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Najd Obaid F, Al-Dabbagh KA, Salam Karim Y, Abdallah Mahdi O, Mahdi Rheima A, Alkadir OKA, Hamad DA, Mahmood Shihab E, Hussin Alwan N, Alwaily ER. Presence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Dairy Farms located in Najaf, Baghdad, Kirkuk, and Erbil, Iraq. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2022; 77:1269-1273. [PMID: 36618276 PMCID: PMC9759260 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2022.358832.2317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
It has been approved that one of the most dangerous foodborne pathogenic bacteria is E. coli O157:H7, which is responsible for several infection and death cases worldwide. It is well documented that in the developing countries E. coli O157:H7 is considered the main causative pathogen of human gastrointestinal infections. Therefore, the current research was aimed to evaluate the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in dairy cattle's milk using a rapid method, in Iraq (Najaf, Baghdad, Kirkuk, and Erbil). Over a period of 6 months (During hot months) samples were obtained and investigated by culturing on selective media (CT-SMAC). The multiplex PCR (m-PCR) also used for milk sample direct investigation. Using biochemical tests the recorded data showed that, 2 recognized isolates were E. coli, while the recorded data obtained from m-PCR assay revealed that none of the isolated E. coli was toxigenic E.coli O157:H7. The results of m-PCR on the milk samples revealed that 45 milk samples contained at least one of the following genes: O157, H7, stx1, stx2 genes. Also the results of the m-PCR revealed that 2 samples (raw milk) were toxigenic O157:H7 positive. In conclusion, to the best of authors' knowledge, this investigation was the first report on the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in the raw milk samples in Iraq. The results showed that the proportion of contaminated milk samples contaminated with E. coli O157:H7 identified in the current survey were similar to that the results of the previously published research from different dairy products across different countries in the Middle East region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K. A Al-Dabbagh
- Department of Dentistry, Al-Hadba University College, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Y Salam Karim
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Manara College For Medical Sciences, Maysan, Iraq
| | - O Abdallah Mahdi
- Anesthesia Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq
| | - A Mahdi Rheima
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq,
Department of Optics Techniques, Dijlah University College, Al-Masafi Street, Al-Dora, Baghdad 00964, Iraq
| | | | - D. A Hamad
- Nursing Department, Hilla University College, Babylon, Iraq
| | | | - N Hussin Alwan
- Department of Nursing, Al-Zahrawi University College, Karbala, Iraq
| | - E. R Alwaily
- Microbiology Research Group , College of Pharmacy, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
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Resistomes and microbiome of meat trimmings and colon content from culled cows raised in conventional and organic production systems. Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:21. [PMID: 35272712 PMCID: PMC8908682 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-022-00166-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The potential to distribute bacteria resistant to antimicrobial drugs in the meat supply is a public health concern. Market cows make up a fifth of the U.S. beef produced but little is known about the entire population of bacteria (the microbiome) and entirety of all resistance genes (the resistome) that are found in this population. The objective of this study was to characterize and compare the resistomes and microbiome of beef, dairy, and organic dairy market cows at slaughter. Methods Fifty-four (N = 54) composite samples of both colon content and meat trimmings rinsate samples were collected over six visits to two harvest facilities from cows raised in three different production systems: conventional beef, conventional dairy, and organic dairy (n = 3 samples per visit per production system). Metagenomic DNA obtained from samples were analyzed using target-enriched sequencing (resistome) and 16S rRNA gene sequencing (microbiome). Results All colon content samples had at least one identifiable antimicrobial resistance gene (ARG), while 21 of the 54 meat trimmings samples harbored at least one identifiable ARGs. Tetracycline ARGs were the most abundant class in both colon content and carcass meat trimmings. The resistome found on carcass meat trimmings was not significantly different by production system (P = 0.84, R2 = 0.00) or harvest facility (P = 0.10, R2 = 0.09). However, the resistome of colon content differed (P = 0.01; R2 = 0.05) among production systems, but not among the harvest facilities (P = 0.41; R2 = 0.00). Amplicon sequencing revealed differences (P < 0.05) in microbial populations in both meat trimmings and colon content between harvest facilities but not production systems (P > 0.05). Conclusions These data provide a baseline characterization of an important segment of the beef industry and highlight the effect that the production system where cattle are raised and the harvest facilities where an animal is processed can impact associated microbiome and resistomes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42523-022-00166-z.
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Haile AF, Alonso S, Berhe N, Bekele Atoma T, Boyaka PN, Grace D. Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Retail Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa) in Addis Ababa City: Magnitude of Contamination and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:694506. [PMID: 34335523 PMCID: PMC8322604 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.694506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an important foodborne pathogen but largely under investigated in Africa. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and pattern of antimicrobial resistance of E. coli O157:H7 in lettuce in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 390 retail lettuce samples were collected across the 10 subcities of Addis Ababa. E. coli O157:H7 was isolated and identified following ISO-16654:2001 standard. The isolates were further tested for antimicrobial susceptibility to 13 antimicrobials using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Out of the 390 lettuce samples examined, two (0.51%) carried E. coli O157:H7. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of strains showed resistance to ampicillin (100%) and tetracycline (50.0%). One of the two isolates was multidrug resistant to two antimicrobials tested. The results of this study demonstrate the presence of drug-resistant E. coli O157:H7 in lettuce in markets in Addis Ababa. Despite the low prevalence, its presence in a product that is eaten raw highlights potential public health risk in the area associated with this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aklilu Feleke Haile
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Silvia Alonso
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Nega Berhe
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Prosper N Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Microbial Immunity and Infection, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Infection Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Delia Grace
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.,Natural Resources Institute, Chatham, United Kingdom
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Seasonal effect on Salmonella, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157:H7 and non-O157 in the beef industry in Colombia, South America. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07547. [PMID: 34345734 PMCID: PMC8319524 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This research investigated the variations in the occurrence of Salmonella, STEC O157:H7 and non-O157 in the beef production chain in Colombia affected by seasons, hypothesizing that pathogen prevalence will be highest in the rainy season owing to soil moisture promoting bacteria multiplication and transfer between animals. To test this hypothesis, samples were obtained from five abattoirs, which represent 50% of the beef production in this country. A total of 1017 samples were collected, from which 606 were bovine feces, 206 were hide swabs, and 205 corresponded to carcass post-intervention. From the 1017 samples, 49.9% (n = 507) were collected during dry season, while 50.1% (n = 510) during rainy season. All samples (n = 1017) underwent screening for E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella, while only a proportion of fecal samples (n = 339) were screened for the big six STEC serogroups and their virulence markers. The effect of season, age of animal and sex of animal were correlated with the prevalence results. A total of 84.7% of fecal samples carried virulence genes associated to STEC (stx or eae), suggesting that testing and control should be increased for the big-six STEC compared to E. coli O157:H7. Pathogen prevalence in feces was found to be 8.3%, 5.0%, and 51.0% for Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7 and STEC non-O157, respectively. Hides had a prevalence of 15.0% and 6.8% of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7, respectively. Carcasses post-intervention were found to have 4.4% and 2.5% prevalence of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7, respectively. A seasonal effect was found for fecal samples. E. coli O157 and non-O157 STEC shedding were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) during rainy season compared to dry season. In contrast, hides and carcasses were more likely to present lower incidence of pathogens during rainy months compared to dry season; however, it was significant only for Salmonella on carcasses with estimated odds of detection almost six times higher in the dry season relative to the rainy season (OR = 5.90, 95% CI 1.18-29.57).
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Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Listeria monocytogenes in camel meat. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:224889. [PMID: 32432315 PMCID: PMC7281775 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20201062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a total of 50 raw camel meat samples were analyzed for the presence of Listeria monocytogenes. The isolates were characterized via morphological and culture analyses; identification of isolates was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of the listeriolysin O gene. The API Listeria system was used for further chemical identification and verification of the strains. L. monocytogenes was identified in eight raw camel meat samples, which was the highest incidence (16%) of contamination, followed by L. seeligeri 3(6%), L. innocua and L. welshimeri 2 (2% each), and L. grayi 1 (1%). According to Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) analysis, isolated strains that were positive for the listeriolysin O gene were >99% similar to the published database sequences for L. monocytogenes strain LM850658 (sequence ID: CP009242.1). We studied the antibiotic resistance profile of the L. monocytogenes strains with common antibiotics used to treat human listeriosis and demonstrated that almost all strains tested were susceptible to the antibiotics.
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Truong VK, Chapman J, Cozzolino D. Monitoring the Bacterial Response to Antibiotic and Time Growth Using Near-infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Machine Learning. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021; 14:1394-1401. [PMID: 33643516 PMCID: PMC7893847 DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-01994-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Assessing and monitoring the growth and response of bacteria to antibiotics is of crucial importance in research laboratories, as well as in food, environment, medical, and pharmaceutical industrial applications. In this study, Escherichia coli was chosen as the model microorganism to evaluate its response (e.g., growth) to a commercial antibiotic-tetracycline. Thus, the objective of this work was to explore the ability of NIR data combined with machine learning tools (e.g., partial least squares discriminant analysis) to monitor the response and growth of Escherichia coli cultured with different concentrations of tetracycline (ranging from 0 to 50 μg/mL). This study demonstrated a novel method capable of analyzing samples of a complex matrix, while still contained in a 96-well plate. This work will pave the way as a new machine learning method to detect resistance changes in microorganisms without the laborious and, in some cases, time-consuming protocols currently in use in research and by the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vi Khanh Truong
- School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001 Australia
| | - James Chapman
- School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001 Australia
| | - Daniel Cozzolino
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Australia
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Sebsibe MA, Asfaw ET. Occurrence of Multi-Drug Resistant Escherichia Coli and Escherichia Coli O157:H7 in Meat and Swab Samples of Various Contact Surfaces at Abattoir and Butcher Shops in Jimma Town, Southwest District of Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:3853-3862. [PMID: 33149630 PMCID: PMC7603648 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s277890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Raw meat is one of the commonly consumed traditional diets in Ethiopia. However, unhygienic processing and distribution practices are risky for contamination of meat leading to human infection. This study was conducted to assess the presence of multi-drug resistant E. coli with special emphasis on E. coli O157:H7 from meat of cattle and swab samples at abattoir houses and butcher shops in Jimma town, Southwest district of Ethiopia. Methodology A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from April to July, 2018. The isolation and identification processes passed through enrichment of samples with modified tryptone soy broth (mTSB), streaked onto MacConkey agar and Cefixime-tellurite sorbitol MacConkey agar, biochemical testing (indole and TSI), followed by latex agglutination testing. Results Out of 505 samples, 102 (20.2%) and 27 (5.4%) were positive for E. coli and E. coli O157:H7, respectively. Of these, 55 (19.3%) and 47 (21.4%) of E. coli and 17 (6.0%) and 10 (4.5%) of E. coli O157:H7 were isolated from the abattoir and butcher shop samples, respectively. A significant difference in the occurrences was observed among sample sources. Antimicrobial susceptibility test results showed that, 92.2% to 96.1% of E. coli and 85.5% to 96.3% of E. coli O157:H7 were susceptible to third generation cephalosporin, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and chloramphenicol. About 91.2% and 97.1% of E. coli and 88.9% and 92.6% of E. coli 0157:H7 were resistant to ampicillin and erythromycin, respectively. A total of 57 (44.2%) E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 isolates were resistant to three or more classes of antibiotics. All abattoir and butcher shop workers did not have any formal education or training certificates on food safety, and unhygienic practices were also observed. Conclusion The presence of E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 including multi-drug resistant isolates in raw meat highlights how the current meat processing and distribution practice was unhygienic. Therefore, strategies in the prevention and control of food-borne infections that could be caused by multi-drug resistant strains will depend greatly on hygienic processing and distribution practices of meat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eyob Tekalign Asfaw
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
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Hwang BK, Choi H, Choi SH, Kim BS. Analysis of Microbiota Structure and Potential Functions Influencing Spoilage of Fresh Beef Meat. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1657. [PMID: 32793151 PMCID: PMC7387507 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Beef is one of the most consumed food worldwide, and it is prone to spoilage by bacteria. This risk could be caused by resident microbiota and their alterations in fresh beef meat during processing. However, scarce information is available regarding potential spoilage factors due to resident microbiota in fresh beef meat. In this study, we analyzed the microbiota composition and their predicted functions on fresh beef meat. A total of 120 beef meat samples (60 fresh ground and 60 non-ground beef samples) were collected from three different sites in South Korea on different months, and the microbiota were analyzed by the MiSeq system. Our results showed that although the microbiota in beef meat were varied among sampling site and months, the dominant phyla were the same with shared core bacteria. Notably, psychrotrophic genera, related to spoilage, were detected in all samples, and their prevalence increased significantly in July. These genera could inhibit the growth of other microbes with using glucose by fermentation. The results of this study extend our understanding of initial microbiota in fresh beef meat and potential functions influencing spoilage and can be useful to develop the preventive measures to reduce the spoilage of beef meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kyoung Hwang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center of Food Safety and Toxicology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - HyeLim Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center of Food Safety and Toxicology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Ho Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center of Food Safety and Toxicology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bong-Soo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Multidisciplinary Genome Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Veterinary Hospital. Int J Microbiol 2020; 2020:2893027. [PMID: 32802069 PMCID: PMC7416298 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2893027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to detect Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) resistance in the veterinary hospital environment. S. aureus are one of the components of the microbiota, and they may be present in patients in a veterinary hospital environment. Methicillin resistance is determined by a chromosomal gene (mecA), which codes for modifications in the beta-lactam antibiotic receptor, where the penicillin-binding protein will have a low affinity for the antibiotic. Samples were collected through swabs of materials and equipment at the hospital. S. aureus was identified in 7.6% (21/276) of the samples collected, and of the 21 strains isolated, 4 (19.0%) carried the mecA gene. MRSA are all strains of S. aureus that express the mecA gene. Four strains harbor the mecA gene; however, only two expressed the phenotypic resistance to cefoxitin and were characterized as MRSA. An isolate (strain 18) present on a patient care table was identified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus with intermediate sensitivity to vancomycin (VISA). Our observations suggest the need for containment measures (good antisepsis practices) to avoid the possible transmission of resistant bacterial agents for the veterinary hospital environment.
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Mir RA, Schaut RG, Looft T, Allen HK, Sharma VK, Kudva IT. Recto-Anal Junction (RAJ) and Fecal Microbiomes of Cattle Experimentally Challenged With Escherichia coli O157:H7. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:693. [PMID: 32362883 PMCID: PMC7181329 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cattle are the asymptomatic reservoirs of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (O157) that preferentially colonizes the bovine recto-anal junction (RAJ). Understanding the influence of O157 on the diversity of the RAJ microbiota could give insights into its persistence at the RAJ in cattle. Hence, we compared changes in bovine RAJ and fecal microbiota following O157 challenge under experimental conditions. Cattle were either orally challenged (n = 4) with1010 CFU of a streptomycin-resistant O157 strain 86-24, or mock-challenged (n = 4) with phosphate buffered saline. Rectoanal mucosal swab (RAMS) and fecal samples were collected at different time points for analysis. Alpha diversity measures (Chao1 species richness and Shannon diversity index) were found to be significantly different between RAMS and fecal samples but not influenced by O157 challenge. The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F: B) ratio was higher in RAMS samples from O157 colonized animals and this may have influenced the consistent yet decreased O157 colonization at the RAJ. Specific bacterial genera that were present in relative low abundance in fecal and RAMS microbiota did not affect overall microbial diversity but were associated with O157 colonization. Differential abundance analysis (DAA) of genera in samples from O157 shedding cattle indicated significantly higher relative abundance of Paenibacillus and Fusobacterium in RAMS, and Tyzzerella in fecal samples. Mock-challenged cattle showed higher relative abundance of Intestinimonas and Citrobacter in RAMS samples, and Succinivibrio, and Prevotella 1 in fecal samples. These results suggest that O157 challenge exerts transient influence on the intestinal microbial community which in turn might promote O157 colonization in a site-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raies A Mir
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States.,ARS Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Robert G Schaut
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States.,ARS Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Torey Looft
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Heather K Allen
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Vijay K Sharma
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Indira T Kudva
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
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Joseph A, Cointe A, Mariani Kurkdjian P, Rafat C, Hertig A. Shiga Toxin-Associated Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome: A Narrative Review. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E67. [PMID: 31973203 PMCID: PMC7076748 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The severity of human infection by one of the many Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is determined by a number of factors: the bacterial genome, the capacity of human societies to prevent foodborne epidemics, the medical condition of infected patients (in particular their hydration status, often compromised by severe diarrhea), and by our capacity to devise new therapeutic approaches, most specifically to combat the bacterial virulence factors, as opposed to our current strategies that essentially aim to palliate organ deficiencies. The last major outbreak in 2011 in Germany, which killed more than 50 people in Europe, was evidence that an effective treatment was still lacking. Herein, we review the current knowledge of STEC virulence, how societies organize the prevention of human disease, and how physicians treat (and, hopefully, will treat) its potentially fatal complications. In particular, we focus on STEC-induced hemolytic and uremic syndrome (HUS), where the intrusion of toxins inside endothelial cells results in massive cell death, activation of the coagulation within capillaries, and eventually organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Joseph
- Department of Nephrology, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, F-75020 Paris, France; (A.J.); (C.R.)
| | - Aurélie Cointe
- Department of Microbiology, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, F-75019 Paris, France; (A.C.); (P.M.K.)
| | | | - Cédric Rafat
- Department of Nephrology, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, F-75020 Paris, France; (A.J.); (C.R.)
| | - Alexandre Hertig
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
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Mir RA, Schaut RG, Allen HK, Looft T, Loving CL, Kudva IT, Sharma VK. Cattle intestinal microbiota shifts following Escherichia coli O157:H7 vaccination and colonization. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226099. [PMID: 31805148 PMCID: PMC6894827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination-induced Escherichia coli O157:H7-specific immune responses have been shown to reduce E. coli O157:H7 shedding in cattle. Although E. coli O157:H7 colonization is correlated with perturbations in intestinal microbial diversity, it is not yet known whether vaccination against E. coli O157:H7 could cause shifts in bovine intestinal microbiota. To understand the impact of E. coli O157:H7 vaccination and colonization on intestinal microbial diversity, cattle were vaccinated with two doses of different E. coli O157:H7 vaccine formulations. Six weeks post-vaccination, the two vaccinated groups (Vx-Ch) and one non-vaccinated group (NonVx-Ch) were orally challenged with E. coli O157:H7. Another group was neither vaccinated nor challenged (NonVx-NonCh). Fecal microbiota analysis over a 30-day period indicated a significant (FDR corrected, p <0.05) association of bacterial community structure with vaccination until E. coli O157:H7 challenge. Shannon diversity index and species richness were significantly lower in vaccinated compared to non-vaccinated groups after E. coli O157:H7 challenge (p < 0.05). The Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio (p > 0.05) was not associated with vaccination but the relative abundance of Proteobacteria was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in vaccinated calves after E. coli O157:H7 challenge. Similarly, Vx-Ch calves had higher relative abundance of Paeniclostridium spp. and Christenellaceae R7 group while Campylobacter spp., and Sutterella spp. were more abundant in NonVx-Ch group post-E. coli O157:H7 challenge. Only Vx-Ch calves had significantly higher (p < 0.001) E. coli O157:H7-specific serum IgG but no detectable E. coli O157:H7-specific IgA. However, E. coli O157:H7-specific IL-10-producing T cells were detected in vaccinated animals prior to challenge, but IFN-γ-producing T cells were not detected. Neither E. coli O157:H7-specific IgG nor IgA were detected in blood or feces, respectively, of NonVx-Ch and NonVx-NonCh groups prior to or post vaccinations. Both Vx-Ch and NonVx-Ch animals shed detectable levels of challenge strain during the course of the study. Despite the lack of protection with the vaccine formulations there were detectable shifts in the microbiota of vaccinated animals before and after challenge with E. coli O157:H7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raies A. Mir
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), ARS Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Schaut
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), ARS Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Heather K. Allen
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Torey Looft
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Crystal L. Loving
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Indira T. Kudva
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (VKS); (ITK)
| | - Vijay K. Sharma
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (VKS); (ITK)
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13
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Kang S, Ravensdale J, Coorey R, Dykes GA, Barlow R. A Comparison of 16S rRNA Profiles Through Slaughter in Australian Export Beef Abattoirs. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2747. [PMID: 31849891 PMCID: PMC6895009 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial contamination of beef cattle carcases and subsequent cross-contamination during processing is inevitable and virtually impossible to prevent. The understanding of microbial contamination in the beef industry is currently limited to hypotheses based on traditional microbiological tools. Additionally, the complex structural and functional responses of beef cattle microbial communities to the fragmentation in the supply chain remain unknown. This study used 16S rRNA gene sequencing in combination with traditional microbiology to monitor and compare changes in the microbiota throughout slaughter in an integrated (abattoir A) and a fragmented (abattoir B) beef abattoir in Australia. Briefly, the primary difference between an integrated and a fragmented abattoir is that fragmented abattoirs receive cattle from multiple sources, whereas integrated abattoirs typically receive cattle that has been produced using the same production system and from a limited number of sources. The composition in the bacterial communities varied between the abattoirs, though the presence of the most predominant bacterial species within the microbiota at each abattoir was similar. Lactobacillales (2.4-56.2%) and Pseudomonadales (2.4-59.4%) most notably dominated hides, carcases, and the environment in abattoir B. In abattoir A, Bacteroidales (3.9-43.8%), Lactobacillales (0.0-61.9%), and Pseudomonadales (0.5-72.1%) fluctuated but generally shared the dominance over the rest. Combined results of total viable count (TVC) and 16S rRNA gene profiling indicated that an upward hide pulling system adopted by abattoir B may lead to increased transmission of hide contaminants to post-hide pull carcases. Abattoir B had 3.2 log10CFU/cm2 reduction from hide to carcase, where abattoir A had 4.5 log10CFU/cm2 reduction. The findings from this study indicated that common beef-associated microbiota exist in varying composition in Australian abattoirs, and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing is a powerful tool to understand in-depth movement of microbial contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanga Kang
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.,Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Ranil Coorey
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Gary A Dykes
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Robert Barlow
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Analysis of virulence potential of Escherichia coli O145 isolated from cattle feces and hide samples based on whole genome sequencing. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225057. [PMID: 31774847 PMCID: PMC6881001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O145 serogroup is one of the big six non-O157 Shiga toxin producing E. coli (STEC) that causes foodborne illnesses in the United States and other countries. Cattle are a major reservoir of STEC, which harbor them in their hindgut and shed in the feces. Cattle feces is the main source of hide and subsequent carcass contaminations during harvest leading to foodborne illnesses in humans. The objective of our study was to determine the virulence potential of STEC O145 strains isolated from cattle feces and hide samples. A total of 71 STEC O145 strains isolated from cattle feces (n = 16), hide (n = 53), and human clinical samples (n = 2) were used in the study. The strains were subjected to whole genome sequencing using Illumina MiSeq platform. The average draft genome size of the fecal, hide, and human clinical strains were 5.41, 5.28, and 5.29 Mb, respectively. The average number of genes associated with mobile genetic elements was 260, 238, and 259, in cattle fecal, hide, and human clinical strains, respectively. All strains belonged to O145:H28 serotype and carried eae subtype γ. Shiga toxin 1a was the most common Shiga toxin gene subtype among the strains, followed by stx2a and stx2c. The strains also carried genes encoding type III secretory system proteins, nle, and plasmid-encoded virulence genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed clustering of cattle fecal strains separately from hide strains, and the human clinical strains were more closely related to the hide strains. All the strains belonged to sequence type (ST)-32. The virulence gene profile of STEC O145 strains isolated from cattle sources was similar to that of human clinical strains and were phylogenetically closely related to human clinical strains. The genetic analysis suggests the potential of cattle STEC O145 strains to cause human illnesses. Inclusion of more strains from cattle and their environment in the analysis will help in further elucidation of the genetic diversity and virulence potential of cattle O145 strains.
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Goma MKE, Indraswari A, Haryanto A, Widiasih DA. Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Shiga toxin 2a gene in pork, pig feces, and clean water at Jagalan slaughterhouse in Surakarta, Central Java Province, Indonesia. Vet World 2019; 12:1584-1590. [PMID: 31849420 PMCID: PMC6868253 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1584-1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The feasibility assessment of food products on the market becomes one of the milestones of food safety. The quality of food safety of animal origin especially pork need to get attention and more real action from the parties related and concerned. Since pork is also a source of transmission for the contagion of foodborne disease so that the study of the existence of several agents in the pork and its products become the benchmark of safety level. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and detect the Shiga toxin 2a (stx2a) gene from Escherichia coli O157:H7 in pork, pig feces, and clean water in the Jagalan slaughterhouse. Materials and Methods A total of 70 samples consisting of 32 pork samples, 32 pig fecal samples, and 6 clean water samples were used to isolate and identify E. coli O157:H7 and the stx2a gene. Isolation and identification of E. coli O157:H7 were performed using culture on eosin methylene blue agar and Sorbitol-MacConkey agar media and confirmed molecularly with polymerase chain reaction to amplify the target genes rfbE (317 bp) and fliC (381 bp). The isolates, which were identified as E. coli O157:H7, were investigated for the stx2a gene (553 bp). Results The results of this study show that of the total collected samples, E. coli O157:H7 was 28.6% in Jagalan slaughterhouse and consisted of 25% of pork samples, 31.25% of pig fecal samples, and 33.3% of clean water samples. The isolates that were identified to be E. coli O157:H7 mostly contained the stx2a gene, which was equal to 75%, and consisted of seven isolates from pork samples, seven isolates from fecal samples, and one isolate from clean water samples. Conclusion E. coli O157:H7 was found in 28.6% of pork, pig feces, and clean water in Jagalan slaughterhouse and 75% of identified E. coli O157:H7 contained the stx2a gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kristiani Epi Goma
- Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Alvita Indraswari
- Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Aris Haryanto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dyah Ayu Widiasih
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Bahadoripour M, Jahandar MH. Detection of E. coli O157:H7 in Meat Using Polymerase Chain Reaction Method and Culture Method. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BASIC SCIENCE IN MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.15171/ijbsm.2019.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Escherichia coli O157:H7, as a pathogenic agent, can be transmitted through the foods including meat, meat products, dairy products, vegetables and water. The World Health Organization has recommended that all countries in the world, especially developing countries, should consider the investigation of E. coli O157:H7 as a research priority. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of E. coli O157:H7 in meat of cow, sheep, goat, and camel in Kerman province of Iran using culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Methods: In this study, 280 meat samples consisting of sheep (90 specimens), cow (80 specimens), goat (60 specimens) and camel (50 specimens) meats were randomly separated from carcasses from April to July 2018. After the sampling, microbial culture was performed on the samples. Then, suspected E. coli O157:H7 colonies were evaluated by PCR assay. Results: Out of the 280 samples, 73 samples (26%) were contaminated with E. coli. based on bacteriological tests, and 28 samples were identified as suspected E. coli O157:H7 serotype based on the lack of sorbitol fermentation. Subsequently, sorbitol-negative samples were tested by PCR procedure using specific primers. The results revealed that out of 28 cases, 21 cases (7.5%) were E. coli O157:H7. Conclusion: As can be deduced from the observations of this study, to detect the E. coli O157, PCR as an accurate, fast, and reliable procedure can be used along with the culture method.
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Abreham S, Teklu A, Cox E, Sisay Tessema T. Escherichia coli O157:H7: distribution, molecular characterization, antimicrobial resistance patterns and source of contamination of sheep and goat carcasses at an export abattoir, Mojdo, Ethiopia. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:215. [PMID: 31510932 PMCID: PMC6740007 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1590-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cattle have been identified as a major reservoir of E. coli O157:H7 for human infection; the ecology of the organism in sheep and goats is less understood. This study was carried out to determine prevalence, source of infection, antibiotic resistance and molecular characterization of Escherichia coli O157: H7 isolated from sheep and goat. METHODS Systematic random sampling was carried out at Modjo export abattoir, Ethiopia, from November 2012 to April 2013 to collect 408 samples from 72 sheep and 32 goats. Samples collected were skin swabs, fecal samples, intestinal mucosal swabs and the inside and outside part of carcasses as well as carcass in contacts such as workers hands, knife, hook and carcass washing water. Then, samples were processed following standard bacteriological procedures. Non-Sorbitol fermenting colonies were tested on latex agglutination test and the positives are subjected to PCR for detection of attaching and effacing genes (eaeA) and shiga toxin producing genes (stx1 and stx2). All E. coli O157:H7 isolates were checked for their susceptibility pattern towards 15 selected antibiotics. RESULTS E. coli O157:H7 were detected in only 20/408 samples (4.9%). Among these 20 positive samples, 70% (14/20), 25% (5/20) and 5% (1/20) were from sheep, goats and knife samples, respectively. No significant associations were found between carcasses and the assumed sources of contaminations. Of all the 20 isolates virulence genes were found in 10 (50%) of them; 3 (15%) with only the eaeA gene and 7(35%) expressing eaeA and stx2 genes. All the isolates were susceptible to Norfloxacin (NOR) (100%). CONCLUSIONS The presence of virulence genes shows E. coli O157:H7 is a potential source of human infection in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Abreham
- Veterinary Drug and Feed Administration and Control Authority of Ethiopia (VDFACA), Veterinary drug registration, certification and administration directorate director, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Akafete Teklu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Debre Zeit/ Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Eric Cox
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Baker CA, De J, Bertoldi B, Dunn L, Chapin T, Jay-Russell M, Danyluk MD, Schneider KR. Prevalence and concentration of stx+ E. coli and E. coli O157 in bovine manure from Florida farms. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217445. [PMID: 31125367 PMCID: PMC6534375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fresh produce outbreaks due to Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) continue to occur in the United States (US). Manure-amended soils can pose a public health risk when used for growing raw agricultural commodities. Knowing the prevalence and concentration of STEC in untreated biological soil amendments of animal origin (BSAAO) is important to help guide the most appropriate pre-harvest interval(s) following application to limit risks from these soil amendments. Bovine manure samples were collected from 12 farms in Florida, including samples from piles, lagoons, barns, and screened solids. Two methods were used to detect stx1/2 and rfbE genes in samples. A prevalence rate of 9% for stx1 and/or stx2 and 19% for rfbE was observed from the 518 bovine manure samples evaluated. A most probable number (MPN) assay was performed on stx+ samples when applicable. The geometric mean for stx+ samples (n = 20) was 3.37 MPN g-1 (0.53 log MPN g-1) with a maximum value of 6,800 MPN g-1 (3.83 log MPN g-1). This research was part of a larger nationwide geographical study on the prevalence and concentration of STEC in bovine manure to help guide regulations on feasible pre-harvest intervals for the application of untreated BSAAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Baker
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jaysankar De
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Bruna Bertoldi
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Laurel Dunn
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
| | - Travis Chapin
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michele Jay-Russell
- Western Center for Food Safety, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Michelle D. Danyluk
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
| | - Keith R. Schneider
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sharma VK, Akavaram S, Schaut RG, Bayles DO. Comparative genomics reveals structural and functional features specific to the genome of a foodborne Escherichia coli O157:H7. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:196. [PMID: 30849935 PMCID: PMC6408774 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5568-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Escherichia coli O157:H7 (O157) has been linked to numerous foodborne disease outbreaks. The ability to rapidly sequence and analyze genomes is important for understanding epidemiology, virulence, survival, and evolution of outbreak strains. In the current study, we performed comparative genomics to determine structural and functional features of the genome of a foodborne O157 isolate NADC 6564 and infer its evolutionary relationship to other O157 strains. Results The chromosome of NADC 6564 contained 5466 kb compared to reference strains Sakai (5498 kb) and EDL933 (5547 kb) and shared 41 of its 43 Linear Conserved Blocks (LCB) with the reference strains. However, 18 of 41 LCB had inverse orientation in NADC 6564 compared to the reference strains. NADC 6564 shared 18 of 19 bacteriophages with reference strains except that the chromosomal positioning of some of the phages differed among these strains. The additional phage (P19) of NADC 6564 was located on a 39-kb insertion element (IE) encoding several hypothetical proteins, an integrase, transposases, transcriptional regulators, an adhesin, and a phosphoethanolamine transferase (PEA). The complete homologs of the 39-kb IE were found in E. coli PCN061 of porcine origin. The IE-encoded PEA showed low homology (32–33%) to four other PEA in NADC 6564 and PEA linked to mobilizable colistin resistance in E. coli but was highly homologous (95%) to a PEA of uropathogenic, avian pathogenic, and enteroaggregative E. coli. NADC 6564 showed slightly higher minimum inhibitory concentration of colistin compared to the reference strains. The 39-kb IE also contained dndBCDE and dptFGH operons encoding DNA S-modification and a restriction pathway, linked to oxidative stress tolerance and self-defense against foreign DNA, respectively. Evolutionary tree analysis grouped NADC 6564 with lineage I O157 strains. Conclusions These results indicated that differential phage counts and different chromosomal positioning of many bacteriophages and genomic islands might have resulted in recombination events causing altered chromosomal organization in NADC 6564. Evolutionary analysis grouped NADC 6564 with lineage I strains and suggested its earlier divergence from these strains. The ability to perform S-DNA modification might affect tolerance of NADC 6564 to various stressors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5568-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Sharma
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, 1920 Dayton Avenue, P.O. Box 70, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.
| | - Suryatej Akavaram
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, 1920 Dayton Avenue, P.O. Box 70, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Robert G Schaut
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, 1920 Dayton Avenue, P.O. Box 70, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), ARS Research Participation Program, MS 36, P.O. Box 117, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Darrell O Bayles
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS-USDA, Ames, Iowa, USA
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20
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Askari N, Ghanbarpour R. Molecular investigation of the colicinogenic Escherichia coli strains that are capable of inhibiting E. coli O157:H7 in vitro. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:14. [PMID: 30616623 PMCID: PMC6323730 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1771-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a highly virulent human pathogen with severe consequences following infection, which claims many lives worldwide. A suggested method for controlling this bacterium is the competitive elimination through using probiotic bacteria that prevent its colonization. Some nonpathogenic E. coli strains that produce antibacterial colicins are among these probiotic bacteria. We aimed to isolate and characterize the colicinogenic E. coli strains from diarrheic and healthy sheep that inhibit E. coli O157:H7, which could be used as possible probiotic sources. A total of 292 E. coli isolates (146 from each diarrheic and healthy sheep) were screened for the presence of colicin and virulence genes. The phylogenetic group/subgroup determination was performed by PCR. In vitro evaluation of inhibitory effect of colicinogenic isolates on E. coli O157:H7 was done phenotypically. Results The frequency of diarrhea associated colicinogenic E. coli isolates was significantly higher than those isolated from healthy sheep. An association between ETEC and the genes coding for colicin-V & colicin-Iab in diarrheic E. coli isolates was observed. Moreover, there was an association between ipaH and Colicin-V encoding genes. Furthermore, E. coli isolates showing bacteriocinogeny while possessing no virulence genes had a frequency of 97.67 and 11.94% in healthy and diarrheic isolates, respectively. Of these strains, five isolates (3.42%) from diarrheic and twenty-five isolates (17.12%) from healthy sheep inhibited O157:H7 strain. Additionally, colicin E1 and colicin Iab genes were more prevalent in B1 phylogroup. Conclusions These results signified that healthy sheep could be considered as a potential source for anti-O175:H7 bacterial isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Askari
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Reza Ghanbarpour
- Molecular Microbiology Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
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21
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Ford TE, Hamner S. A Perspective on the Global Pandemic of Waterborne Disease. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2018; 76:2-8. [PMID: 26022715 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-015-0629-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne diseases continue to take a heavy toll on the global community, with developing nations, and particularly young children carrying most of the burden of morbidity and mortality. Starting with the historical context, this article explores some of the reasons why this burden continues today, despite our advances in public health over the past century or so. While molecular biology has revolutionized our abilities to define the ecosystems and etiologies of waterborne pathogens, control remains elusive. Lack of basic hygiene and sanitation, and failing infrastructure, remain two of the greatest challenges in the global fight against waterborne disease. Emerging risks continue to be the specter of multiple drug resistance and the ease with which determinants of virulence appear to be transmitted between strains of pathogens, both within and outside the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Ford
- School of Health Professions, Shenandoah University, Winchester, VA, 22601, USA.
| | - Steve Hamner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
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Beauvais W, Gart EV, Bean M, Blanco A, Wilsey J, McWhinney K, Bryan L, Krath M, Yang CY, Manriquez Alvarez D, Paudyal S, Bryan K, Stewart S, Cook PW, Lahodny G, Baumgarten K, Gautam R, Nightingale K, Lawhon SD, Pinedo P, Ivanek R. The prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 fecal shedding in feedlot pens is affected by the water-to-cattle ratio: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192149. [PMID: 29414986 PMCID: PMC5802916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 fecal shedding in feedlot cattle is common and is a public health concern due to the risk of foodborne transmission that can result in severe, or even fatal, disease in people. Despite a large body of research, few practical and cost-effective farm-level interventions have been identified. In this study, a randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the effect of reducing the level of water in automatically refilling water-troughs on fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 in feedlot cattle. Pens in a feedlot in the Texas Panhandle were randomly allocated as control (total number: 17) or intervention (total number: 18) pens. Fecal samples (2,759 in total) were collected both at baseline and three weeks after the intervention, and tested for the presence of E. coli O157:H7 using immunomagnetic bead separation and selective culture. There was a strong statistical association between sampling date and the likelihood of a fecal sample testing positive for E. coli O157:H7. Pen was also a strong predictor of fecal prevalence. Despite accounting for this high level of clustering, a statistically significant association between reduced water levels in the trough and increased prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in the feces was observed (Odds Ratio = 1.6; 95% Confidence Interval: 1.2–2.0; Likelihood Ratio Test: p = 0.02). This is the first time that such an association has been reported, and suggests that increasing water-trough levels may be effective in reducing shedding of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle feces, although further work would be needed to test this hypothesis. Controlling E. coli O157:H7 fecal shedding at the pre-harvest level may lead to a reduced burden of human foodborne illness attributed to this pathogen in beef.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Beauvais
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Elena V. Gart
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Melissa Bean
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anthony Blanco
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Wilsey
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kallie McWhinney
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Laura Bryan
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mary Krath
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ching-Yuan Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Diego Manriquez Alvarez
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sushil Paudyal
- West Texas A&M University, Canyon, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kelsey Bryan
- Texas A&M Agrilife Research, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America
| | - Samantha Stewart
- Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter W. Cook
- Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Glenn Lahodny
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Karina Baumgarten
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Raju Gautam
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kendra Nightingale
- Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sara D. Lawhon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Pablo Pinedo
- Texas A&M Agrilife Research, Amarillo, Texas, United States of America
| | - Renata Ivanek
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Harris MK, Eastwood LC, Boykin CA, Arnold AN, Gehring KB, Hale DS, Kerth CR, Griffin DB, Savell JW, Belk KE, Woerner DR, Hasty JD, Delmore RJ, Martin JN, Lawrence TE, McEvers TJ, VanOverbeke DL, Mafi GG, Pfeiffer MM, Schmidt TB, Maddock RJ, Johnson DD, Carr CC, Scheffler JM, Pringle TD, Stelzleni AM. National Beef Quality Audit-2016: assessment of cattle hide characteristics, offal condemnations, and carcass traits to determine the quality status of the market cow and bull beef industry. Transl Anim Sci 2018; 2:37-49. [PMID: 32704688 PMCID: PMC7200876 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txx002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To continue the series that began in 1994, the National Beef Quality Audit (NBQA) – 2016 was conducted to quantify the quality status of the market cow and bull beef sector, as well as determine improvements made in the beef and dairy industry since 2007. The NBQA-2016 was conducted from March through December of 2016, and assessed hide-on carcasses (n = 5,278), chilled carcasses (n = 4,285), heads (n = 5,720), and offal items (n = 4,800) in 18 commercial processing facilities throughout the United States. Beef cattle were predominantly black-hided; 68.0% of beef cows and 67.2% of beef bulls possessed a black hide. Holstein was the predominant type of dairy animal observed. Just over half (56.0%) of the cattle surveyed had no mud contamination on the hide, and when mud was present, 34.1% of cattle only had small amounts. Harvest floor assessments found 44.6% of livers, 23.1% of lungs, 22.3% of hearts, 20.0% of viscera, 8.2% of heads, and 5.9% of tongues were condemned. Liver condemnations were most frequently due to abscess presence. In contrast, contamination was the primary reason for condemnation of all other offal items. Of the cow carcasses surveyed, 17.4% carried a fetus at the time of harvest. As expected, mean carcass weight and loin muscle area values observed for bulls were heavier and larger than cows. The marbling scores represented by cull animal carcasses were most frequently slight and traces amounts. Cow carcasses manifested a greater amount of marbling on average than bull carcasses. The predominant fat color score showed all carcasses surveyed had some level of yellow fat. Only 1.3% of carcasses exhibited signs of arthritic joints. Results of the NBQA-2016 indicate there are areas in which the beef and dairy industries have improved and areas that still need attention to prevent value loss in market cows and bulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKensie K Harris
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - L Clay Eastwood
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Courtney A Boykin
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Ashley N Arnold
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Kerri B Gehring
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Daniel S Hale
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Christopher R Kerth
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Davey B Griffin
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Jeffrey W Savell
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Keith E Belk
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Dale R Woerner
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Josh D Hasty
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Robert J Delmore
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Jennifer N Martin
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Ty E Lawrence
- Beef Carcass Research Center - Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX
| | - Trenton J McEvers
- Beef Carcass Research Center - Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX
| | | | - Gretchen G Mafi
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | - Morgan M Pfeiffer
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | - Ty B Schmidt
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Robert J Maddock
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - D Dwain Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Chad C Carr
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Jason M Scheffler
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - T Dean Pringle
- Department of Animal & Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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Plowright RK, Parrish CR, McCallum H, Hudson PJ, Ko AI, Graham AL, Lloyd-Smith JO. Pathways to zoonotic spillover. Nat Rev Microbiol 2017; 15:502-510. [PMID: 28555073 PMCID: PMC5791534 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 522] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic spillover, which is the transmission of a pathogen from a vertebrate animal to a human, presents a global public health burden but is a poorly understood phenomenon. Zoonotic spillover requires several factors to align, including the ecological, epidemiological and behavioural determinants of pathogen exposure, and the within-human factors that affect susceptibility to infection. In this Opinion article, we propose a synthetic framework for animal-to-human transmission that integrates the relevant mechanisms. This framework reveals that all zoonotic pathogens must overcome a hierarchical series of barriers to cause spillover infections in humans. Understanding how these barriers are functionally and quantitatively linked, and how they interact in space and time, will substantially improve our ability to predict or prevent spillover events. This work provides a foundation for transdisciplinary investigation of spillover and synthetic theory on zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raina K Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Hamish McCallum
- Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Peter J Hudson
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Albert I Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8034, USA
| | - Andrea L Graham
- Department of Ecology &Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - James O Lloyd-Smith
- Department of Ecology &Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-7239, USA; and at Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2220, USA
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25
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Jonker A, Yu P. The Occurrence, Biosynthesis, and Molecular Structure of Proanthocyanidins and Their Effects on Legume Forage Protein Precipitation, Digestion and Absorption in the Ruminant Digestive Tract. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1105. [PMID: 28531145 PMCID: PMC5455013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Forages grown in temperate regions, such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and white clover (Trefolium repens L.), typically have a high nutritional value when fed to ruminants. Their high protein content and degradation rate result, however, in poor utilization of protein from the forage resulting in excessive excretion of nitrogen into the environment by the animal. Proanthocyanindins (also known as condensed tannins) found in some forage legumes such as birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), bind to dietary protein and can improve protein utilization in the animal. This review will focus on (1) the occurrence of proanthocyanidins; (2) biosynthesis and structure of proanthocyanidins; (3) effects of proanthocyanidins on protein metabolism; (4) protein precipitating capacity of proanthocyanidins and their effects on true intestinal protein adsorption by ruminants; and (5) effect on animal health, animal performance and environmental emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan Jonker
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd., Tennent Drive, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Peiqiang Yu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
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Abdissa R, Haile W, Fite AT, Beyi AF, Agga GE, Edao BM, Tadesse F, Korsa MG, Beyene T, Beyene TJ, De Zutter L, Cox E, Goddeeris BM. Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in beef cattle at slaughter and beef carcasses at retail shops in Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:277. [PMID: 28412931 PMCID: PMC5392947 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2372-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is paucity of information regarding the epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in developing countries. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of E. coli O157: H7 associated with beef cattle at processing plants and at retail shops in Ethiopia. Methods Various samples were collected from beef cattle at slaughter/processing plants, carcass at retail shops and humans at health centers. E. coli O157: H7 was isolated, identified and characterized for antimicrobial resistance, using standard microbiological methods. Results At the processing plants E. coli O157: H7 was detected in 1.89% of fecal, 0.81% of intestinal mucosal swab, 0.54% of skin swab and 0.54% of carcass internal swab samples. At retail shops it was detected in 0.8% of carcass and 0.8% of cutting board swab samples, while all samples from utensils, hands from workers, and fecal and stool samples were negative. All isolates were resistant to Amoxicillin, moderately resistant to Cefoxitine and Nitrofurantoins but susceptible to other antimicrobials tested. Conclusions E. coli O157: H7 occurs at low prevalence in beef cattle, and the current sanitary dressing procedures in the processing plants and storage conditions in the retail shops are effective against E. coli O157: H7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Abdissa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Woynshet Haile
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Akafete Teklu Fite
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Ashenafi Feyisa Beyi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia. .,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
| | - Getahun E Agga
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, Bowling Green, KY, USA
| | - Bedaso Mammo Edao
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Fanos Tadesse
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Mesula Geloye Korsa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia.,The Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Takele Beyene
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Tariku Jibat Beyene
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia.,Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eric Cox
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno Maria Goddeeris
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.,Division Animal and Human Health Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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27
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Eastwood LC, Boykin CA, Harris MK, Arnold AN, Hale DS, Kerth CR, Griffin DB, Savell JW, Belk KE, Woerner DR, Hasty JD, Delmore RJ, Martin JN, Lawrence TE, McEvers TJ, VanOverbeke DL, Mafi GG, Pfeiffer MM, Schmidt TB, Maddock RJ, Johnson DD, Carr CC, Scheffler JM, Pringle TD, Stelzleni AM. National Beef Quality Audit-2016: Transportation, mobility, and harvest-floor assessments of targeted characteristics that affect quality and value of cattle, carcasses, and by-products. Transl Anim Sci 2017; 1:229-238. [PMID: 32704647 PMCID: PMC7250433 DOI: 10.2527/tas2017.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The National Beef Quality Audit-2016 (NBQA-2016) was conducted to assess current transportation, mobility, and quality characteristics of U.S. fed steers and heifers. Data were collected at 17 beef processing facilities between March and November 2016. About 8,000 live cattle were evaluated for transportation and mobility, and about 25,000 carcasses were evaluated on the slaughter floor. Cattle were in transit to the slaughter facility for a mean duration of 2.7 h from a mean distance of 218.5 km using trailers with dimensions ranging from 17.84 m2 to 59.09 m2. Area allotted per animal averaged 1.13 m2 and ranged from 0.85 m2 to 2.28 m2. A total of 96.8% of cattle received a mobility score of 1 (walks easily, no apparent lameness). Identification types (35.1% had multiple) were lot visual tags (61.5%), individual tags (55.0%), electronic tags (16.9%), metal-clip tags (9.2%), bar-coded tags (0.05%), wattles (0.01%), and other (2.6%). Cattle were black-hided (57.8%), Holstein (20.4%), red-hided (10.5%), yellow-hided (4.8%), gray-hided (2.9%), brown-hided (1.3%), and white-hided (1.1%). Unbranded hides were observed on 74.3% of cattle; 18.6% had brands located on the butt, 6.3% on the side, and 1.3% on the shoulder (values exceed 100% due to multiple brands). For hide-on carcasses, 37.7% displayed no mud or manure; specific locations for mud or manure were legs (40.8%), belly (33.0%), tail region (15.5%), side (6.8%), and top-line (3.9%). Cattle without horns represented 83.3% of the sample, and cattle that did have horns measured: < 2.54 cm (5.5%), 2.54 to 12.7 cm (8.3%), and > 12.7 cm (2.9%). Carcasses without bruises represented 61.1% of those sampled, whereas 28.2% had 1, 8.2% had 2, 2.1% had 3, and 0.3% had 4 bruises. Of those carcasses with a bruise, the bruise was located on the loin (29.7%), round (27.8%), chuck (16.4%), rib (14.4%), and brisket/plate/flank (11.6%). Frequencies of offal condemnations were livers (30.8%), lungs (18.2%), viscera (16.3%), hearts (11.1%), heads (2.7%), and tongues (2.0%). Compared to NBQA-2011, fewer cattle were identified for traceability, fewer were black-hided, a greater number were Holstein cattle, more with no brand and no horns, fewer without bruises, more liver, lung, and viscera condemnations, and fewer heads and tongues were condemned. The NBQA remains an influential survey for the U.S. beef industry to provide benchmarks and strategic plans for continued improvement of beef quality and consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Eastwood
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - C A Boykin
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - M K Harris
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - A N Arnold
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - D S Hale
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - C R Kerth
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - D B Griffin
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - J W Savell
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843
| | - K E Belk
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523
| | - D R Woerner
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523
| | - J D Hasty
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523
| | - R J Delmore
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523
| | - J N Martin
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523
| | - T E Lawrence
- Beef Carcass Research Center, Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon 79016
| | - T J McEvers
- Beef Carcass Research Center, Department of Agricultural Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon 79016
| | - D L VanOverbeke
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078
| | - G G Mafi
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078
| | - M M Pfeiffer
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078
| | - T B Schmidt
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583
| | - R J Maddock
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - D D Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - C C Carr
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - J M Scheffler
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - T D Pringle
- Department of Animal & Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - A M Stelzleni
- Department of Animal & Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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28
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Evaluation of the Sanitary Conditions of Head Meat, Esophagus, Diaphragm Meat, and Boning Scrap Processing. J FOOD QUALITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/3230596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, and Escherichia coli counts are important hygiene indicators and may be pathogenic. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine microbiological contamination in head meat, the esophagus, diaphragm, and boning scraps and evaluate the hygienic conditions of the processing of these products. The Petrifilm® (3M) method for determining Enterobacteriaceae, total coliforms, and E. coli was applied for 104 samples. APHA, European Union, PAHO/WHO, and Brazil/MAPA recommendations were followed. Bleeding and skinning knives were contaminated with E. coli (61.5%). Regarding the meat cuts, 30.76% samples from head meat, the esophagus and the boning flap showed the presence of E. coli in counts up to 2 log CFU/g, while 15.3% of the diaphragm samples showed up to 1.85 log CFU/g. The analyzed comminuted meat was, therefore, shown to be contaminated with E. coli during processing, indicating that end-products from this raw material can offer biological risks.
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29
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Cameron A, McAllister TA. Antimicrobial usage and resistance in beef production. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2016; 7:68. [PMID: 27999667 PMCID: PMC5154118 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobials are critical to contemporary high-intensity beef production. Many different antimicrobials are approved for beef cattle, and are used judiciously for animal welfare, and controversially, to promote growth and feed efficiency. Antimicrobial administration provides a powerful selective pressure that acts on the microbial community, selecting for resistance gene determinants and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria resident in the bovine flora. The bovine microbiota includes many harmless bacteria, but also opportunistic pathogens that may acquire and propagate resistance genes within the microbial community via horizontal gene transfer. Antimicrobial-resistant bovine pathogens can also complicate the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in beef feedlots, threatening the efficiency of the beef production system. Likewise, the transmission of antimicrobial resistance genes to bovine-associated human pathogens is a potential public health concern. This review outlines current antimicrobial use practices pertaining to beef production, and explores the frequency of antimicrobial resistance in major bovine pathogens. The effect of antimicrobials on the composition of the bovine microbiota is examined, as are the effects on the beef production resistome. Antimicrobial resistance is further explored within the context of the wider beef production continuum, with emphasis on antimicrobial resistance genes in the food chain, and risk to the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cameron
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada ; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB Canada
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30
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Effects of In-Feed Chlortetracycline Prophylaxis in Beef Cattle on Animal Health and Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:7197-7204. [PMID: 27736789 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01928-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerns have been raised that in-feed chlortetracycline (CTC) may increase antimicrobial resistance (AMR), specifically tetracycline-resistant (TETr) Escherichia coli and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GCr) E. coli We evaluated the impact of a 5-day in-feed CTC prophylaxis on animal health, TETr E. coli, and 3GCr E. coli A control group of cattle (n = 150) received no CTC, while a CTC group (n = 150) received in-feed CTC (10 mg/lb of body weight/day) from the 5th to the 9th day after feedlot arrival. Over 25% (38/150) of the animals in the control group developed illnesses requiring therapeutic treatment with antimicrobials critically important to human medicine. Only two animals (1.3%) in the CTC group required such treatments. Fecal swab and pen surface occurrences of generic E. coli (isolated on media that did not contain antimicrobials of interest and were not isolated based on any specific resistance), TETr E. coli, and 3GCr E. coli were determined on five sampling occasions: arrival at the feedlot, 5 days posttreatment (5 dpt), 27 dpt, 75 dpt, and 117 dpt. On 5 dpt, TETr E. coli concentrations were higher for the CTC group than the control group (P < 0.01). On 27 dpt, 75 dpt, and 117 dpt, TETr E. coli concentrations did not differ between groups. 3GCr E. coli occurrences did not differ between control and CTC groups on any sampling occasion. For both groups, generic, TETr, and 3GCr E. coli occurrences were highest on 75 dpt and 117 dpt, suggesting that factors other than in-feed CTC contributed more significantly to antimicrobial-resistant E. coli occurrence. IMPORTANCE The occurrence of human bacterial infections resistant to antimicrobial therapy has been increasing. It has been postulated that antimicrobial resistance was inevitable, but the life span of the antimicrobial era has been prematurely compromised due to the misuse of antimicrobials in clinical and agricultural practices. Direct evidence relating the use of antimicrobials in livestock production to diminished human health outcomes due to antimicrobial resistance is lacking, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has taken an approach to maximize therapeutic efficacy and minimize the selection of resistant microorganisms through judicious use of antimicrobials. This study demonstrated that prophylactic in-feed treatment of chlortetracycline administered for 5 days to calves entering feedlots is judicious, as this therapy reduced animal morbidity, reduced the use of antimicrobials more critical to human health, and had no long-term impact on the occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli.
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31
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King T, Kocharunchitt C, Gobius K, Bowman JP, Ross T. Physiological Response of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Sakai to Dynamic Changes in Temperature and Water Activity as Experienced during Carcass Chilling. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:3331-3347. [PMID: 27615263 PMCID: PMC5098033 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.063065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohemeorrhagic Escherichia coli is a leading cause of foodborne illness, with the majority of cases linked to foods of bovine origin. Currently, no completely effective method for controlling this pathogen during carcass processing exists. Understanding how this pathogen behaves under those stress conditions experienced on the carcass during chilling in cold air could offer opportunities for development or improvement of effective decontamination processes. Therefore, we studied the growth kinetics and physiological response of exponential phase E. coli O157:H7 Sakai cultures upon an abrupt downshift in temperature and water activity (from 35 °C aw 0.993 to 14 °C aw 0.967). A parallel Biolog study was conducted to follow the phenotypic responses to 190 carbon sources. Exposure of E. coli to combined cold and water activity stresses resulted in a complex pattern of population changes. This pattern could be divided into two main phases, including adaptation and regrowth phases, based on growth kinetics and clustering analyses. The transcriptomic and proteomic studies revealed that E. coli exhibited a "window" of cell susceptibility (i.e. weaknesses) during adaptation phase. This included apparent DNA damage, the downregulation of molecular chaperones and proteins associated with responses to oxidative damage. However, E. coli also displayed a transient induction in the RpoE-controlled envelope stress response and activation of the master stress regulator RpoS and the Rcs phosphorelay system involved in colanic acid biosynthesis. Increased expression was observed for several genes and/or proteins involved in DNA repair, protein and peptide degradation, amino acid biosynthesis, and carbohydrate catabolism and energy generation. Furthermore, the Biolog study revealed reduced carbon source utilization during adaptation phase, indicating the disruption of energy-generating processes. This study provides insight into the physiological response of E. coli during exposure to combined cold and water activity stress, which could be exploited to enhance the microbiological safety of carcasses and related foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea King
- From the ‡CSIRO Agriculture and Food, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia;
| | - Chawalit Kocharunchitt
- §Food Safety Centre, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Kari Gobius
- ¶CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - John P Bowman
- §Food Safety Centre, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Tom Ross
- §Food Safety Centre, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia
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32
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Chen S, Sanderson MW, Lee C, Cernicchiaro N, Renter DG, Lanzas C. Basic Reproduction Number and Transmission Dynamics of Common Serogroups of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:5612-20. [PMID: 27401976 PMCID: PMC5007764 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00815-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Understanding the transmission dynamics of pathogens is essential to determine the epidemiology, ecology, and ways of controlling enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) in animals and their environments. Our objective was to estimate the epidemiological fitness of common EHEC strains in cattle populations. For that purpose, we developed a Markov chain model to characterize the dynamics of 7 serogroups of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157) in cattle production environments based on a set of cross-sectional data on infection prevalence in 2 years in two U.S. states. The basic reproduction number (R0) was estimated using a Bayesian framework for each serogroup based on two criteria (using serogroup alone [the O-group data] and using O serogroup, Shiga toxin gene[s], and intimin [eae] gene together [the EHEC data]). In addition, correlations between external covariates (e.g., location, ambient temperature, dietary, and probiotic usage) and prevalence/R0 were quantified. R0 estimates varied substantially among different EHEC serogroups, with EHEC O157 having an R0 of >1 (∼1.5) and all six other EHEC serogroups having an R0 of less than 1. Using the O-group data substantially increased R0 estimates for the O26, O45, and O103 serogroups (R0 > 1) but not for the others. Different covariates had distinct influences on different serogroups: the coefficients for each covariate were different among serogroups. Our modeling and analysis of this system can be readily expanded to other pathogen systems in order to estimate the pathogen and external factors that influence spread of infectious agents. IMPORTANCE In this paper we describe a Bayesian modeling framework to estimate basic reproduction numbers of multiple serotypes of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli according to a cross-sectional study. We then coupled a compartmental model to reconstruct the infection dynamics of these serotypes and quantify their risk in the population. We incorporated different sensitivity levels of detecting different serotypes and evaluated their potential influence on the estimation of basic reproduction numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael W Sanderson
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Chihoon Lee
- School of Business, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Natalia Cernicchiaro
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - David G Renter
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Cristina Lanzas
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Lee WC, Kwon YH. Comparative study on the epidemiological aspects of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infections between Korea and Japan, 2006 to 2010. Korean J Intern Med 2016; 31:579-84. [PMID: 26886212 PMCID: PMC4855089 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2014.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To compare the epidemiological aspects of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) between Korea and Japan by analyzing the current state of EHEC infection outbreaks and related risk factors. METHODS We investigated the epidemiological aspects of EHEC infection cases between Korea and Japan from 2006 to 2010. The following factors were analyzed: national prevalence rate (PR), regional prevalence rate, epidemic aspects (i.e., Cases related to gender), male to female morbidity ratio, age, and seasonal distribution. RESULTS In total, there were 254 cases of EHEC with an average PR of 0.11 per 100,000 populations in Korea from 2006 to 2010. During the same period in Japan, there were 20,883 cases of EHEC with an average PR of 3.26 per 100,000 populations. The PR in Japan was significantly higher than that in Korea (p < 0.01). In both countries, more females than males had EHEC infections, with the highest incidence of infections (> 50%) observed for individuals younger than 9 years. EHEC is an emerging zoonosis and may be caused by consumption of raw or undercooked meat products from ruminants. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a quantitative analysis of the epidemiological aspects and risk factors of EHEC infections in Korea and Japan and will provide insight on effective future strategies to reduce these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Chang Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Hwan Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Aeromedical Center of Korean Air, Seoul, Korea
- Correspondence to Young Hwan Kwon, M.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Aeromedical Center of Korean Air, 260 Haneul-gil, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07505, Korea Tel: +82-2-2656-7150 Fax: +82-2-2656-3839 E-mail:
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Evaluation of Microbial Loads on Dried and Fresh Shiitake Mushrooms ( Lentinula edodes) as Obtained from Internet and Local Retail Markets, Respectively. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2016; 4:45-51. [PMID: 32231904 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2016005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumer demand for shiitake mushrooms is increasing. However, food safety information regarding the prevalence of microbial pathogens on the products sold via the Internet or at local retail markets is limited. The present study was conducted to assess the microbial load on shiitake mushrooms sold through the Internet and at local (central Virginia) retail markets. A total of 90 shiitake mushroom products, consisting of locally-purchased whole (LW) and sliced (LS) and Internet-procured whole (IW), sliced (IS), and powdered (IP) forms, were tested. High levels of aerobic mesophiles (6.9 ± 1.3 to 7.5 ± 1.1 log CFU/g), yeast and mold (5.8 ± 0.9 to 6.0 ± 0.3 log CFU/g), and coliforms (1.6 ± 1.0 to 1.9 ± 1.1 log MPN/g) were found in locally-acquired mushrooms. One LW sample and 2 of LS contained Listeria spp. Our findings suggest that shiitake mushroom producers and retailers need to be aware of potential microbial hazards associated with handling fresh shiitake mushrooms and consumers should take appropriate precautions when handling fresh shiitake mushrooms to prevent cross-contamination and possible foodborne illness in the home.
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Yang X, Noyes NR, Doster E, Martin JN, Linke LM, Magnuson RJ, Yang H, Geornaras I, Woerner DR, Jones KL, Ruiz J, Boucher C, Morley PS, Belk KE. Use of Metagenomic Shotgun Sequencing Technology To Detect Foodborne Pathogens within the Microbiome of the Beef Production Chain. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:2433-2443. [PMID: 26873315 PMCID: PMC4959480 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00078-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne illnesses associated with pathogenic bacteria are a global public health and economic challenge. The diversity of microorganisms (pathogenic and nonpathogenic) that exists within the food and meat industries complicates efforts to understand pathogen ecology. Further, little is known about the interaction of pathogens within the microbiome throughout the meat production chain. Here, a metagenomic approach and shotgun sequencing technology were used as tools to detect pathogenic bacteria in environmental samples collected from the same groups of cattle at different longitudinal processing steps of the beef production chain: cattle entry to feedlot, exit from feedlot, cattle transport trucks, abattoir holding pens, and the end of the fabrication system. The log read counts classified as pathogens per million reads for Salmonella enterica,Listeria monocytogenes,Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium spp. (C. botulinum and C. perfringens), and Campylobacter spp. (C. jejuni,C. coli, and C. fetus) decreased over subsequential processing steps. Furthermore, the normalized read counts for S. enterica,E. coli, and C. botulinumwere greater in the final product than at the feedlots, indicating that the proportion of these bacteria increased (the effect on absolute numbers was unknown) within the remaining microbiome. From an ecological perspective, data indicated that shotgun metagenomics can be used to evaluate not only the microbiome but also shifts in pathogen populations during beef production. Nonetheless, there were several challenges in this analysis approach, one of the main ones being the identification of the specific pathogen from which the sequence reads originated, which makes this approach impractical for use in pathogen identification for regulatory and confirmation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Noelle R Noyes
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Enrique Doster
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jennifer N Martin
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Lyndsey M Linke
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Roberta J Magnuson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Ifigenia Geornaras
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Dale R Woerner
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kenneth L Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jaime Ruiz
- Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Christina Boucher
- Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul S Morley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Keith E Belk
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Ayaz ND, Copuroglu G, Ormeci E, Oz B. Presence of Staphylococcus aureus and Shiga Toxigenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Raw Meat in Ağrı, Turkey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENTERIC PATHOGENS 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/ijep36523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Draft Genome Sequence of Shiga Toxin-Negative Escherichia coli O157:H7 Strain C1-057, Isolated from Feedlot Cattle. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/2/e00049-16. [PMID: 26941140 PMCID: PMC4777751 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00049-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is one of the major foodborne pathogens in the United States. We isolated a variant Shiga toxin-negative E. coli O157:H7 strain from feedlot cattle. We report here the draft genome sequence of this isolate, consisting of a chromosome of ~4.8 Mb and two plasmids of ~96 kb and ~14 kb.
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Abstract
Beef and leafy vegetables were the most common sources of these outbreaks.
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Brusa V, Piñeyro PE, Galli L, Linares LH, Ortega EE, Padola NL, Leotta GA. Isolation of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli from Ground Beef Using Multiple Combinations of Enrichment Broths and Selective Agars. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:163-70. [PMID: 26836701 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are foodborne pathogens, and beef cattle are recognized as the principal reservoir. The aims of this study were (1) to identify the most sensitive combination of selective enrichment broths and agars for STEC isolation in artificially inoculated ground beef samples, and (2) to evaluate the most efficient combination(s) of methods for naturally contaminated ground beef samples. A total of 192 ground beef samples were artificially inoculated with STEC and non-stx bacterial strains. A combination of four enrichment broths and three agars were evaluated for sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value for STEC isolation from experimentally inoculated samples. Enrichments with either modified tryptic soy broth (mTSB) containing 8 mg/L novobiocin (mTSB-8) or modified Escherichia coli (mEC) broth followed by isolation in MacConkey agar were the most sensitive combinations for STEC isolation of artificially inoculated samples. Independently, both enrichments media followed by isolation in MacConkey were used to evaluate ground beef samples from 43 retail stores, yielding 65.1% and 58.1% stx-positive samples by RT-PCR, respectively. No difference was observed in the isolate proportions between these two methods (8/25 [32%] and 8/28 [28.6%]). Identical serotypes and stx genotypes were observed in STEC strains isolated from the same samples by either method. In this study, no single enrichment protocol was sufficient to detect all STEC in artificially inoculated samples and had considerable variation in detection ability with naturally contaminated samples. Moreover, none of the single or combinations of multiple isolation agars used were capable of identifying all STEC serogroups in either artificially inoculated or naturally occurring STEC-contaminated ground beef. Therefore, it may be prudent to conclude that there is no single method or combination of isolation methods capable of identifying all STEC serogroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Brusa
- 1 Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) , Buenos Aires, Argentina .,3 Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout," Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo E Piñeyro
- 2 Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Lucía Galli
- 3 Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout," Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciano H Linares
- 1 Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emanuel E Ortega
- 1 Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora L Padola
- 4 Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CICPBA), Facultad Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo A Leotta
- 3 Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N. Dulout," Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP , Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Sheng H, Shringi S, Baker KNK, Minnich SA, Hovde CJ, Besser TE. Standardized Escherichia coli O157:H7 Exposure Studies in Cattle Provide Evidence that Bovine Factors Do Not Drive Increased Summertime Colonization. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:964-71. [PMID: 26607594 PMCID: PMC4725274 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02839-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased summertime prevalence of cattle carriage of enterohemorrhagic Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (STEC O157) is associated with the increased summertime incidence of human infection. The mechanism driving the seasonality of STEC O157 carriage among cattle is unknown. We conducted experimental challenge trials to distinguish whether factors extrinsic or intrinsic to cattle underlie the seasonality of STEC O157 colonization. Holstein steers (n = 20) exposed to ambient environmental conditions were challenged with a standardized pool of STEC O157 strains four times at 6-month intervals. The densities and durations of rectoanal junction mucosa (RAJ) colonization with STEC O157 were compared by season (winter versus summer), dose (10(9) CFU versus 10(7) CFU), and route of challenge (oral versus rectal). Following summer challenges, the RAJ STEC O157 colonization density was significantly lower (P = 0.016) and the duration was shorter (P = 0.052) than for winter challenges, a seasonal pattern opposite to that observed naturally. Colonization was unaffected by the challenge route, indicating that passage through the gastrointestinal microbiome did not significantly affect the infectious dose to the RAJ. A 2-log reduction of the challenge doses in the second-year trials was accompanied by similarly reduced RAJ colonization in both seasons (P < 0.001). These results refute the hypothesis that cattle are predisposed to STEC O157 colonization during the summer months, either due to intrinsic factors or indirectly due to gastrointestinal tract microbiome effects. Instead, the data support the hypothesis that the increased summertime STEC O157 colonization results from increased seasonal oral exposure to this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Sheng
- Bi-state School of Food Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Smriti Shringi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Katherine N K Baker
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Scott A Minnich
- Bi-state School of Food Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Carolyn J Hovde
- Bi-state School of Food Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Thomas E Besser
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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Brookes VJ, Jordan D, Davis S, Ward MP, Heller J. Saltelli Global Sensitivity Analysis and Simulation Modelling to Identify Intervention Strategies to Reduce the Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 Contaminated Beef Carcasses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0146016. [PMID: 26713610 PMCID: PMC4694618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Strains of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli O157 (STEC O157) are important foodborne pathogens in humans, and outbreaks of illness have been associated with consumption of undercooked beef. Here, we determine the most effective intervention strategies to reduce the prevalence of STEC O157 contaminated beef carcasses using a modelling approach. Method A computational model simulated events and processes in the beef harvest chain. Information from empirical studies was used to parameterise the model. Variance-based global sensitivity analysis (GSA) using the Saltelli method identified variables with the greatest influence on the prevalence of STEC O157 contaminated carcasses. Following a baseline scenario (no interventions), a series of simulations systematically introduced and tested interventions based on influential variables identified by repeated Saltelli GSA, to determine the most effective intervention strategy. Results Transfer of STEC O157 from hide or gastro-intestinal tract to carcass (improved abattoir hygiene) had the greatest influence on the prevalence of contaminated carcases. Due to interactions between inputs (identified by Saltelli GSA), combinations of interventions based on improved abattoir hygiene achieved a greater reduction in maximum prevalence than would be expected from an additive effect of single interventions. The most effective combination was improved abattoir hygiene with vaccination, which achieved a greater than ten-fold decrease in maximum prevalence compared to the baseline scenario. Conclusion Study results suggest that effective interventions to reduce the prevalence of STEC O157 contaminated carcasses should initially be based on improved abattoir hygiene. However, the effect of improved abattoir hygiene on the distribution of STEC O157 concentration on carcasses is an important information gap—further empirical research is required to determine whether reduced prevalence of contaminated carcasses is likely to result in reduced incidence of STEC O157 associated illness in humans. This is the first use of variance-based GSA to assess the drivers of STEC O157 contamination of beef carcasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J. Brookes
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University, Pugsley Place, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - David Jordan
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen Davis
- School of Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Jane Heller
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University, Pugsley Place, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
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Clotilde LM, Salvador A, Bernard C, Lin A, Lauzon C, Muldoon M, Xu Y, Carter JM. Comparison of multiplex immunochemical and molecular serotyping methods for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:118-21. [PMID: 25646966 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, serotyping of Escherichia coli has been performed via slide agglutination methods using antisera. More recently, multiplex immunoassays and "molecular serotyping" via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have been validated for this purpose. In this study, the serogroups of 161 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains isolated from fecal samples of California cattle were typed by conventional methods using antisera as well as two newly developed multiplex PCR- and antibody-based microbead assays using the Luminex technology. Using the Luminex assays, we were capable of serotyping 11 STEC isolates that were previously determined untypeable for the O antigen by conventional methods using antisera. Except for 14 isolates, results from the 2 Luminex assays agreed.
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Luedtke BE, Bosilevac JM. Comparison of methods for the enumeration of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli from veal hides and carcasses. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1062. [PMID: 26483780 PMCID: PMC4586433 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased association of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) with veal calves has led the United States Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service to report results of veal meat contaminated with the Top 7 serogroups separately from beef cattle. However, detection methods that can also provide concentration for determining the prevalence and abundance of EHEC associated with veal are lacking. Here we compared the ability of qPCR and a molecular based most probable number assay (MPN) to detect and enumerate EHEC from veal hides at the abattoir and the resulting pre-intervention carcasses. In addition, digital PCR (dPCR) was used to analyze select samples. The qPCR assay was able to enumerate total EHEC in 32% of the hide samples with a range of approximately 34 to 91,412 CFUs/100 cm2 (95% CI 4-113,460 CFUs/100 cm2). Using the MPN assay, total EHEC was enumerable in 48% of the hide samples and ranged from approximately 1 to greater than 17,022 CFUs/100 cm2 (95% CI 0.4–72,000 CFUs/100 cm2). The carcass samples had lower amounts of EHEC with a range of approximately 4–275 CFUs/100 cm2 (95% CI 3–953 CFUs/100 cm2) from 17% of samples with an enumerable amount of EHEC by qPCR. For the MPN assay, the carcass samples ranged from 0.1 to 1 CFUs/100 cm2 (95% CI 0.02–4 CFUs/100 cm2) from 29% of the samples. The correlation coefficient between the qPCR and MPN enumeration methods indicated a moderate relation (R2 = 0.39) for the hide samples while the carcass samples had no relation (R2 = 0.002), which was likely due to most samples having an amount of total EHEC below the reliable limit of quantification for qPCR. Interestingly, after enrichment, 81% of the hide samples and 94% of the carcass samples had a detectable amount of total EHEC by qPCR. From our analysis, the MPN assay provided a higher percentage of enumerable hide and carcass samples, however determining an appropriate dilution range and the limited throughput offer additional challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon E Luedtke
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U. S. Meat Animal Research Center Clay Center, NE, USA
| | - Joseph M Bosilevac
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U. S. Meat Animal Research Center Clay Center, NE, USA
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Zhang J, Li Z, Cao Z, Wang L, Li X, Li S, Xu Y. Bacteriophages as antimicrobial agents against major pathogens in swine: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2015; 6:39. [PMID: 26309734 PMCID: PMC4548693 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-015-0039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria has become a global concern which has prompted research into the development of alternative disease control strategies for the swine industry. Bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) offer the prospect of a sustainable alternative approach against bacterial pathogens with the flexibility of being applied therapeutically or for biological control purposes. This paper reviews the use of phages as an antimicrobial strategy for controlling critical pathogens including Salmonella and Escherichia coli with an emphasis on the application of phages for improving performance and nutrient digestibility in swine operations as well as in controlling zoonotic human diseases by reducing the bacterial load spread from pork products to humans through the meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Zhang
- />School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 China
- />Ministry of Education Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Dalian, 116600 China
| | - Zhen Li
- />School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 China
| | - Zhenhui Cao
- />School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 China
- />Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Lili Wang
- />School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- />School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 China
| | - Shuying Li
- />Dalian SEM Bio-Engineering Technology Co. Ltd., Dalian, 116620 China
| | - Yongping Xu
- />School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 China
- />Ministry of Education Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Dalian, 116600 China
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Effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) on the Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Dairy Manure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:7794-803. [PMID: 26184255 PMCID: PMC4515691 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120707794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EcO157) shed in cattle manure can survive for extended periods of time and intervention strategies to control this pathogen at the source are critical as produce crops are often grown in proximity to animal raising operations. This study evaluated whether neem (Azadirachta indica), known for its antimicrobial and insecticidal properties, can be used to amend manure to control EcO157. The influence of neem materials (leaf, bark, and oil) on the survival of an apple juice outbreak strain of EcO157 in dairy manure was monitored. Neem leaf and bark supplements eliminated the pathogen in less than 10 d with a D-value (days for 90% elimination) of 1.3 d. In contrast, nearly 4 log CFU EcO157/g remained after 10 d in neem-free manure control. The ethyl acetate extractable fraction of neem leaves was inhibitory to the growth of EcO157 in LB broth. Azadirachtin, a neem product with insect antifeedant properties, failed to inhibit EcO157. Application of inexpensive neem supplements to control pathogens in manure and possibly in produce fields may be an option for controlling the transfer of foodborne pathogens from farm to fork.
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Kudva IT, Krastins B, Torres AG, Griffin RW, Sheng H, Sarracino DA, Hovde CJ, Calderwood SB, John M. The Escherichia coli O157:H7 cattle immunoproteome includes outer membrane protein A (OmpA), a modulator of adherence to bovine rectoanal junction squamous epithelial (RSE) cells. Proteomics 2015; 15:1829-42. [PMID: 25643951 PMCID: PMC4456246 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Building on previous studies, we defined the repertoire of proteins comprising the immunoproteome (IP) of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (O157) cultured in DMEM supplemented with norepinephrine (O157 IP), a β-adrenergic hormone that regulates E. coli O157 gene expression in the gastrointestinal tract, using a variation of a novel proteomics-based platform proteome mining tool for antigen discovery, called "proteomics-based expression library screening" (PELS; Kudva et al., 2006). The E. coli O157 IP (O157-IP) comprised 91 proteins, and included those identified previously using proteomics-based expression library screening, and also proteins comprising DMEM and bovine rumen fluid proteomes. Outer membrane protein A (OmpA), a common component of the above proteomes, and reportedly a contributor to E. coli O157 adherence to cultured HEp-2 epithelial cells, was interestingly found to be a modulator rather than a contributor to E. coli O157 adherence to bovine rectoanal junction squamous epithelial cells. Our results point to a role for yet to be identified members of the O157-IP in E. coli O157 adherence to rectoanal junction squamous epithelial cells, and additionally implicate a possible role for the outer membrane protein A regulator, TdcA, in the expression of such adhesins. Our observations have implications for the development of efficacious vaccines for preventing E. coli O157 colonization of the bovine gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira T. Kudva
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit National Animal Disease Center Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Ames, Iowa. 50010
| | - Bryan Krastins
- Harvard Partners Center For Genetics and Genomics 65 Landsdowne Street Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Alfredo G. Torres
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Pathology University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Texas 77555-1070
| | - Robert W. Griffin
- Division of Infectious Diseases Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Haiqing Sheng
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Biochemistry University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-3052
| | - David A. Sarracino
- Harvard Partners Center For Genetics and Genomics 65 Landsdowne Street Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Carolyn J. Hovde
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Biochemistry University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-3052
| | - Stephen B. Calderwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts 02114
- Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts 02114
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Manohar John
- Division of Infectious Diseases Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts 02114
- Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts 02114
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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Hung KY, Michailides TJ, Millar JG, Wayadande A, Gerry AC. House Fly (Musca domestica L.) Attraction to Insect Honeydew. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124746. [PMID: 25970333 PMCID: PMC4430494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
House flies are of major concern as vectors of food-borne pathogens to food crops. House flies are common pests on cattle feedlots and dairies, where they develop in and feed on animal waste. By contacting animal waste, house flies can acquire human pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp., in addition to other bacteria, viruses, or parasites that may infect humans and animals. The subsequent dispersal of house flies from animal facilities to nearby agricultural fields containing food crops may lead to pre-harvest food contamination with these pathogens. We hypothesized that odors from honeydew, the sugary excreta produced by sucking insects feeding on crops, or molds and fungi growing on honeydew, may attract house flies, thereby increasing the risk of food crop contamination. House fly attraction to honeydew-contaminated plant material was evaluated using a laboratory bioassay. House flies were attracted to the following plant-pest-honeydew combinations: citrus mealybug on squash fruit, pea aphid on faba bean plants, whitefly on navel orange and grapefruit leaves, and combined citrus mealybug and cottony cushion scale on mandarin orange leaves. House flies were not attracted to field-collected samples of lerp psyllids on eucalyptus plants or aphids on crepe myrtle leaves. Fungi associated with field-collected honeydews were isolated and identified for further study as possible emitters of volatiles attractive to house flies. Two fungal species, Aureobasidium pullulans and Cladosporium cladosporioides, were repeatedly isolated from field-collected honeydew samples. Both fungal species were grown in potato dextrose enrichment broth and house fly attraction to volatiles from these fungal cultures was evaluated. House flies were attracted to odors from A. pullulans cultures but not to those of C. cladosporioides. Identification of specific honeydew odors that are attractive to house flies could be valuable for the development of improved house fly baits for management of this pest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Y. Hung
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Themis J. Michailides
- Kearney Agricultural Research & Extension Center, Parlier, California, United States of America
| | - Jocelyn G. Millar
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Astri Wayadande
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Alec C. Gerry
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
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Tanih NF, Sekwadi E, Ndip RN, Bessong PO. Detection of pathogenic Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus from cattle and pigs slaughtered in abattoirs in Vhembe District, South Africa. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:195972. [PMID: 25811040 PMCID: PMC4354961 DOI: 10.1155/2015/195972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic food-borne bacteria have been associated with severe morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli present in cattle and pigs slaughtered in selected abattoirs in Vhembe District and at determining the susceptibility of the isolates to antibiotics. A total of 176 swab samples (28 cattle and 16 pigs) of the rump, flank, brisket, and neck of the animals were analyzed using standard microbiological methods. E. coli isolates were genotyped to detect pathogenic strains. Of the 176 samples, 104 (67.5%) were positive for E. coli and 50 (32.5%) for S. aureus. There was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) in the isolation rate from the different animal parts or abattoirs. Overall, 14/104 (13.46%) of the E. coli isolates were pathogenic strains which included enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) (bfpA) 1.9%, enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) (LT) 3.8%, and enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) (aaiC) 7.6%. E. coli isolates were resistant (100%) to vancomycin and bacitracin. S. aureus (100%) were resistant to oxacillin and nalidixic acid. The presence of resistant strains of these bacteria in food of animal origin could serve as important vehicles transmitting these bacteria to humans. This finding is of epidemiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoline F. Tanih
- HIV/AIDS & Global Health Research Programme, Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa
| | - Eunice Sekwadi
- HIV/AIDS & Global Health Research Programme, Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa
| | - Roland N. Ndip
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Pascal O. Bessong
- HIV/AIDS & Global Health Research Programme, Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa
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Bonardi S, Alpigiani I, Tozzoli R, Vismarra A, Zecca V, Greppi C, Bacci C, Bruini I, Brindani F. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157, O26 and O111 in cattle faeces and hides in Italy. Vet Rec Open 2015; 2:e000061. [PMID: 26392887 PMCID: PMC4567145 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2014-000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ruminants are regarded as the natural reservoir for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), especially of serogroup O157. MATERIALS AND METHODS During 2011 and 2012, 320 samples (160 faecal samples from the rectum and 160 hide samples from the brisket area) were collected from 160 cattle at slaughter in Northern Italy during warm months (May to October). Cattle were reared in different farms and their age at slaughter ranged between nine months and 15 years, most of them being culled cattle (median age: six years; average age: 4.6 years). Samples were tested by immunomagnetic-separation technique for E coli O157 and O26 and by a screening PCR for stx genes followed by cultural detection of STEC. The virulence genes stx1, stx2, eae, and e-hlyA were detected and among stx2-positive isolates the presence of the stx2a and stx2c variants was investigated. RESULTS Twenty-one of 160 cattle (13.1 per cent; 95 per cent CI 8.3 to 19.4 per cent) were found to be faecal carriers of STEC. STEC O157 was found in 10 (6.3 per cent) samples, STEC O26 in six (3.8 per cent) and STEC O111 in one (0.6 per cent). Four isolates (2.5 per cent) were O not determined (OND). Six out of 160 (3.8 per cent; 95 per cent CI 1.4 to 8.0 per cent) hide samples were positive for STEC; four hides (2.5 per cent) were contaminated by STEC O157 and two (1.3 per cent) by STEC O26. In three cattle (1.9 per cent) STEC from both faeces and hides were detected. Among STEC O157, 87.5 per cent of them carried the stx2c gene and 12.5 per cent carried both stx1 and stx2c genes. No O157 isolate harboured stx2a variant. STEC O26 and O111 carried the stx1 gene only. One OND strain carried both the stx2a and stx2c genes. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that STEC O157 from cattle can harbour the stx2c variant, which is associated with haemolytic uraemic syndrome in humans, and that cattle hides may be a source of human pathogenic STEC O157 and O26 in the slaughterhouse environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bonardi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Unit of Food Hygiene , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - I Alpigiani
- Department of Veterinary Science, Unit of Food Hygiene , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - R Tozzoli
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - A Vismarra
- Department of Veterinary Science, Unit of Food Hygiene , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - V Zecca
- Department of Veterinary Science, Unit of Food Hygiene , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - C Greppi
- National Health Service, Veterinary Service, Local Unit of Cremona , Italy
| | - C Bacci
- Department of Veterinary Science, Unit of Food Hygiene , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - I Bruini
- Department of Veterinary Science, Unit of Food Hygiene , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
| | - F Brindani
- Department of Veterinary Science, Unit of Food Hygiene , University of Parma , Parma , Italy
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50
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Schmidt JW, Agga GE, Bosilevac JM, Brichta-Harhay DM, Shackelford SD, Wang R, Wheeler TL, Arthur TM. Occurrence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica in the Beef Cattle Production and Processing Continuum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:713-25. [PMID: 25398858 PMCID: PMC4277590 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03079-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific concerns have been raised that third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GC(r)) Escherichia coli, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-resistant (COT(r)) E. coli, 3GC(r) Salmonella enterica, and nalidixic acid-resistant (NAL(r)) S. enterica may be present in cattle production environments, persist through beef processing, and contaminate final products. The prevalences and concentrations of these organisms were determined in feces and hides (at feedlot and processing plant), pre-evisceration carcasses, and final carcasses from three lots of fed cattle (n = 184). The prevalences and concentrations were further determined for strip loins from 103 of the carcasses. 3GC(r) Salmonella was detected on 7.6% of hides during processing and was not detected on the final carcasses or strip loins. NAL(r) S. enterica was detected on only one hide. 3GC(r) E. coli and COT(r) E. coli were detected on 100.0% of hides during processing. Concentrations of 3GC(r) E. coli and COT(r) E. coli on hides were correlated with pre-evisceration carcass contamination. 3GC(r) E. coli and COT(r) E. coli were each detected on only 0.5% of final carcasses and were not detected on strip loins. Five hundred and 42 isolates were screened for extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) virulence-associated markers. Only two COT(r) E. coli isolates from hides were ExPEC, indicating that fed cattle products are not a significant source of ExPEC causing human urinary tract infections. The very low prevalences of these organisms on final carcasses and their absence on strip loins demonstrate that current sanitary dressing procedures and processing interventions are effective against antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Schmidt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, USA
| | - Getahun E Agga
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, USA
| | - Joseph M Bosilevac
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, USA
| | - Dayna M Brichta-Harhay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, USA
| | - Steven D Shackelford
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, USA
| | - Rong Wang
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, USA
| | - Tommy L Wheeler
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, USA
| | - Terrance M Arthur
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, USA
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