genotype-related increase in ACE plasma activity is a better predictor for schizophrenia diagnosis than the genotype alone. Schizophr Res 2015; 164:109-14. [PMID: 25701466 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) is a key component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Although the several contradictory data, ACE has been associated with schizophrenia (SCZ) pathophysiology. Here the ACE activity of SCZ patients and healthy controls (HCs), and its possible correlations with the ACE polymorphism genotype and symptomatic dimensions, was investigated. METHODOLOGY ACE activity of 86 SCZ patients and 100 HCs paired by age, gender and educational level was measured, using the FRET peptide substrate and the specific inhibitor lisinopril. The ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) genotypes were assessed by the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technique. RESULTS Significantly higher ACE activity was observed in SCZ patients compared to HCs (t=-5.09; p<0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.701. Mean ACE activity levels were higher for the D-allele carriers (F=5.570; p=0.005), but no significant difference was found among SCZ patients and HCs for genotypes frequencies (Chi-squared=2.08; df=2; p=0.35). Interestingly, we found that the difference between the measured ACE activity for each SCZ patient and the expected average mean value for each respective genotype group (for control subjects) was a better predictor of SCZ than the ACE dichotomized values (high/low) or ACE I/D. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that higher levels of ACE activity are associated with SCZ with stronger impact when the genetic background of each individual is considered. This may explain the heterogeneity of the results on ACE previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ary Gadelha
- Programa de Esquizofrenia (PROESQ) - Departamento de Psiquiatria, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Vanessa K Ota
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - João Ricardo Sato
- Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Sintia I Belangero
- Programa de Esquizofrenia (PROESQ) - Departamento de Psiquiatria, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Bressan
- Programa de Esquizofrenia (PROESQ) - Departamento de Psiquiatria, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bradshaw NJ, Hennah W, Soares DC. NDE1 and NDEL1: twin neurodevelopmental proteins with similar 'nature' but different 'nurture'. Biomol Concepts 2013; 4:447-64. [PMID: 24093049 PMCID: PMC3787581 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2013-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear distribution element 1 (NDE1, also known as NudE) and NDE-like 1 (NDEL1, also known as Nudel) are paralogous proteins essential for mitosis and neurodevelopment that have been implicated in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. The two proteins possess high sequence similarity and have been shown to physically interact with one another. Numerous lines of experimental evidence in vivo and in cell culture have demonstrated that these proteins share common functions, although instances of differing functions between the two have recently emerged. We review the key aspects of NDE1 and NDEL1 in terms of recent advances in structure elucidation and cellular function, with an emphasis on their differing mechanisms of post-translational modification. Based on a review of the literature and bioinformatics assessment, we advance the concept that the twin proteins NDE1 and NDEL1, while sharing a similar 'nature' in terms of their structure and basic functions, appear to be different in their 'nurture', the manner in which they are regulated both in terms of expression and of post-translational modification within the cell. These differences are likely to be of significant importance in understanding the specific roles of NDE1 and NDEL1 in neurodevelopment and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Bradshaw
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, University Medical School, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - William Hennah
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and National Institute for, Health and Welfare, Department of Mental Health and Substance, Abuse Services, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dinesh C. Soares
- MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine (MRC IGMM), University of Edinburgh, Western General, Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
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24
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Gadelha A, Machado MFM, Yonamine CM, Sato JR, Juliano MA, Oliveira V, Bressan RA, Hayashi MAF. Plasma Ndel1 enzyme activity is reduced in patients with schizophrenia--a potential biomarker? J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:657-63. [PMID: 23388542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ndel1 oligopeptidase interacts with schizophrenia (SCZ) risk gene product DISC1 and mediates several functions related to neurite outgrowth and neuronal migration. Ndel1 also hydrolyzes neuropeptides previously implicated in SCZ, namely neurotensin and bradykinin. Herein, we compared the plasma Ndel1 enzyme activity of 92 SCZ patients and 96 healthy controls (HCs). Ndel1 enzyme activity was determined by fluorimetric measurements of the FRET peptide substrate Abz-GFSPFRQ-EDDnp hydrolysis rate. A 31% lower mean value for Ndel1 activity was observed in SCZ patients compared to HCs (Student's t = 4.36; p < 0.001; Cohen's d = 0.64). The area under the curve (AUC) for the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve for Ndel1 enzyme activity and SCZ/HCs status as outcome was 0.70. Treatment-resistant (TR) SCZ patients were shown to present a significantly lower Ndel1 activity compared to non-TR (NTR) patients by t-test analysis (t = 2.25; p = 0.027). A lower enzymatic activity was significantly associated with both NTR (p = 0.002; B = 1.19; OR = 3.29; CI 95% 1.57-6.88) and TR patients (p < 0.001; B = 2.27; OR = 9.64; CI 95% 4.12-22.54). No correlation between Ndel1 enzyme activity and antipsychotic dose, nicotine dependence, and body mass index was observed. This study is the first to show differences in Ndel1 activity in SCZ patients compared to HCs, besides with a significant lower activity for TR patients compared to NTR patients. Our findings support the Ndel1 enzyme activity implications to clinical practice in terms of diagnosis and drug treatment of SCZ. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY To compare the Ndel1 enzyme activity levels of schizophrenia (SCZ) patients and healthy controls (HCs) and to correlate these values with the clinical profile and response to treatment by measuring the Ndel1 enzyme activity in human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ary Gadelha
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Guethe LM, Pelegrini-da-Silva A, Borelli KG, Juliano MA, Pelosi GG, Pesquero JB, Silva CLM, Corrêa FMA, Murad F, Prado WA, Martins AR. Angiotensin (5-8) modulates nociception at the rat periaqueductal gray via the NO-sGC pathway and an endogenous opioid. Neuroscience 2012; 231:315-27. [PMID: 23219939 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensins (Angs) modulate blood pressure, hydro-electrolyte composition, and antinociception. Although Ang (5-8) has generally been considered to be inactive, we show here that Ang (5-8) was the smallest Ang to elicit dose-dependent responses and receptor-mediated antinociception in the rat ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter (vlPAG). Ang (5-8) antinociception seems to be selective, because it did not alter blood pressure or act on vascular or intestinal smooth muscle cells. The non-selective Ang-receptor (Ang-R) antagonist saralasin blocked Ang (5-8) antinociception, but selective antagonists of Ang-R types I, II, IV, and Mas did not, suggesting that Ang (5-8) may act via an unknown receptor. Endopeptidase EP 24.11 and amastatin-sensitive aminopeptidase from the vlPAG catalyzed the synthesis (from Ang II or Ang III) and inactivation of Ang (5-8), respectively. Selective inhibitors of neuronal-nitric oxide (NO) synthase, soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) and a non-selective opioid receptor (opioid-R) inhibitor blocked Ang (5-8)-induced antinociception. In conclusion, Ang (5-8) is a new member of the Ang family that selectively and strongly modulates antinociception via NO-sGC and endogenous opioid in the vlPAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Guethe
- Department of Psychology, FFCLRP University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-901, SP, Brazil
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Hikida T, Gamo NJ, Sawa A. DISC1 as a therapeutic target for mental illnesses. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16:1151-60. [PMID: 23130881 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2012.719879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many genetic studies have indicated that DISC1 is not merely "disrupted-in-schizophrenia," but is more generally implicated in various brain dysfunctions associated with aberrant neurodevelopment and intracellular signaling pathways. Thus, the DISC1 gene is mildly associated with a variety of brain disorders, including schizophrenia, mood disorders, and autism. This novel concept fits with the results from biological studies of DISC1, which include cell and animal models. AREAS COVERED We review the molecular structure and functions of DISC1, particularly those in conjunction with its important interactors. Functions of these interacting proteins are also introduced under the concept of the "DISC1 interactome." Finally, we discuss how the DISC1 interactome can provide potential therapeutic targets for mental illnesses. EXPERT OPINION Modulation of DISC1 stability and post-transcriptional modifications may be key targets to address DISC1-related pathology. In addition, modulation of DISC1 interactors and the mechanisms of their interactions with DISC1 may also provide drug targets. Disc1 rodent models can subsequently be used as templates for in vivo validations of compounds designed for DISC1 and its interacting proteins. Furthermore, these rodents will serve as genetic models for schizophrenia and related conditions, especially in conjunction with their pathologies during the neurodevelopmental trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Hikida
- Kyoto University School of Medicine, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto, Japan.
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27
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Soares DC, Bradshaw NJ, Zou J, Kennaway CK, Hamilton RS, Chen ZA, Wear MA, Blackburn EA, Bramham J, Böttcher B, Millar JK, Barlow PN, Walkinshaw MD, Rappsilber J, Porteous DJ. The mitosis and neurodevelopment proteins NDE1 and NDEL1 form dimers, tetramers, and polymers with a folded back structure in solution. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:32381-93. [PMID: 22843697 PMCID: PMC3463352 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.393439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Paralogs NDE1 (nuclear distribution element 1) and NDEL1 (NDE-like 1) are essential for mitosis and neurodevelopment. Both proteins are predicted to have similar structures, based upon high sequence similarity, and they co-complex in mammalian cells. X-ray diffraction studies and homology modeling suggest that their N-terminal regions (residues 8-167) adopt continuous, extended α-helical coiled-coil structures, but no experimentally derived information on the structure of their C-terminal regions or the architecture of the full-length proteins is available. In the case of NDE1, no biophysical data exists. Here we characterize the structural architecture of both full-length proteins utilizing negative stain electron microscopy along with our established paradigm of chemical cross-linking followed by tryptic digestion, mass spectrometry, and database searching, which we enhance using isotope labeling for mixed NDE1-NDEL1. We determined that full-length NDE1 forms needle-like dimers and tetramers in solution, similar to crystal structures of NDEL1, as well as chain-like end-to-end polymers. The C-terminal domain of each protein, required for interaction with key protein partners dynein and DISC1 (disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1), includes a predicted disordered region that allows a bent back structure. This facilitates interaction of the C-terminal region with the N-terminal coiled-coil domain and is in agreement with previous results showing N- and C-terminal regions of NDEL1 and NDE1 cooperating in dynein interaction. It sheds light on recently identified mutations in the NDE1 gene that cause truncation of the encoded protein. Additionally, analysis of mixed NDE1-NDEL1 complexes demonstrates that NDE1 and NDEL1 can interact directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh C. Soares
- From the Medical Genetics Section, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Bradshaw
- From the Medical Genetics Section, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
- the Institut für Neuropathologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Juan Zou
- the Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology and
| | - Christopher K. Kennaway
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, United Kingdom
| | - Russell S. Hamilton
- the Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | | | - Martin A. Wear
- the Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, United Kingdom, and
| | - Elizabeth A. Blackburn
- the Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, United Kingdom, and
| | - Janice Bramham
- the Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, United Kingdom, and
| | - Bettina Böttcher
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, United Kingdom
| | - J. Kirsty Millar
- From the Medical Genetics Section, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Paul N. Barlow
- the Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, United Kingdom, and
| | - Malcolm D. Walkinshaw
- the Centre for Translational and Chemical Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, United Kingdom, and
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- the Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology and
- the Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - David J. Porteous
- From the Medical Genetics Section, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
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Camargo ACM, Fernandes BL, Cruz L, Ferro ES. Bioactive Peptides Produced by Limited Proteolysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4199/c00056ed1v01y201204npe002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Bradshaw NJ, Porteous DJ. DISC1-binding proteins in neural development, signalling and schizophrenia. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:1230-41. [PMID: 21195721 PMCID: PMC3275753 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the decade since Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) was first identified it has become one of the most convincing risk genes for major mental illness. As a multi-functional scaffold protein, DISC1 has multiple identified protein interaction partners that highlight pathologically relevant molecular pathways with potential for pharmaceutical intervention. Amongst these are proteins involved in neuronal migration (e.g. APP, Dixdc1, LIS1, NDE1, NDEL1), neural progenitor proliferation (GSK3β), neurosignalling (Girdin, GSK3β, PDE4) and synaptic function (Kal7, TNIK). Furthermore, emerging evidence of genetic association (NDEL1, PCM1, PDE4B) and copy number variation (NDE1) implicate several DISC1-binding partners as risk factors for schizophrenia in their own right. Thus, a picture begins to emerge of DISC1 as a key hub for multiple critical developmental pathways within the brain, disruption of which can lead to a variety of psychiatric illness phenotypes.
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Key Words
- disc1
- schizophrenia
- neurodevelopment
- signalling
- synapse
- association studies
- app, amyloid precursor protein
- atf4, activating transcription factor 4
- bace1, β-site app-cleaving enzyme-1
- bbs4, bardet–biedl syndrome 4
- cep290, centrosomal protein 290 kda
- cnv, copy number variation
- cre, camp response element
- dbz, disc1-binding zinc finger
- disc1, disrupted in schizophrenia 1
- dixdc1, dishevelled-axin domain containing-1
- fez1, fasciculation and elongation protein zeta 1
- glur, glutamate receptor
- gsk3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3β
- kal7, kalirin-7
- lef/tcf, lymphoid enhancer factor/t cell factor
- lis1, lissencephaly 1
- mtor, mammalian target of rapamycin
- nde1, nuclear distribution factor e homologue 1 or nuclear distribution element 1
- ndel1, nde-like 1
- nrg, neuregulin
- pacap, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide
- pcm1, pericentriolar material 1
- pcnt, pericentrin
- pde4, phosphodiesterase 4
- pi3 k, phosphatidylinositiol 3-kinase
- psd, post-synaptic density
- rac1, ras-related c3 botulinum toxin substrate 1
- tnik, traf2 and nck interacting kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Bradshaw
- Medical Genetics Section, Molecular Medicine Centre, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH4 2XU, UK
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Kamiya A, Sedlak TW, Pletnikov MV. DISC1 Pathway in Brain Development: Exploring Therapeutic Targets for Major Psychiatric Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2012; 3:25. [PMID: 22461775 PMCID: PMC3310233 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic risk factors for major psychiatric disorders play key roles in neurodevelopment. Thus, exploring the molecular pathways of risk genes is important not only for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying brain development, but also to decipher how genetic disturbances affect brain maturation and functioning relevant to major mental illnesses. During the last decade, there has been significant progress in determining the mechanisms whereby risk genes impact brain development. Nonetheless, given that the majority of psychiatric disorders have etiological complexities encompassing multiple risk genes and environmental factors, the biological mechanisms of these diseases remain poorly understood. How can we move forward to our research for discovery of the biological markers and novel therapeutic targets for major mental disorders? Here we review recent progress in the neurobiology of disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1), a major risk gene for major mental disorders, with a particular focus on its roles in cerebral cortex development. Convergent findings implicate DISC1 as part of a large, multi-step pathway implicated in various cellular processes and signal transduction. We discuss links between the DISC1 pathway and environmental factors, such as immune/inflammatory responses, which may suggest novel therapeutic targets. Existing treatments for major mental disorders are hampered by a limited number of pharmacological targets. Consequently, elucidation of the DISC1 pathway, and its association with neuropsychiatric disorders, may offer hope for novel treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kamiya
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
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31
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Chansard M, Hong JH, Park YU, Park SK, Nguyen MD. Ndel1, Nudel (Noodle): flexible in the cell? Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2011; 68:540-54. [PMID: 21948775 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear distribution element-like 1 (Ndel1 or Nudel) was firstly described as a regulator of the cytoskeleton in microtubule and intermediate filament dynamics and microtubule-based transport. Emerging evidence indicates that Ndel1 also serves as a docking platform for signaling proteins and modulates enzymatic activities (kinase, ATPase, oligopeptidase, GTPase). Through these structural and signaling functions, Ndel1 plays a role in diverse cellular processes (e.g., mitosis, neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth, and neuronal migration). Furthermore, Ndel1 is linked to the etiology of various mental illnesses and neurodegenerative disorders. In the present review, we summarize the physiological and pathological functions associated with Ndel1. We further advance the concept that Ndel1 interfaces GTPases-mediated processes (endocytosis, vesicles morphogenesis/signaling) and cytoskeletal dynamics to impact cell signaling and behaviors. This putative mechanism may affect cellular functionalities and may contribute to shed light into the causes of devastating human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Chansard
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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32
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Dresner E, Agam G, Gozes I. Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) expression level is correlated with the expression of the sister protein ADNP2: deregulation in schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2011; 21:355-61. [PMID: 20598862 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) and the homologous protein ADNP2 provide cell protection. ADNP is essential for brain formation, proper brain development and neuronal plasticity, all reported to be impaired in the schizophrenia patient brains. Furthermore, reduction in ADNP expression affects social interactions, a major hallmark of schizophrenia. To evaluate a possible involvement of ADNP and ADNP2 in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia in humans, we measured relative brain mRNA transcripts of both proteins compared with control subjects. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction in postmortem hippocampal specimens from normal control subjects exhibited a significant ADNP to ADNP2 transcript level correlation (r=0.931, p<0.001), also apparent in a neuroglial model system. In contrast, in the hippocampus of matched schizophrenia patients, this correlation (r=0.637, p=0.014) was drastically decreased in a statistically significant manner (p=0.03), mirroring disease-associated increased ADNP2 transcripts. In the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia patients the correlation between ADNP and ADNP2 mRNA levels was apparently higher than in the hippocampus (r=0.854, p<0.001), but did not reach a significant difference (p=0.25). Thus, imbalance in ADNP/ADNP2 expression in the brain may impact disease progression in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Dresner
- Adams Super Center for Brain Studies, and Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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Gozes I. Microtubules, schizophrenia and cognitive behavior: preclinical development of davunetide (NAP) as a peptide-drug candidate. Peptides 2011; 32:428-31. [PMID: 21050875 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
NAP (davunetide) is an active fragment of activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP). ADNP and the homologous protein ADNP2 provide cell protection. ADNP is essential for brain formation, proper development and neuronal plasticity, all reported to be impaired in schizophrenia. ADNP haploinsufficiecy inhibits social and cognitive functions, major hallmarks in schizophrenia. Imbalance in ADNP/ADNP2 expression in the schizophrenia brain may impact disease progression. NAP treatment partly ameliorates ADNP haploinsufficiecy. The microtubule, stable tubule-only polypeptide (STOP)-deficient mice were shown to provide a reliable model for schizophrenia. Daily intranasal NAP treatment significantly decreased hyperactivity in STOP-deficient mice and protected visual memory, supporting further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Illana Gozes
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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Hayashi MAF, Guerreiro JR, Cassola AC, Lizier NF, Kerkis A, Camargo ACM, Kerkis I. Long-term culture of mouse embryonic stem cell-derived adherent neurospheres and functional neurons. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 16:1493-502. [PMID: 20486784 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Innumerous protocols, using the mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells as model for in vitro study of neurons functional properties and features, have been developed. Most of these protocols are short lasting, which, therefore, does not allow a careful analysis of the neurons maturation, aging, and death processes. We describe here a novel and efficient long-lasting protocol for in vitro ES cells differentiation into neuronal cells. It consists of obtaining embryoid bodies, followed by induction of neuronal differentiation with retinoic acid of nonadherent embryoid bodies (three-dimensional model), which further allows their adherence and formation of adherent neurospheres (AN, bi-dimensional model). The AN can be maintained for at least 12 weeks in culture under repetitive mechanical splitting, providing a constant microenvironment (in vitro niche) for the neuronal progenitor cells avoiding mechanical dissociation of AN. The expression of neuron-specific proteins, such as nestin, sox1, beta III-tubulin, microtubule-associated protein 2, neurofilament medium protein, Tau, neuronal nuclei marker, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and 5-hydroxytryptamine, were confirmed in these cells maintained during 3 months under several splitting. Additionally, expression pattern of microtubule-associated proteins, such as lissencephaly (Lis1) and nuclear distribution element-like (Ndel1), which were shown to be essential for differentiation and migration of neurons during embryogenesis, was also studied. As expected, both proteins were expressed in undifferentiated ES cells, AN, and nonrosette neurons, although presenting different spatial distribution in AN. In contrast to previous studies, using cultured neuronal cells derived from embryonic and adult tissues, only Ndel1 expression was observed in the centrosome region of early neuroblasts from AN. Mature neurons, obtained from ES cells in this work, display ionic channels and oscillations of membrane electrical potential typical of electrically excitable cells, which is a characteristic feature of the functional central nervous system (CNS) neurons. Taken together, our study demonstrated that AN are a long-term culture of neuronal cells that can be used to analyze the process of neuronal differentiation dynamics. Thus, the protocol described here provides a new experimental model for studying neurological diseases associated with neuronal differentiation during early development, as well as it represents a novel source of functional cells that can be used as tools for testing the effects of toxins and/or drugs on neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirian A F Hayashi
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Hayashi MAF, Guerreiro JR, Charych E, Kamiya A, Barbosa RL, Machado MF, Campeiro JD, Oliveira V, Sawa A, Camargo ACM, Brandon NJ. Assessing the role of endooligopeptidase activity of Ndel1 (nuclear-distribution gene E homolog like-1) in neurite outgrowth. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 44:353-61. [PMID: 20462516 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ndel1 plays multiple roles in neuronal development but it is unknown whether its reported cysteine protease activity is important for these processes. Ndel1 is known to be critical for neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells where it works co-operatively in a complex with DISC1 to allow normal neuritogenesis. Through an initial interest in understanding the regulation of the expression of Ndel1 during neuronal differentiation, we have been able to show that Ndel1 expression and enzyme activity is up-regulated during neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells induced to neural differentiation. Heterologous expression of wild-type Ndel1 (Ndel1(WT)) in PC12 cells increases the percentage of cells bearing neurites in contrast to the catalytically dead mutant, Ndel1(C273A), which caused a decrease. Furthermore depletion of endogenous Ndel1 by RNAi decreased neurite outgrowth, which was rescued by transfection of the enzymatically active Ndel1(WT), but not by the Ndel1(C273A) mutant. Together these data support the notion that the endooligopeptidase activity of Ndel1 plays a crucial role in the differentiation process of PC12 cells to neurons. Genetic data and protein interaction with DISC1 might suggest a role for Ndel1 in neuropsychiatirc conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirian A F Hayashi
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil.
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36
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Abstract
More than 200 phosphorylated 14-3-3-binding sites in the literature were analysed to define 14-3-3 specificities, identify relevant protein kinases, and give insights into how cellular 14-3-3/phosphoprotein networks work. Mode I RXX(pS/pT)XP motifs dominate, although the +2 proline residue occurs in less than half, and LX(R/K)SX(pS/pT)XP is prominent in plant 14-3-3-binding sites. Proline at +1 is rarely reported, and such motifs did not stand up to experimental reanalysis of human Ndel1. Instead, we discovered that 14-3-3 interacts with two residues that are phosphorylated by basophilic kinases and located in the DISC1 (disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1)-interacting region of Ndel1 that is implicated in cognitive disorders. These data conform with the general findings that there are different subtypes of 14-3-3-binding sites that overlap with the specificities of different basophilic AGC (protein kinase A/protein kinase G/protein kinase C family) and CaMK (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase) protein kinases, and a 14-3-3 dimer often engages with two tandem phosphorylated sites, which is a configuration with special signalling, mechanical and evolutionary properties. Thus 14-3-3 dimers can be digital logic gates that integrate more than one input to generate an action, and coincidence detectors when the two binding sites are phosphorylated by different protein kinases. Paired sites are generally located within disordered regions and/or straddle either side of functional domains, indicating how 14-3-3 dimers modulate the conformations and/or interactions of their targets. Finally, 14-3-3 proteins bind to members of several multi-protein families. Two 14-3-3-binding sites are conserved across the class IIa histone deacetylases, whereas other protein families display differential regulation by 14-3-3s. We speculate that 14-3-3 dimers may have contributed to the evolution of such families, tailoring regulatory inputs to different physiological demands.
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Collins DM, Murdoch H, Dunlop AJ, Charych E, Baillie GS, Wang Q, Herberg FW, Brandon N, Prinz A, Houslay MD. Ndel1 alters its conformation by sequestering cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase-4D3 (PDE4D3) in a manner that is dynamically regulated through Protein Kinase A (PKA). Cell Signal 2008; 20:2356-69. [PMID: 18845247 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of the Nuclear distribution element-like (Ndel1; Nudel) protein in the recruitment of the dynein complex is critical for neurodevelopment and potentially important for neuronal disease states. The PDE4 family of phosphodiesterases specifically degrades cAMP, an important second messenger implicated in learning and memory functions. Here we show for the first time that Ndel1 can interact directly with PDE4 family members and that the interaction of Ndel1 with the PDE4D3 isoform is uniquely disrupted by elevation of intracellular cAMP levels. While all long PDE4 isoforms are subject to stimulatory PKA phosphorylation within their conserved regulatory UCR1 domain, specificity for release of PDE4D3 is conferred due to the PKA-dependent phosphorylation of Ser13 within the isoform-specific, unique amino-terminal domain of PDE4D3. Scanning peptide array analyses identify a common region on Ndel1 for PDE4 binding and an additional region that is unique to PDE4D3. The common site lies within the stutter region that links the second coiled-coil region to the unstable third coiled-coil regions of Ndel1. The additional binding region unique to PDE4D3 penetrates into the start of the third coiled-coil region that can undergo tail-to-tail interactions between Ndel1 dimers to form a 4 helix bundle. We demonstrate Ndel1 self-interaction in living cells using a BRET approach with luciferase- and GFP-tagged forms of Ndel1. BRET assessed Ndel1-Ndel1 self-interaction is amplified through the binding of PDE4 isoforms. For PDE4D3 this effect is ablated upon elevation of intracellular cAMP due to PKA-mediated phosphorylation at Ser13, while the potentiating effects of PDE4B1 and PDE4D5 are resistant to cAMP elevation. PDE4D long isoforms and Ndel1 show a similar sub-cellular distribution in hippocampus and cortex and locate to post-synaptic densities. We show that Ndel1 sequesters EPAC, but not PKA, in order to form a cAMP signalling complex. We propose that a key function of the Ndel1 signalling scaffold is to signal through cAMP by sequestering EPAC, whose activity may thus be specifically regulated by sequestered PDE4 that also stabilizes Ndel1-Ndel1 self-interaction. In the case of PDE4D3, its association with Ndel1 is dynamically regulated by PKA input through its ability to phosphorylate Ser13 in the unique N-terminal region of this isoform, triggering the specific release of PDE4D3 from Ndel1 when cAMP levels are elevated. We propose that Ser13 may act as a redistribution trigger in PDE4D3, allowing it to dynamically re-shape cAMP gradients in distinct intracellular locales upon its phosphorylation by PKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Collins
- Neuroscience and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Wolfson Link and Davidson Buildings, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
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Burdick KE, Kamiya A, Hodgkinson CA, Lencz T, DeRosse P, Ishizuka K, Elashvili S, Arai H, Goldman D, Sawa A, Malhotra AK. Elucidating the relationship between DISC1, NDEL1 and NDE1 and the risk for schizophrenia: evidence of epistasis and competitive binding. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:2462-73. [PMID: 18469341 PMCID: PMC2486442 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DISC1 influences susceptibility to psychiatric disease and related phenotypes. Intact functions of DISC1 and its binding partners, NDEL1 and NDE1, are critical to neurodevelopmental processes aberrant in schizophrenia (SZ). Despite evidence of an NDEL1-DISC1 protein interaction, there have been no investigations of the NDEL1 gene or the relationship between NDEL1 and DISC1 in SZ. We genotyped six NDEL1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 275 Caucasian SZ patients and 200 controls and tested for association and interaction between the functional SNP Ser704Cys in DISC1 and NDEL1. We also evaluated the relationship between NDE1 and DISC1 genotype and SZ. Finally, in a series of in vitro assays, we determined the binding profiles of NDEL1 and NDE1, in relation to DISC1 Ser704Cys. We observed a single haplotype block within NDEL1; the majority of variation was captured by NDEL1 rs1391768. We observed a significant interaction between rs1391768 and DISC1 Ser704Cys, with the effect of NDEL1 on SZ evident only against the background of DISC1 Ser704 homozygosity. Secondary analyses revealed no direct relationship between NDE1 genotype and SZ; however, there was an opposite pattern of risk for NDE1 genotype when conditioned on DISC1 Ser704Cys, with NDE1 rs3784859 imparting a significant effect but only in the context of a Cys-carrying background. In addition, we report opposing binding patterns of NDEL1 and NDE1 to Ser704 versus Cys704, at the same DISC1 binding domain. These data suggest that NDEL1 significantly influences risk for SZ via an interaction with DISC1. We propose a model where NDEL1 and NDE1 compete for binding with DISC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Burdick
- Department of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA.
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Abstract
Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is emerging in the eyes of many as the most promising candidate of all the schizophrenia risk genes. This viewpoint is derived from the combination of genetic, clinical, imaging and rapidly advancing cell biology data around this gene. All of these areas have been reviewed extensively recently and this review will point you towards some of these excellent papers. My own personal view of the potential importance of DISC1 was echoed in a recent review which suggested that DISC1 may be a 'Rosetta Stone' for schizophrenia research [Ross, Margolis, Reading, Pletnikov and Coyle (2006) Neuron 52, 139-153]. Our own efforts to try to understand the function of DISC1 were through identification of its protein-binding partners. Through an extensive Y2H (yeast two-hybrid) and bioinformatics effort we generated the 'DISC1-Interactome', a comprehensive network of protein-protein interactions around DISC1. In two excellent industry-academia collaborations we focused on two main interacting partners: Ndel1 (nudE nuclear distribution gene E homologue-like 1), an enigmatic protein which may have diverse functions as both a cysteine protease and a key centrosomal structural protein; and PDE4B, a cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase. I will review the work around these two protein complexes in detail.
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40
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How has DISC1 enabled drug discovery? Mol Cell Neurosci 2008; 37:187-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Abstract
The DISC locus is located at the breakpoint of a balanced t(1;11) chromosomal translocation in a large and unique Scottish family. This translocation segregates in a highly statistically significant manner with a broad diagnosis of psychiatric illness, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression, as well as with a narrow diagnosis of schizophrenia alone. Two novel genes were identified at this locus and due to the high prevalence of schizophrenia in this family, they were named Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) and Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia-2 (DISC2). DISC1 encodes a novel multifunctional scaffold protein, whereas DISC2 is a putative noncoding RNA gene antisense to DISC1. A number of independent genetic linkage and association studies in diverse populations support the original linkage findings in the Scottish family and genetic evidence now implicates the DISC locus in susceptibility to schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder and major depression as well as various cognitive traits. Despite this, with the exception of the t(1;11) translocation, robust evidence for a functional variant(s) is still lacking and genetic heterogeneity is likely. Of the two genes identified at this locus, DISC1 has been prioritized as the most probable candidate susceptibility gene for psychiatric illness, as its protein sequence is directly disrupted by the translocation. Much research has been undertaken in recent years to elucidate the biological functions of the DISC1 protein and to further our understanding of how it contributes to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. These data are the main subject of this review; however, the potential involvement of DISC2 in the pathogenesis of psychiatric illness is also discussed. A detailed picture of DISC1 function is now emerging, which encompasses roles in neurodevelopment, cytoskeletal function and cAMP signalling, and several DISC1 interactors have also been defined as independent genetic susceptibility factors for psychiatric illness. DISC1 is a hub protein in a multidimensional risk pathway for major mental illness, and studies of this pathway are opening up opportunities for a better understanding of causality and possible mechanisms of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Chubb
- Medical Genetics Section, The Centre for Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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42
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Lang UE, Puls I, Muller DJ, Strutz-Seebohm N, Gallinat J. Molecular mechanisms of schizophrenia. Cell Physiol Biochem 2007; 20:687-702. [PMID: 17982252 DOI: 10.1159/000110430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex disorder, where family, twin and adoption studies have been demonstrating a high heritability of the disease and that this disease is not simply defined by several major genes but rather evolves from addition or potentiation of a specific cluster of genes, which subsequently determines the genetic vulnerability of an individual. Linkage and association studies suggest that a genetic vulnerablility, is not forcefully leading to the disease since triggering factors and environmental influences, i.e. birth complications, drug abuse, urban background or time of birth have been identified. This has lead to the assumption that schizophrenia is not only a genetically defined static disorder but a dynamic process leading to dysregulation of multiple pathways. There are several different hypothesis based on several facets of the disease, some of them due to the relatively well-known mechanisms of therapeutic agents. The most widely considered neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia integrates environmental influences and causative genes. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is based on the fact that all common treatments involve antidopaminergic mechanisms and genes such as DRD2, DRD3, DARPP-32, BDNF or COMT are closely related to dopaminergic system functioning. The glutamatergic hypothesis of schizophrenia lead recently to a first successful mGlu2/3 receptor agonistic drug and is underpinned by significant findings in genes regulating the glutamatergic system (SLC1A6, SLC1A2 GRIN1, GRIN2A, GRIA1, NRG1, ErbB4, DTNBP1, DAAO, G72/30, GRM3). Correspondingly, GABA has been proposed to modulate the pathophysiology of the disease which is represented by the involvement of genes like GABRA1, GABRP, GABRA6 and Reelin. Moreover, several genes implicating immune, signaling and networking deficits have been reported to be involved in the disease, i.e. DISC1, RGS4, PRODH, DGCR6, ZDHHC8, DGCR2, Akt, CREB, IL-1B, IL-1RN, IL-10, IL-1B. However, molecular findings suggest that a complex interplay between receptors, kinases, proteins and hormones is involved in schizophrenia. In a unifying hypothesis, different cascades merge into another that ultimately lead to the development of symptoms adherent to schizophrenic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undine E Lang
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin (Germany).
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Bégou M, Brun P, Bertrand JB, Job D, Schweitzer A, D'Amato T, Saoud M, Andrieux A, Suaud-Chagny MF. Post-pubertal emergence of alterations in locomotor activity in stop null mice. Synapse 2007; 61:689-97. [PMID: 17559095 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Overt schizophrenia is preceded by a prodromal phase during which juvenile patients display attenuated schizophrenia-related symptoms. Here, we have looked for evidence of a prodromal phase in juvenile STOP null mice, which, during adulthood, imitate features of schizophrenia. We have principally examined locomotor activity, which is abnormal in adult STOP null mice, and its apparent relationship with perturbed glutamatergic and dopaminergic transmission. When compared to corresponding wild-type mice, juvenile STOP null mice did not exhibit the basal hyperlocomotion or locomotor hypersensitivity to mild stress observed in adult mice. Juvenile STOP null mice also lacked disturbed locomotor sensitivity to MK-801, which was evident in adult mice. In contrast, juvenile STOP null mice exhibited a similar hypersensitivity to amphetamine as that found in adult mice. Thus, STOP null mice exhibited both a progression of locomotor activity defects over time and subtle alterations in the prepubertal period. We suggest that the pattern of locomotor disturbances observed in this study is related to altered dopaminergic reactivity in juvenile mice without major disturbance in glutamatergic transmission, whereas both neurotransmitter systems are impaired in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélina Bégou
- Institut Fédératif des Neurosciences de Lyon, Bron, France.
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44
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Hikida T, Jaaro-Peled H, Seshadri S, Oishi K, Hookway C, Kong S, Wu D, Xue R, Andradé M, Tankou S, Mori S, Gallagher M, Ishizuka K, Pletnikov M, Kida S, Sawa A. Dominant-negative DISC1 transgenic mice display schizophrenia-associated phenotypes detected by measures translatable to humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:14501-6. [PMID: 17675407 PMCID: PMC1964873 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0704774104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report generation and characterization of Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) genetically engineered mice as a potential model for major mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia. DISC1 is a promising genetic risk factor for major mental illnesses. In this transgenic model, a dominant-negative form of DISC1 (DN-DISC1) is expressed under the alphaCaMKII promoter. In vivo MRI of the DN-DISC1 mice detected enlarged lateral ventricles particularly on the left side, suggesting a link to the asymmetrical change in anatomy found in brains of patients with schizophrenia. Furthermore, selective reduction in the immunoreactivity of parvalbumin in the cortex, a marker for an interneuron deficit that may underlie cortical asynchrony, is observed in the DN-DISC1 mice. These results suggest that these transgenic mice may be used as a model for schizophrenia. DN-DISC1 mice also display several behavioral abnormalities, including hyperactivity, disturbance in sensorimotor gating and olfactory-associated behavior, and an anhedonia/depression-like deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Di Wu
- Departments of *Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | | | | | - Stephanie Tankou
- Departments of *Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and
| | | | | | | | - Mikhail Pletnikov
- Division of Neurobiology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287; and
| | - Satoshi Kida
- **Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Akira Sawa
- Neuroscience, and
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and
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45
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Chen QY, Chen Q, Feng GY, Lindpaintner K, Wang LJ, Chen ZX, Gao ZS, Tang JS, Huang G, He L. Case-control association study of Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) gene and schizophrenia in the Chinese population. J Psychiatr Res 2007; 41:428-34. [PMID: 16524593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Revised: 01/04/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) has first been identified as a candidate gene for schizophrenia through study of a Scottish family with a balanced (1; 11) (q42.1; q14.3) translocation. Lots of linkage and association studies supported DISC1 as a risk factor for schizophrenia. In this study, we genotyped three SNPs in DISC1 using a set of Han Chinese samples of 560 schizophrenics and 576 controls. No positive association was detected in the whole samples but analysis of allele frequencies in female samples showed weak association between SNP rs2295959 and the disease (chi(2)=6.188, P=0.0135, OR=0.728, 95% CI=0.567-0.935). Our results provide further evidence for sex difference for the effect of the gene on the aetiology of schizophrenia. Our findings also would encourage further studies, particularly family-based association studies with larger samples, to analyze the association between DISC1 and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ying Chen
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 319 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, PR China
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46
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Liang Y, Yu W, Li Y, Yu L, Zhang Q, Wang F, Yang Z, Du J, Huang Q, Yao X, Zhu X. Nudel modulates kinetochore association and function of cytoplasmic dynein in M phase. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:2656-66. [PMID: 17494871 PMCID: PMC1924840 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e06-04-0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule-based motor cytoplasmic dynein/dynactin is a force generator at the kinetochore. It also transports proteins away from kinetochores to spindle poles. Regulation of such diverse functions, however, is poorly understood. We have previously shown that Nudel is critical for dynein-mediated protein transport, whereas mitosin, a kinetochore protein that binds Nudel, is involved in retention of kinetochore dynein/dynactin against microtubule-dependent stripping. Here we demonstrate that Nudel is required for robust localization of dynein/dynactin at the kinetochore. It localizes to kinetochores after nuclear envelope breakdown, depending mostly ( approximately 78%) on mitosin and slightly on dynein/dynactin. Depletion of Nudel by RNA interference (RNAi) or overexpression of its mutant incapable of binding either Lis1 or dynein heavy chain abolishes the kinetochore protein transport and mitotic progression. Similar to mitosin RNAi, Nudel RNAi also leads to increased stripping of kinetochore dynein/dynactin in the presence of microtubules. Taking together, our results suggest a dual role of kinetochore Nudel: it activates dynein-mediated protein transport and, when interacting with both mitosin and dynein, stabilizes kinetochore dynein/dynactin against microtubule-dependent stripping to facilitate the force generation function of the motor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liang
- *Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; and
| | - Wei Yu
- *Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; and
| | - Yan Li
- *Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; and
| | - Lihou Yu
- *Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; and
| | - Qiangge Zhang
- *Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; and
| | - Fubin Wang
- *Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; and
| | - Zhenye Yang
- *Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; and
| | - Juan Du
- *Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; and
| | - Qiongping Huang
- *Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; and
| | - Xuebiao Yao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences and the School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Xueliang Zhu
- *Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; and
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47
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Mackie S, Millar JK, Porteous DJ. Role of DISC1 in neural development and schizophrenia. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2007; 17:95-102. [PMID: 17258902 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2007.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
How can we hope to explain mechanistically the schizophrenic phenotype? Perhaps through the reductionist approach of genetics, which is beginning to yield biological clues. Growing evidence supports the view that the well-established genetic risk factor DISC1 plays an important role in schizophrenia biology by interacting with FEZ1 and NDEL1 during neurodevelopment and with the phosphodiesterase PDE4B in neuronal cell signalling. Thus, DISC1 and its pathways support the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia and provide a mechanistic explanation for the characteristic cognitive deficits. Genetic variants of DISC1 also predispose to related affective (mood) disorders. As a consequence, we can speculate on the mechanisms of DISC1 action and possible routes to treatment for these common, debilitating brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Mackie
- Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
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Roberts RC. Schizophrenia in translation: disrupted in schizophrenia (DISC1): integrating clinical and basic findings. Schizophr Bull 2007; 33:11-5. [PMID: 17138582 PMCID: PMC2632285 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbl063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) gene has been linked to schizophrenia and other serious mental illnesses in multiple pedigrees. This article will review the neurobiology of DISC1 in normal developing and adult brain and the putative role of the mutant form in major mental illness, particularly schizophrenia. The initial genetic finding of an association between DISC1 and schizophrenia in a Scottish population has now been replicated in Finnish, American, Japanese, and Taiwanese populations. DISC1 is present throughout the brain of a variety of species during development and adulthood, including many of the brain regions known to be abnormal in schizophrenia, such as the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus. The functions of DISC1 in the developing brain include neuronal migration, neurite outgrowth, and neurite extension. In the adult, DISC1 has been identified in multiple populations of neurons and in structures associated with synaptic function, suggesting that one of its adult functions may be synaptic plasticity. DISC1 is associated with numerous cognitive functions that are abnormal in schizophrenia. Converging evidence from cell culture, mice mutants, postmortem brain, and genetics implicates mutant DISC1 in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and other mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalinda C Roberts
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, PO Box 21247, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA.
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Lipska BK, Mitkus SN, Mathew SV, Fatula R, Hyde TM, Weinberger DR, Kleinman JE. Functional genomics in postmortem human brain: abnormalities in a DISC1 molecular pathway in schizophrenia. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2006. [PMID: 17117617 PMCID: PMC3181819 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2006.8.3/blipska] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) gene has been identified as a schizophrenia susceptibility gene based on linkage and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) association studies and clinical data, suggesting that risk SNPs impact on hippocampal structure and function. We hypothesized that altered expression of DISC1 andlor its molecular partners (nuclear distribution element-like [NUDEL], fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1 [FEZ1], and lissencephaly 1 [L1S1 ]) may underlie its pathogenic role in schizophrenia and explain its genetic association. We examined the expression of DISC1 and its binding partners in the hippocampus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of postmortem human brains of schizophrenic patients and controls. We found no difference in the expression of DISC1 mRNA in schizophrenia, and no association with previously identified risk SNPs, However, the expression of NUDEL, FEZ1, and LIS1 vas significantly reduced in tissue from schizophrenic subjects, and the expression of each showed association with high-risk DISC1 polymorphisms. These data suggest involvement of genetically linked abnormalities in the DISC1 molecular pathway in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara K Lipska
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Kamiya A, Tomoda T, Chang J, Takaki M, Zhan C, Morita M, Cascio MB, Elashvili S, Koizumi H, Takanezawa Y, Dickerson F, Yolken R, Arai H, Sawa A. DISC1–NDEL1/NUDEL protein interaction, an essential component for neurite outgrowth, is modulated by genetic variations of DISC1. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:3313-23. [PMID: 17035248 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) is a unique susceptibility gene for major mental conditions, because of the segregation of its genetic variant with hereditary psychosis in a Scottish pedigree. Genetic association studies reproducibly suggest involvement of DISC1 in both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in several ethnic groups. The DISC1 protein is multifunctional, and a pool of DISC1 in the dynein motor complex is required for neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells as well as proper neuronal migration and dendritic arborization in the developing cerebral cortex in vivo. Here, we show that a specific interaction between DISC1 and nuclear distribution element-like (NDEL1/NUDEL) is required for neurite outgrowth in differentiating PC12 cells. Among several components of the dynein motor complex, DISC1 and NDEL1 are selectively upregulated during neurite outgrowth upon differentiation in PC12 cells. The NDEL1 binding site of DISC1 was narrowed down to a small portion of exon 13, corresponding to amino acids 802-835 of DISC1. We demonstrate that genetic variants of DISC1, proximal to the NDEL1 binding site, affect the interaction between DISC1 and NDEL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kamiya
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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