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Schettino M, Tarmati V, Castellano P, Gigli V, Carnevali L, Cabib S, Ottaviani C, Orsini C. Effects of acute stress on reward processing: A comprehensive meta-analysis of rodent and human studies. Neurobiol Stress 2024; 31:100647. [PMID: 38962695 PMCID: PMC11219954 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2024.100647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Stressors can initiate a cascade of central and peripheral changes that modulate mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic circuits and, ultimately, behavioral response to rewards. Driven by the absence of conclusive evidence on this topic and the Research Domain Criteria framework, random-effects meta-analyses were adopted to quantify the effects of acute stressors on reward responsiveness, valuation, and learning in rodent and human subjects. In rodents, acute stress reduced reward responsiveness (g = -1.43) and valuation (g = -0.32), while amplifying reward learning (g = 1.17). In humans, acute stress had marginal effects on valuation (g = 0.25), without affecting responsiveness and learning. Moderation analyses suggest that acute stress neither has unitary effects on reward processing in rodents nor in humans and that the duration of the stressor and specificity of reward experience (i.e., food vs drugs) may produce qualitatively and quantitatively different behavioral endpoints. Subgroup analyses failed to reduce heterogeneity, which, together with the presence of publication bias, pose caution on the conclusions that can be drawn and point to the need of guidelines for the conduction of future studies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martino Schettino
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valeria Tarmati
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Castellano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valeria Gigli
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Carnevali
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Simona Cabib
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Ottaviani
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Orsini
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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2
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Pinson CK, Frank GKW. Why Don't You Just Eat? Neuroscience and the Enigma of Eating Disorders. FOCUS (AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC PUBLISHING) 2024; 22:328-332. [PMID: 38988457 PMCID: PMC11231469 DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.20240006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Eating disorders are severe psychiatric illnesses that are associated with high mortality. Research has identified environmental, psychological, and biological risk factors that could contribute to the psychopathology of eating disorders. Nevertheless, the patterns of self-starvation, binge eating, and purging behaviors are difficult to reconcile with the typical mechanisms that regulate appetite, hunger, and satiety. Here, the authors present a neuroscience and human brain imaging-based model to help explain the detrimental and often persistent behavioral patterns seen in individuals with eating disorders and why it is so difficult to overcome them. This model incorporates individual motivations to change eating, fear conditioning, biological adaptations of the brain and body, and the development of a vicious cycle that drives the individual to perpetuate those behaviors. This knowledge helps to explain these illnesses to patients and their families, and to develop more effective treatments, including biological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire K Pinson
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California (Pinson); Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, UCSD Eating Disorders Center for Treatment and Research, and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California (Frank)
| | - Guido K W Frank
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California (Pinson); Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, UCSD Eating Disorders Center for Treatment and Research, and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California (Frank)
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Bornhoft KN, Prohofsky J, O'Neal TJ, Wolff AR, Saunders BT. Valence ambiguity dynamically shapes striatal dopamine heterogeneity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.17.594692. [PMID: 38798567 PMCID: PMC11118546 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.17.594692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Adaptive decision making relies on dynamic updating of learned associations where environmental cues come to predict positive and negatively valenced stimuli, such as food or threat. Flexible cue-guided behaviors depend on a network of brain systems, including dopamine signaling in the striatum, which is critical for learning and maintenance of conditioned behaviors. Critically, it remains unclear how dopamine signaling encodes multi-valent, dynamic learning contexts, where positive and negative associations must be rapidly disambiguated. To understand this, we employed a Pavlovian discrimination paradigm, where cues predicting positive and negative outcomes were intermingled during conditioning sessions, and their meaning was serially reversed across training. We found that rats readily distinguished these cues, and updated their behavior rapidly upon valence reversal. Using fiber photometry, we recorded dopamine signaling in three major striatal subregions -,the dorsolateral striatum (DLS), the nucleus accumbens core, and the nucleus accumbens medial shell - and found heterogeneous responses to positive and negative conditioned cues and their predicted outcomes. Valence ambiguity introduced by cue reversal reshaped striatal dopamine on different timelines: nucleus accumbens core and shell signals updated more readily than those in the DLS. Together, these results suggest that striatal dopamine flexibly encodes multi-valent learning contexts, and these signals are dynamically modulated by changing contingencies to resolve ambiguity about the meaning of environmental cues.
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Senol E, Mohammad H. Current perspectives on brain circuits involved in food addiction-like behaviors. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2024; 131:475-485. [PMID: 38216705 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02732-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
There is an emerging view that the increased availability of energy-dense foods in our society is contributing to excessive food consumption which could lead to food addiction-like behavior. Particularly, compulsive eating patterns are predominant in people suffering from eating disorders (binge-eating disorder, bulimia and anorexia nervosa) and obesity. Phenotypically, the behavioral pattern exhibits a close resemblance to individuals suffering from other forms of addiction (drug, sex, gambling). Growing body of evidence in neuroscience research is showing that excessive consumption of energy-dense foods alters the brain circuits implicated in reward, decision-making, control, habit formation, and emotions that are central to drug addiction. Here, we review the current understanding of the circuits of food addiction-like behaviors and highlight the future possibility of exploring those circuits to combat obesity and eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Senol
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hasan Mohammad
- Centre de Recherche en Biomédicine de Strasbourg (CRBS), L'Institut National de La Santé Et de La Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1114, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India.
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English A, Uittenbogaard F, Torrens A, Sarroza D, Slaven AVE, Piomelli D, Bruchas MR, Stella N, Land BB. A preclinical model of THC edibles that produces high-dose cannabimimetic responses. eLife 2024; 12:RP89867. [PMID: 38214701 PMCID: PMC10945583 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
No preclinical experimental approach enables the study of voluntary oral consumption of high-concentration Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its intoxicating effects, mainly owing to the aversive response of rodents to THC that limits intake. Here, we developed a palatable THC formulation and an optimized access paradigm in mice to drive voluntary consumption. THC was formulated in chocolate gelatin (THC-E-gel). Adult male and female mice were allowed ad libitum access for 1 and 2 hr. Cannabimimetic responses (hypolocomotion, analgesia, and hypothermia) were measured following access. Levels of THC and its metabolites were measured in blood and brain tissue. Acute acoustic startle responses were measured to investigate THC-induced psychotomimetic behavior. When allowed access for 2 hr to THC-E-gel on the second day of a 3-day exposure paradigm, adult mice consumed up to ≈30 mg/kg over 2 hr, which resulted in robust cannabimimetic behavioral responses (hypolocomotion, analgesia, and hypothermia). Consumption of the same gelatin decreased on the following third day of exposure. Pharmacokinetic analysis shows that THC-E-gel consumption led to parallel accumulation of THC and its psychoactive metabolite, 11-OH-THC, in the brain, a profile that contrasts with the known rapid decline in brain 11-OH-THC levels following THC intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections. THC-E-gel consumption increased the acoustic startle response in males but not in females, demonstrating a sex-dependent effect of consumption. Thus, while voluntary consumption of THC-E-gel triggered equivalent cannabimimetic responses in male and female mice, it potentiated acoustic startle responses preferentially in males. We built a dose-prediction model that included cannabimimetic behavioral responses elicited by i.p. versus THC-E-gel to test the accuracy and generalizability of this experimental approach and found that it closely predicted the measured acoustic startle results in males and females. In summary, THC-E-gel offers a robust preclinical experimental approach to study cannabimimetic responses triggered by voluntary consumption in mice, including sex-dependent psychotomimetic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony English
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- UW Center of Excellence in Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion (NAPE), University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Fleur Uittenbogaard
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- UW Center of Excellence in Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion (NAPE), University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Alexa Torrens
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Dennis Sarroza
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Anna Veronica Elizabeth Slaven
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- UW Center of Excellence in Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion (NAPE), University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- UW Center of Excellence in Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion (NAPE), University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California IrvineIrvineUnited States
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Nephi Stella
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- UW Center of Excellence in Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion (NAPE), University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Benjamin Bruce Land
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- UW Center of Excellence in Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion (NAPE), University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
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Kaduk K, Henry T, Guitton J, Meunier M, Thura D, Hadj-Bouziane F. Atomoxetine and reward size equally improve task engagement and perceptual decisions but differently affect movement execution. Neuropharmacology 2023; 241:109736. [PMID: 37774942 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Our ability to engage and perform daily activities relies on balancing the associated benefits and costs. Rewards, as benefits, act as powerful motivators that help us stay focused for longer durations. The noradrenergic (NA) system is thought to play a significant role in optimizing our performance. Yet, the interplay between reward and the NA system in shaping performance remains unclear, particularly when actions are driven by external incentives (reward). To explore this interaction, we tested four female rhesus monkeys performing a sustained Go/NoGo task under two reward sizes (low/high) and three pharmacological conditions (saline and two doses of atomoxetine, a NA reuptake inhibitor: ATX-0.5 mg/kg and ATX-1 mg/kg). We found that increasing either reward or NA levels equally enhanced the animal's engagement in the task compared to low reward saline; the animals also responded faster and more consistently under these circumstances. Notably, we identified differences between reward size and ATX. When combined with ATX, high reward further reduced the occurrence of false alarms (i.e., incorrect go trials on distractors), implying that it helped further suppress impulsive responses. In addition, ATX (but not reward size) consistently increased movement duration dose-dependently, while high reward did not affect movement duration but decreased its variability. We conclude that noradrenaline and reward modulate performance, but their effects are not identical, suggesting differential underlying mechanisms. Reward might energize/invigorate decisions and action, while ATX might help regulate energy expenditure, depending on the context, through the NA system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Kaduk
- University UCBL Lyon 1, F-69000, France; INSERM, U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team, Lyon, F-69000, France; Decision and Awareness Group, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Goettingen, 37077, Germany.
| | - Tiphaine Henry
- University UCBL Lyon 1, F-69000, France; INSERM, U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team, Lyon, F-69000, France
| | - Jerome Guitton
- Biochemistry and Pharmacology-Toxicology Laboratory, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, F-69495, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Martine Meunier
- University UCBL Lyon 1, F-69000, France; INSERM, U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team, Lyon, F-69000, France
| | - David Thura
- University UCBL Lyon 1, F-69000, France; INSERM, U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team, Lyon, F-69000, France
| | - Fadila Hadj-Bouziane
- University UCBL Lyon 1, F-69000, France; INSERM, U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team, Lyon, F-69000, France.
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7
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Latagliata EC, Orsini C, Cabib S, Biagioni F, Fornai F, Puglisi-Allegra S. Prefrontal Dopamine in Flexible Adaptation to Environmental Changes: A Game for Two Players. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3189. [PMID: 38137410 PMCID: PMC10740496 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficits in cognitive flexibility have been characterized in affective, anxiety, and neurodegenerative disorders. This paper reviews data, mainly from studies on animal models, that support the existence of a cortical-striatal brain circuit modulated by dopamine (DA), playing a major role in cognitive/behavioral flexibility. Moreover, we reviewed clinical findings supporting misfunctioning of this circuit in Parkinson's disease that could be responsible for some important non-motoric symptoms. The reviewed findings point to a role of catecholaminergic transmission in the medial prefrontal cortex (mpFC) in modulating DA's availability in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), as well as a role of NAc DA in modulating the motivational value of natural and conditioned stimuli. The review section is accompanied by a preliminary experiment aimed at testing weather the extinction of a simple Pavlovian association fosters increased DA transmission in the mpFC and inhibition of DA transmission in the NAc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Orsini
- I.R.C.C.S. Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy; (C.O.); (S.C.)
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Cabib
- I.R.C.C.S. Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy; (C.O.); (S.C.)
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Biagioni
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.B.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesco Fornai
- I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (F.B.); (F.F.)
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies on Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Brasso C, Stanziano M, Bosco FM, Morese R, Valentini MC, Vercelli A, Rocca P. Alteration of the Functional Connectivity of the Cortical Areas Characterized by the Presence of Von Economo Neurons in Schizophrenia, a Pilot Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041377. [PMID: 36835913 PMCID: PMC9962963 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Von Economo neurons (VENs) are rod, stick, or corkscrew cells mostly located in layer V of the frontoinsular and anterior cingulate cortices. VENs are projection neurons related to human-like social cognitive abilities. Post-mortem histological studies found VEN alterations in several neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia (SZ). This pilot study aimed to evaluate the role of VEN-containing areas in shaping patterns of resting-state brain activation in patients with SZ (n = 20) compared to healthy controls (HCs; n = 20). We performed a functional connectivity analysis seeded in the cortical areas with the highest density of VENs followed by fuzzy clustering. The alterations found in the SZ group were correlated with psychopathological, cognitive, and functioning variables. We found a frontotemporal network that was shared by four clusters overlapping with the salience, superior-frontal, orbitofrontal, and central executive networks. Differences between the HC and SZ groups emerged only in the salience network. The functional connectivity of the right anterior insula and ventral tegmental area within this network were negatively correlated with experiential negative symptoms and positively correlated with functioning. This study provides some evidence to show that in vivo, VEN-enriched cortical areas are associated with an altered resting-state brain activity in people with SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Brasso
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Struttura Complessa di Psichiatria Universitaria, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze e Salute Mentale, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria “Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino”, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-670-7720
| | - Mario Stanziano
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico “Carlo Besta”, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Marina Bosco
- Research Group on Inferential Processes in Social Interaction (GIPSI), Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Rosalba Morese
- Faculty of Communication Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Maria Consuelo Valentini
- Struttura Complessa di Neuroradiologia, Dipartimento Diagnostica per Immagini e Radiologia Interventistica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria “Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino”, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vercelli
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Paola Rocca
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Struttura Complessa di Psichiatria Universitaria, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze e Salute Mentale, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria “Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino”, 10126 Turin, Italy
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Intrinsic Excitability in Layer IV-VI Anterior Insula to Basolateral Amygdala Projection Neurons Correlates with the Confidence of Taste Valence Encoding. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0302-22.2022. [PMID: 36635250 PMCID: PMC9850927 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0302-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Avoiding potentially harmful, and consuming safe food is crucial for the survival of living organisms. However, the perceived valence of sensory information can change following conflicting experiences. Pleasurability and aversiveness are two crucial parameters defining the perceived valence of a taste and can be impacted by novelty. Importantly, the ability of a given taste to serve as the conditioned stimulus (CS) in conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is dependent on its valence. Activity in anterior insula (aIC) Layer IV-VI pyramidal neurons projecting to the basolateral amygdala (BLA) is correlated with and necessary for CTA learning and retrieval, as well as the expression of neophobia toward novel tastants, but not learning taste familiarity. Yet, the cellular mechanisms underlying the updating of taste valence representation in this specific pathway are poorly understood. Here, using retrograde viral tracing and whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology in trained mice, we demonstrate that the intrinsic properties of deep-lying Layer IV-VI, but not superficial Layer I-III aIC-BLA neurons, are differentially modulated by both novelty and valence, reflecting the subjective predictability of taste valence arising from prior experience. These correlative changes in the profile of intrinsic properties of LIV-VI aIC-BLA neurons were detectable following both simple taste experiences, as well as following memory retrieval, extinction learning, and reinstatement.
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Goedhoop JN, van den Boom BJG, Robke R, Veen F, Fellinger L, van Elzelingen W, Arbab T, Willuhn I. Nucleus accumbens dopamine tracks aversive stimulus duration and prediction but not value or prediction error. eLife 2022; 11:82711. [PMID: 36366962 PMCID: PMC9651945 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is active debate on the role of dopamine in processing aversive stimuli, where inferred roles range from no involvement at all, to signaling an aversive prediction error (APE). Here, we systematically investigate dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens core (NAC), which is closely linked to reward prediction errors, in rats exposed to white noise (WN, a versatile, underutilized, aversive stimulus) and its predictive cues. Both induced a negative dopamine ramp, followed by slow signal recovery upon stimulus cessation. In contrast to reward conditioning, this dopamine signal was unaffected by WN value, context valence, or probabilistic contingencies, and the WN dopamine response shifted only partially toward its predictive cue. However, unpredicted WN provoked slower post-stimulus signal recovery than predicted WN. Despite differing signal qualities, dopamine responses to simultaneous presentation of rewarding and aversive stimuli were additive. Together, our findings demonstrate that instead of an APE, NAC dopamine primarily tracks prediction and duration of aversive events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N Goedhoop
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam
| | - Bastijn JG van den Boom
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam
| | - Rhiannon Robke
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam
| | - Felice Veen
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam
| | - Lizz Fellinger
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam
| | - Wouter van Elzelingen
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam
| | - Tara Arbab
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam
| | - Ingo Willuhn
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam
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11
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Hwang SH, Ra Y, Paeng S, Kim HF. Motivational salience drives habitual gazes during value memory retention and facilitates relearning of forgotten value. iScience 2022; 25:105104. [PMID: 36185371 PMCID: PMC9519605 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A habitual gaze is critical to efficiently identify and exploit valuable objects. However, it is unclear what salience components drive the habitual gaze choice. Here, we trained subjects to assign positive, neutral, and negative values to objects and found that motivational salience guided habitual gaze choices over 30 days of memory retention. The habitual preference for negatively valued objects emerged during memory retention. This habitual choice was not explained by a general model with salience components driven by physical features of objects and the rank of learned values. Instead, this is better explained by a model that contains an additional component driven by motivational salience. In a simulated value-forgotten condition, these motivational salience-based habitual choices facilitated re-learning. Our data indicate that after long-term retention, habitual gaze results from increased motivational salience, potentially facilitating the re-learning of forgotten values. Habitual preference for negatively valued objects emerged during long-term retention Changes in habitual preference were driven by 3 salience components over time Preference for negatively valued objects facilitates re-learning of forgotten values
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12
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Hui M, Beier KT. Defining the interconnectivity of the medial prefrontal cortex and ventral midbrain. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:971349. [PMID: 35935333 PMCID: PMC9354837 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.971349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction in dopamine (DA) signaling contributes to neurological disorders ranging from drug addiction and schizophrenia to depression and Parkinson’s Disease. How might impairment of one neurotransmitter come to effect these seemingly disparate diseases? One potential explanation is that unique populations of DA-releasing cells project to separate brain regions that contribute to different sets of behaviors. Though dopaminergic cells themselves are spatially restricted to the midbrain and constitute a relatively small proportion of all neurons, their projections influence many brain regions. DA is particularly critical for the activity and function of medial prefrontal cortical (mPFC) ensembles. The midbrain and mPFC exhibit reciprocal connectivity – the former innervates the mPFC, and in turn, the mPFC projects back to the midbrain. Viral mapping studies have helped elucidate the connectivity within and between these regions, which likely have broad implications for DA-dependent behaviors. In this review, we discuss advancements in our understanding of the connectivity between the mPFC and midbrain DA system, focusing primarily on rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Hui
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Kevin T. Beier
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- UCI Mind, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Kevin T. Beier,
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13
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Solecki WB, Kielbinski M, Bernacka J, Gralec K, Klasa A, Pradel K, Rojek-Sito K, Przewłocki R. Alpha 1-adrenergic receptor blockade in the ventral tegmental area attenuates acquisition of cocaine-induced pavlovian associative learning. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:969104. [PMID: 35990723 PMCID: PMC9386374 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.969104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity of the alpha1-adrenergic receptor (α1-AR) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) modulates dopaminergic activity, implying its modulatory role in the behavioral functions of the dopamine (DA) system. Indeed, intra-VTA α1-AR blockade attenuates conditioned stimulus dependent behaviors such as drug seeking responses signifying a role of the noradrenergic signaling in the VTA in conditioned behaviors. Importantly, the role of the VTA α1-AR activity in Pavlovian associative learning with positive outcomes remains unknown. Here, we aimed to examine how intra-VTA α1-AR blockade affects acquisition of cocaine-induced Pavlovian associative learning in the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. The impact of α1-AR blockade on cocaine-reinforced operant responding and cocaine-evoked ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) was also studied. In addition, both α1-AR immunoreactivity in the VTA and its role in phasic DA release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) were assessed. We demonstrated cellular localization of α1-AR expression in the VTA, providing a neuroanatomical substrate for the α1-AR mechanism. We showed that prazosin (α1-AR selective antagonist; 1 μg/0.5 μl) microinfusion attenuated electrically evoked DA transients in the NAc and dose-dependently (0.1-1 μg/0.5 μl) prevented the acquisition of cocaine CPP but did not affect cocaine-reinforced operant responding nor cocaine-induced positive affective state (measured as USVs). We propose that the VTA α1-AR signaling is necessary for the acquisition of Pavlovian associative learning but does not encode hedonic value. Thus, α1-AR signaling in the VTA might underlie salience encoding of environmental stimuli and reflect an ability of alerting/orienting functions, originating from bottom-up information processing to guide behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech B Solecki
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Kielbinski
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Bernacka
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.,Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gralec
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Adam Klasa
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamil Pradel
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Karolina Rojek-Sito
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ryszard Przewłocki
- Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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14
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Netter P. Between Temperament and Psychopathology: Examples from Neuropharmacological Challenge Tests in Healthy Humans. Neuropsychobiology 2021; 80:84-100. [PMID: 33647900 DOI: 10.1159/000514074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper tries to demonstrate that the questionnaire-based continuum between temperament traits and psychopathology can also be shown on the biochemical level. A common feature is the incapacity to adapt to external demands, as demonstrated by examples of disturbed hormone cycles as well as neurotransmitter (TM) responses related to affective and impulse control disorders. METHODS Pharmacological challenge tests performed in placebo-controlled balanced crossover experiments with consecutive challenges by serotonin (5-HT), noradrenaline (NA), and dopamine (DA) agonistic drugs were applied to healthy subjects, and individual responsivities of each TM system assessed by respective cortisol and prolactin responses were related to questionnaire-based facets of depressiveness and impulsivity, respectively. RESULTS The depression-related traits "Fatigue" and "Physical Anhedonia" were characterized by low and late responses to DA stimulation as opposed to "Social Anhedonia," which rather mirrored the pattern of schizophrenia. Reward-related and premature responding-related impulsivity represented by high scores on "Disinhibition" and "Motor Impulsivity," respectively, as well as the questionnaire-based components of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, "Cognitive" and "Motor Impulsivity," could be discriminated by their patterns of DA/NA responses. 5-HT responses suggested that instead of the expected low availability of 5-HT claimed to be associated with impulse control disorders, low NA responses indicated lack of inhibition in impulsivity and high NA responses in depression-related "Anhedonia" indicated suppression of approach motivation. CONCLUSIONS In spite of the flaws of pharmacological challenge tests, they may be suitable for demonstrating similarities in TM affinities between psychopathological disturbances and respective temperament traits and for separating sub-entities of larger disease spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Netter
- Department of Psychology, University of Gießen, Gießen, Germany,
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15
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Takarada Y, Nozaki D. The unconscious mental inhibiting process of human maximal voluntary contraction. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021; 86:1458-1466. [PMID: 34398275 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-021-01578-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Human maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) is believed to be limited by neural inhibition. Motivational goal priming alters background states of the motor system, leading to enhanced MVC. However, the mechanisms that determine the constant inhibition of force exertion in the motor system remain unclear. The primary behavioural goal of MVC is maximal voluntary force exertion. The final expected or desired state of this behavioural goal is explicitly demonstrated with words related to physical exertion, such as 'maximal', irrespective of the possibility of demand-like properties in participants' minds, such as attainability and/or desirability of the goal. For the primed maximal goal state, most trial results fail to meet expectations, demonstrating negative affect that, without awareness, contributes to the mentioned inhibitory mechanism underlying MVC. We therefore speculated that the behavioural goal of MVC contributes to neural inhibitory mechanisms underlying MVC. In our study, we used a previously developed paradigm (Takarada and Nozaki in Scientific Reports 8: 10135, 2018) in which subliminal visual priming stimuli such as the physical exertion-related words "perform" and "exert" were presented to 12 healthy participants and were followed by supraliminal words that were the word "maximal" or neutral.We found that when combined with the term 'maximal' in the consciously visible form, the effect of this subliminal motor-goal priming in inducing pupil dilation and stronger action preparation/execution was abolished without conscious awareness. This is the first objective evidence of motor inhibitory effect-predicting patterns of pupil-linked noradrenergic activity as a signature of a type of mental inhibition underlying the MVC behavioural goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Takarada
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15, Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan.
| | - Daichi Nozaki
- Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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16
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Brancato A, Lo Russo SLM, Liberati AS, Carbone C, Zelli S, Laviola G, Cannizzaro C, Adriani W. Social Interactions of Dat-Het Epi-Genotypes Differing for Maternal Origins: The Development of a New Preclinical Model of Socio-Sexual Apathy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:778. [PMID: 34356842 PMCID: PMC8301365 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Social interaction is essential for life but is impaired in many psychiatric disorders. We presently focus on rats with a truncated allele for dopamine transporter (DAT). Since heterozygous individuals possess only one non-mutant allele, epigenetic interactions may unmask latent genetic predispositions. Homogeneous "maternal" heterozygous offspring (termed MAT-HET) were born from dopamine-transporter knocked-out (DAT-KO) male rats and wild-type (WT) mothers; "mixed" heterozygous offspring (termed MIX-HET) were born from both DAT-heterozygous parents. Their social behavior was assessed by: partner-preference (PPT), social-preference (SPT) and elicited-preference (EPT) tests. During the PPT, focal MIX-HET and MAT-HET males had a choice between two WT females, one in estrous and the other not. In the SPT, they met as stimulus either a MIX-HET or a WT male. In the EPT, the preference of focal male WT rats towards either a MIX- or a MAT-HET stimulus was tested. MIX-HET focal males showed an abnormal behavior, seeming not interested in socializing either with a female in estrous or with another male if MIX-HET. Focal MAT-HET males, instead, were very attracted by the female in estrous, but totally ignored the MIX-HET male. We assessed the expression of noradrenaline transporter (NET) in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus, finding differences between the two offspring. MIX-HETs' hypothalamus and hippocampus showed less NET than MAT-HETs, while the latter, in turn, showed higher NET than WTs. These behavioral differences between heterozygous groups may be attributed to different maternal cares received. Results allow preclinical understanding of epigenetic factors involved in social-behavior abnormalities, typical of many psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Brancato
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties of Excellence “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Sara L. M. Lo Russo
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.L.M.L.R.); (C.C.); (S.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Anna Sara Liberati
- Faculty of Psychology, Università Telematica Internazionale “Uninettuno”, 00186 Rome, Italy;
| | - Cristiana Carbone
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.L.M.L.R.); (C.C.); (S.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Silvia Zelli
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.L.M.L.R.); (C.C.); (S.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Giovanni Laviola
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.L.M.L.R.); (C.C.); (S.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Carla Cannizzaro
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties of Excellence “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Walter Adriani
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.L.M.L.R.); (C.C.); (S.Z.); (G.L.)
- Faculty of Psychology, Università Telematica Internazionale “Uninettuno”, 00186 Rome, Italy;
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17
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Tran BN, Valek L, Wilken-Schmitz A, Fuhrmann DC, Namgaladze D, Wittig I, Tegeder I. Reduced exploratory behavior in neuronal nucleoredoxin knockout mice. Redox Biol 2021; 45:102054. [PMID: 34198070 PMCID: PMC8254043 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoredoxin is a thioredoxin-like redoxin that has been recognized as redox modulator of WNT signaling. Using a Yeast-2-Hybrid screen, we identified calcium calmodulin kinase 2a, Camk2a, as a prominent prey in a brain library. Camk2a is crucial for nitric oxide dependent processes of neuronal plasticity of learning and memory. Therefore, the present study assessed functions of NXN in neuronal Nestin-NXN-/- deficient mice. The NXN-Camk2a interaction was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation, and by colocalization in neuropil and dendritic spines. Functionally, Camk2a activity was reduced in NXN deficient neurons and restored with recombinant NXN. Proteomics revealed reduced oxidation in the hippocampus of Nestin-NXN-/- deficient mice, including Camk2a, further synaptic and mitochondrial proteins, and was associated with a reduction of mitochondrial respiration. Nestin-NXN-/- mice were healthy and behaved normally in behavioral tests of anxiety, activity and sociability. They had no cognitive deficits in touchscreen based learning & memory tasks, but omitted more trials showing a lower interest in the reward. They also engaged less in rewarding voluntary wheel running, and in exploratory behavior in IntelliCages. Accuracy was enhanced owing to the loss of exploration. The data suggested that NXN maintained the oxidative state of Camk2a and thereby its activity. In addition, it supported oxidation of other synaptic and mitochondrial proteins, and mitochondrial respiration. The loss of NXN-dependent pro-oxidative functions manifested in a loss of exploratory drive and reduced interest in reward in behaving mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Ngoc Tran
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Medical Faculty, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lucie Valek
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Medical Faculty, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Annett Wilken-Schmitz
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Medical Faculty, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Dimitry Namgaladze
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University, Medical Faculty, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ilka Wittig
- Functional Proteomics Group, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, Medical Faculty, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Medical Faculty, Frankfurt, Germany.
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18
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Noradrenergic correlates of chronic cocaine craving: neuromelanin and functional brain imaging. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:851-859. [PMID: 33408330 PMCID: PMC8027452 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00937-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies have implicated noradrenergic (NA) dysfunction in cocaine addiction. In particular, the NA system plays a central role in motivated behavior and may partake in the regulation of craving and drug use. Yet, human studies of the NA system are scarce, likely hampered by the difficulty in precisely localizing the locus coeruleus (LC). Here, we used neuromelanin imaging to localize the LC and quantified LC neuromelanin signal (NMS) intensity in 44 current cocaine users (CU; 37 men) and 59 nondrug users (NU; 44 men). We also employed fMRI to investigate cue-induced regional responses and LC functional connectivities, as quantified by generalized psychophysiological interaction (gPPI), in CU. Imaging data were processed by published routines and the findings were evaluated with a corrected threshold. We examined how these neural measures were associated with chronic cocaine craving, as assessed by the Cocaine Craving Questionnaire (CCQ). Compared to NU, CU demonstrated higher LC NMS for all probabilistic thresholds defined of 50-90% of the peak. In contrast, NMS of the ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra (VTA/SN) did not show significant group differences. Drug as compared to neutral cues elicited higher activations of many cortical and subcortical regions, none of which were significantly correlated with CCQ score. Drug vs. neutral cues also elicited "deactivation" of bilateral parahippocampal gyri (PHG) and PHG gPPI with a wide array of cortical and subcortical regions, including the ventral striatum and, with small volume correction, the LC. Less deactivation of the PHG (r = 0.40, p = 0.008) and higher PHG-LC gPPI (r = 0.44, p = 0.003) were positively correlated with the CCQ score. In contrast, PHG-VTA/SN connectivity did not correlate with the CCQ score. Together, chronic cocaine exposure may induce higher NMS intensity, suggesting neurotoxic effects on the LC. The correlation of cue-elicited PHG LC connectivity with CCQ score suggests a noradrenergic correlate of chronic cocaine craving. Potentially compensating for memory functions as in neurodegenerative conditions, cue-elicited PHG LC circuit connectivity plays an ill-adaptive role in supporting cocaine craving.
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19
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Huang Y, Yu S, Wilson G, Park J, Cheng M, Kong X, Lu T, Kong J. Altered Extended Locus Coeruleus and Ventral Tegmental Area Networks in Boys with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Resting-State Functional Connectivity Study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:1207-1216. [PMID: 33911868 PMCID: PMC8075355 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s301106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have suggested that cerebral projections of the norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) systems have important etiology and treatment implications for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate spontaneous resting state functional connectivity in boys aged 7-15 years with ASD (n=86) and age-, intelligence quotient-matched typically developing boys (TD, n=118). Specifically, we investigated functional connectivity of the locus coeruleus (LC) and ventral tegmental area (VTA), the main source projection of neurotransmitters NE and DA, respectively. RESULTS 1) Both the LC and VTA showed reduced connectivity with the postcentral gyrus (PoCG) in boys with ASD, reflecting the potential roles of NE and DA in modulating the function of the somatosensory cortex in boys with ASD. 2) The VTA had increased connectivity with bilateral thalamus in ASD; this alteration was correlated with repetitive and restrictive features. 3) Altered functional connectivity of both the LC and VTA with brain regions such as the angular gyrus (AG), middle temporal gyrus visual area (MT/V5), and occipital face area (OFA) in ASD group. DISCUSSION Our findings implicate the role of LC-NE and VTA-DA systems from the perspective of functional neuroimaging and may shed light on pharmacological studies targeting NE and DA for the treatment of autism in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Siyi Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Georgia Wilson
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joel Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ming Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xuejun Kong
- Martino Imaging Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tao Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Kong
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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Chu J, Deyama S, Li X, Motono M, Otoda A, Saito A, Esaki H, Nishitani N, Kaneda K. Role of 5-HT 1A receptor-mediated serotonergic transmission in the medial prefrontal cortex in acute restraint stress-induced augmentation of rewarding memory of cocaine in mice. Neurosci Lett 2020; 743:135555. [PMID: 33352288 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Stress enhances cocaine craving. We recently reported that acute restraint stress increases cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) in mice; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to examine the role of serotonergic transmission in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in cocaine CPP enhancement by acute restraint stress, which increases extracellular serotonin (5-HT) levels in the mPFC. Intra-mPFC infusion of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (S)-citalopram prior to the test session significantly increased the cocaine CPP score under non-stressed conditions. This is indicative of the substantial role of increased mPFC 5-HT levels in cocaine CPP enhancement. Moreover, intra-mPFC and systemic administration of the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY100635 immediately before restraint stress exposure significantly attenuated stress-induced cocaine CPP enhancement. Our findings suggest that enhanced serotonergic transmission via 5-HT1A receptors in the mPFC is involved in acute stress-induced augmentation of rewarding memory of cocaine; moreover, the 5-HT1A receptor could be a therapeutic target for stress-induced cocaine craving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Deyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Xueting Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Mei Motono
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Atsuki Otoda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hirohito Esaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Naoya Nishitani
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Kaneda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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21
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Oleoylethanolamide decreases frustration stress-induced binge-like eating in female rats: a novel potential treatment for binge eating disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1931-1941. [PMID: 32353860 PMCID: PMC7609309 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0686-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Binge eating disorder (BED) is the most frequent eating disorder, for which current pharmacotherapies show poor response rates and safety concerns, thus highlighting the need for novel treatment options. The lipid-derived messenger oleoylethanolamide (OEA) acts as a satiety signal inhibiting food intake through the involvement of central noradrenergic and oxytocinergic neurons. We investigated the anti-binge effects of OEA in a rat model of binge-like eating, in which, after cycles of intermittent food restrictions/refeeding and palatable food consumptions, female rats show a binge-like intake of palatable food, following a 15-min exposure to their sight and smell ("frustration stress"). Systemically administered OEA dose-dependently (2.5, 5, and 10 mg kg-1) prevented binge-like eating. This behavioral effect was associated with a decreased activation (measured by mapping the expression of c-fos, an early gene widely used as a marker of cellular activation) of brain areas responding to stress (such as the nucleus accumbens and amygdala) and to a stimulation of areas involved in the control of food intake, such as the VTA and the PVN. These effects were paralleled, also, to the modulation of monoamine transmission in key brain areas involved in both homeostatic and hedonic control of eating. In particular, a decreased dopaminergic response to stress was observed by measuring dopamine extracellular concentrations in microdialysates from the nucleus accumbens shell, whereas an increased serotonergic and noradrenergic tone was detected in tissue homogenates of selected brain areas. Finally, a decrease in corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA levels was induced by OEA in the central amygdala, while an increase in oxytocin mRNA levels was induced in the PVN. The restoration of a normal oxytocin receptor density in the striatum paralleled the oxytocinergic stimulation produced by OEA. In conclusion, we provide evidence suggesting that OEA might represent a novel potential pharmacological target for the treatment of binge-like eating behavior.
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22
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Richter A, Reinhard F, Kraemer B, Gruber O. A high-resolution fMRI approach to characterize functionally distinct neural pathways within dopaminergic midbrain and nucleus accumbens during reward and salience processing. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 36:137-150. [PMID: 32546416 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Processing of reward and salience without reward association are known to critically rely on the dopamine system. A growing body of evidence from animal studies suggests that both functions may be subserved by distinct subregions in midbrain and ventral striatum, specifically nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Yet in vivo investigation of these brain structures in humans has been rare. Here we examined blood oxygen level dependent signals in response to frequently presented rewarding events and infrequently presented neutral events in 20 healthy subjects using high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for imaging the human midbrain and NAcc. The present findings revealed distinct activation patterns in brain regions of interest, namely increased activation in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and dorsolateral NAcc in response to neutral events, while the VTA and both the ventromedial and dorsolateral NAcc were significantly activated due to rewarding events. Moreover, psychophysiological interaction analyses demonstrated regionally specialized processing pathways, such as a dorsolateral pathway when processing salience per se, i.e. increased functional interactions between SNc, dorsolateral NAcc and dorsolateral and medial prefrontal cortex (PFC); and a ventromedial pathway during reward processing, i.e. increased functional coupling between VTA and ventromedial NAcc. Thus, these findings may not only accelerate the integration of animal models of brain function with human neuroscience but may also improve diagnosis and treatment in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and depression in which dopaminergic dysfunction and aberrant attribution of salience have been implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Richter
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Fabian Reinhard
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Kraemer
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Gruber
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Prevention of age-associated neuronal hyperexcitability with improved learning and attention upon knockout or antagonism of LPAR2. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:1029-1050. [PMID: 32468095 PMCID: PMC7897625 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03553-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that synaptic lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs) augment glutamate-dependent cortical excitability and sensory information processing in mice and humans via presynaptic LPAR2 activation. Here, we studied the consequences of LPAR2 deletion or antagonism on various aspects of cognition using a set of behavioral and electrophysiological analyses. Hippocampal neuronal network activity was decreased in middle-aged LPAR2−/− mice, whereas hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) was increased suggesting cognitive advantages of LPAR2−/− mice. In line with the lower excitability, RNAseq studies revealed reduced transcription of neuronal activity markers in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in naïve LPAR2−/− mice, including ARC, FOS, FOSB, NR4A, NPAS4 and EGR2. LPAR2−/− mice behaved similarly to wild-type controls in maze tests of spatial or social learning and memory but showed faster and accurate responses in a 5-choice serial reaction touchscreen task requiring high attention and fast spatial discrimination. In IntelliCage learning experiments, LPAR2−/− were less active during daytime but normally active at night, and showed higher accuracy and attention to LED cues during active times. Overall, they maintained equal or superior licking success with fewer trials. Pharmacological block of the LPAR2 receptor recapitulated the LPAR2−/− phenotype, which was characterized by economic corner usage, stronger daytime resting behavior and higher proportions of correct trials. We conclude that LPAR2 stabilizes neuronal network excitability upon aging and allows for more efficient use of resting periods, better memory consolidation and better performance in tasks requiring high selective attention. Therapeutic LPAR2 antagonism may alleviate aging-associated cognitive dysfunctions.
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Jahn CI, Varazzani C, Sallet J, Walton ME, Bouret S. Noradrenergic But Not Dopaminergic Neurons Signal Task State Changes and Predict Reengagement After a Failure. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:4979-4994. [PMID: 32390051 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The two catecholamines, noradrenaline and dopamine, have been shown to play comparable roles in behavior. Both noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurons respond to cues predicting reward availability and novelty. However, even though both are thought to be involved in motivating actions, their roles in motivation have seldom been directly compared. We therefore examined the activity of putative noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus and putative midbrain dopaminergic neurons in monkeys cued to perform effortful actions for rewards. The activity in both regions correlated with engagement with a presented option. By contrast, only noradrenaline neurons were also (i) predictive of engagement in a subsequent trial following a failure to engage and (ii) more strongly activated in nonrepeated trials, when cues indicated a new task condition. This suggests that while both catecholaminergic neurons are involved in promoting action, noradrenergic neurons are sensitive to task state changes, and their influence on behavior extends beyond the immediately rewarded action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline I Jahn
- Motivation, Brain and Behavior Team, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, 75013 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité universités, Université Paris Descartes, Frontières du Vivant, 75005 Paris, France.,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13SR, UK
| | - Chiara Varazzani
- Motivation, Brain and Behavior Team, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, 75013 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité universités, Université Paris Descartes, Frontières du Vivant, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Sallet
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13SR, UK.,Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Mark E Walton
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13SR, UK
| | - Sébastien Bouret
- Motivation, Brain and Behavior Team, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, 75013 Paris, France
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25
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Acute restraint stress augments the rewarding memory of cocaine through activation of α1 adrenoceptors in the medial prefrontal cortex of mice. Neuropharmacology 2020; 166:107968. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.107968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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26
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Xlr4 as a new candidate gene underlying vulnerability to cocaine effects. Neuropharmacology 2020; 168:108019. [PMID: 32113966 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although several studies have been performed in rodents, non-human primates and humans, the biological basis of vulnerability to develop cocaine addiction remains largely unknown. Exposure to critical early events (as Repeated Cross Fostering (RCF)) has been reported to increase sensitivity to cocaine effects in adult C57BL/6J female mice. Using a microarray approach, here we report data showing a strong engagement of X-linked lymphocyte-regulated 4a and 4b (Xlr4) genes in cocaine effects. The expression of Xlr4, a gene involved in chromatin remodeling and dendritic spine morphology, was reduced into the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) of adult RCF C57BL/6J female. We used virally mediated accumbal Xlr4 down-modulation (AAVXlr4-KD) to investigate the role of this gene in vulnerability to cocaine effects. AAVXlr4-KD animals show a potentiated behavioral and neurochemical response to cocaine, reinstatement following cocaine withdrawal and cocaine-induced spine density alterations in the Medium-Sized Spiny Neurons of NAc. We propose Xlr4 as a new candidate gene mediating the cocaine effects.
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27
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Zhang T, Yanagida J, Kamii H, Wada S, Domoto M, Sasase H, Deyama S, Takarada T, Hinoi E, Sakimura K, Yamanaka A, Maejima T, Mieda M, Sakurai T, Nishitani N, Nagayasu K, Kaneko S, Minami M, Kaneda K. Glutamatergic neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex mediate the formation and retrieval of cocaine-associated memories in mice. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12723. [PMID: 30734456 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In drug addiction, environmental stimuli previously associated with cocaine use readily elicit cocaine-associated memories, which persist long after abstinence and trigger cocaine craving and consumption. Although previous studies suggest that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is involved in the expression of cocaine-addictive behaviors, it remains unclear whether excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the mPFC are causally related to the formation and retrieval of cocaine-associated memories. To address this issue, we used the designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) technology combined with a cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. We suppressed mPFC neuronal activity in a cell-type- and timing-dependent manner. C57BL/6J wild-type mice received bilateral intra-mPFC infusion of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) expressing inhibitory DREADD (hM4Di) under the control of CaMKII promotor to selectively suppress mPFC pyramidal neurons. GAD67-Cre mice received bilateral intra-mPFC infusion of a Cre-dependent AAV expressing hM4Di to specifically silence GABAergic neurons. Chemogenetic suppression of mPFC pyramidal neurons significantly attenuated both the acquisition and expression of cocaine CPP, while suppression of mPFC GABAergic neurons affected neither the acquisition nor expression of cocaine CPP. Moreover, chemogenetic inhibition of mPFC glutamatergic neurons did not affect the acquisition and expression of lithium chloride-induced conditioned place aversion. These results suggest that the activation of glutamatergic, but not GABAergic, neurons in the mPFC mediates both the formation and retrieval of cocaine-associated memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health SciencesKanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
| | - Junko Yanagida
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health SciencesKanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
| | - Hironori Kamii
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health SciencesKanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesHokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Shintaro Wada
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health SciencesKanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
| | - Masaki Domoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health SciencesKanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
| | - Hitoki Sasase
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health SciencesKanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
| | - Satoshi Deyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health SciencesKanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
| | - Takeshi Takarada
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health SciencesKanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
- Department of Regenerative ScienceOkayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama Japan
| | - Eiichi Hinoi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health SciencesKanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research InstituteNiigata University Niigata Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Takashi Maejima
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
| | - Michihiro Mieda
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakurai
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep MedicineUniversity of Tsukuba Tsukuba Japan
| | - Naoya Nishitani
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Kazuki Nagayasu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Shuji Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Masabumi Minami
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesHokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Kaneda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health SciencesKanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
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28
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Di Segni M, Andolina D, D'Addario SL, Babicola L, Ielpo D, Luchetti A, Pascucci T, Lo Iacono L, D'Amato FR, Ventura R. Sex-dependent effects of early unstable post-natal environment on response to positive and negative stimuli in adult mice. Neuroscience 2019; 413:1-10. [PMID: 31228589 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in early environmental conditions that interfere with the creation of a stable mother-pup bond have been suggested to be a risk factor for the development of stress-related psychopathologies later in life. The long-lasting effects of early experiences are mediated by changes in various cerebral circuits, such as the corticolimbic system, which processes aversive and rewarding stimuli. However, it is evident that the early environment is not sufficient per se to induce psychiatric disorders; interindividual (eg, sex-based) differences in the response to environmental challenges exist. To examine the sex-related effects that are induced by an early experience on later events in adulthood, we determine the enduring effects of repeated cross-fostering (RCF) in female and male C57BL/6J mice. To this end, we assessed the behavioral phenotype of RCF and control (male and female) mice in the saccharine preference test and cocaine-induced conditioned place preference to evaluate the response to natural and pharmacological stimuli and in the elevated plus maze test and forced swimming test to measure their anxiety- and depression-like behavior. We also evaluated FST-induced c-Fos immunoreactivity in various brain regions that are engaged in the response to acute stress exposure (FST). Notably, RCF has opposing effects on the adult response to these tests between sexes, directing male mice toward an "anhedonia-like" phenotype and increasing the sensitivity for rewarding stimuli in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Di Segni
- Dept. of Psychology and Center "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza University, 00184 Rome, Italy; IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Andolina
- Dept. of Psychology and Center "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza University, 00184 Rome, Italy; IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - Sebastian Luca D'Addario
- Dept. of Psychology and Center "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza University, 00184 Rome, Italy; Behavioral Neuroscience PhD Programme, Sapienza University, 00184, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucy Babicola
- Dept. of Applied and Biotechnological Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Donald Ielpo
- Dept. of Psychology and Center "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza University, 00184 Rome, Italy; Behavioral Neuroscience PhD Programme, Sapienza University, 00184, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Luchetti
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Institute, National Research Council, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Pascucci
- Dept. of Psychology and Center "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza University, 00184 Rome, Italy; IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Lo Iacono
- Dept. of Psychology and Center "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza University, 00184 Rome, Italy; IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca R D'Amato
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Institute, National Research Council, 00143 Rome, Italy; Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rossella Ventura
- Dept. of Psychology and Center "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza University, 00184 Rome, Italy; IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00142 Rome, Italy.
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29
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Newmyer BA, Whindleton CM, Klein PM, Beenhakker MP, Jones MK, Scott MM. VIPergic neurons of the infralimbic and prelimbic cortices control palatable food intake through separate cognitive pathways. JCI Insight 2019; 5:126283. [PMID: 30939126 PMCID: PMC6538359 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex controls food reward seeking and ingestion, playing important roles in directing attention, regulating motivation towards reward pursuit, and the assignment of reward salience and value. The cell types that mediate these behavioral functions, however, are not well described. We report here that optogenetic activation of vasoactive peptide expressing (VIP) interneurons in both the infralimbic (IL) and prelimbic (PL) divisions of the medial prefrontal cortex in mice is sufficient to reduce acute, binge-like intake of high calorie palatable food in the absence of any effect on low calorie rodent chow intake in the sated animal. In addition, we discovered that the behavioral mechanisms associated with these changes in feeding differed between animals that underwent either IL or PL VIPergic stimulation. While IL VIP neurons showed the ability to reduce palatable food intake, this effect was dependent upon the novelty and relative value of the food source. In addition, IL VIP neuron activation significantly reduced novel object- and novel social investigative behavior. Activation of PL VIP neurons, however, produced a reduction in high calorie palatable food intake that was independent of food novelty. Neither IL nor PL VIP excitation changed motivation to obtain food reward. Our data show how neurochemically-defined populations of cortical interneurons can regulate specific aspects of food reward-driven behavior, resulting in a selective reduction in intake of highly valued food.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marieke K. Jones
- Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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30
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Wen S, Wang C, Gong M, Zhou L. An overview of energy and metabolic regulation. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 62:771-790. [PMID: 30367342 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9371-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The physiology and behaviors related to energy balance are monitored by the nervous and humoral systems. Because of the difficulty in treating diabetes and obesity, elucidating the energy balance mechanism and identifying critical targets for treatment are important research goals. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to describe energy regulation by the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral humoral pathway. Homeostasis and rewarding are the basis of CNS regulation. Anorexigenic or orexigenic effects reflect the activities of the POMC/CART or NPY/AgRP neurons within the hypothalamus. Neurotransmitters have roles in food intake, and responsive brain nuclei have different functions related to food intake, glucose monitoring, reward processing. Peripheral gut- or adipose-derived hormones are the major source of peripheral humoral regulation systems. Nutrients or metabolites and gut microbiota affect metabolism via a discrete pathway. We also review the role of peripheral organs, the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle in peripheral regulation. We discuss these topics and how the body regulates metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Chaoxun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Min Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201399, China.
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31
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Contributions of medial prefrontal cortex to decision making involving risk of punishment. Neuropharmacology 2018; 139:205-216. [PMID: 30009836 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays an important role in several forms of cost-benefit decision making. Its contributions to decision making under risk of explicit punishment, however, are not well understood. A rat model was used to investigate the role of the medial PFC (mPFC) and its monoaminergic innervation in a Risky Decision-making Task (RDT), in which rats chose between a small, "safe" food reward and a large, "risky" food reward accompanied by varying probabilities of mild footshock punishment. Inactivation of mPFC increased choice of the large, risky reward when the punishment probability increased across the session ("ascending RDT"), but decreased choice of the large, risky reward when the punishment probability decreased across the session ("descending RDT"). In contrast, enhancement of monoamine availability via intra-mPFC amphetamine reduced choice of the large, risky reward only in the descending RDT. Systemic administration of amphetamine reduced choice of the large, risky reward in both the ascending and descending RDT; however, this reduction was not attenuated by concurrent mPFC inactivation, indicating that mPFC is not a critical locus of amphetamine's effects on risk taking. These findings suggest that mPFC plays an important role in adapting choice behavior in response to shifting risk contingencies, but not necessarily in risk-taking behavior per se.
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32
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Goltseker K, Barak S. Flood-conditioned place aversion as a novel non-pharmacological aversive learning procedure in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7280. [PMID: 29740070 PMCID: PMC5940895 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25568-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The place conditioning paradigm is an efficient, widely-used method to study mechanisms that underlie appetitive or aversive learning and memory processes. However, pharmacological agents used to induce conditioned place preference (CPP) or aversion (CPA) can per se interfere with learning and memory processing, hence confounding the results. Therefore, non-pharmacological place conditioning procedures are of high importance. Here, we introduce a novel procedure for induction of CPA in mice, by water flooding. We found that pairing a context with immersion in moderately cold shallow water resulted in aversion and avoidance of that context during a place preference test. Importantly, place aversion emerged only when mice experienced the onset of flood during conditioning training, but not when mice were placed in a compartment pre-filled with water. We also found that warm water was not sufficiently aversive to induce CPA. Moreover, CPA was observed after two or three context-flood pairings but not after one or four pairings, suggesting that moderate conditioning intensity produces optimal CPA expression. Thus, flood-induced CPA is a simple, cheap, and efficient procedure to form and measure place aversion memories in mice, using an ethologically-relevant threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koral Goltseker
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Segev Barak
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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33
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Di Segni M, Andolina D, Ventura R. Long-term effects of early environment on the brain: Lesson from rodent models. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 77:81-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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34
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Roberts W, Verplaetse TL, Moore K, Oberleitner LM, McKee SA. A preliminary investigation into the effects of doxazosin on cognitive functioning in tobacco-deprived and -satiated smokers. Hum Psychopharmacol 2018; 33:e2660. [PMID: 29878501 PMCID: PMC5995328 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the effects of doxazosin, an α1 antagonist, on cognitive functioning during tobacco withdrawal in smokers. METHODS Participants (n = 35) were randomly assigned to receive placebo, 4-mg/day, or 8-mg/day doxazosin. They completed a continuous performance task and self-reported their withdrawal symptoms at baseline and twice following a medication titration period: once in a tobacco-deprived state and again in a nondeprived state. Ability to resist smoking was assessed using a laboratory smoking-lapse paradigm. RESULTS Participants showed poorer cognitive performance on most measures taken from the continuous performance task when tobacco deprived. Eight-mg/day doxazosin improved inhibitory control during the nondeprivation session but did not affect sustained attention or reaction time. Participants receiving doxazosin reported fewer withdrawal symptoms during deprivation than those on placebo. Those showing the greatest improvement of inhibitory control under doxazosin were better able to resist smoking (i.e., latency to smoke) during a smoking lapse task. Self-reported withdrawal symptoms also were negatively associated with time to smoking. CONCLUSIONS Doxazosin reduced symptoms of tobacco withdrawal according to self-report and cognitive assessment and improved inhibitory control above predrug levels. This research identifies potential mechanisms by which doxazosin might improve smoking outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Roberts
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 2 Church Street South, Suite 109, New Haven CT, 06519,Corresponding author: Telephone: (203) 737-3529 Fax: (203) 737-4243,
| | - Terril L. Verplaetse
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 2 Church Street South, Suite 109, New Haven CT, 06519
| | - Kelly Moore
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 2 Church Street South, Suite 109, New Haven CT, 06519
| | - Lindsay M. Oberleitner
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 2 Church Street South, Suite 109, New Haven CT, 06519
| | - Sherry A. McKee
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 2 Church Street South, Suite 109, New Haven CT, 06519
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35
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Methylphenidate significantly alters the functional coupling between the prefrontal cortex and dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area. Neuropharmacology 2018; 131:431-439. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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36
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Latagliata EC, Puglisi-Allegra S, Ventura R, Cabib S. Norepinephrine in the Medial Pre-frontal Cortex Supports Accumbens Shell Responses to a Novel Palatable Food in Food-Restricted Mice Only. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:7. [PMID: 29434542 PMCID: PMC5790961 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous findings from this laboratory demonstrate: (1) that different classes of addictive drugs require intact norepinephrine (NE) transmission in the medial pre Frontal Cortex (mpFC) to promote conditioned place preference and to increase dopamine (DA) tone in the nucleus accumbens shell (NAc Shell); (2) that only food-restricted mice require intact NE transmission in the mpFC to develop conditioned preference for a context associated with milk chocolate; and (3) that food-restricted mice show a significantly larger increase of mpFC NE outflow then free fed mice when experiencing the palatable food for the first time. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that only the high levels of frontal cortical NE elicited by the natural reward in food restricted mice stimulate mesoaccumbens DA transmission. To this aim we investigated the ability of a first experience with milk chocolate to increase DA outflow in the accumbens Shell and c-fos expression in striatal and limbic areas of food–restricted and ad-libitum fed mice. Moreover, we tested the effects of a selective depletion of frontal cortical NE on both responses in either feeding group. Only in food-restricted mice milk chocolate induced an increase of DA outflow beyond baseline in the accumbens Shell and a c-fos expression larger than that promoted by a novel inedible object in the nucleus accumbens. Moreover, depletion of frontal cortical NE selectively prevented both the increase of DA outflow and the large expression of c-fos promoted by milk chocolate in the NAc Shell of food-restricted mice. These findings support the conclusion that in food-restricted mice a novel palatable food activates the motivational circuit engaged by addictive drugs and support the development of noradrenergic pharmacology of motivational disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Puglisi-Allegra
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Daniel Bovet Department of Psychology and Center, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Ventura
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Daniel Bovet Department of Psychology and Center, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Cabib
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Daniel Bovet Department of Psychology and Center, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
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37
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Di Segni M, Andolina D, Luchetti A, Babicola L, D'Apolito LI, Pascucci T, Conversi D, Accoto A, D'Amato FR, Ventura R. Unstable Maternal Environment Affects Stress Response in Adult Mice in a Genotype-Dependent Manner. Cereb Cortex 2018; 26:4370-4380. [PMID: 26400917 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Early postnatal events exert powerful effects on development, inducing persistent functional alterations in different brain network, such as the catecholamine prefrontal-accumbal system, and increasing the risk of developing psychiatric disorders later in life. However, a vast body of literature shows that the interaction between genetic factors and early environmental conditions is crucial for expression of psychopathologies in adulthood. We evaluated the long-lasting effects of a repeated cross-fostering (RCF) procedure in 2 inbred strains of mice (C57BL/6J, DBA/2), known to show a different susceptibility to the development and expression of stress-induced psychopathologies. Coping behavior (forced swimming test) and preference for a natural reinforcing stimulus (saccharine preference test) were assessed in adult female mice of both genotypes. Moreover, c-Fos stress-induced activity was assessed in different brain regions involved in stress response. In addition, we evaluated the enduring effects of RCF on catecholamine prefrontal-accumbal response to acute stress (restraint) using, for the first time, a new "dual probes" in vivo microdialysis procedure in mouse. RCF experience affects behavioral and neurochemical responses to acute stress in adulthood in opposite direction in the 2 genotypes, leading DBA mice toward an "anhedonic-like" phenotype and C57 mice toward an increased sensitivity for a natural reinforcing stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Di Segni
- Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychology and "Daniel Bovet" Center and
| | - Diego Andolina
- Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy.,Department of Science and Biomedical Technologies, University of L'Aquila, 67010 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandra Luchetti
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Institute, National Research Council, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucy Babicola
- Department of Psychology and "Daniel Bovet" Center and
| | - Lina Ilaras D'Apolito
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin,""La Sapienza" University, 00181 Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Pascucci
- Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychology and "Daniel Bovet" Center and
| | - David Conversi
- Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychology and "Daniel Bovet" Center and
| | | | - Francesca R D'Amato
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Institute, National Research Council, 00143 Rome, Italy.,Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rossella Ventura
- Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychology and "Daniel Bovet" Center and
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38
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Adrenergic manipulation inhibits pavlovian conditioned approach behaviors. Behav Brain Res 2017; 339:278-285. [PMID: 29128392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Environmental rewards and Pavlovian reward cues can acquire incentive salience, thereby eliciting incentive motivational states and instigate reward-seeking. In rats, the incentive salience of food cues can be measured during a Pavlovian conditioned approach paradigm, in which rats engage in cue-directed approach ("sign-tracking") or approach the food delivery location ("goal-tracking"). While it has been shown that dopamine signaling is necessary for sign-tracking, some studies have suggested that norepinephrine is involved in learning to sign-track as well. Thus, in order to investigate the influence of norepinephrine in Pavlovian conditioned approach, we administered three adrenergic drugs while rats learned that a food cue (an illuminated, retractable lever) preceded the delivery of banana-flavored food pellets into a food-cup. We found that pre-session injections of disulfiram (a dopamine-β-hydroxylase inhibitor) inhibited the development of sign-tracking, but goal-tracking was only affected at the high dose. In one experiment, post-session injections of disulfiram blocked the development of sign-tracking, although this effect was not replicated in a separate set of rats. Post-session injections of prazosin (an α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist) and propranolol (a β-adrenergic receptor antagonist) also blocked the development of sign-tracking but not goal-tracking. Taken together, these results suggest that adrenergic transmission mediates the acquisition of sign-tracking but not goal-tracking, and thus plays a selective role in the attribution of incentive salience food cues.
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39
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Nitric oxide in the medial prefrontal cortex contributes to the acquisition of cocaine place preference and synaptic plasticity in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus. Neurosci Lett 2017; 660:39-44. [PMID: 28893594 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a gaseous neurotransmitter, is involved in a variety of brain functions, including drug addiction. Although previous studies have suggested that NO plays an important role in the development of cocaine addiction, the brain region(s) in which NO acts and how it contributes to cocaine addiction remain unclear. In this study, we examined these issues using a cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm and ex vivo electrophysiological recordings in rats. Specifically, we focused on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT), brain regions associated with cocaine CPP development and cocaine-induced plasticity. Intra-mPFC injection of the non-selective NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NAME or the neuronal NOS (nNOS) selective inhibitor L-NPA during the conditioning phase disrupted cocaine CPP. Additionally, intra-mPFC injection of L-NPA prior to each cocaine injection prevented the induction of presynaptic plasticity, induced by repeated cocaine administration, in LDT cholinergic neurons. These findings indicate that NO generated in the mPFC contributes to the acquisition of cocaine CPP and the induction of neuroplasticity in LDT cholinergic neurons. Together with previous studies showing that NO induces membrane plasticity in mPFC neurons, that mPFC neurons project to the LDT, and that LDT activity is critical for the acquisition of cocaine CPP, the present findings suggest that NO-mediated neuroplasticity induced in the mPFC-LDT circuitry is critical for the development of cocaine addiction.
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40
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Interplay of prefrontal cortex and amygdala during extinction of drug seeking. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:1071-1089. [PMID: 29081007 PMCID: PMC5869906 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1533-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extinction of Pavlovian conditioning is a complex process that involves brain regions such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), the amygdala and the locus coeruleus. In particular, noradrenaline (NA) coming from the locus coeruleus has been recently shown to play a different role in two subregions of the mPFC, the prelimbic (PL) and the infralimbic (IL) regions. How these regions interact in conditioning and subsequent extinction is an open issue. We studied these processes using two approaches: computational modelling and NA manipulation in a conditioned place preference paradigm (CPP) in mice. In the computational model, NA in PL and IL causes inputs arriving to these regions to be amplified, thus allowing them to modulate learning processes in amygdala. The model reproduces results from studies involving depletion of NA from PL, IL, or both in CPP. In addition, we simulated new experiments of NA manipulations in mPFC, making predictions on the possible results. We searched the parameters of the model and tested the robustness of the predictions by performing a sensitivity analysis. We also present an empirical experiment where, in accord with the model, a double depletion of NA from both PL and IL in CPP with amphetamine impairs extinction. Overall the proposed model, supported by anatomical, physiological, and behavioural data, explains the differential role of NA in PL and IL and opens up the possibility to understand extinction mechanisms more in depth and hence to aid the development of treatments for disorders such as addiction.
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41
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Sensitivity to cocaine in adult mice is due to interplay between genetic makeup, early environment and later experience. Neuropharmacology 2017; 125:87-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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42
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Latagliata EC, Lo Iacono L, Chiacchierini G, Sancandi M, Rava A, Oliva V, Puglisi-Allegra S. Single Prazosin Infusion in Prelimbic Cortex Fosters Extinction of Amphetamine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:530. [PMID: 28848444 PMCID: PMC5554357 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to drug-associated cues to induce extinction is a useful strategy to contrast cue-induced drug seeking. Norepinephrine (NE) transmission in medial prefrontal cortex has a role in the acquisition and extinction of conditioned place preference induced by amphetamine. We have reported recently that NE in prelimbic cortex delays extinction of amphetamine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). A potential involvement of α1-adrenergic receptors in the extinction of appetitive conditioned response has been also suggested, although their role in prelimbic cortex has not been yet fully investigated. Here, we investigated the effects of the α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist prazosin infusion in the prelimbic cortex of C57BL/6J mice on expression and extinction of amphetamine-induced CPP. Acute prelimbic prazosin did not affect expression of amphetamine-induced CPP on the day of infusion, while in subsequent days it produced a clear-cut advance of extinction of preference for the compartment previously paired with amphetamine (Conditioned stimulus, CS). Moreover, prazosin-treated mice that had extinguished CS preference showed increased mRNA expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and post-synaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in the nucleus accumbens shell or core, respectively, thus suggesting that prelimbic α1-adrenergic receptor blockade triggers neural adaptations in subcortical areas that could contribute to the extinction of cue-induced drug-seeking behavior. These results show that the pharmacological blockade of α1-adrenergic receptors in prelimbic cortex by a single infusion is able to induce extinction of amphetamine-induced CPP long before control (vehicle) animals, an effect depending on contingent exposure to retrieval, since if infused far from or after reactivation it did not affect preference. Moreover, they suggest strongly that the behavioral effects depend on post-treatment neuroplasticity changes in corticolimbic network, triggered by a possible "priming" effect of prazosin, and point to a potential therapeutic power of the antagonist for maladaptive memories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luisa Lo Iacono
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCSRome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Psicologia, Sapienza Università di RomaRome, Italy
| | | | - Marco Sancandi
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Sapienza Università di RomaRome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rava
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di RomaRome, Italy
| | - Valeria Oliva
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin", Sapienza Università di RomaRome, Italy
| | - Stefano Puglisi-Allegra
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCSRome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Psicologia, Sapienza Università di RomaRome, Italy
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43
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Takarada Y, Nozaki D. Pupil dilations induced by barely conscious reward goal-priming. Neuropsychologia 2017; 103:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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44
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Ernst B, Reichard SM, Riepl RF, Steinhauser R, Zimmermann SF, Steinhauser M. The P3 and the subjective experience of time. Neuropsychologia 2017; 103:12-19. [PMID: 28669896 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Our experience of time is often subject to distortions. For instance, time appears to slow down when unexpected events occur. Previous research has shown that the duration of infrequent stimuli - so-called oddballs - is commonly overestimated, an effect referred to as the temporal oddball effect. Oddballs are also known to cause a posterior P3, an event-related potential elicited by motivationally significant stimuli. Here, we propose that the temporal oddball effect and the posterior P3 share a common mechanism. We hypothesized that the P3 amplitude can be used to predict whether the duration of an oddball will be overestimated or not, even if this P3 precedes the offset of the stimulus. In our task, infrequent red targets were embedded in a series of white standards. All stimuli varied in duration and participants had to estimate the duration of the targets and some of the standards. Our data revealed that the duration of target oddballs, but not of standards, was overestimated and overestimations were associated with larger P3 amplitudes than correct short estimates. Because the P3 peaked before stimulus offset, this effect was independent of actual target oddball duration. Using multivariate pattern analysis, we provided direct evidence that it is indeed the P3 elicited by oddballs that caused this effect. Together, our results suggest that the temporal oddball effect is linked to the posterior P3. Based on these findings and established P3 theories, we propose that the common mechanism underlying both phenomena is a phasic norepinephrine response affecting the subjective experience of time.
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45
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Schmidt KT, Schroeder JP, Foster SL, Squires K, Smith BM, Pitts EG, Epstein MP, Weinshenker D. Norepinephrine regulates cocaine-primed reinstatement via α1-adrenergic receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex. Neuropharmacology 2017; 119:134-140. [PMID: 28392265 PMCID: PMC5495469 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Drug-primed reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats is thought to reflect relapse-like behavior and is mediated by the integration of signals from mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic projections and corticostriatal glutamatergic innervation. Cocaine-primed reinstatement can also be attenuated by systemic administration of dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) inhibitors, which prevent norepinephrine (NE) synthesis, or by α1-adrenergic receptor (α1AR) antagonists, indicating functional modulation by the noradrenergic system. In the present study, we sought to further discern the role of NE in cocaine-seeking behavior by determining whether α1AR activation can induce reinstatement on its own or is sufficient to permit cocaine-primed reinstatement in the absence of all other AR signaling, and identifying the neuroanatomical substrate within the mesocorticolimbic reward system harboring the critical α1ARs. We found that while intracerebroventricular infusion of the α1AR agonist phenylephrine did not induce reinstatement on its own, it did overcome the blockade of cocaine-primed reinstatement by the DBH inhibitor nepicastat. Furthermore, administration of the α1AR antagonist terazosin in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), but not the ventral tegmental area (VTA) or nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell, attenuated cocaine-primed reinstatement. Combined, these data indicate that α1AR activation in the mPFC is required for cocaine-primed reinstatement, and suggest that α1AR antagonists merit further investigation as pharmacotherapies for cocaine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl T Schmidt
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jason P Schroeder
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - Katherine Squires
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Brilee M Smith
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Pitts
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Michael P Epstein
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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46
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Li S, Demenescu LR, Sweeney-Reed CM, Krause AL, Metzger CD, Walter M. Novelty seeking and reward dependence-related large-scale brain networks functional connectivity variation during salience expectancy. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:4064-4077. [PMID: 28513104 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A salience network (SN) anchored in the anterior insula (AI) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) plays a key role in switching between brain networks during salience detection and attention regulation. Previous fMRI studies have associated expectancy behaviors and SN activation with novelty seeking (NS) and reward dependence (RD) personality traits. To address the question of how functional connectivity (FC) in the SN is modulated by internal (expectancy-related) salience assignment and different personality traits, 68 healthy participants performed a salience expectancy task using functional magnetic resonance imaging, and psychophysiological interaction analysis (PPI) was conducted to determine salience-related connectivity changes during these anticipation periods. Correlation was then evaluated between PPI and personality traits, assessed using the temperament and character inventory of 32 male participants. During high salience expectancy, SN-seed regions showed reduced FC to visual areas and parts of the default mode network, but increased FC to the central executive network. With increasing NS, participants showed significantly increasing disconnection between right AI and middle cingulate cortex when expecting high-salience pictures as compared to low-salience pictures, while increased RD also predicted decreased right dACC and caudate FC for high salience expectancy. Our findings suggest a direct link between personality traits and internal salience processing mediated by differential network integration of the SN. SN activity and coordination may therefore be moderated by novelty seeking and reward dependency personality traits, which are associated with risk of addiction. Hum Brain Mapp 38:4064-4077, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Li
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Shanghai, China.,Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory (CANLAB), Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department for Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Liliana Ramona Demenescu
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory (CANLAB), Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department for Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Catherine M Sweeney-Reed
- Neurocybernetics and Rehabilitation, University Clinic for Neurology and Stereotactic Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anna Linda Krause
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory (CANLAB), Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Coraline D Metzger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Magdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Walter
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory (CANLAB), Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department for Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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47
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Lima BFC, Ramos DC, Barbiero JK, Pulido L, Redgrave P, Robinson DL, Gómez-A A, Da Cunha C. Partial lesion of dopamine neurons of rat substantia nigra impairs conditioned place aversion but spares conditioned place preference. Neuroscience 2017; 349:264-277. [PMID: 28279753 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Midbrain dopamine neurons play critical roles in reward- and aversion-driven associative learning. However, it is not clear whether they do this by a common mechanism or by separate mechanisms that can be dissociated. In the present study we addressed this question by testing whether a partial lesion of the dopamine neurons of the rat SNc has comparable effects on conditioned place preference (CPP) learning and conditioned place aversion (CPA) learning. Partial lesions of dopamine neurons in the rat substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) induced by bilateral intranigral infusion of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 3μg/side) or 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP, 200μg/side) impaired learning of conditioned place aversion (CPA) without affecting conditioned place preference (CPP) learning. Control experiments demonstrated that these lesions did not impair motor performance and did not alter the hedonic value of the sucrose and quinine. The number of dopamine neurons in the caudal part of the SNc positively correlated with the CPP scores of the 6-OHDA rats and negatively correlated with CPA scores of the SHAM rats. In addition, the CPA scores of the 6-OHDA rats positively correlated with the tissue content of striatal dopamine. Insomuch as reward-driven learning depends on an increase in dopamine release by nigral neurons, these findings show that this mechanism is functional even in rats with a partial lesion of the SNc. On the other hand, if aversion-driven learning depends on a reduction of extracellular dopamine in the striatum, the present study suggests that this mechanism is no longer functional after the partial SNc lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo F C Lima
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81.530-980, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniele C Ramos
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81.530-980, PR, Brazil
| | - Janaína K Barbiero
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81.530-980, PR, Brazil
| | - Laura Pulido
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81.530-980, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Donita L Robinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7178, USA
| | - Alexander Gómez-A
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81.530-980, PR, Brazil
| | - Claudio Da Cunha
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81.530-980, PR, Brazil.
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48
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Age differences in gain- and loss-motivated attention. Brain Cogn 2017; 111:171-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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49
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Bojanowska E, Ciosek J. Can We Selectively Reduce Appetite for Energy-Dense Foods? An Overview of Pharmacological Strategies for Modification of Food Preference Behavior. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:118-42. [PMID: 26549651 PMCID: PMC4825944 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666151109103147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive intake of food, especially palatable and energy-dense carbohydrates and fats, is
largely responsible for the growing incidence of obesity worldwide. Although there are a number of
candidate antiobesity drugs, only a few of them have been proven able to inhibit appetite for palatable
foods without the concurrent reduction in regular food consumption. In this review, we discuss the
interrelationships between homeostatic and hedonic food intake control mechanisms in promoting
overeating with palatable foods and assess the potential usefulness of systemically administered pharmaceuticals that
impinge on the endogenous cannabinoid, opioid, aminergic, cholinergic, and peptidergic systems in the modification of
food preference behavior. Also, certain dietary supplements with the potency to reduce specifically palatable food intake
are presented. Based on human and animal studies, we indicate the most promising therapies and agents that influence the
effectiveness of appetite-modifying drugs. It should be stressed, however, that most of the data included in our review
come from preclinical studies; therefore, further investigations aimed at confirming the effectiveness and safety of the
aforementioned medications in the treatment of obese humans are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Bojanowska
- Department of Behavioral Pathophysiology, Institute of General and Experimental Pathology, Medical University of Lodz, 60 Narutowicza Street, 90-136 Lodz, Poland.
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50
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Reynaert ML, Marrocco J, Mairesse J, Lionetto L, Simmaco M, Deruyter L, Allorge D, Moles A, Pittaluga A, Maccari S, Morley-Fletcher S, Van Camp G, Nicoletti F. Hedonic sensitivity to natural rewards is affected by prenatal stress in a sex-dependent manner. Addict Biol 2016; 21:1072-1085. [PMID: 26011513 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Palatable food is a strong activator of the reward circuitry and may cause addictive behavior leading to eating disorders. How early life events and sex interact in shaping hedonic sensitivity to palatable food is largely unknown. We used prenatally restraint stressed (PRS) rats, which show abnormalities in the reward system and anxious/depressive-like behavior. Some of the hallmarks of PRS rats are known to be sex-dependent. We report that PRS enhanced and reduced milk chocolate-induced conditioned place preference in males and females, respectively. Male PRS rats also show increases in plasma dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels and dopamine (DA) levels in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), and reductions in 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels in the NAc and prefrontal cortex (PFC). In male rats, systemic treatment with the DHT-lowering drug finasteride reduced both milk chocolate preference and NAc DA levels. Female PRS rats showed lower plasma estradiol (E2 ) levels and lower DA levels in the NAc, and 5-HT levels in the NAc and PFC. E2 supplementation reversed the reduction in milk chocolate preference and PFC 5-HT levels. In the hypothalamus, PRS increased ERα and ERβ estrogen receptor and CARTP (cocaine-and-amphetamine receptor transcript peptide) mRNA levels in males, and 5-HT2C receptor mRNA levels in females. Changes were corrected by treatments with finasteride and E2 , respectively. These new findings show that early life stress has a profound impact on hedonic sensitivity to high-palatable food via long-lasting changes in gonadal hormones. This paves the way to the development of hormonal strategies aimed at correcting abnormalities in the response to natural rewards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Line Reynaert
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) ‘Prenatal Stress and Neurodegenerative Diseases’; UMR8576 University Lille 1/CNRS; France
- Sapienza University of Rome/IRCCS Neuromed; Italy
| | | | - Jérôme Mairesse
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) ‘Prenatal Stress and Neurodegenerative Diseases’; UMR8576 University Lille 1/CNRS; France
- Sapienza University of Rome/IRCCS Neuromed; Italy
| | - Luana Lionetto
- Advanced Molecular Diagnostic; Sant'Andrea Hospital; Italy
| | | | - Lucie Deruyter
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) ‘Prenatal Stress and Neurodegenerative Diseases’; UMR8576 University Lille 1/CNRS; France
- Sapienza University of Rome/IRCCS Neuromed; Italy
| | | | - Anna Moles
- Institute of Neuroscience; National Research Council (CNR); Italy
- Genomnia; Italy
| | | | - Stefania Maccari
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) ‘Prenatal Stress and Neurodegenerative Diseases’; UMR8576 University Lille 1/CNRS; France
- Sapienza University of Rome/IRCCS Neuromed; Italy
| | - Sara Morley-Fletcher
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) ‘Prenatal Stress and Neurodegenerative Diseases’; UMR8576 University Lille 1/CNRS; France
- Sapienza University of Rome/IRCCS Neuromed; Italy
| | - Gilles Van Camp
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) ‘Prenatal Stress and Neurodegenerative Diseases’; UMR8576 University Lille 1/CNRS; France
- Sapienza University of Rome/IRCCS Neuromed; Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) ‘Prenatal Stress and Neurodegenerative Diseases’; UMR8576 University Lille 1/CNRS; France
- Sapienza University of Rome/IRCCS Neuromed; Italy
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