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Hinman KD, Laforce-Nesbitt SS, Cohen JT, Mundy M, Bliss JM, Horswill AR, Lefort CT. Bi-fluorescent Staphylococcus aureus infection enables single-cell analysis of intracellular killing in vivo. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1089111. [PMID: 36756129 PMCID: PMC9900177 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1089111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Techniques for studying the clearance of bacterial infections are critical for advances in understanding disease states, immune cell effector functions, and novel antimicrobial therapeutics. Intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus by neutrophils can be monitored using a S. aureus strain stably expressing GFP, a fluorophore that is quenched when exposed to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) present in the phagolysosome. Here, we expand upon this method by developing a bi-fluorescent S. aureus killing assay for use in vivo. Conjugating S. aureus with a stable secondary fluorescent marker enables the separation of infected cell samples into three populations: cells that have not engaged in phagocytosis, cells that have engulfed and killed S. aureus, and cells that have viable internalized S. aureus. We identified ATTO647N-NHS Ester as a favorable dye conjugate for generating bi-fluorescent S. aureus due to its stability over time and invariant signal within the neutrophil phagolysosome. To resolve the in vivo utility of ATTO647N/GFP bi-fluorescent S. aureus, we evaluated neutrophil function in a murine model of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) known to have impaired clearance of S. aureus infection. Analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from animals subjected to pulmonary infection with bi-fluorescent S. aureus demonstrated differences in neutrophil antimicrobial function consistent with the established phenotype of CGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina D Hinman
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States.,Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | | | - Joshua T Cohen
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Miles Mundy
- Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Joseph M Bliss
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Craig T Lefort
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States.,Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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2
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Suriany S, Xu I, Liu H, Ulker P, Fernandez GE, Sposto R, Borzage M, Wenby R, Meiselman HJ, Forman HJ, Coates TD, Detterich JA. Individual red blood cell nitric oxide production in sickle cell anemia: Nitric oxide production is increased and sickle shaped cells have unique morphologic change compared to discoid cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 171:143-155. [PMID: 33974976 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is characterized by decreased red blood cell (RBC) deformability due to polymerization of deoxygenated hemoglobin, leading to abnormal mechanical properties of RBC, increased cellular adhesion, and microcirculatory obstruction. Prior work has demonstrated that NO• influences RBC hydration and deformability and is produced at a basal rate that increases under shear stress in normal RBC. Nevertheless, the origin and physiological relevance of nitric oxide (NO•) production and scavenging in RBC remains unclear. We aimed to assess the basal and shear-mediated production of NO• in RBC from SCA patients and control (CTRL) subjects. RBCs loaded with a fluorescent NO• detector, DAF-FM (4-Amino-5-methylamino- 2',7'-difluorofluorescein diacetate), were imaged in microflow channels over 30-min without shear stress, followed by a 30-min period under 0.5Pa shear stress. We utilized non-specific nitric oxide synthase (NOS) blockade and carbon monoxide (CO) saturation of hemoglobin to assess the contribution of NOS and hemoglobin, respectively, to NO• production. Quantification of DAF-FM fluorescence intensity in individual RBC showed an increase in NO• in SCA RBC at the start of the basal period; however, both SCA and CTRL RBC increased NO• by a similar quantity under shear. A subpopulation of sickle-shaped RBC exhibited lower basal NO• production compared to discoid RBC from SCA group, and under shear became more circular in the direction of shear when compared to discoid RBC from SCA and CTRL, which elongated. Both CO and NOS inhibition caused a decrease in basal NO• production. Shear-mediated NO• production was decreased by CO in all RBC, but was decreased by NOS blockade only in SCA. In conclusion, total NO• production is increased and shear-mediated NO• production is preserved in SCA RBC in a NOS-dependent manner. Sickle shaped RBC with inclusions have higher NO• production and they become more circular rather than elongated with shear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvie Suriany
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, USA
| | - Iris Xu
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, USA
| | - Honglei Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, USA
| | - Pinar Ulker
- Department of Physiology, Akdeniz University, Turkey
| | | | - Richard Sposto
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, USA
| | - Matthew Borzage
- Fetal and Neonatal Institute, Division of Neonatology Children's Hospital Los Angeles, USA
| | - Rosalinda Wenby
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Herbert J Meiselman
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Henry Jay Forman
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Thomas D Coates
- Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jon A Detterich
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, USA; Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA.
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3
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Möller MN, Rios N, Trujillo M, Radi R, Denicola A, Alvarez B. Detection and quantification of nitric oxide-derived oxidants in biological systems. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14776-14802. [PMID: 31409645 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.006136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The free radical nitric oxide (NO•) exerts biological effects through the direct and reversible interaction with specific targets (e.g. soluble guanylate cyclase) or through the generation of secondary species, many of which can oxidize, nitrosate or nitrate biomolecules. The NO•-derived reactive species are typically short-lived, and their preferential fates depend on kinetic and compartmentalization aspects. Their detection and quantification are technically challenging. In general, the strategies employed are based either on the detection of relatively stable end products or on the use of synthetic probes, and they are not always selective for a particular species. In this study, we describe the biologically relevant characteristics of the reactive species formed downstream from NO•, and we discuss the approaches currently available for the analysis of NO•, nitrogen dioxide (NO2 •), dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3), nitroxyl (HNO), and peroxynitrite (ONOO-/ONOOH), as well as peroxynitrite-derived hydroxyl (HO•) and carbonate anion (CO3 •-) radicals. We also discuss the biological origins of and analytical tools for detecting nitrite (NO2 -), nitrate (NO3 -), nitrosyl-metal complexes, S-nitrosothiols, and 3-nitrotyrosine. Moreover, we highlight state-of-the-art methods, alert readers to caveats of widely used techniques, and encourage retirement of approaches that have been supplanted by more reliable and selective tools for detecting and measuring NO•-derived oxidants. We emphasize that the use of appropriate analytical methods needs to be strongly grounded in a chemical and biochemical understanding of the species and mechanistic pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías N Möller
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay.,Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalia Rios
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Madia Trujillo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Denicola
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay.,Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Beatriz Alvarez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay .,Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
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4
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Gerding HR, Karreman C, Daiber A, Delp J, Hammler D, Mex M, Schildknecht S, Leist M. Reductive modification of genetically encoded 3-nitrotyrosine sites in alpha synuclein expressed in E.coli. Redox Biol 2019; 26:101251. [PMID: 31226647 PMCID: PMC6586993 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine nitration is a post-translational protein modification relevant to various pathophysiological processes. Chemical nitration procedures have been used to generate and study nitrated proteins, but these methods regularly lead to modifications at other amino acid residues. A novel strategy employs a genetic code modification that allows incorporation of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) during ribosomal protein synthesis to generate a recombinant protein with defined 3-NT-sites, in the absence of other post-translational modifications. This approach was applied to study the generation and stability of the 3-NT moiety in recombinant proteins produced in E.coli. Nitrated alpha-synuclein (ASYN) was selected as exemplary protein, relevant in Parkinson's disease (PD). A procedure was established to obtain pure tyrosine-modified ASYN in mg amounts. However, a rapid (t1/2 = 0.4 h) reduction of 3-NT to 3-aminotyrosine (3-AT) was observed. When screening for potential mechanisms, we found that 3-NT can be reduced enzymatically to 3-AT, whilst biologically relevant low molecular weight reductants, such as NADPH or GSH, did not affect 3-NT. A genetic screen for E.coli proteins, involved in the observed 3-NT reduction, revealed the contribution of several, possibly redundant pathways. Green fluorescent protein was studied as an alternative model protein. These data confirm 3-NT reduction as a broadly-relevant pathway in E.coli. In conclusion, incorporation of 3-NT as a genetically-encoded non-natural amino acid allows for generation of recombinant proteins with specific nitration sites. The potential reduction of the 3-NT moiety by E.coli, however, requires attention to the design of the purification strategy for obtaining pure nitrated protein. 3-nitrotyrosine in proteins is reduced to 3-aminotyrosine in E.coli. 3-aminotyrosine is stable in E.coli. 3-nitrotyrosine reduction is independent of the harboring protein but affected by protein structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne R Gerding
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Christiaan Karreman
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Zentrum für Kardiologie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Delp
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Daniel Hammler
- Research School Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Martin Mex
- Research School Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Schildknecht
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
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5
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Prolo C, Rios N, Piacenza L, Álvarez MN, Radi R. Fluorescence and chemiluminescence approaches for peroxynitrite detection. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 128:59-68. [PMID: 29454880 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the last two decades, there has been a significant advance in understanding the biochemistry of peroxynitrite, an endogenously-produced oxidant and nucleophile. Its relevance as a mediator in several pathologic states and the aging process together with its transient character and low steady-state concentration, motivated the development of a variety of techniques for its unambiguous detection and estimation. Among these, fluorescence and chemiluminescence approaches have represented important tools with enhanced sensitivity but usual limited specificity. In this review, we analyze selected examples of molecular probes that permit the detection of peroxynitrite by fluorescence and chemiluminescence, disclosing their mechanism of reaction with either peroxynitrite or peroxynitrite-derived radicals. Indeed, probes have been divided into 1) redox probes that yield products by a free radical mechanism, and 2) electrophilic probes that evolve to products secondary to the nucleophilic attack by peroxynitrite. Overall, boronate-based compounds are emerging as preferred probes for the sensitive and specific detection and quantitation. Moreover, novel strategies involving genetically-modified fluorescent proteins with the incorporation of unnatural amino acids have been recently described as peroxynitrite sensors. This review analyzes the most commonly used fluorescence and chemiluminescence approaches for peroxynitrite detection and provides some guidelines for appropriate experimental design and data interpretation, including how to estimate peroxynitrite formation rates in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Prolo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalia Rios
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucia Piacenza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Noel Álvarez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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6
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Takahashi M, Shigeto J, Shibata T, Sakamoto A, Morikawa H. Differential abilities of nitrogen dioxide and nitrite to nitrate proteins in thylakoid membranes isolated from Arabidopsis leaves. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1237329. [PMID: 27661771 PMCID: PMC5117089 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1237329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of Arabidopsis leaves to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) results in nitration of specific chloroplast proteins. To determine whether NO2 itself and/or nitrite derived from NO2 can nitrate proteins, Arabidopsis thylakoid membranes were isolated and treated with NO2-bubbled or potassium nitrite (KNO2) buffer, followed by protein extraction, electrophoresis, and immunoblotting using an anti-3-nitrotyrosine (NT) antibody. NO2 concentrations in the NO2-bubbled buffer were calculated by numerically solving NO2 dissociation kinetic equations. The two buffers were adjusted to have identical nitrite concentrations. Both treatments yielded an NT-immunopositive band that LC/MS identified as PSBO1. The difference in the band intensity between the 2 treatments was designated nitration by NO2. Both NO2 and nitrite mediated nitration of proteins, and the nitration ability per unit NO2 concentration was ∼100-fold greater than that of nitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Takahashi
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Jun Shigeto
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shibata
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sakamoto
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Morikawa
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
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7
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Mikhed Y, Bruns K, Schildknecht S, Jörg M, Dib M, Oelze M, Lackner KJ, Münzel T, Ullrich V, Daiber A. Formation of 2-nitrophenol from salicylaldehyde as a suitable test for low peroxynitrite fluxes. Redox Biol 2015; 7:39-47. [PMID: 26629950 PMCID: PMC4683390 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been some dispute regarding reaction products formed at physiological peroxynitrite fluxes in the nanomolar range with phenolic molecules, when used to predict the behavior of protein-bound aromatic amino acids like tyrosine. Previous data showed that at nanomolar fluxes of peroxynitrite, nitration of these phenolic compounds was outcompeted by dimerization (e.g. biphenols or dityrosine). Using 3-morpholino sydnonimine (Sin-1), we created low fluxes of peroxynitrite in our reaction set-up to demonstrate that salicylaldehyde displays unique features in the detection of physiological fluxes of peroxynitrite, yielding detectable nitration but only minor dimerization products. By means of HPLC analysis and detection at 380 nm we could identify the expected nitration products 3- and 5-nitrosalicylaldehyde, but also novel nitrated products. Using mass spectrometry, we also identified 2-nitrophenol and a not fully characterized nitrated dimerization product. The formation of 2-nitrophenol could proceed either by primary generation of a phenoxy radical, followed by addition of the NO2-radical to the various resonance structures, or by addition of the peroxynitrite anion to the polarized carbonyl group with subsequent fragmentation of the adduct (as seen with carbon dioxide). Interestingly, we observed almost no 3- and 5-nitrosalicylic acid products and only minor dimerization reaction. Our results disagree with the previous general assumption that nitration of low molecular weight phenolic compounds is always outcompeted by dimerization at nanomolar peroxynitrite fluxes and highlight unique features of salicylaldehyde as a probe for physiological concentrations of peroxynitrite. There are no specific probes for peroxynitrite formation in vivo. Salicylaldehyde reacts with peroxynitrite to form the product 2-nitrophenol. Only high/supraphysiological •NO or peroxidase/H2O2/NO2─ levels yield 2-nitrophenol. Salicylaldehyde is suitable for detection of nanomolar fluxes of peroxynitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Mikhed
- Center of Cardiology, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kai Bruns
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Michael Jörg
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Mobin Dib
- Center of Cardiology, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Oelze
- Center of Cardiology, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Karl J Lackner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Center of Cardiology, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Ullrich
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Center of Cardiology, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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8
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Chen Y, Huang X, Wang R, Wang S, Shi N. The structure of a GFP-based antibody (fluorobody) to TLH, a toxin from Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2015; 71:913-8. [PMID: 26144238 PMCID: PMC4498714 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x15008845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A fluorobody is a manmade hybrid molecule that is composed of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and a fragment of antibody, which combines the affinity and specificity of an antibody with the visibility of a GFP. It is able to provide a real-time indication of binding while avoiding the use of tags and secondary binding reagents. Here, the expression, purification and crystal structure of a recombinant fluorobody for TLH (thermolabile haemolysin), a toxin from the lethal food-borne disease bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus, are presented. This is the first structure of a fluorobody to be reported. Crystals belonging to space group P4(3)2(1)2, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 63.35, c = 125.90 Å, were obtained by vapour diffusion in hanging drops and the structure was refined to an Rfree of 16.7% at 1.5 Å resolution. The structure shows a CDR loop of the antibody on the GFP scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoguang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou 350002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaocheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou 350002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou 350002, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Basudhar D, Cheng RC, Bharadwaj G, Ridnour LA, Wink DA, Miranda KM. Chemotherapeutic potential of diazeniumdiolate-based aspirin prodrugs in breast cancer. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 83:101-14. [PMID: 25659932 PMCID: PMC4441830 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diazeniumdiolate-based aspirin prodrugs have previously been shown to retain the anti-inflammatory properties of aspirin while protecting against the common side effect of stomach ulceration. Initial analysis of two new prodrugs of aspirin that also release either nitroxyl (HNO) or nitric oxide (NO) demonstrated increased cytotoxicity toward human lung carcinoma cells compared to either aspirin or the parent nitrogen oxide donor. In addition, cytotoxicity was significantly lower in endothelial cells, suggesting cancer-specific sensitivity. To assess the chemotherapeutic potential of these new prodrugs in treatment of breast cancer, we studied their effect both in cultured cells and in a nude mouse model. Both prodrugs reduced growth of breast adenocarcinoma cells more effectively than the parent compounds while not being appreciably cytotoxic in a related nontumorigenic cell line (MCF-10A). The HNO donor also was more cytotoxic than the related NO donor. The basis for the observed specificity was investigated in terms of impact on metabolism, DNA damage and repair, apoptosis, angiogenesis and metastasis. The results suggest a significant pharmacological potential for treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashree Basudhar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Robert C Cheng
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gaurav Bharadwaj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Lisa A Ridnour
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David A Wink
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Katrina M Miranda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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10
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Vasudevan D, Thomas DD. Insights into the diverse effects of nitric oxide on tumor biology. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2015; 96:265-98. [PMID: 25189391 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800254-4.00011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Among its many roles in cellular biology, nitric oxide (·NO) has long been associated with cancers both as a protumorigenic and as an antitumorigenic agent. The dual nature of this signaling molecule in varied settings is attributable to its temporal and concentration-dependent effects that produce different phenotypes. The steady-state ·NO concentration within the cell is a balance between its rate of enzymatic synthesis from the three nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms and consumption via numerous metabolic pathways and demonstrates strong dependence on the tissue oxygen concentration. NOS expression and ·NO production are often deregulated and associated with numerous types of cancers with dissimilar prognostic outcomes. ·NO influences several facets of tumor initiation and progression including DNA damage, chronic inflammation, angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and metastasis, to name a few. The role of ·NO as an epigenetic modulator has also recently emerged and has potentially important mechanistic implications in regulating transcription of oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. ·NO-derived cellular adducts such as dinitrosyliron complexes and the formation of higher nitrogen oxides further alter its cellular behavior. Among anticancer strategies, the use of NOS as a prognostic biomarker and modulation of ·NO production for therapeutic benefit have gained importance over the past decade. Numerous ·NO-releasing drugs and NOS inhibitors have been evaluated in preclinical and clinical settings to arrest tumor growth. Taken together, ·NO affects various arms of cancer signaling networks. An overview of this complex interplay is provided in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Vasudevan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Douglas D Thomas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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11
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Nauseef WM. Myeloperoxidase in human neutrophil host defence. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:1146-55. [PMID: 24844117 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human neutrophils represent the predominant leucocyte in circulation and the first responder to infection. Concurrent with ingestion of microorganisms, neutrophils activate and assemble the NADPH oxidase at the phagosome, thereby generating superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide. Concomitantly, granules release their contents into the phagosome, where the antimicrobial proteins and enzymes synergize with oxidants to create an environment toxic to the captured microbe. The most rapid and complete antimicrobial action by human neutrophils against many organisms relies on the combined efforts of the azurophilic granule protein myeloperoxidase and hydrogen peroxide from the NADPH oxidase to oxidize chloride, thereby generating hypochlorous acid and a host of downstream reaction products. Although individual components of the neutrophil antimicrobial response exhibit specific activities in isolation, the situation in the environment of the phagosome is far more complicated, a consequence of multiple and complex interactions among oxidants, proteins and their by-products. In most cases, the cooperative interactions among the phagosomal contents, both from the host and the microbe, culminate in loss of viability of the ingested organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Nauseef
- Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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12
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Li XH, Zhang RZ, Zhang XZ. NNO2 bond dissociation energies in acetonitrile: An assessment of contemporary computational methods. J Mol Graph Model 2013; 43:66-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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St John S, Blower R, Popova TG, Narayanan A, Chung MC, Bailey CL, Popov SG. Bacillus anthracis co-opts nitric oxide and host serum albumin for pathogenicity in hypoxic conditions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:16. [PMID: 23730627 PMCID: PMC3656356 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis is a dangerous pathogen of humans and many animal species. Its virulence has been mainly attributed to the production of Lethal and Edema toxins as well as the antiphagocytic capsule. Recent data indicate that the nitric oxide (NO) synthase (baNOS) plays an important pathogenic role at the early stage of disease by protecting bacteria from the host reactive species and S-nytrosylating the mitochondrial proteins in macrophages. In this study we for the first time present evidence that bacteria-derived NO participates in the generation of highly reactive oxidizing species which could be abolished by the NOS inhibitor L - NAME, free thiols, and superoxide dismutase but not catalase. The formation of toxicants is likely a result of the simultaneous formation of NO and superoxide leading to a labile peroxynitrite and its stable decomposition product, nitrogen dioxide. The toxicity of bacteria could be potentiated in the presence of bovine serum albumin. This effect is consistent with the property of serum albumin to serves as a trap of a volatile NO accelerating its reactions. Our data suggest that during infection in the hypoxic environment of pre-mortal host the accumulated NO is expected to have a broad toxic impact on host cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen St John
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, George Mason University Manassas, VA, USA
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14
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Electrocatalytic oxidation of tyrosines shows signal enhancement in label-free protein biosensors. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Current viewpoints concerning the bactericidal mechanisms of neutrophils are reviewed from a perspective that emphasizes challenges presented by the inability to duplicate ex vivo the intracellular milieu. Among the challenges considered are the influences of confinement upon substrate availability and reaction dynamics, direct and indirect synergistic interactions between individual toxins, and bacterial responses to stressors. Approaches to gauging relative contributions of various oxidative and nonoxidative toxins within neutrophils using bacteria and bacterial mimics as intrinsic probes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Hurst
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA.
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16
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Li X, Wang H, Fu Z, Zhang X. Density functional theory for N–NO 2 bond dissociation energies of N-nitroacylamide compounds in acetonitrile — Theoretical method assessment and prediction. CAN J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1139/v2012-024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The performance of various density functional theories (B3LYP, B3PW91, B3P86, B1LYP, BMK, MPWB1K, PBE0, and MPWB95) was examined for calculating N–NO2 bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of 10 N-nitroacylamide compounds. The CBS-4M method was also used. By comparing the calculated results with the experimental values, it was observed that B1LYP/6–31G** and B3LYP/6–31+G** provided accurate BDEs. Especially, B3LYP/6–31+G** was recommended because of its smaller maximum absolute deviation. Further, substituent effects based on the B3LYP/6–31+G** method were analyzed. The result shows that an electron-donating group increases the BDE of the parent C6H5–CON(CH3)NO2, while an electron-withdrawing group decreases the BDE of the parent C6H5–CON(CH3)NO2. Subsequently, the BDEs of the other N-nitroacylamindes were estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Li
- College of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Huixian Wang
- College of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Zhumu Fu
- Electronic and Information Engineering College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Xianzhou Zhang
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
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17
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Ruizhou Z, Zhumu F, Xiaohong L, Xianzhou Z. Polarized continuum model study of bond dissociation energies of the O–NO 2 bond — A density functional theory study and natural bond order analysis. CAN J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1139/v2012-015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Density functional methods (B3LYP, B3PW91, B3P86, and MPWB95) with 6–31G** basis sets and complete basis methods are employed to investigate the bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of the O–NO2 bond for seven O-nitroalcohol compounds in acetonitrile solution. B3LYP/6–31+G**, (RO)B3LYP/6–311++G(2df,2p), and B3LYP/6–311G(d,p) methods are also used. By comparing the calculated results with the experimental values, B3LYP/6–31+G** is the most accurate method to compute the reliable BDEs for the studied compounds. The substituent effects on the O–NO2 BDEs are analyzed. It is found that electron-withdrawing groups increase the BDE of the parent compound, whereas electron-donating groups decrease the BDE of the parent compound. Further, the natural bond orbital analysis shows that there exist good linear correlations between E(2) and Hammett constants, the BDE, and the difference of the second-order stabilization energies E(2) of lpO3 → BD*(O1–N1) and lpO3 → BD*(O2–N1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Ruizhou
- College of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Fu Zhumu
- Electronic and Information Engineering College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Li Xiaohong
- College of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Zhang Xianzhou
- College of Physics and Information Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
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18
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Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus cardiolipin synthases 1 and 2 and their contribution to accumulation of cardiolipin in stationary phase and within phagocytes. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:4134-42. [PMID: 21665977 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00288-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In many bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, progression from the logarithmic to the stationary phase is accompanied by conversion of most of bacterial membrane phosphatidylglycerol (PG) to cardiolipin (CL). Phagocytosis of S. aureus by human neutrophils also induces the conversion of most bacterial PG to CL. The genome of all sequenced strains of S. aureus contains two open reading frames (ORFs) predicting proteins encoded with ∼30% identity to the principal CL synthase (cls) of Escherichia coli. To test whether these ORFs (cls1 and cls2) encode cardiolipin synthases and contribute to CL accumulation in S. aureus, we expressed these proteins in a cls strain of E. coli and created isogenic single and double mutants in S. aureus. The expression of either Cls1 or Cls2 in CL-deficient E. coli resulted in CL accumulation in the stationary phase. S. aureus with deletion of both cls1 and cls2 showed no detectable CL accumulation in the stationary phase or after phagocytosis by neutrophils. CL accumulation in the stationary phase was due almost solely to Cls2, whereas both Cls1 and Cls2 contributed to CL accumulation following phagocytosis by neutrophils. Differences in the relative contributions of Cls1 and Cls2 to CL accumulation under different triggering conditions suggest differences in the role and regulation of these two enzymes.
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19
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Qu N, Guo LH, Zhu BZ. An electrochemical biosensor for the detection of tyrosine oxidation induced by Fenton reaction. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:2292-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 09/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Pang YY, Schwartz J, Thoendel M, Ackermann LW, Horswill AR, Nauseef WM. agr-Dependent interactions of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 with human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. J Innate Immun 2010; 2:546-59. [PMID: 20829608 DOI: 10.1159/000319855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of serious infections due to community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) has fueled interest in the contributions of specific staphylococcal virulence factors to clinical disease. To assess the contributions of agr-dependent factors to the fate of organisms in polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), we examined the consequences for organism and host cells of feeding PMN with wild-type CA-MRSA (LAC) or CA-MRSA (LAC agr KO) at different multiplicities of infection (MOIs). Phagocytosed organisms rapidly increased the transcription of RNAIII in a time- and MOI-dependent fashion; extracellular USA300 (LAC) did not increase RNAIII expression despite having the capacity to respond to autoinducing peptide-enriched culture medium. HOCl-mediated damage and intracellular survival were the same in the wild-type and USA300 (LAC agr KO). PMN lysis by ingested USA300 (LAC) was time- and MOI-dependent and, at MOIs >1, required α-hemolysin (hla) as USA300 (LAC agr KO) and USA300 (LAC hla KO) promoted PMN lysis only at high MOIs. Taken together, these data demonstrate activation of the agr operon in human PMN with the subsequent production of α-hemolysin and PMN lysis. The extent to which these events in the phagosomes of human PMN contribute to the increased morbidity and mortality of infections with USA300 (LAC) merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yun Pang
- Department of Medicine, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52241, USA
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21
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Radford RJ, Lim MD, Silva RSD, Ford PC. Photochemical cleavage of nitrate ion coordinated to a Cr(III) porphyrin. J COORD CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2010.492217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Radford
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Santa Barbara , CA 93106-9510, USA
| | - Mark D. Lim
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Santa Barbara , CA 93106-9510, USA
| | - Roberto Santana Da Silva
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Santa Barbara , CA 93106-9510, USA
- b Departamento de Química da, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de , Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto , USP, Brazil
| | - Peter C. Ford
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Santa Barbara , CA 93106-9510, USA
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22
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Jones LE, Ying L, Hofseth AB, Jelezcova E, Sobol RW, Ambs S, Harris CC, Espey MG, Hofseth LJ, Wyatt MD. Differential effects of reactive nitrogen species on DNA base excision repair initiated by the alkyladenine DNA glycosylase. Carcinogenesis 2010; 30:2123-9. [PMID: 19864471 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic generation of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) can cause DNA damage and may also directly modify DNA repair proteins. RNS-modified DNA is repaired predominantly by the base excision repair (BER) pathway, which includes the alkyladenine DNA glycosylase (AAG). The AAG active site contains several tyrosines and cysteines that are potential sites for modification by RNS. In vitro, we demonstrate that RNS differentially alter AAG activity depending on the site and type of modification. Nitration of tyrosine 162 impaired 1,N(6)-ethenoadenine (epsilonA)-excision activity, whereas nitrosation of cysteine 167 increased epsilonA excision. To understand the effects of RNS on BER in vivo, we examined intestinal adenomas for levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and AAG. A striking correlation between AAG and iNOS expression was observed (r = 0.76, P = 0.00002). Interestingly, there was no correlation between changes in AAG levels and enzymatic activity. We found AAG to be nitrated in human adenomas, suggesting that this RNS modification is relevant in the human disease. Expression of key downstream components of BER, apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) and DNA polymerase beta (POLbeta), was also examined. POLbeta protein was increased in nearly all adenomas compared with adjacent non-tumor tissues, whereas APE1 expression was only increased in approximately half of the adenomas and also was relocalized to the cytoplasm in adenomas. Collectively, the results suggest that BER is dysregulated in colon adenomas. RNS-induced posttranslational modification of AAG is one mechanism of BER dysregulation, and the type of modification may define the role of AAG during carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry E Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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23
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Alvarez L, Levin CH, Merola F, Bizouarn T, Pasquier HÃ, Baciou L, Rusconi F, Erard M. Are the Fluorescent Properties of the Cyan Fluorescent Protein Sensitive to Conditions of Oxidative Stress? Photochem Photobiol 2010; 86:55-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Jacewicz D, Dabrowska A, Wyrzykowski D, Pranczk J, Wozniak M, Kubasik-Juraniec J, Knap N, Siedlecka K, Neuwelt AJ, Chmurzynski L. A novel biosensor for evaluation of apoptotic or necrotic effects of nitrogen dioxide during acute pancreatitis in rat. SENSORS 2009; 10:280-91. [PMID: 22315540 PMCID: PMC3270841 DOI: 10.3390/s100100280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The direct and accurate estimation of nitric dioxide levels is an extremely laborious and technically demanding procedure in the molecular diagnostics of inflammatory processes. The aim of this work is to demonstrate that a stop-flow technique utilizing a specific spectroscopic biosensor can be used for detection of nanomolar quantities of NO(2) in biological milieu. The use of novel compound cis-[Cr(C(2)O(4))(AaraNH(2))(OH(2))(2)](+) increases NO(2) estimation accuracy by slowing down the rate of NO(2) uptake. In this study, an animal model of pancreatitis, where nitrosative stress is induced by either 3g/kg bw or 1.5 g/kg bw dose of L-arginine, was used. Biochemical parameters and morphological characteristics of acute pancreatitis were monitored, specifically assessing pancreatic acinar cell death mode, NO(2) generation and cellular glutathione level. The severity of the process correlated positively with NO(2) levels in pancreatic acinar cell cytosol samples, and negatively with cellular glutathione levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Jacewicz
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Sobieskiego 18/19, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland; E-Mails: (A.D.); (D.W.); (J.P); (L.Ch.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +48-58-523-54-60; Fax: +48-58-523-54-72
| | - Aleksandra Dabrowska
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Sobieskiego 18/19, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland; E-Mails: (A.D.); (D.W.); (J.P); (L.Ch.)
| | - Dariusz Wyrzykowski
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Sobieskiego 18/19, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland; E-Mails: (A.D.); (D.W.); (J.P); (L.Ch.)
| | - Joanna Pranczk
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Sobieskiego 18/19, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland; E-Mails: (A.D.); (D.W.); (J.P); (L.Ch.)
| | - Michal Wozniak
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland; E-Mails: (M.W.); (N.K.)
| | - Jolanta Kubasik-Juraniec
- Department of Electron Microscopy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland; E-Mail:
| | - Narcyz Knap
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland; E-Mails: (M.W.); (N.K.)
| | - Kamila Siedlecka
- Department of Histology & Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland; E-Mail:
| | - Alexander J. Neuwelt
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland OR 97239, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Lech Chmurzynski
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Sobieskiego 18/19, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland; E-Mails: (A.D.); (D.W.); (J.P); (L.Ch.)
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25
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Flores-Santana W, Switzer C, Ridnour LA, Basudhar D, Mancardi D, Donzelli S, Thomas DD, Miranda KM, Fukuto JM, Wink DA. Comparing the chemical biology of NO and HNO. Arch Pharm Res 2009; 32:1139-53. [PMID: 19727606 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-009-1805-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For the past couple of decades nitric oxide (NO) and nitroxyl (HNO) have been extensively studied due to the important role they play in many physiological and/or pharmacological processes. Many researchers have reported important signaling pathways as well as mechanisms of action of these species, showing direct and indirect effects depending on the environment. Both NO and HNO can react with, among others, metals, proteins, thiols and heme proteins via unique and distinct chemistry leading to improvement of some clinical conditions. Understanding the basic chemistry of NO and HNO and distinguishing their mechanisms of action as well as methods of detection are crucial for understanding the current and potential clinical applications. In this review, we summarize some of the most important findings regarding NO and HNO chemistry, revealing some of the possible mechanisms of their beneficial actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilmarie Flores-Santana
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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26
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Schwartz J, Leidal KG, Femling JK, Weiss JP, Nauseef WM. Neutrophil bleaching of GFP-expressing staphylococci: probing the intraphagosomal fate of individual bacteria. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:2632-41. [PMID: 19620311 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Successful host defense against bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus (SA) depends on a prompt response by circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Stimulated PMN create in their phagosomes an environment inhospitable to most ingested bacteria. Granules that fuse with the phagosome deliver an array of catalytic and noncatalytic antimicrobial peptides, while activation of the NADPH oxidase at the phagosomal membrane generates reactive oxygen species within the phagosome, including hypochlorous acid (HOCl), formed by the oxidation of chloride by the granule protein myeloperoxidase in the presence of H(2)O(2). In this study, we used SA-expressing cytosolic GFP to provide a novel probe of the fate of SA in human PMN. PMN bleaching of GFP in SA required phagocytosis, active myeloperoxidase, H(2)O(2) from the NADPH oxidase, and chloride. Not all ingested SA were bleached, and the number of cocci within PMN-retaining fluorescent GFP closely correlated with the number of viable bacteria remaining intracellularly. The percent of intracellular fluorescent and viable SA increased at higher multiplicity of infection and when SA presented to PMN had been harvested from the stationary phase of growth. These studies demonstrate that the loss of GFP fluorescence in ingested SA provides a sensitive experimental probe for monitoring biochemical events within individual phagosomes and for identifying subpopulations of SA that resist intracellular PMN cytotoxicity. Defining the molecular basis of SA survival within PMN should provide important insights into bacterial and host properties that limit PMN antistaphylococcal action and thus contribute to the pathogenesis of staphylococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
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27
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Gao P, Song Y, Li H, Gao Z. Efficiency of methemoglobin, hemin and ferric citrate in catalyzing protein tyrosine nitration, protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation in a bovine serum albumin–liposome system: Influence of pH. J Inorg Biochem 2009; 103:783-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2009.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Baker PR, Schopfer FJ, O’Donnell VB, Freeman BA. Convergence of nitric oxide and lipid signaling: anti-inflammatory nitro-fatty acids. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:989-1003. [PMID: 19200454 PMCID: PMC2761210 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The signaling mediators nitric oxide ( NO) and oxidized lipids, once viewed to transduce metabolic and inflammatory information via discrete and independent pathways, are now appreciated as interdependent regulators of immune response and metabolic homeostasis. The interactions between these two classes of mediators result in reciprocal control of mediator synthesis that is strongly influenced by the local chemical environment. The relationship between the two pathways extends beyond coregulation of NO and eicosanoid formation to converge via the nitration of unsaturated fatty acids to yield nitro derivatives (NO(2)-FA). These pluripotent signaling molecules are generated in vivo as an adaptive response to oxidative inflammatory conditions and manifest predominantly anti-inflammatory signaling reactions. These actions of NO(2)-FA are diverse, with these species serving as a potential chemical reserve of NO, reacting with cellular nucleophiles to posttranslationally modify protein structure, function, and localization. In this regard these species act as potent endogenous ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Functional consequences of these signaling mechanisms have been shown in multiple model systems, including the inhibition of platelet and neutrophil functions, induction of heme oxygenase-1, inhibition of LPS-induced cytokine release in monocytes, increased insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in adipocytes, and relaxation of preconstricted rat aortic segments. These observations have propelled further in vitro and in vivo studies of mechanisms of NO(2)-FA signaling and metabolism, highlighting the therapeutic potential of this class of molecules as anti-inflammatory drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R.S. Baker
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, E1340 Thomas E. Starzl Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. ;
| | - Francisco J. Schopfer
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, E1340 Thomas E. Starzl Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Valerie B. O’Donnell
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce A. Freeman
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, E1340 Thomas E. Starzl Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. ;
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29
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Bishop A, Gooch R, Eguchi A, Jeffrey S, Smallwood L, Anderson J, Estevez AG. Mitigation of peroxynitrite-mediated nitric oxide (NO) toxicity as a mechanism of induced adaptive NO resistance in the CNS. J Neurochem 2009; 109:74-84. [PMID: 19183270 PMCID: PMC2692600 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.05884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
During CNS injury and diseases, nitric oxide (NO) is released at a high flux rate leading to formation of peroxynitrite (ONOO(*)) and other reactive nitrogenous species, which nitrate tyrosines of proteins to form 3-nitrotyrosine (3NY), leading to cell death. Previously, we have found that motor neurons exposed to low levels of NO become resistant to subsequent cytotoxic NO challenge; an effect dubbed induced adaptive resistance (IAR). Here, we report IAR mitigates, not only cell death, but 3NY formation in response to cytotoxic NO. Addition of an NO scavenger before NO challenge duplicates IAR, implicating reactive nitrogenous species in cell death. Addition of uric acid (a peroxynitrite scavenger) before cytotoxic NO challenge, duplicates IAR, implicating peroxynitrite, with subsequent 3NY formation, in cell death, and abrogation of this pathway as a mechanism of IAR. IAR is dependent on the heme-metabolizing enzyme, heme oxygenase-1 (HO1), as indicated by the elimination of IAR by a specific HO1 inhibitor, and by the finding that neurons isolated from HO1 null mice have increased NO sensitivity with concomitant increased 3NY formation. This data indicate that IAR is an HO1-dependent mechanism that prevents peroxynitrite-mediated NO toxicity in motor neurons, thereby elucidating therapeutic targets for the mitigation of CNS disease and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Bishop
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama at Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35899, USA.
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Birkmann B, Owens BT, Bandyopadhyay S, Wu G, Ford PC. Synthesis of a nitro complex of RuIII(salen): Unexpected aromatic ring nitration by a nitrite salt. J Inorg Biochem 2009; 103:237-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Thomas DD, Ridnour LA, Isenberg JS, Flores-Santana W, Switzer CH, Donzellie S, Hussain P, Vecoli C, Paolocci N, Ambs S, Colton C, Harris C, Roberts DD, Wink DA. The chemical biology of nitric oxide: implications in cellular signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:18-31. [PMID: 18439435 PMCID: PMC2572721 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 642] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has earned the reputation of being a signaling mediator with many diverse and often opposing biological activities. The diversity in response to this simple diatomic molecule comes from the enormous variety of chemical reactions and biological properties associated with it. In the past few years, the importance of steady-state NO concentrations has emerged as a key determinant of its biological function. Precise cellular responses are differentially regulated by specific NO concentration. We propose five basic distinct concentration levels of NO activity: cGMP-mediated processes ([NO]<1-30 nM), Akt phosphorylation ([NO] = 30-100 nM), stabilization of HIF-1alpha ([NO] = 100-300 nM), phosphorylation of p53 ([NO]>400 nM), and nitrosative stress (1 microM). In general, lower NO concentrations promote cell survival and proliferation, whereas higher levels favor cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and senescence. Free radical interactions will also influence NO signaling. One of the consequences of reactive oxygen species generation is to reduce NO concentrations. This antagonizes the signaling of nitric oxide and in some cases results in converting a cell-cycle arrest profile to a cell survival profile. The resulting reactive nitrogen species that are generated from these reactions can also have biological effects and increase oxidative and nitrosative stress responses. A number of factors determine the formation of NO and its concentration, such as diffusion, consumption, and substrate availability, which are referred to as kinetic determinants for molecular target interactions. These are the chemical and biochemical parameters that shape cellular responses to NO. Herein we discuss signal transduction and the chemical biology of NO in terms of the direct and indirect reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas D. Thomas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy.School of Pharmacy University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinios
| | - Lisa A. Ridnour
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jeffrey S. Isenberg
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Wilmarie Flores-Santana
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Christopher H. Switzer
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sonia Donzellie
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Perwez Hussain
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Cecilia Vecoli
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 2128
| | - Nazareno Paolocci
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 2128
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Carol Colton
- Division of Neurology Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710
| | - Curtis Harris
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - David D. Roberts
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - David A. Wink
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Amatore C, Arbault S, Bouton C, Drapier JC, Ghandour H, Koh ACW. Real-Time Amperometric Analysis of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Released by Single Immunostimulated Macrophages. Chembiochem 2008; 9:1472-80. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Feelisch M. The chemical biology of nitric oxide--an outsider's reflections about its role in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16 Suppl 2:S3-S13. [PMID: 18794015 DOI: 10.1016/s1063-4584(08)60007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Excess formation of nitric oxide (NO) has been invoked in the development of osteoarthritis and blamed for triggering chondrocyte apoptosis and matrix destruction. Much of the evidence for a deleterious role of NO in disease progression has been obtained indirectly and inferred from the measurement of nitrite/nitrate and nitrotyrosine concentrations as well as iNOS expression in biopsy specimen, cartilage explants and cytokine-stimulated cells in culture. While these results clearly indicate an involvement of NO and suggest additional contributions from oxidative stress-related components they do not necessarily establish a cause/effect relationship. Many NO metabolites are not mere dosimeters of local NO production but elicit potent down-stream effects in their own right. Moreover, oxygen tension and other experimental conditions typical of many in vitro studies would seem to be at odds with the particular situation in the joint. Recent insight into the chemical biology of NO, in particular with regard to cellular redox-regulation, mitochondrial signaling and nitration reactions, attest to a much richer network of chemical transformations and interactions with biological targets than hitherto assumed. In conjunction with the emerging biology of nitrite and nitrate this information challenges the validity of the long-held view that "too much NO" is contributing to disease progression. Instead, it suggests that part of the problem is a shift from NO to superoxide-dominated chemistries triggering changes in thiol-dependent redox signaling, hypoxia-induced gene expression and mitochondrial function. This essay aims to provide a glimpse into research areas that may hold promise for future investigations into the underlying causes of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Feelisch
- Experimental Medicine & Integrative Biology, Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
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Krajewski ML, Hsu LL, Gladwin MT. The proverbial chicken or the egg? Dissection of the role of cell-free hemoglobin versus reactive oxygen species in sickle cell pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 295:H4-7. [PMID: 18502905 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00499.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Monteiro HP, Arai RJ, Travassos LR. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation and protein tyrosine nitration in redox signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:843-89. [PMID: 18220476 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Reversible phosphorylation of protein tyrosine residues by polypeptide growth factor-receptor protein tyrosine kinases is implicated in the control of fundamental cellular processes including the cell cycle, cell adhesion, and cell survival, as well as cell proliferation and differentiation. During the last decade, it has become apparent that receptor protein tyrosine kinases and the signaling pathways they activate belong to a large signaling network. Such a network can be regulated by various extracellular cues, which include cell adhesion, agonists of G protein-coupled receptors, and oxidants. It is well documented that signaling initiated by receptor protein tyrosine kinases is directly dependent on the intracellular production of oxidants, including reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Accumulated evidence indicates that the intracellular redox environment plays a major role in the mechanisms underlying the actions of growth factors. Oxidation of cysteine thiols and nitration of tyrosine residues on signaling proteins are described as posttranslational modifications that regulate, positively or negatively, protein tyrosine phosphorylation (PTP). Early observations described the inhibition of PTP activities by oxidants, resulting in increased levels of proteins phosphorylated on tyrosine. Therefore, a redox circuitry involving the increasing production of intracellular oxidants associated with growth-factor stimulation/cell adhesion, oxidative reversible inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases, and the activation of protein tyrosine kinases can be delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo P Monteiro
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Biology and CINTERGEN, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Li X, Zhu XQ, Zhang F, Wang XX, Cheng JP. Establishment of Heterolytic and Homolytic Y−NO2 Bond Dissociation Energy Scales of Nitro-Containing Compounds in Acetonitrile: Chemical Origin of NO2 Release and Capture. J Org Chem 2008; 73:2428-31. [DOI: 10.1021/jo702364a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China ;
| | - Xiao-Qing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China ;
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China ;
| | - Xiao-Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China ;
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China ;
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Knoch ME, Hartnett KA, Hara H, Kandler K, Aizenman E. Microglia induce neurotoxicity via intraneuronal Zn(2+) release and a K(+) current surge. Glia 2008; 56:89-96. [PMID: 17955552 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microglial cells are critical components of the injurious cascade in a large number of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the precise molecular mechanisms by which microglia mediate neuronal cell death have not been fully delineated. We report here that reactive species released from activated microglia induce the liberation of Zn(2+) from intracellular stores in cultured cortical neurons, with a subsequent enhancement in neuronal voltage-gated K(+) currents, two events that have been intimately linked to apoptosis. Both the intraneuronal Zn(2+) release and the K(+) current surge could be prevented by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin, the free radical scavenging mixture of superoxide dismutase and catalase, as well as by 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrinato iron(III) chloride. The enhancement of K(+) currents was prevented by neuronal overexpression of metallothionein III or by expression of a dominant negative (DN) vector for the upstream mitogen-activated protein kinase apoptosis signal regulating kinase-1 (ASK-1). Importantly, neurons overexpressing metallothionein-III or transfected with DN vectors for ASK-1 or Kv2.1-encoded K(+) channels were resistant to microglial-induced toxicity. These results establish a direct link between microglial-generated oxygen and nitrogen reactive products and neuronal cell death mediated by intracellular Zn(2+) release and a surge in K(+) currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Knoch
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Use of Recombinant Iron‐Superoxide Dismutase as A Marker of Nitrative Stress. Methods Enzymol 2008; 437:605-18. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(07)37031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
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Abstract
Neutrophils constitute the dominant cell in the circulation that mediates the earliest innate immune human responses to infection. The morbidity and mortality from infection rise dramatically in patients with quantitative or qualitative neutrophil defects, providing clinical confirmation of the important role of normal neutrophils for human health. Neutrophil-dependent anti-microbial activity against ingested microbes represents the collaboration of multiple agents, including those prefabricated during granulocyte development in the bone marrow and those generated de novo following neutrophil activation. Furthermore, neutrophils cooperate with extracellular agents as well as other immune cells to optimally kill and degrade invading microbes. This brief review focuses attention on two examples of the integrated nature of neutrophil-mediated anti-microbial action within the phagosome. The importance and complexity of myeloperoxidase-mediated events illustrate a collaboration of anti-microbial responses that are endogenous to the neutrophil, whereas the synergy between the phagocyte NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase and plasma-derived group IIA phospholipase A(2) exemplifies the collective effects of the neutrophil with an exogenous factor to achieve degradation of ingested staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Nauseef
- Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52241, USA.
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Ye Y, Quijano C, Robinson KM, Ricart KC, Strayer AL, Sahawneh MA, Shacka JJ, Kirk M, Barnes S, Accavitti-Loper MA, Radi R, Beckman JS, Estévez AG. Prevention of peroxynitrite-induced apoptosis of motor neurons and PC12 cells by tyrosine-containing peptides. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:6324-37. [PMID: 17200124 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610800200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although peroxynitrite stimulates apoptosis in many cell types, whether peroxynitrite acts directly as an oxidant or the induction of apoptosis is because of the radicals derived from peroxynitrite decomposition remains unknown. Before undergoing apoptosis because of trophic factor deprivation, primary motor neuron cultures become immunoreactive for nitrotyrosine. We show here using tyrosine-containing peptides that free radical processes mediated by peroxynitrite decomposition products were required for triggering apoptosis in primary motor neurons and in PC12 cells cultures. The same concentrations of tyrosine-containing peptides required to prevent the nitration and apoptosis of motor neurons induced by trophic factor deprivation and of PC12 cells induced by peroxynitrite also prevented peroxynitrite-mediated nitration of motor neurons, brain homogenates, and PC12 cells. The heat shock protein 90 chaperone was nitrated in both trophic factor-deprived motor neurons and PC12 cells incubated with peroxynitrite. Tyrosine-containing peptides did not affect the induction of PC12 cell death by hydrogen peroxide. Tyrosine-containing peptides should protect by scavenging peroxynitrite-derived radicals and not by direct reactions with peroxynitrite as they neither increase the rate of peroxynitrite decomposition nor decrease the bimolecular peroxynitrite-mediated oxidation of thiols. These results reveal an important role for free radical-mediated nitration of tyrosine residues, in apoptosis induced by endogenously produced and exogenously added peroxynitrite; moreover, tyrosine-containing peptides may offer a novel strategy to neutralize the toxic effects of peroxynitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaozu Ye
- Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York 10605, USA
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Peroxynitrite: In vivo and In vitro synthesis and oxidant degradative action on biological systems regarding biomolecular injury and inflammatory processes. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2007. [DOI: 10.2478/s11696-007-0058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis review summarizes all significant data regarding peroxynitrite chemistry, the ways of its synthetic preparation as well as the degradative action of this species on biomolecules, in particular glycosaminoglycans, among which the hyaluronan degradation by peroxynitrite has recently been the subject of greater interest than ever before. The complex chemical behavior of a peroxynitrite molecule is strongly influenced by a few factors; conformational structural forms, active intermediates release, presence of CO2 and trace transition metals, different reaction conditions, as well as the rules of kinetics. Special attention was focused on monitoring of the kinetics of the degradative action of peroxynitrite in or without the presence of residual hydrogen peroxide on high-molar-mass hyaluronan.
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Espey MG. Tumor macrophage redox and effector mechanisms associated with hypoxia. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 41:1621-8. [PMID: 17145549 PMCID: PMC1934898 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes are recruited from the circulation into solid tumors where they differentiate into macrophages with unique phenotypes. While macrophages utilize oxygen in a broad range of immune effector functions, the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen oxide species is less clear in the setting of hypoxia, which can be a prominent feature of solid tumors. The relationships among innate immunity, redox systems, and the plasticity of phenotypic changes tumor-associated macrophages undergo in conjunction with tumor hypoxia will be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Graham Espey
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 10/B3-B69, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Bou-Abdallah F, Chasteen ND, Lesser MP. Quenching of superoxide radicals by green fluorescent protein. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2006; 1760:1690-5. [PMID: 17023114 PMCID: PMC1764454 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Revised: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Green fluorescent proteins (GFP) are widely used in vivo molecular markers. These proteins are particularly resistant, and maintain function, under a variety of cellular conditions such as pH extremes and elevated temperatures. Green fluorescent proteins are also abundant in several groups of marine invertebrates including reef-forming corals. While molecular oxygen is required for the post-translational maturation of the protein, mature GFPs are found in corals where hyperoxia and reactive oxygen species (ROS) occur due to the photosynthetic activity of algal symbionts. In vitro spin trapping electron paramagnetic resonance and spectrophotometric assays of superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like enzyme activity show that wild type GFP from the hydromedusa, Aequorea victoria, quenches superoxide radicals (O2*-)) and exhibits SOD-like activity by competing with cytochrome c for reaction with O2*-. When exposed to high amounts of O2*- the SOD-like activity and protein structure of GFP are altered without significant changes to the fluorescent properties of the protein. Because of the distribution of fluorescent proteins in both the epithelial and gastrodermal cells of reef-forming corals we propose that GFP, and possibly other fluorescent proteins, can provide supplementary antioxidant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Bou-Abdallah
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
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Donzelli S, Switzer CH, Thomas DD, Ridnour LA, Espey MG, Isenberg JS, Tocchetti CG, King SB, Lazzarino G, Miranda KM, Roberts DD, Feelisch M, Wink DA. The activation of metabolites of nitric oxide synthase by metals is both redox and oxygen dependent: a new feature of nitrogen oxide signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006; 8:1363-71. [PMID: 16910783 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2006.8.1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitrite (NO(2)-), N (G)-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA), and hydroxylamine (NH(2)OH) are products of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and can also be formed by secondary reactions of nitric oxide (NO). These compounds are commonly considered to be rather stable and as such to be dosimeters of NO biosynthesis. However, each can be converted via metal-catalyzed reactions into either NO or other reactive nitrogen oxide species (RNOS), such as nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) and nitroxyl (HNO), which have biologic activities distinct from those of the parent molecules. Consequently, certain aspects of tissue regulation controlled by RNOS may be dictated to a significant extent by metal-dependent reactions, thereby offering unique advantages for cellular and tissue regulation. For instance, because many metal-catalyzed reactions depend on the redox and oxygen status of the cellular environment, such reactions could serve as redox indicators. Formation of RNOS by metal-mediated pathways would confine the chemistry of these species to specific cellular sites. Additionally, such mechanisms would be independent both of NO and NOS, thus increasing the lifetime of RNOS that react with NO. Thus metal-mediated conversion of nitrite, NOHA, and NH(2)OH into biologically active agents may provide a unique signaling mechanism. In this review, we discuss the biochemistry of such reactions in the context of their pharmacologic and biologic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Donzelli
- Tumor Biology Section, Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Patschan S, Li H, Brodsky S, Sullivan D, De Angelis DA, Patschan D, Goligorsky MS. Probing lipid rafts with proximity imaging: actions of proatherogenic stimuli. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 290:H2210-9. [PMID: 16361365 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01112.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins have been shown to cluster in microdomains enriched in glycosphingolipids and cholesterol and represent a relatively selective marker of lipid rafts. In recent years, several attempts have been made to use fluorescent probes to nondisruptively label these domains in living cells. Here, we have transfected endothelial cells with a GPI-anchored thermotolerant green fluorescent protein (ttGFP) to show colocalization of this fluoroprobe with another marker of lipid rafts, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor-1. ttGFP was used to quantify the cell surface area occupied by lipid rafts and to examine the effect of various proatherogenic signals on lipid rafts. Exposure of endothelial cells to asymmetric dimethylarginine and oxidized LDL (oxLDL), as well as oxidant stress, reduced the cell surface area occupied by lipid rafts. Next, the property of ttGFP to undergo a shift in absorbance depending on the clustering of these molecules was utilized to perform proximity imaging (PRIM). PRIM showed that nitric oxide (NO) increased the distance between GPI-anchored ttGFP molecules clustered in lipid-rich microdomains. This “unclustering” of GPI-anchored ttGFP was not reproduced by prooxidant signals and was due to reduction in membrane-cytoskeletal constraints on the lipid rafts. These findings suggested that two fundamentally different mechanisms modulate lipid rafts: 1) substance regulation of lipid rafts involving modification of cholesterol and sphingolipids and 2) structural regulation of lipid rafts through disruption of membrane-cytoskeletal interactions, switching off the spatial confinement of lipid rafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Patschan
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical Center, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Schildknecht S, Heinz K, Daiber A, Hamacher J, Kavaklí C, Ullrich V, Bachschmid M. Autocatalytic tyrosine nitration of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 340:318-25. [PMID: 16375865 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Accepted: 12/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the literature, biological tyrosine nitrations have been reported to depend not only on peroxynitrite but also on nitrite/hydrogen peroxide linked to catalysis by myeloperoxidase. In endotoxin-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, we have detected a major nitrotyrosine positive protein band around 72 kDa and identified it as prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 (PGHS-2). Isolated PGHS-2 in absence of its substrate arachidonate was not only tyrosine-nitrated with peroxynitrite, but also with nitrite/hydrogen peroxide in complete absence of myeloperoxidase. Our data favor an autocatalytic activation of nitrite by PGHS-2 with a subsequent nitration of the essential tyrosine residue in the cyclooxygenase domain. Under inflammatory conditions, nitrite formed via NO-synthase-2 may therefore act as an endogenous regulator for PGHS-2 in stimulated macrophages. Nitration of PGHS-2 by the autocatalytic activation of nitrite further depends on the intracellular concentration of arachidonate since arachidonate reacted competitively with nitrite and could prevent PGHS-2 from nitration when excessively present.
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Kurtikyan TS, Ford PC. Reactions of Nitrogen Oxides with Heme Models: Spectral Characterization of an Elusive Five-Coordinate FeIII(porphyrin) Nitrito Intermediate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200502409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kurtikyan TS, Ford PC. Reactions of Nitrogen Oxides with Heme Models: Spectral Characterization of an Elusive Five-Coordinate FeIII(porphyrin) Nitrito Intermediate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:492-6. [PMID: 16323229 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200502409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tigran S Kurtikyan
- Research Institute of Applied Chemistry (ARIAC), 375005 Yerevan, Armenia.
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Beckers-Trapp ME, Lanoue L, Keen CL, Rucker RB, Uriu-Adams JY. Abnormal development and increased 3-nitrotyrosine in copper-deficient mouse embryos. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:35-44. [PMID: 16337877 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2005] [Revised: 08/08/2005] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Copper-deficient rat embryos are characterized by brain and heart anomalies, low superoxide dismutase activity, and high superoxide anion concentrations. One consequence of increased superoxide anions can be the formation of peroxynitrite, a strong biological oxidant. To investigate developmentally important features of copper deficiency, GD 8.5 mouse embryos from copper-adequate and copper-deficient dams were cultured in media that were adequate or deficient in copper. After 48 h, copper-deficient embryos exhibited brain and heart anomalies, and a high incidence of yolk sac vasculature abnormalities compared to controls. Immunohistochemistry of 4-hydroxynonenal and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine for lipid and DNA damage, respectively, was similar between groups. In contrast, 3-nitrotyrosine, taken as a measure of protein nitration, was markedly higher in the neuroepithelium of the anterior neural tube of copper-deficient embryos than in controls. Repletion of copper-deficient media with copper, or supplementation with copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, Tiron, or glutathione peroxidase did not ameliorate the abnormal development, but did decrease 3-nitrotyrosine in neuroepithelium of copper-deficient embryos. These data support the concept that while copper deficiency compromises oxidant defense and increases protein nitration, additional mechanisms, e.g., altered nitric oxide metabolism may contribute to copper-deficiency-induced teratogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly E Beckers-Trapp
- Department of Nutrition, One Shields Avenue, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Abstract
Copper (Cu), a redox active metal, is an essential nutrient for all species studied to date. During the past decade, there has been increasing interest in the concept that marginal deficits of this element can contribute to the development and progression of a number of disease states including cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Deficits of this nutrient during pregnancy can result in gross structural malformations in the conceptus, and persistent neurological and immunological abnormalities in the offspring. Excessive amounts of Cu in the body can also pose a risk. Acute Cu toxicity can result in a number of pathologies, and in severe cases, death. Chronic Cu toxicity can result in liver disease and severe neurological defects. The concept that elevated ceruloplasmin is a risk factor for certain diseases is discussed. In this paper, we will review recent literature on the potential causes of Cu deficiency and Cu toxicity, and the pathological consequences associated with the above. Finally, we will review some of the potential biochemical lesions that might underlie these pathologies. Given that oxidative stress is a characteristic of Cu deficiency, the role of Cu in the oxidative defense system will receive special attention. The concept that excess Cu may be a precipitating factor in Alzheimer's disease is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Y Uriu-Adams
- Department of Nutrition, One Shields Ave., University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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