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Deng Q, Li Y, Sun Z, Gao X, Zhou J, Ma G, Qu WM, Li R. Sleep disturbance in rodent models and its sex-specific implications. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 164:105810. [PMID: 39009293 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Sleep disturbances, encompassing altered sleep physiology or disorders like insomnia and sleep apnea, profoundly impact physiological functions and elevate disease risk. Despite extensive research, the underlying mechanisms and sex-specific differences in sleep disorders remain elusive. While polysomnography serves as a cornerstone for human sleep studies, animal models provide invaluable insights into sleep mechanisms. However, the availability of animal models of sleep disorders is limited, with each model often representing a specific sleep issue or mechanism. Therefore, selecting appropriate animal models for sleep research is critical. Given the significant sex differences in sleep patterns and disorders, incorporating both male and female subjects in studies is essential for uncovering sex-specific mechanisms with clinical relevance. This review provides a comprehensive overview of various rodent models of sleep disturbance, including sleep deprivation, sleep fragmentation, and circadian rhythm dysfunction. We evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each model and discuss sex differences in sleep and sleep disorders, along with potential mechanisms. We aim to advance our understanding of sleep disorders and facilitate sex-specific interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zuoli Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi, China
| | | | - Guangwei Ma
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Min Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rena Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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2
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Foilb AR, Taylor-Yeremeeva EM, Schmidt BD, Ressler KJ, Carlezon WA. Acute sleep disruption reduces fear memories in male and female mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024:10.1038/s41386-024-01978-0. [PMID: 39198581 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-024-01978-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Sleep problems are a prominent feature of mental health conditions including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite its potential importance, the role of sleep in the development of and/or recovery from trauma-related illnesses is not understood. Interestingly, there are reports that sleep disruption immediately after a traumatic experience can reduce fear memories, an effect that could be utilized therapeutically in humans. While the mechanisms of this effect are not completely understood, one possible explanation for these findings is that immediate sleep disruption interferes with consolidation of fear memories, rendering them weaker and more sensitive to intervention. Here, we allowed fear-conditioned mice to sleep immediately after fear conditioning during a time frame (18 h) that includes and extends beyond periods typically associated with memory consolidation before subjecting them to 6-h of sleep disruption. Mice exposed to this delayed regimen showed dramatic reductions in fear during tests conducted immediately after sleep disruption, as well as 24 h later. This sleep disruption regimen also increased levels of mRNA encoding brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a molecule implicated in neuroplasticity, in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), a brain area implicated in fear and its extinction. These findings raise the possibility that the effects of our delayed sleep disruption regimen are not due to disruption of memory consolidation, but instead are caused by BDNF-mediated neuroadaptations within the BLA that actively suppress expression of fear. Treatments that safely reduce expression of fear memories would have considerable therapeutic potential in the treatment of conditions triggered by trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Foilb
- Department of Psychiatry, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Elisa M Taylor-Yeremeeva
- Department of Psychiatry, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Brett D Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - William A Carlezon
- Department of Psychiatry, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
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3
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Brown RE. Evo-devo applied to sleep research: an approach whose time has come. SLEEP ADVANCES : A JOURNAL OF THE SLEEP RESEARCH SOCIETY 2024; 5:zpae040. [PMID: 39022590 PMCID: PMC11253433 DOI: 10.1093/sleepadvances/zpae040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Sleep occurs in all animals but its amount, form, and timing vary considerably between species and between individuals. Currently, little is known about the basis for these differences, in part, because we lack a complete understanding of the brain circuitry controlling sleep-wake states and markers for the cell types which can identify similar circuits across phylogeny. Here, I explain the utility of an "Evo-devo" approach for comparative studies of sleep regulation and function as well as for sleep medicine. This approach focuses on the regulation of evolutionary ancient transcription factors which act as master controllers of cell-type specification. Studying these developmental transcription factor cascades can identify novel cell clusters which control sleep and wakefulness, reveal the mechanisms which control differences in sleep timing, amount, and expression, and identify the timepoint in evolution when different sleep-wake control neurons appeared. Spatial transcriptomic studies, which identify cell clusters based on transcription factor expression, will greatly aid this approach. Conserved developmental pathways regulate sleep in mice, Drosophila, and C. elegans. Members of the LIM Homeobox (Lhx) gene family control the specification of sleep and circadian neurons in the forebrain and hypothalamus. Increased Lhx9 activity may account for increased orexin/hypocretin neurons and reduced sleep in Mexican cavefish. Other transcription factor families specify sleep-wake circuits in the brainstem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain. The expression of transcription factors allows the generation of specific cell types for transplantation approaches. Furthermore, mutations in developmental transcription factors are linked to variation in sleep duration in humans, risk for restless legs syndrome, and sleep-disordered breathing. This paper is part of the "Genetic and other molecular underpinnings of sleep, sleep disorders, and circadian rhythms including translational approaches" collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritchie E Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA, USA
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4
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Foilb AR, Taylor-Yeremeeva EM, Schmidt BD, Ressler KJ, Carlezon WA. Acute sleep deprivation reduces fear memories in male and female mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.30.577985. [PMID: 38766105 PMCID: PMC11100624 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.30.577985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Sleep problems are a prominent feature of mental health conditions including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite its potential importance, the role of sleep in the development of and/or recovery from trauma-related illnesses is not understood. Interestingly, there are reports that sleep deprivation immediately after a traumatic experience can reduce fear memories, an effect that could be utilized therapeutically in humans. While the mechanisms of this effect are not completely understood, one possible explanation for these findings is that immediate sleep deprivation interferes with consolidation of fear memories, rendering them weaker and more sensitive to intervention. Here, we allowed fear-conditioned mice to sleep immediately after fear conditioning during a time frame (18 hr) that includes and extends beyond periods typically associated with memory consolidation before subjecting them to 6 hr of sleep deprivation. Mice deprived of sleep with this delayed regimen showed dramatic reductions in fear during tests conducted immediately after sleep deprivation, as well as 24 hr later. This sleep deprivation regimen also increased levels of mRNA encoding brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a molecule implicated in neuroplasticity, in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), a brain area implicated in fear and its extinction. These findings raise the possibility that the effects of our delayed sleep deprivation regimen are not due to disruption of memory consolidation, but instead are caused by BDNF-mediated neuroadaptations within the BLA that actively suppress expression of fear. Treatments that safely reduce expression of fear memories would have considerable therapeutic potential in the treatment of conditions triggered by trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Foilb
- Department of Psychiatry, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont MA, USA
| | - Elisa M Taylor-Yeremeeva
- Department of Psychiatry, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont MA, USA
| | - Brett D Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont MA, USA
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont MA, USA
| | - William A Carlezon
- Department of Psychiatry, Basic Neuroscience Division, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont MA, USA
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5
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Yin D, Zhang B, Chong Y, Ren W, Xu S, Yang G. Adaptive changes in BMAL2 with increased locomotion associated with the evolution of unihemispheric slow-wave sleep in mammals. Sleep 2024; 47:zsae018. [PMID: 38289699 PMCID: PMC11009019 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsae018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Marine mammals, especially cetaceans, have evolved a very special form of sleep characterized by unihemispheric slow-wave sleep (USWS) and a negligible amount or complete absence of rapid-eye-movement sleep; however, the underlying genetic mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we detected unique, significant selection signatures in basic helix-loop-helix ARNT like 2 (BMAL2; also called ARNTL2), a key circadian regulator, in marine mammal lineages, and identified two nonsynonymous amino acid substitutions (K204E and K346Q) in the important PER-ARNT-SIM domain of cetacean BMAL2 via sequence comparison with other mammals. In vitro assays revealed that these cetacean-specific mutations specifically enhanced the response to E-box-like enhancer and consequently promoted the transcriptional activation of PER2, which is closely linked to sleep regulation. The increased PER2 expression, which was further confirmed both in vitro and in vivo, is beneficial for allowing cetaceans to maintain continuous movement and alertness during sleep. Concordantly, the locomotor activities of zebrafish overexpressing the cetacean-specific mutant bmal2 were significantly higher than the zebrafish overexpressing the wild-type gene. Subsequently, transcriptome analyses revealed that cetacean-specific mutations caused the upregulation of arousal-related genes and the downregulation of several sleep-promoting genes, which is consistent with the need to maintain hemispheric arousal during USWS. Our findings suggest a potential close relationship between adaptive changes in BMAL2 and the remarkable adaptation of USWS and may provide novel insights into the genetic basis of the evolution of animal sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiqing Yin
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong 511458, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yujie Chong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenhua Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shixia Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong 511458, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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6
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Xing L, Zou X, Yin C, Webb JM, Shi G, Ptáček LJ, Fu YH. Diverse roles of pontine NPS-expressing neurons in sleep regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320276121. [PMID: 38381789 PMCID: PMC10907243 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320276121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide S (NPS) was postulated to be a wake-promoting neuropeptide with unknown mechanism, and a mutation in its receptor (NPSR1) causes the short sleep duration trait in humans. We investigated the role of different NPS+ nuclei in sleep/wake regulation. Loss-of-function and chemogenetic studies revealed that NPS+ neurons in the parabrachial nucleus (PB) are wake-promoting, whereas peri-locus coeruleus (peri-LC) NPS+ neurons are not important for sleep/wake modulation. Further, we found that a NPS+ nucleus in the central gray of the pons (CGPn) strongly promotes sleep. Fiber photometry recordings showed that NPS+ neurons are wake-active in the CGPn and wake/REM-sleep active in the PB and peri-LC. Blocking NPS-NPSR1 signaling or knockdown of Nps supported the function of the NPS-NPSR1 pathway in sleep/wake regulation. Together, these results reveal that NPS and NPS+ neurons play dichotomous roles in sleep/wake regulation at both the molecular and circuit levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Xing
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - Xianlin Zou
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - Chen Yin
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - John M. Webb
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - Guangsen Shi
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan528400, China
| | - Louis J. Ptáček
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - Ying-Hui Fu
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
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7
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Franken P, Dijk DJ. Sleep and circadian rhythmicity as entangled processes serving homeostasis. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:43-59. [PMID: 38040815 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00764-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is considered essential for the brain and body. A predominant concept is that sleep is regulated by circadian rhythmicity and sleep homeostasis, processes that were posited to be functionally and mechanistically separate. Here we review and re-evaluate this concept and its assumptions using findings from recent human and rodent studies. Alterations in genes that are central to circadian rhythmicity affect not only sleep timing but also putative markers of sleep homeostasis such as electroencephalogram slow-wave activity (SWA). Perturbations of sleep change the rhythmicity in the expression of core clock genes in tissues outside the central clock. The dynamics of recovery from sleep loss vary across sleep variables: SWA and immediate early genes show an early response, but the recovery of non-rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement sleep follows slower time courses. Changes in the expression of many genes in response to sleep perturbations outlast the effects on SWA and time spent asleep. These findings are difficult to reconcile with the notion that circadian- and sleep-wake-driven processes are mutually independent and that the dynamics of sleep homeostasis are reflected in a single variable. Further understanding of how both sleep and circadian rhythmicity contribute to the homeostasis of essential physiological variables may benefit from the assessment of multiple sleep and molecular variables over longer time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Franken
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Derk-Jan Dijk
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Care Research and Technology Centre, Imperial College London and the University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
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8
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Yurdakul E, Barlas Y, Ulgen KO. Circadian clock crosstalks with autism. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3273. [PMID: 37807632 PMCID: PMC10726833 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism underlying autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remains incompletely understood, but researchers have identified over a thousand genes involved in complex interactions within the brain, nervous, and immune systems, particularly during the mechanism of brain development. Various contributory environmental effects including circadian rhythm have also been studied in ASD. Thus, capturing the global picture of the ASD-clock network in combined form is critical. METHODS We reconstructed the protein-protein interaction network of ASD and circadian rhythm to understand the connection between autism and the circadian clock. A graph theoretical study is undertaken to evaluate whether the network attributes are biologically realistic. The gene ontology enrichment analyses provide information about the most important biological processes. RESULTS This study takes a fresh look at metabolic mechanisms and the identification of potential key proteins/pathways (ribosome biogenesis, oxidative stress, insulin/IGF pathway, Wnt pathway, and mTOR pathway), as well as the effects of specific conditions (such as maternal stress or disruption of circadian rhythm) on the development of ASD due to environmental factors. CONCLUSION Understanding the relationship between circadian rhythm and ASD provides insight into the involvement of these essential pathways in the pathogenesis/etiology of ASD, as well as potential early intervention options and chronotherapeutic strategies for treating or preventing the neurodevelopmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekin Yurdakul
- Department of Chemical EngineeringBogazici University, Biosystems Engineering LaboratoryIstanbulTurkey
| | - Yaman Barlas
- Department of Industrial EngineeringBogazici University, Socio‐Economic System Dynamics Research Group (SESDYN)IstanbulTurkey
| | - Kutlu O. Ulgen
- Department of Chemical EngineeringBogazici University, Biosystems Engineering LaboratoryIstanbulTurkey
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9
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Murgo E, Colangelo T, Bellet MM, Malatesta F, Mazzoccoli G. Role of the Circadian Gas-Responsive Hemeprotein NPAS2 in Physiology and Pathology. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1354. [PMID: 37887064 PMCID: PMC10603908 DOI: 10.3390/biology12101354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal PAS domain protein 2 (NPAS2) is a hemeprotein comprising a basic helix-loop-helix domain (bHLH) and two heme-binding sites, the PAS-A and PAS-B domains. This protein acts as a pyridine nucleotide-dependent and gas-responsive CO-dependent transcription factor and is encoded by a gene whose expression fluctuates with circadian rhythmicity. NPAS2 is a core cog of the molecular clockwork and plays a regulatory role on metabolic pathways, is important for the function of the central nervous system in mammals, and is involved in carcinogenesis as well as in normal biological functions and processes, such as cardiovascular function and wound healing. We reviewed the scientific literature addressing the various facets of NPAS2 and framing this gene/protein in several and very different research and clinical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Murgo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Chronobiology Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy;
| | - Tommaso Colangelo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto 1, 71100 Foggia, Italy;
- Cancer Cell Signaling Unit, Fondazione IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Maria Marina Bellet
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, P.le L. Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Francesco Malatesta
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “Alessandro Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Mazzoccoli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Chronobiology Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy;
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10
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Gangitano E, Baxter M, Voronkov M, Lenzi A, Gnessi L, Ray D. The interplay between macronutrients and sleep: focus on circadian and homeostatic processes. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1166699. [PMID: 37680898 PMCID: PMC10482045 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1166699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep disturbances are an emerging risk factor for metabolic diseases, for which the burden is particularly worrying worldwide. The importance of sleep for metabolic health is being increasingly recognized, and not only the amount of sleep plays an important role, but also its quality. In this review, we studied the evidence in the literature on macronutrients and their influence on sleep, focusing on the mechanisms that may lay behind this interaction. In particular, we focused on the effects of macronutrients on circadian and homeostatic processes of sleep in preclinical models, and reviewed the evidence of clinical studies in humans. Given the importance of sleep for health, and the role of circadian biology in healthy sleep, it is important to understand how macronutrients regulate circadian clocks and sleep homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gangitano
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Matthew Baxter
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Voronkov
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucio Gnessi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - David Ray
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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11
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Wang C, Nambiar A, Strickland MR, Lee C, Parhizkar S, Moore AC, Musiek ES, Ulrich JD, Holtzman DM. APOE-ε4 synergizes with sleep disruption to accelerate Aβ deposition and Aβ-associated tau seeding and spreading. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e169131. [PMID: 37279069 PMCID: PMC10351966 DOI: 10.1172/jci169131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. The APOE-ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset AD. The APOE genotype modulates the effect of sleep disruption on AD risk, suggesting a possible link between apoE and sleep in AD pathogenesis, which is relatively unexplored. We hypothesized that apoE modifies Aβ deposition and Aβ plaque-associated tau seeding and spreading in the form of neuritic plaque-tau (NP-tau) pathology in response to chronic sleep deprivation (SD) in an apoE isoform-dependent fashion. To test this hypothesis, we used APPPS1 mice expressing human APOE-ε3 or -ε4 with or without AD-tau injection. We found that SD in APPPS1 mice significantly increased Aβ deposition and peri-plaque NP-tau pathology in the presence of APOE4 but not APOE3. SD in APPPS1 mice significantly decreased microglial clustering around plaques and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) polarization around blood vessels in the presence of APOE4 but not APOE3. We also found that sleep-deprived APPPS1:E4 mice injected with AD-tau had significantly altered sleep behaviors compared with APPPS1:E3 mice. These findings suggest that the APOE-ε4 genotype is a critical modifier in the development of AD pathology in response to SD.
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12
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Wright CJ, Milosavljevic S, Pocivavsek A. The stress of losing sleep: Sex-specific neurobiological outcomes. Neurobiol Stress 2023; 24:100543. [PMID: 37252645 PMCID: PMC10209346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a vital and evolutionarily conserved process, critical to daily functioning and homeostatic balance. Losing sleep is inherently stressful and leads to numerous detrimental physiological outcomes. Despite sleep disturbances affecting everyone, women and female rodents are often excluded or underrepresented in clinical and pre-clinical studies. Advancing our understanding of the role of biological sex in the responses to sleep loss stands to greatly improve our ability to understand and treat health consequences of insufficient sleep. As such, this review discusses sex differences in response to sleep deprivation, with a focus on the sympathetic nervous system stress response and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. We review sex differences in several stress-related consequences of sleep loss, including inflammation, learning and memory deficits, and mood related changes. Focusing on women's health, we discuss the effects of sleep deprivation during the peripartum period. In closing, we present neurobiological mechanisms, including the contribution of sex hormones, orexins, circadian timing systems, and astrocytic neuromodulation, that may underlie potential sex differences in sleep deprivation responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney J. Wright
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Snezana Milosavljevic
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Ana Pocivavsek
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
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13
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Wendrich KS, Azimi H, Ripperger JA, Ravussin Y, Rainer G, Albrecht U. Deletion of the Circadian Clock Gene Per2 in the Whole Body, but Not in Neurons or Astroglia, Affects Sleep in Response to Sleep Deprivation. Clocks Sleep 2023; 5:204-225. [PMID: 37092429 PMCID: PMC10123656 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep5020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The sleep-wake cycle is a highly regulated behavior in which a circadian clock times sleep and waking, whereas a homeostatic process controls sleep need. Both the clock and the sleep homeostat interact, but to what extent they influence each other is not understood. There is evidence that clock genes, in particular Period2 (Per2), might be implicated in the sleep homeostatic process. Sleep regulation depends also on the proper functioning of neurons and astroglial cells, two cell-types in the brain that are metabolically dependent on each other. In order to investigate clock-driven contributions to sleep regulation we non-invasively measured sleep of mice that lack the Per2 gene either in astroglia, neurons, or all body cells. We observed that mice lacking Per2 in all body cells (Per2Brdm and TPer2 animals) display earlier onset of sleep after sleep deprivation (SD), whereas neuronal and astroglial Per2 knock-out animals (NPer2 and GPer2, respectively) were normal in that respect. It appears that systemic (whole body) Per2 expression is important for physiological sleep architecture expressed by number and length of sleep bouts, whereas neuronal and astroglial Per2 weakly impacts night-time sleep amount. Our results suggest that Per2 contributes to the timing of the regulatory homeostatic sleep response by delaying sleep onset after SD and attenuating the early night rebound response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin S Wendrich
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Hamid Azimi
- Section of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen A Ripperger
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yann Ravussin
- Section of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Rainer
- Section of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Urs Albrecht
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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14
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Iweka CA, Seigneur E, Hernandez AL, Paredes SH, Cabrera M, Blacher E, Pasternak CT, Longo FM, de Lecea L, Andreasson KI. Myeloid deficiency of the intrinsic clock protein BMAL1 accelerates cognitive aging by disrupting microglial synaptic pruning. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:48. [PMID: 36829230 PMCID: PMC9951430 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02727-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with loss of circadian immune responses and circadian gene transcription in peripheral macrophages. Microglia, the resident macrophages of the brain, also show diurnal rhythmicity in regulating local immune responses and synaptic remodeling. To investigate the interaction between aging and microglial circadian rhythmicity, we examined mice deficient in the core clock transcription factor, BMAL1. Aging Cd11bcre;Bmallox/lox mice demonstrated accelerated cognitive decline in association with suppressed hippocampal long-term potentiation and increases in immature dendritic spines. C1q deposition at synapses and synaptic engulfment were significantly decreased in aging Bmal1-deficient microglia, suggesting that BMAL1 plays a role in regulating synaptic pruning in aging. In addition to accelerated age-associated hippocampal deficits, Cd11bcre;Bmallox/lox mice also showed deficits in the sleep-wake cycle with increased wakefulness across light and dark phases. These results highlight an essential role of microglial BMAL1 in maintenance of synapse homeostasis in the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinyere Agbaegbu Iweka
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Erica Seigneur
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Amira Latif Hernandez
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Mica Cabrera
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eran Blacher
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus Givat-Ram, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Connie Tsai Pasternak
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Frank M Longo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Katrin I Andreasson
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Immunology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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15
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Gamble MC, Chuan B, Gallego-Martin T, Shelton MA, Puig S, O'Donnell CP, Logan RW. A role for the circadian transcription factor NPAS2 in the progressive loss of non-rapid eye movement sleep and increased arousal during fentanyl withdrawal in male mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:3185-3200. [PMID: 35915264 PMCID: PMC10925970 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06200-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Synthetic opioids like fentanyl are contributing to the rise in rates of opioid use disorder and drug overdose deaths. Sleep dysfunction and circadian rhythm disruption may worsen during opioid withdrawal and persist during abstinence. Severe and persistent sleep and circadian alterations are putative factors in opioid craving and relapse. However, very little is known about the impact of fentanyl on sleep architecture and sleep-wake cycles, particularly opioid withdrawal. Further, circadian rhythms regulate sleep-wake cycles, and the circadian transcription factor, neuronal PAS domain 2 (NPAS2) is involved in the modulation of sleep architecture and drug reward. Here, we investigate the role of NPAS2 in fentanyl-induced sleep alterations. OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of fentanyl administration and withdrawal on sleep architecture, and the role of NPAS2 as a factor in fentanyl-induced sleep changes. METHODS Electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) was used to measure non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) and rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) at baseline and following acute and chronic fentanyl administration in wild-type and NPAS2-deficient male mice. RESULTS Acute and chronic administration of fentanyl led to increased wake and arousal in both wild-type and NPAS2-deficient mice, an effect that was more pronounced in NPAS2-deficient mice. Chronic fentanyl administration led to decreased NREMS, which persisted during withdrawal, progressively decreasing from day 1 to 4 of withdrawal. The impact of fentanyl on NREMS and arousal was more pronounced in NPAS2-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS Chronic fentanyl disrupts NREMS, leading to a progressive loss of NREMS during subsequent days of withdrawal. Loss of NPAS2 exacerbates the impact of fentanyl on sleep and wake, revealing a potential role for the circadian transcription factor in opioid-induced sleep changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie C Gamble
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Byron Chuan
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Teresa Gallego-Martin
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Micah A Shelton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Stephanie Puig
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Christopher P O'Donnell
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Ryan W Logan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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16
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Andreani T, Rosensweig C, Sisobhan S, Ogunlana E, Kath W, Allada R. Circadian programming of the ellipsoid body sleep homeostat in Drosophila. eLife 2022; 11:e74327. [PMID: 35735904 PMCID: PMC9270026 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic and circadian processes collaborate to appropriately time and consolidate sleep and wake. To understand how these processes are integrated, we scheduled brief sleep deprivation at different times of day in Drosophila and find elevated morning rebound compared to evening. These effects depend on discrete morning and evening clock neurons, independent of their roles in circadian locomotor activity. In the R5 ellipsoid body sleep homeostat, we identified elevated morning expression of activity dependent and presynaptic gene expression as well as the presynaptic protein BRUCHPILOT consistent with regulation by clock circuits. These neurons also display elevated calcium levels in response to sleep loss in the morning, but not the evening consistent with the observed time-dependent sleep rebound. These studies reveal the circuit and molecular mechanisms by which discrete circadian clock neurons program a homeostatic sleep center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Andreani
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Clark Rosensweig
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Shiju Sisobhan
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Emmanuel Ogunlana
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - William Kath
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Ravi Allada
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
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17
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Gentry NW, McMahon T, Yamazaki M, Webb J, Arnold TD, Rosi S, Ptáček LJ, Fu YH. Microglia are involved in the protection of memories formed during sleep deprivation. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2022; 12:100073. [PMID: 35028489 PMCID: PMC8741522 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2021.100073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation can generate inflammatory responses in the central nervous system. In turn, this inflammation increases sleep drive, leading to a rebound in sleep duration. Microglia, the innate immune cells found exclusively in the CNS, have previously been found to release inflammatory signals and exhibit altered characteristics in response to sleep deprivation. Together, this suggests that microglia may be partially responsible for the brain's response to sleep deprivation through their inflammatory activity. In this study, we ablated microglia from the mouse brain and assessed resulting sleep, circadian, and sleep deprivation phenotypes. We find that microglia are dispensable for both homeostatic sleep and circadian function and the sleep rebound response to sleep deprivation. However, we uncover a phenomenon by which microglia appear to be essential for the protection of fear-conditioning memories formed during the recovery sleep period following a period of sleep deprivation. This phenomenon occurs potentially through the upregulation of synaptic-homeostasis related genes to protect nascent dendritic spines that may be otherwise removed or downscaled during recovery sleep. These findings further expand the list of known functions for microglia in synaptic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W. Gentry
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Thomas McMahon
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Maya Yamazaki
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - John Webb
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Thomas D. Arnold
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Physical Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Susanna Rosi
- Department of Physical Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Louis J. Ptáček
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Ying-Hui Fu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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18
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Sun Y, Tisdale R, Park S, Ma SC, Heu J, Haire M, Allocca G, Yamanaka A, Morairty SR, Kilduff TS. The development of sleep/wake disruption and cataplexy as hypocretin/orexin neurons degenerate in male vs. female Orexin/tTA; TetO-DTA Mice. Sleep 2022; 45:6532492. [PMID: 35182424 PMCID: PMC9742901 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Narcolepsy Type 1 (NT1), a sleep disorder with similar prevalence in both sexes, is thought to be due to loss of the hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt) neurons. Several transgenic strains have been created to model this disorder and are increasingly being used for preclinical drug development and basic science studies, yet most studies have solely used male mice. We compared the development of narcoleptic symptomatology in male vs. female orexin-tTA; TetO-DTA mice, a model in which Hcrt neuron degeneration can be initiated by removal of doxycycline (DOX) from the diet. EEG, EMG, subcutaneous temperature, gross motor activity, and video recordings were conducted for 24-h at baseline and 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks after DOX removal. Female DTA mice exhibited cataplexy, the pathognomonic symptom of NT1, by Week 1 in the DOX(-) condition but cataplexy was not consistently present in males until Week 2. By Week 2, both sexes showed an impaired ability to sustain long wake bouts during the active period, the murine equivalent of excessive daytime sleepiness in NT1. Subcutaneous temperature appeared to be regulated at lower levels in both sexes as the Hcrt neurons degenerated. During degeneration, both sexes also exhibited the "Delta State", characterized by sudden cessation of activity, high delta activity in the EEG, maintenance of muscle tone and posture, and the absence of phasic EMG activity. Since the phenotypes of the two sexes were indistinguishable by Week 6, we conclude that both sexes can be safely combined in future studies to reduce cost and animal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Shun-Chieh Ma
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Jasmine Heu
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Meghan Haire
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | | | - Akihiro Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Japan,Department of Neural Regulation, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | - Thomas S Kilduff
- Corresponding author. Thomas S. Kilduff, Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA.
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19
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Shibuya Y, Hokugo A, Okawa H, Kondo T, Khalil D, Wang L, Roca Y, Clements A, Sasaki H, Berry E, Nishimura I, Jarrahy R. Therapeutic downregulation of neuronal PAS domain 2 ( Npas2) promotes surgical skin wound healing. eLife 2022; 11:e71074. [PMID: 35040776 PMCID: PMC8789286 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Attempts to minimize scarring remain among the most difficult challenges facing surgeons, despite the use of optimal wound closure techniques. Previously, we reported improved healing of dermal excisional wounds in circadian clock neuronal PAS domain 2 (Npas2)-null mice. In this study, we performed high-throughput drug screening to identify a compound that downregulates Npas2 activity. The hit compound (Dwn1) suppressed circadian Npas2 expression, increased murine dermal fibroblast cell migration, and decreased collagen synthesis in vitro. Based on the in vitro results, Dwn1 was topically applied to iatrogenic full-thickness dorsal cutaneous wounds in a murine model. The Dwn1-treated dermal wounds healed faster with favorable mechanical strength and developed less granulation tissue than the controls. The expression of type I collagen, Tgfβ1, and α-smooth muscle actin was significantly decreased in Dwn1-treated wounds, suggesting that hypertrophic scarring and myofibroblast differentiation are attenuated by Dwn1 treatment. NPAS2 may represent an important target for therapeutic approaches to optimal surgical wound management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Shibuya
- Regenerative Bioengineering and Repair Laboratory, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of MedicineLos AngelesUnited States
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive BiotechnologyLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Akishige Hokugo
- Regenerative Bioengineering and Repair Laboratory, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of MedicineLos AngelesUnited States
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive BiotechnologyLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Hiroko Okawa
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive BiotechnologyLos AngelesUnited States
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of DentistryMiyagiJapan
| | - Takeru Kondo
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive BiotechnologyLos AngelesUnited States
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of DentistryMiyagiJapan
| | - Daniel Khalil
- Regenerative Bioengineering and Repair Laboratory, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of MedicineLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Lixin Wang
- Regenerative Bioengineering and Repair Laboratory, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of MedicineLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Yvonne Roca
- Regenerative Bioengineering and Repair Laboratory, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of MedicineLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Adam Clements
- Regenerative Bioengineering and Repair Laboratory, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of MedicineLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Hodaka Sasaki
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive BiotechnologyLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Ella Berry
- Regenerative Bioengineering and Repair Laboratory, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of MedicineLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Ichiro Nishimura
- Weintraub Center for Reconstructive BiotechnologyLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Reza Jarrahy
- Regenerative Bioengineering and Repair Laboratory, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of MedicineLos AngelesUnited States
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20
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Hoekstra MM, Jan M, Katsioudi G, Emmenegger Y, Franken P. The sleep-wake distribution contributes to the peripheral rhythms in PERIOD-2. eLife 2021; 10:69773. [PMID: 34895464 PMCID: PMC8798053 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mouse, Period-2 (Per2) expression in tissues peripheral to the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) increases during sleep deprivation and at times of the day when animals are predominantly awake spontaneously, suggesting that the circadian sleep-wake distribution directly contributes to the daily rhythms in Per2. We found support for this hypothesis by recording sleep-wake state alongside PER2 bioluminescence in freely behaving mice, demonstrating that PER2 bioluminescence increases during spontaneous waking and decreases during sleep. The temporary reinstatement of PER2-bioluminescence rhythmicity in behaviorally arrhythmic SCN-lesioned mice submitted to daily recurring sleep deprivations substantiates our hypothesis. Mathematical modeling revealed that PER2 dynamics can be described by a damped harmonic oscillator driven by two forces: a sleep-wake-dependent force and an SCN-independent circadian force. Our work underscores the notion that in peripheral tissues the clock gene circuitry integrates sleep-wake information and could thereby contribute to behavioral adaptability to respond to homeostatic requirements. Circadian rhythms are daily cycles in behavior and physiology which repeat approximately every 24 hours. The master regulator of these rhythms is located in a small part of the brain called the supra-chiasmatic nucleus. This brain structure regulates the timing of sleep and wakefulness and is also thought to control the daily rhythms of cells throughout the body on a molecular level. It does this by synchronizing the activity of a set of genes called clock genes. Under normal conditions, the levels of proteins coded for by clock genes change throughout the day following a rhythm that matches sleep-wake patterns. However, keeping animals and humans awake at their preferred sleeping times affects the protein levels of clock genes in many tissues of the body. This suggests that, in addition to the supra-chiasmatic nucleus, sleep-wake cycles may also influence clock-gene rhythms throughout the body. To test this theory, Hoekstra, Jan et al. measured the levels of PERIOD-2, a protein coded for by the clock gene Period-2, while tracking sleep-wake states in mice. They did this by imaging a bioluminescent version of the PERIOD-2 protein in the brain and the kidneys, at the same time as they recorded the brain activity, movement and muscle response of animals. Results showed that PERIOD-2 increased on waking and decreased when mice fell asleep. Additionally, in mice lacking a circadian rhythm in sleep-wake behavior – whose changes in PERIOD-2 levels with respect to time were greatly reduced – imposing a regular sleep-wake cycle restored normal PERIOD-2 rhythmicity. Next, Hoekstra, Jan et al. developed a mathematical model to understand how sleep-wake cycles together with circadian rhythms affect clock-gene activity in the brain and kidneys. Computer simulations suggested that sleep-wake cycles and circadian factors act as forces of comparable strength driving clock-gene dynamics. Both need to act in concert to keep clock-genes rhythmic. The model also predicted the large and immediate effects of sleep deprivation on PERIOD-2 levels, giving further credence to the idea that waking accelerated clock-gene rhythms while sleeping slowed them down. Modelling also suggested that having regular clock-gene rhythms protects against sleep disturbances. In summary, this work shows how sleep patterns contribute to the daily rhythms in clock genes in the brain and body. The findings support the idea that well-timed sleep-wake schedules could help people to adjust to new time zones. It might also be useful to inform other strategies to reduce the health impacts of shift work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Mb Hoekstra
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maxime Jan
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Georgia Katsioudi
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yann Emmenegger
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Franken
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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21
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Peng LU, Bai G, Pang Y. Roles of NPAS2 in circadian rhythm and disease. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 53:1257-1265. [PMID: 34415290 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmab105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NPAS2, a circadian rhythm gene encoding the neuronal PAS domain protein 2 (NPAS2), has received widespread attention because of its complex functions in cells and diverse roles in disease progression, especially tumorigenesis. NPAS2 binds with DNA at E-box sequences and forms heterodimers with another circadian protein, brain and muscle ARNT-like protein 1 (BMAL1). Nucleotide variations of the NPAS2 gene have been shown to influence the overall survival and risk of death of cancer patients, and differential expression of NPAS2 has been linked to patient outcomes in breast cancer, lung cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and other diseases. Here, we review the latest advances in our understanding of NPAS2 with the aim of drawing attention to its potential clinical applications and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L u Peng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Gaigai Bai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yingxin Pang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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22
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Yook JH, Rizwan M, Shahid NUA, Naguit N, Jakkoju R, Laeeq S, Reghefaoui T, Zahoor H, Mohammed L. Some Twist of Molecular Circuitry Fast Forwards Overnight Sleep Hours: A Systematic Review of Natural Short Sleepers' Genes. Cureus 2021; 13:e19045. [PMID: 34722012 PMCID: PMC8547374 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.19045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review focuses on different genetic mutations identified in studies on natural short sleepers, who would not be ill-defined as one type of sleep-related disorder. The reviewed literature is from databases such as PubMed, PMC, Scopus, and ResearchGate. Due to the rare prevalence, the number of studies conducted on natural short sleepers is limited. Hence, searching the search of databases was done without any date restriction and included animal studies, since mouse and fly models share similarities with human sleep behaviors. Of the 12 articles analyzed, four conducted two types of studies, animal and human (cross-sectional or randomized-controlled studies), to testify the effects of human mutant genes in familial natural short sleepers via transgenic mouse or fly models. The remaining eight articles mainly focused on one type of study each: animal study (four articles), cross-sectional study (two articles), review (one article), and case report (one article). Hence, those articles brought different perspectives on the natural short sleep phenomenon by identifying intrinsic factors like DEC2, NPSR1, mGluR1, and β1-AR mutant genes. Natural short sleep traits in either point-mutations or single null mutations in those genes have been examined and confirmed its intrinsic nature in affected individuals without any related health concerns. Finally, this review added a potential limitation in these studies, mainly highlighting intrinsic causes since one case study reported an extrinsically triggered short sleep behavior in an older man without any family history. The overall result of the review study suggests that the molecular mechanisms tuned by identified sleep genes can give some potential points of therapeutic intervention in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Yook
- Department of Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
- Medicine, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, CHN
| | - Muneeba Rizwan
- Department of Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Noor Ul Ain Shahid
- Department of Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Noreen Naguit
- Department of Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Rakesh Jakkoju
- Department of Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Sadia Laeeq
- Department of Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Tiba Reghefaoui
- Department of Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Hafsa Zahoor
- Department of Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Lubna Mohammed
- Department of Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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23
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The role of clock genes in sleep, stress and memory. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 191:114493. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Saad L, Zwiller J, Kalsbeek A, Anglard P. Epigenetic Regulation of Circadian Clocks and Its Involvement in Drug Addiction. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1263. [PMID: 34440437 PMCID: PMC8394526 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on studies describing an increased prevalence of addictive behaviours in several rare sleep disorders and shift workers, a relationship between circadian rhythms and addiction has been hinted for more than a decade. Although circadian rhythm alterations and molecular mechanisms associated with neuropsychiatric conditions are an area of active investigation, success is limited so far, and further investigations are required. Thus, even though compelling evidence connects the circadian clock to addictive behaviour and vice-versa, yet the functional mechanism behind this interaction remains largely unknown. At the molecular level, multiple mechanisms have been proposed to link the circadian timing system to addiction. The molecular mechanism of the circadian clock consists of a transcriptional/translational feedback system, with several regulatory loops, that are also intricately regulated at the epigenetic level. Interestingly, the epigenetic landscape shows profound changes in the addictive brain, with significant alterations in histone modification, DNA methylation, and small regulatory RNAs. The combination of these two observations raises the possibility that epigenetic regulation is a common plot linking the circadian clocks with addiction, though very little evidence has been reported to date. This review provides an elaborate overview of the circadian system and its involvement in addiction, and we hypothesise a possible connection at the epigenetic level that could further link them. Therefore, we think this review may further improve our understanding of the etiology or/and pathology of psychiatric disorders related to drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamis Saad
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), UMR 7364 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Neuropôle de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (L.S.); (J.Z.)
- The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jean Zwiller
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), UMR 7364 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Neuropôle de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (L.S.); (J.Z.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 75016 Paris, France
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Anglard
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), UMR 7364 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Neuropôle de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (L.S.); (J.Z.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), 75013 Paris, France
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25
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Hubbard J, Kobayashi Frisk M, Ruppert E, Tsai JW, Fuchs F, Robin-Choteau L, Husse J, Calvel L, Eichele G, Franken P, Bourgin P. Dissecting and modeling photic and melanopsin effects to predict sleep disturbances induced by irregular light exposure in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2017364118. [PMID: 34155139 PMCID: PMC8237663 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017364118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial lighting, day-length changes, shift work, and transmeridian travel all lead to sleep-wake disturbances. The nychthemeral sleep-wake cycle (SWc) is known to be controlled by output from the central circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), which is entrained to the light-dark cycle. Additionally, via intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells containing the photopigment melanopsin (Opn4), short-term light-dark alternations exert direct and acute influences on sleep and waking. However, the extent to which longer exposures typically experienced across the 24-h day exert such an effect has never been clarified or quantified, as disentangling sustained direct light effects (SDLE) from circadian effects is difficult. Recording sleep in mice lacking a circadian pacemaker, either through transgenesis (Syt10cre/creBmal1fl/- ) or SCN lesioning and/or melanopsin-based phototransduction (Opn4-/- ), we uncovered, contrary to prevailing assumptions, that the contribution of SDLE is as important as circadian-driven input in determining SWc amplitude. Specifically, SDLE were primarily mediated (>80%) through melanopsin, of which half were then relayed through the SCN, revealing an ancillary purpose for this structure, independent of its clock function in organizing SWc. Based on these findings, we designed a model to estimate the effect of atypical light-dark cycles on SWc. This model predicted SWc amplitude in mice exposed to simulated transequatorial or transmeridian paradigms. Taken together, we demonstrate this SDLE is a crucial mechanism influencing behavior on par with the circadian system. In a broader context, these findings mandate considering SDLE, in addition to circadian drive, for coping with health consequences of atypical light exposure in our society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Hubbard
- CNRS-Unité Propre de Recherche (UPR) 3212, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, 67084 Strasbourg, France
- International Research Center for ChronoSomnology, Translational Medicine Federation Strasbourg, Sleep Disorders Center, Strasbourg University Hospital, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mio Kobayashi Frisk
- CNRS-Unité Propre de Recherche (UPR) 3212, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, 67084 Strasbourg, France
- International Research Center for ChronoSomnology, Translational Medicine Federation Strasbourg, Sleep Disorders Center, Strasbourg University Hospital, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Elisabeth Ruppert
- CNRS-Unité Propre de Recherche (UPR) 3212, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, 67084 Strasbourg, France
- International Research Center for ChronoSomnology, Translational Medicine Federation Strasbourg, Sleep Disorders Center, Strasbourg University Hospital, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jessica W Tsai
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Fanny Fuchs
- CNRS-Unité Propre de Recherche (UPR) 3212, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, 67084 Strasbourg, France
- International Research Center for ChronoSomnology, Translational Medicine Federation Strasbourg, Sleep Disorders Center, Strasbourg University Hospital, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ludivine Robin-Choteau
- CNRS-Unité Propre de Recherche (UPR) 3212, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, 67084 Strasbourg, France
- European Center for Diabetes Studies, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jana Husse
- Department of Genes and Behavior, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Laurent Calvel
- CNRS-Unité Propre de Recherche (UPR) 3212, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, 67084 Strasbourg, France
- International Research Center for ChronoSomnology, Translational Medicine Federation Strasbourg, Sleep Disorders Center, Strasbourg University Hospital, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Gregor Eichele
- Department of Genes and Behavior, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Paul Franken
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Bourgin
- CNRS-Unité Propre de Recherche (UPR) 3212, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, 67084 Strasbourg, France;
- International Research Center for ChronoSomnology, Translational Medicine Federation Strasbourg, Sleep Disorders Center, Strasbourg University Hospital, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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26
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Dib R, Gervais NJ, Mongrain V. A review of the current state of knowledge on sex differences in sleep and circadian phenotypes in rodents. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2021; 11:100068. [PMID: 34195482 PMCID: PMC8240025 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2021.100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a vital part of our lives as it is required to maintain health and optimal cognition. In humans, sex differences are relatively well-established for many sleep phenotypes. However, precise differences in sleep phenotypes between male and female rodents are less documented. The main goal of this article is to review sex differences in sleep architecture and electroencephalographic (EEG) activity during wakefulness and sleep in rodents. The effects of acute sleep deprivation on sleep duration and EEG activity in male and female rodents will also be covered, in addition to sex differences in specific circadian phenotypes. When possible, the contribution of the female estrous cycle to the observed differences between males and females will be described. In general, male rodents spend more time in non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) in comparison to females, while other differences between sexes in sleep phenotypes are species- and estrous cycle phase-dependent. Altogether, the review illustrates the need for a sex-based perspective in basic sleep and circadian research, including the consideration of sex chromosomes and gonadal hormones in sleep and circadian phenotypes. In rodents, males spend less time awake, and more time in NREMS than females. The recovery from sleep deprivation is also dependent on biological sex. Gonadal hormones modulate sleep and circadian phenotypes in rodents. A more systematic comparison of sex in basic sleep/circadian research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Dib
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal (CIUSSS-NIM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicole J Gervais
- Rotman Research Institute - Baycrest Centre, North York, ON, Canada
| | - Valérie Mongrain
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal (CIUSSS-NIM), Montréal, QC, Canada
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27
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Sanchez REA, Kalume F, de la Iglesia HO. Sleep timing and the circadian clock in mammals: Past, present and the road ahead. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 126:3-14. [PMID: 34092510 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Nearly all mammals display robust daily rhythms of physiology and behavior. These approximately 24-h cycles, known as circadian rhythms, are driven by a master clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus and affect biological processes ranging from metabolism to immune function. Perhaps the most overt output of the circadian clock is the sleep-wake cycle, the integrity of which is critical for health and homeostasis of the organism. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the circadian regulation of sleep. We discuss the neural circuitry and molecular mechanisms underlying daily sleep timing, and the trajectory of circadian regulation of sleep across development. We conclude by proposing future research priorities for the field that will significantly advance our mechanistic understanding of the circadian regulation of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond E A Sanchez
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Franck Kalume
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Horacio O de la Iglesia
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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28
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Induction of Mutant Sik3Sleepy Allele in Neurons in Late Infancy Increases Sleep Need. J Neurosci 2021; 41:2733-2746. [PMID: 33558433 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1004-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is regulated in a homeostatic manner. Sleep deprivation increases sleep need, which is compensated mainly by increased EEG δ power during non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) and, to a lesser extent, by increased sleep amount. Although genetic factors determine the constitutive level of sleep need and sleep amount in mice and humans, the molecular entity behind sleep need remains unknown. Recently, we found that a gain-of-function Sleepy (Slp) mutation in the salt-inducible kinase 3 (Sik3) gene, which produces the mutant SIK3(SLP) protein, leads to an increase in NREMS EEG δ power and sleep amount. Since Sik3Slp mice express SIK3(SLP) in various types of cells in the brain as well as multiple peripheral tissues from the embryonic stage, the cell type and developmental stage responsible for the sleep phenotype in Sik3Slp mice remain to be elucidated. Here, we generated two mouse lines, synapsin1CreERT2 and Sik3ex13flox mice, which enable inducible Cre-mediated, conditional expression of SIK3(SLP) in neurons on tamoxifen administration. Administration of tamoxifen to synapsin1CreERT2 mice during late infancy resulted in higher recombination efficiency than administration during adolescence. SIK3(SLP) expression after late infancy increased NREMS and NREMS δ power in male synapsin1CreERT2; Sik3 ex13flox/+ mice. The expression of SIK3(SLP) after adolescence led to a higher NREMS δ power without a significant change in NREMS amounts. Thus, neuron-specific expression of SIK3(SLP) after late infancy is sufficient to increase sleep.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The propensity to accumulate sleep need during wakefulness and to dissipate it during sleep underlies the homeostatic regulation of sleep. However, little is known about the developmental stage and cell types involved in determining the homeostatic regulation of sleep. Here, we show that Sik3Slp allele induction in mature neurons in late infancy is sufficient to increase non-rapid eye movement sleep amount and non-rapid eye movement sleep δ power. SIK3 signaling in neurons constitutes an intracellular mechanism to increase sleep.
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Lorsung E, Karthikeyan R, Cao R. Biological Timing and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Role for Circadian Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:642745. [PMID: 33776640 PMCID: PMC7994532 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.642745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, as well as stereotyped and repetitive behaviors. ASDs affect nearly 2% of the United States child population and the worldwide prevalence has dramatically increased in recent years. The etiology is not clear but ASD is thought to be caused by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Circadian rhythms are the ∼24 h rhythms driven by the endogenous biological clock, and they are found in a variety of physiological processes. Growing evidence from basic and clinical studies suggest that the dysfunction of the circadian timing system may be associated with ASD and its pathogenesis. Here we review the findings that link circadian dysfunctions to ASD in both experimental and clinical studies. We first introduce the organization of the circadian system and ASD. Next, we review physiological indicators of circadian rhythms that are found disrupted in ASD individuals, including sleep-wake cycles, melatonin, cortisol, and serotonin. Finally, we review evidence in epidemiology, human genetics, and biochemistry that indicates underlying associations between circadian regulation and the pathogenesis of ASD. In conclusion, we propose that understanding the functional importance of the circadian clock in normal and aberrant neurodevelopmental processes may provide a novel perspective to tackle ASD, and clinical treatments for ASD individuals should comprise an integrative approach considering the dynamics of daily rhythms in physical, mental, and social processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Lorsung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Ramanujam Karthikeyan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Ruifeng Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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30
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Identification of hub genes correlated with sleep deprivation using co-expression analysis. Sleep Breath 2021; 25:1969-1976. [PMID: 33619665 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-021-02321-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep deprivation (SD) has become a serious concern worldwide. This study aimed to identify key modules and candidate hub genes correlated with diseases caused by SD, using co-expression analysis. METHODS The weighted gene co-expression network analysis was performed to construct a co-expression network of hub genes correlated with SD. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses were performed to search for signaling pathways. The protein-protein interaction network analysis of central genes was performed to recognize the interactions among central genes. Molecular Complex Detection, a plugin in Cytoscape, was used to discover the hub gene clusters involved in SD. RESULTS A total of 564 genes in the yellow module were identified based on the results of topological overlap measure-based clustering. The yellow module showed a pivotal correlation with SD. Six hub gene clusters prominently associated with SD were identified. Heat shock protein family and circadian clock genes among them may be the hub genes involved in SD. CONCLUSIONS These genes and pathways might become therapeutic targets with clinical usefulness in the future.
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31
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Circadian-Dependent and Sex-Dependent Increases in Intravenous Cocaine Self-Administration in Npas2 Mutant Mice. J Neurosci 2021; 41:1046-1058. [PMID: 33268545 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1830-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorder (SUD) is associated with disruptions in circadian rhythms. The circadian transcription factor neuronal PAS domain protein 2 (NPAS2) is enriched in reward-related brain regions and regulates reward, but its role in SU is unclear. To examine the role of NPAS2 in drug taking, we measured intravenous cocaine self-administration (acquisition, dose-response, progressive ratio, extinction, cue-induced reinstatement) in wild-type (WT) and Npas2 mutant mice at different times of day. In the light (inactive) phase, cocaine self-administration, reinforcement, motivation and extinction responding were increased in all Npas2 mutants. Sex differences emerged during the dark (active) phase with Npas2 mutation increasing self-administration, extinction responding, and reinstatement only in females as well as reinforcement and motivation in males and females. To determine whether circulating hormones are driving these sex differences, we ovariectomized WT and Npas2 mutant females and confirmed that unlike sham controls, ovariectomized mutant mice showed no increase in self-administration. To identify whether striatal brain regions are activated in Npas2 mutant females, we measured cocaine-induced ΔFosB expression. Relative to WT, ΔFosB expression was increased in D1+ neurons in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core and dorsolateral (DLS) striatum in Npas2 mutant females after dark phase self-administration. We also identified potential target genes that may underlie the behavioral responses to cocaine in Npas2 mutant females. These results suggest NPAS2 regulates reward and activity in specific striatal regions in a sex and time of day (TOD)-specific manner. Striatal activation could be augmented by circulating sex hormones, leading to an increased effect of Npas2 mutation in females.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Circadian disruptions are a common symptom of substance use disorders (SUDs) and chronic exposure to drugs of abuse alters circadian rhythms, which may contribute to subsequent SU. Diurnal rhythms are commonly found in behavioral responses to drugs of abuse with drug sensitivity and motivation peaking during the dark (active) phase in nocturnal rodents. Emerging evidence links disrupted circadian genes to SU vulnerability and drug-induced alterations to these genes may augment drug-seeking. The circadian transcription factor neuronal PAS domain protein 2 (NPAS2) is enriched in reward-related brain regions and regulates reward, but its role in SU is unclear. To examine the role of NPAS2 in drug taking, we measured intravenous cocaine self-administration in wild-type (WT) and Npas2 mutant mice at different times of day.
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32
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Shi G, Yin C, Fan Z, Xing L, Mostovoy Y, Kwok PY, Ashbrook LH, Krystal AD, Ptáček LJ, Fu YH. Mutations in Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 1 Contribute to Natural Short Sleep Trait. Curr Biol 2020; 31:13-24.e4. [PMID: 33065013 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sufficient and efficient sleep is crucial for our health. Natural short sleepers can sleep significantly shorter than the average population without a desire for more sleep and without any obvious negative health consequences. In searching for genetic variants underlying the short sleep trait, we found two different mutations in the same gene (metabotropic glutamate receptor 1) from two independent natural short sleep families. In vitro, both of the mutations exhibited loss of function in receptor-mediated signaling. In vivo, the mice carrying the individual mutations both demonstrated short sleep behavior. In brain slices, both of the mutations changed the electrical properties and increased excitatory synaptic transmission. These results highlight the important role of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 in modulating sleep duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangsen Shi
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Chen Yin
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Zenghua Fan
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lijuan Xing
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yulia Mostovoy
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Pui-Yan Kwok
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Liza H Ashbrook
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Andrew D Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Louis J Ptáček
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Ying-Hui Fu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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33
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Xing L, Shi G, Mostovoy Y, Gentry NW, Fan Z, McMahon TB, Kwok PY, Jones CR, Ptáček LJ, Fu YH. Mutant neuropeptide S receptor reduces sleep duration with preserved memory consolidation. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/514/eaax2014. [PMID: 31619542 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is a crucial physiological process for our survival and cognitive performance, yet the factors controlling human sleep regulation remain poorly understood. Here, we identified a missense mutation in a G protein-coupled neuropeptide S receptor 1 (NPSR1) that is associated with a natural short sleep phenotype in humans. Mice carrying the homologous mutation exhibited less sleep time despite increased sleep pressure. These animals were also resistant to contextual memory deficits associated with sleep deprivation. In vivo, the mutant receptors showed increased sensitivity to neuropeptide S exogenous activation. These results suggest that the NPS/NPSR1 pathway might play a critical role in regulating human sleep duration and in the link between sleep homeostasis and memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Xing
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Guangsen Shi
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yulia Mostovoy
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nicholas W Gentry
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Zenghua Fan
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Thomas B McMahon
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Pui-Yan Kwok
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Louis J Ptáček
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. .,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ying-Hui Fu
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. .,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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34
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Piltz SH, Diniz Behn CG, Booth V. Habitual sleep duration affects recovery from acute sleep deprivation: A modeling study. J Theor Biol 2020; 504:110401. [PMID: 32663506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adult humans exhibit high interindividual variation in habitual sleep durations, with short sleepers typically sleeping less than 6 h per night and long sleepers typically sleeping more than 9 h per night. Analysis of the time course of homeostatic sleep drive in habitual short and long sleepers has not identified differences between these groups, leading to the hypothesis that habitual short sleep results from increased tolerance to high levels of homeostatic sleep drive. Using a physiologically-based mathematical model of the sleep-wake regulatory network, we investigate responses to acute sleep deprivation in simulated populations of habitual long, regular and short sleepers that differ in daily levels of homeostatic sleep drive. The model predicts timing and durations of wake, rapid eye movement (REM), and non-REM (NREM) sleep episodes as modulated by the homeostatic sleep drive and the circadian rhythm, which is entrained to an external light cycle. Model parameters are fit to experimental measures of baseline sleep durations to construct simulated populations of individuals of each sleeper type. The simulated populations are validated against data for responses to specific acute sleep deprivation protocols. We use the model to predict responses to a wide range of sleep deprivation durations for each sleeper type. Model results predict that all sleeper types exhibit shorter sleep durations during recovery sleep that occurs in the morning, but, for recovery sleep times occurring later in the day, long and regular sleepers show longer and more variable sleep durations, and can suffer longer lasting disruption of daily sleep patterns compared to short sleepers. Additionally, short sleepers showed more resilience to sleep deprivation with longer durations of waking episodes following recovery sleep. These results support the hypothesis that differential responses to sleep deprivation between short and long sleepers result from differences in the tolerance for homeostatic sleep pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia H Piltz
- Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Cecilia G Diniz Behn
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401.
| | - Victoria Booth
- Departments of Mathematics and Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Rapid fast-delta decay following prolonged wakefulness marks a phase of wake-inertia in NREM sleep. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3130. [PMID: 32561733 PMCID: PMC7305232 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16915-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep-wake driven changes in non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREM) sleep (NREMS) EEG delta (δ-)power are widely used as proxy for a sleep homeostatic process. Here, we noted frequency increases in δ-waves in sleep-deprived mice, prompting us to re-evaluate how slow-wave characteristics relate to prior sleep-wake history. We identified two classes of δ-waves; one responding to sleep deprivation with high initial power and fast, discontinuous decay during recovery sleep (δ2) and another unrelated to time-spent-awake with slow, linear decay (δ1). Reanalysis of previously published datasets demonstrates that δ-band heterogeneity after sleep deprivation is also present in human subjects. Similar to sleep deprivation, silencing of centromedial thalamus neurons boosted subsequent δ2-waves, specifically. δ2-dynamics paralleled that of temperature, muscle tone, heart rate, and neuronal ON-/OFF-state lengths, all reverting to characteristic NREMS levels within the first recovery hour. Thus, prolonged waking seems to necessitate a physiological recalibration before typical NREMS can be reinstated. Changes in EEG delta-activity are widely used as proxy of sleep propensity. Here the authors demonstrate in mice and humans the presence of two types of delta-waves, only one of which reports on prior sleep-wake history with dynamics denoting a wake-inertia process accompanying deepest non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREM) sleep.
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Hor CN, Yeung J, Jan M, Emmenegger Y, Hubbard J, Xenarios I, Naef F, Franken P. Sleep-wake-driven and circadian contributions to daily rhythms in gene expression and chromatin accessibility in the murine cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25773-25783. [PMID: 31776259 PMCID: PMC6925978 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910590116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The timing and duration of sleep results from the interaction between a homeostatic sleep-wake-driven process and a periodic circadian process, and involves changes in gene regulation and expression. Unraveling the contributions of both processes and their interaction to transcriptional and epigenomic regulatory dynamics requires sampling over time under conditions of unperturbed and perturbed sleep. We profiled mRNA expression and chromatin accessibility in the cerebral cortex of mice over a 3-d period, including a 6-h sleep deprivation (SD) on day 2. We used mathematical modeling to integrate time series of mRNA expression data with sleep-wake history, which established that a large proportion of rhythmic genes are governed by the homeostatic process with varying degrees of interaction with the circadian process, sometimes working in opposition. Remarkably, SD caused long-term effects on gene-expression dynamics, outlasting phenotypic recovery, most strikingly illustrated by a damped oscillation of most core clock genes, including Arntl/Bmal1, suggesting that enforced wakefulness directly impacts the molecular clock machinery. Chromatin accessibility proved highly plastic and dynamically affected by SD. Dynamics in distal regions, rather than promoters, correlated with mRNA expression, implying that changes in expression result from constitutively accessible promoters under the influence of enhancers or repressors. Serum response factor (SRF) was predicted as a transcriptional regulator driving immediate response, suggesting that SRF activity mirrors the build-up and release of sleep pressure. Our results demonstrate that a single, short SD has long-term aftereffects at the genomic regulatory level and highlights the importance of the sleep-wake distribution to diurnal rhythmicity and circadian processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte N Hor
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jake Yeung
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maxime Jan
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Vital-IT Systems Biology Division, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yann Emmenegger
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey Hubbard
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis Xenarios
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Felix Naef
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Franken
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
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Sex- and Age-dependent Differences in Sleep-wake Characteristics of Fisher-344 Rats. Neuroscience 2019; 427:29-42. [PMID: 31846749 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a well-recognized risk factor for sleep disruption. The characteristics of sleep in aging include its disruption by frequent awakenings, a decline in both non-rapid eye movement (nonREM) and REM sleep amounts, and a weaker homeostatic response to sleep loss. Evidence also suggests that sleep in females is more sensitive to changes in the ovarian steroidal milieu. The Fischer-344 rats are commonly used experimental subjects in behavioral and physiological studies, including sleep and aging. Most sleep studies in Fischer-344 rats have used male subjects to avoid interactions between the estrus and sleep-waking cycles. The changes in the sleep-wake organization of female Fischer-344 rats, especially with advancing age, are not well-characterized. We determined sleep-waking features of cycling females across estrus stages. We also compared spontaneous and homeostatic sleep response profiles of young (3-4 months) and old (24-25 months) male and female Fischer-344 rats. The results suggest that: i) sleep-wake architectures across stages of estrus cycle in young females were largely comparable except for a significant suppression of REM sleep at proestrus night and an increase in REM sleep the following day; ii) despite hormonal differences, sleep-wake architecture in male and female rats of corresponding ages were comparable except for the suppression of REM sleep at proestrus night and higher nonREM delta power in recovery sleep; and iii) aging significantly affected sleep-wake amounts, sleep-wake stability, and homeostatic response to sleep loss in both male and female rats and that the adverse effects of aging were largely comparable in both sexes.
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Abstract
Sleep spindles are burstlike signals in the electroencephalogram (EEG) of the sleeping mammalian brain and electrical surface correlates of neuronal oscillations in thalamus. As one of the most inheritable sleep EEG signatures, sleep spindles probably reflect the strength and malleability of thalamocortical circuits that underlie individual cognitive profiles. We review the characteristics, organization, regulation, and origins of sleep spindles and their implication in non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREMS) and its functions, focusing on human and rodent. Spatially, sleep spindle-related neuronal activity appears on scales ranging from small thalamic circuits to functional cortical areas, and generates a cortical state favoring intracortical plasticity while limiting cortical output. Temporally, sleep spindles are discrete events, part of a continuous power band, and elements grouped on an infraslow time scale over which NREMS alternates between continuity and fragility. We synthesize diverse and seemingly unlinked functions of sleep spindles for sleep architecture, sensory processing, synaptic plasticity, memory formation, and cognitive abilities into a unifying sleep spindle concept, according to which sleep spindles 1) generate neural conditions of large-scale functional connectivity and plasticity that outlast their appearance as discrete EEG events, 2) appear preferentially in thalamic circuits engaged in learning and attention-based experience during wakefulness, and 3) enable a selective reactivation and routing of wake-instated neuronal traces between brain areas such as hippocampus and cortex. Their fine spatiotemporal organization reflects NREMS as a physiological state coordinated over brain and body and may indicate, if not anticipate and ultimately differentiate, pathologies in sleep and neurodevelopmental, -degenerative, and -psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M J Fernandez
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anita Lüthi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Impacts of sex and the estrous cycle on associations between post-fear conditioning sleep and fear memory recall. Behav Brain Res 2019; 378:112156. [PMID: 31593790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Women are at greater risk than men for developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after trauma exposure. Sleep, especially rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMS), has been considered a contributing factor to the development of PTSD symptoms through its effects on the processing of emotional memories. However, it remains unknown if sex and sex hormones play a role in the hypothesized impact of sleep on the development of PTSD. Animal models have methodological advantages over human studies in investigating this research question; however, animal models of sleep in PTSD have been tested only with males. C57BL/6 mice (7 males and 15 females) were exposed to 15 footshocks in a footshock chamber, and 5 min after the last footshock, were returned to their home cages for telemetric electroencephalographic sleep recording. Nine to thirteen days later, mice were returned to the footshock chamber for 10 min without footshocks. Fear recall rates were computed by comparing freezing behaviors in the footshock chamber immediately after the footshocks to those during fear context reexposure. Males had significantly lower recall rates compared to metestrous females (that received footshocks on metestrus). Overall, males slept more than both proestrous females (that received footshocks on proestrus) and metestrous females during the dark period. Regression analyses revealed that average REMS episode durations after footshocks were differentially associated with recall rates across groups, such that the association was positive in males, but negative in proestrous females. Results suggest that both sex and the estrous cycle modulate the associations between REMS continuity and fear memory consolidation.
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Shi G, Xing L, Wu D, Bhattacharyya BJ, Jones CR, McMahon T, Chong SYC, Chen JA, Coppola G, Geschwind D, Krystal A, Ptáček LJ, Fu YH. A Rare Mutation of β 1-Adrenergic Receptor Affects Sleep/Wake Behaviors. Neuron 2019; 103:1044-1055.e7. [PMID: 31473062 PMCID: PMC6763376 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is crucial for our survival, and many diseases are linked to long-term poor sleep quality. Before we can use sleep to enhance our health and performance and alleviate diseases associated with poor sleep, a greater understanding of sleep regulation is necessary. We have identified a mutation in the β1-adrenergic receptor gene in humans who require fewer hours of sleep than most. In vitro, this mutation leads to decreased protein stability and dampened signaling in response to agonist treatment. In vivo, the mice carrying the same mutation demonstrated short sleep behavior. We found that this receptor is highly expressed in the dorsal pons and that these ADRB1+ neurons are active during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and wakefulness. Activating these neurons can lead to wakefulness, and the activity of these neurons is affected by the mutation. These results highlight the important role of β1-adrenergic receptors in sleep/wake regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangsen Shi
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lijuan Xing
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David Wu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Bula J Bhattacharyya
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Thomas McMahon
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - S Y Christin Chong
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jason A Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daniel Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Andrew Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Louis J Ptáček
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Ying-Hui Fu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Abstract
The functions of sleep remain a mystery. Yet they must be important since sleep is highly conserved, and its chronic disruption is associated with various metabolic, psychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders. This review will cover our evolving understanding of the mechanisms by which sleep is controlled and the complex relationship between sleep and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Joiner
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Neurosciences Graduate Program, and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California
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Hoekstra MM, Emmenegger Y, Hubbard J, Franken P. Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRBP) adjusts clock-gene expression and REM-sleep recovery following sleep deprivation. eLife 2019; 8:43400. [PMID: 30720431 PMCID: PMC6379088 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep depriving mice affects clock-gene expression, suggesting that these genes contribute to sleep homeostasis. The mechanisms linking extended wakefulness to clock-gene expression are, however, not well understood. We propose CIRBP to play a role because its rhythmic expression is i) sleep-wake driven and ii) necessary for high-amplitude clock-gene expression in vitro. We therefore expect Cirbp knock-out (KO) mice to exhibit attenuated sleep-deprivation-induced changes in clock-gene expression, and consequently to differ in their sleep homeostatic regulation. Lack of CIRBP indeed blunted the sleep-deprivation incurred changes in cortical expression of Nr1d1, whereas it amplified the changes in Per2 and Clock. Concerning sleep homeostasis, KO mice accrued only half the extra REM sleep wild-type (WT) littermates obtained during recovery. Unexpectedly, KO mice were more active during lights-off which was accompanied with faster theta oscillations compared to WT mice. Thus, CIRBP adjusts cortical clock-gene expression after sleep deprivation and expedites REM-sleep recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Mb Hoekstra
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yann Emmenegger
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey Hubbard
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Franken
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Dorokhov VB, Puchkova AN, Arsen’ev GN, Slominsky PA, Dementienko VV, Sveshnikov DS, Putilov AA. Association of obesity in shift workers with the minor allele of a single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs4851377) in the largest circadian clock gene (NPAS2). BIOL RHYTHM RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1537558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir B. Dorokhov
- Laboratory of Sleep/Wake Neurobiology, the Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra N. Puchkova
- Laboratory of Sleep/Wake Neurobiology, the Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gleb N. Arsen’ev
- Laboratory of Sleep/Wake Neurobiology, the Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Petr A. Slominsky
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Hereditary Diseases, the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valeriy V. Dementienko
- Laboratory of Medical Electronics, Kotelnikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry S. Sveshnikov
- Department of Normal Physiology, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Arcady A. Putilov
- Laboratory of Sleep/Wake Neurobiology, the Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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REM deprivation but not sleep fragmentation produces a sex-specific impairment in extinction. Physiol Behav 2018; 196:84-94. [PMID: 30144468 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
REM sleep is essential for learning and memory processes, particularly emotional learning. Manipulations of REM sleep impair learning and memory and sleep architecture is often altered following a learning experience; for example, short term REM deprivation immediately after fear conditioning results in impaired extinction. In light of research demonstrating sex-dependent differences in fear conditioning as well as differences in sleep architecture, the present study investigated the effects of short term REM deprivation on the extinction of conditioned fear in male and female rats. In addition, given evidence that sleep fragmentation, which is a consequence of REM deprivation, can negatively impact learning and memory, this manipulation was compared to REM deprivation and a control condition. Male and female rats were exposed to fear conditioning followed by 6 h of REM deprivation, sleep fragmentation, or a control condition. Two extinction sessions were conducted at 48 h intervals after conditioning. REM deprivation, but not sleep fragmentation or the control condition, impaired extinction of conditioned fear. However, this effect was seen only in male rats. This study is the first to explore the effects of sleep manipulations on memory in female rats and suggests that female rats are more resilient to the deleterious effects of REM deprivation. In addition, it demonstrates that REM deprivation but not fragmentation of sleep is responsible for impairment in extinction of conditioned fear.
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Diessler S, Jan M, Emmenegger Y, Guex N, Middleton B, Skene DJ, Ibberson M, Burdet F, Götz L, Pagni M, Sankar M, Liechti R, Hor CN, Xenarios I, Franken P. A systems genetics resource and analysis of sleep regulation in the mouse. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005750. [PMID: 30091978 PMCID: PMC6085075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is essential for optimal brain functioning and health, but the biological substrates through which sleep delivers these beneficial effects remain largely unknown. We used a systems genetics approach in the BXD genetic reference population (GRP) of mice and assembled a comprehensive experimental knowledge base comprising a deep "sleep-wake" phenome, central and peripheral transcriptomes, and plasma metabolome data, collected under undisturbed baseline conditions and after sleep deprivation (SD). We present analytical tools to interactively interrogate the database, visualize the molecular networks altered by sleep loss, and prioritize candidate genes. We found that a one-time, short disruption of sleep already extensively reshaped the systems genetics landscape by altering 60%-78% of the transcriptomes and the metabolome, with numerous genetic loci affecting the magnitude and direction of change. Systems genetics integrative analyses drawing on all levels of organization imply α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor trafficking and fatty acid turnover as substrates of the negative effects of insufficient sleep. Our analyses demonstrate that genetic heterogeneity and the effects of insufficient sleep itself on the transcriptome and metabolome are far more widespread than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanaz Diessler
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maxime Jan
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- Vital-IT Systems Biology Division, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yann Emmenegger
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Guex
- Vital-IT Systems Biology Division, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Benita Middleton
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Debra J. Skene
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Ibberson
- Vital-IT Systems Biology Division, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frederic Burdet
- Vital-IT Systems Biology Division, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lou Götz
- Vital-IT Systems Biology Division, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marco Pagni
- Vital-IT Systems Biology Division, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martial Sankar
- Vital-IT Systems Biology Division, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robin Liechti
- Vital-IT Systems Biology Division, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte N. Hor
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis Xenarios
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- Vital-IT Systems Biology Division, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Franken
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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Deboer T. Sleep homeostasis and the circadian clock: Do the circadian pacemaker and the sleep homeostat influence each other's functioning? Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2018; 5:68-77. [PMID: 31236513 PMCID: PMC6584681 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is regulated by a homeostatic and a circadian process. Together these two processes determine most aspects of sleep and related variables like sleepiness and alertness. The two processes are known to be able to work independently, but also to both influence sleep and sleep related variables in an additive or more complex manner. The question remains whether the two processes are directly influencing each other. The present review summarizes evidence from behavioural and electroencephalographic determined sleep, electrophysiology, gene knock out mouse models, and mathematical modelling to explore whether sleep homeostasis can influence circadian clock functioning and vice versa. There is a multitude of data available showing parallel action or influence of sleep homeostatic mechanisms and the circadian clock on several objective and subjective variables related to sleep and alertness. However, the evidence of a direct influence of the circadian clock on sleep homeostatic mechanisms is sparse and more research is needed, particularly applying longer sleep deprivations that include a second night. The strongest evidence of an influence of sleep homeostatic mechanisms on clock functioning comes from sleep deprivation experiments, demonstrating an attenuation of phase shifts of the circadian rhythm to light pulses when sleep homeostatic pressure is increased. The data suggest that the circadian clock is less susceptible to light when sleep pressure is high. The available data indicate that a strong central clock will induce periods of deep sleep, which in turn will strengthen clock function. Both are therefore important for health and wellbeing. Weakening of one will also hamper functioning of the other. Shift work and jet lag are situations where one tries to adapt to zeitgebers in a condition where sleep is compromised. Adaptation to zeitgebers may be improved by introducing nap schedules to reduce sleep pressure, and through that increasing clock susceptibility to light.
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48
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REV-ERBβ is required to maintain normal wakefulness and the wake-inducing effect of dual REV-ERB agonist SR9009. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 150:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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49
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Blum ID, Bell B, Wu MN. Time for Bed: Genetic Mechanisms Mediating the Circadian Regulation of Sleep. Trends Genet 2018; 34:379-388. [PMID: 29395381 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is an evolutionarily conserved behavior that is increasingly recognized as important for human health. While its precise function remains controversial, sleep has been suggested to play a key role in a variety of biological phenomena ranging from synaptic plasticity to metabolic clearance. Although it is clear that sleep is regulated by the circadian clock, how this occurs remains enigmatic. Here we examine the genetic mechanisms by which the circadian clock regulates sleep, drawing on recent work in fruit flies, zebrafish, mice, and humans. These studies reveal that central and local clocks utilize diverse mechanisms to regulate different aspects of sleep, and a better understanding of this multilayered regulation may lead to a better understanding of the functions of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Blum
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Benjamin Bell
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Mark N Wu
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Carrier J, Semba K, Deurveilher S, Drogos L, Cyr-Cronier J, Lord C, Sekerovick Z. Sex differences in age-related changes in the sleep-wake cycle. Front Neuroendocrinol 2017; 47:66-85. [PMID: 28757114 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Age-related changes in sleep and circadian regulation occur as early as the middle years of life. Research also suggests that sleep and circadian rhythms are regulated differently between women and men. However, does sleep and circadian rhythms regulation age similarly in men and women? In this review, we present the mechanisms underlying age-related differences in sleep and the current state of knowledge on how they interact with sex. We also address how testosterone, estrogens, and progesterone fluctuations across adulthood interact with sleep and circadian regulation. Finally, we will propose research avenues to unravel the mechanisms underlying sex differences in age-related effects on sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Carrier
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Kazue Semba
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Samuel Deurveilher
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Lauren Drogos
- Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jessica Cyr-Cronier
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Catherine Lord
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Zoran Sekerovick
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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