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Krzyscik MA, Karl K, Dudeja P, Krejci P, Hristova K. Quantitative and qualitative differences in the activation of a fibroblast growth factor receptor by different FGF ligands. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024:S1359-6101(24)00044-3. [PMID: 39043538 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2024.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The FGF system is the most complex of all receptor tyrosine kinase signaling networks with 18 FGF ligands and four FGFRs that deliver morphogenic signals to pattern most embryonic structures. Even when a single FGFR is expressed in the tissue, different FGFs can trigger dramatically different biological responses via this receptor. Here we show both quantitative and qualitative differences in the signaling of one of the FGF receptors, FGFR1c, in response to different FGFs. We provide an overview of the recent discovery that FGFs engage in biased signaling via FGFR1c. We discuss the concept of ligand bias, which represents qualitative differences in signaling as it is a measure of differential ligand preferences for different downstream responses. We show how FGF ligand bias manifests in functional data in cultured chondrocyte cells. We argue that FGF-ligand bias contributes substantially to FGF-driven developmental processes, along with known differences in FGF expression levels, FGF-FGFR binding coefficients and differences in FGF stability in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz A Krzyscik
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Kelly Karl
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Pooja Dudeja
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno 65691, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Krejci
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno 65691, Czech Republic; Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, Brno 60200, Czech Republic
| | - Kalina Hristova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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2
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Mohapatra AN, Wagner S. The role of the prefrontal cortex in social interactions of animal models and the implications for autism spectrum disorder. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1205199. [PMID: 37409155 PMCID: PMC10318347 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1205199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Social interaction is a complex behavior which requires the individual to integrate various internal processes, such as social motivation, social recognition, salience, reward, and emotional state, as well as external cues informing the individual of others' behavior, emotional state and social rank. This complex phenotype is susceptible to disruption in humans affected by neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Multiple pieces of convergent evidence collected from studies of humans and rodents suggest that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a pivotal role in social interactions, serving as a hub for motivation, affiliation, empathy, and social hierarchy. Indeed, disruption of the PFC circuitry results in social behavior deficits symptomatic of ASD. Here, we review this evidence and describe various ethologically relevant social behavior tasks which could be employed with rodent models to study the role of the PFC in social interactions. We also discuss the evidence linking the PFC to pathologies associated with ASD. Finally, we address specific questions regarding mechanisms employed by the PFC circuitry that may result in atypical social interactions in rodent models, which future studies should address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Nath Mohapatra
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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3
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Fessel J. Supplementary Pharmacotherapy for the Behavioral Abnormalities Caused by Stressors in Humans, Focused on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041680. [PMID: 36836215 PMCID: PMC9967886 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Used as a supplement to psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy that addresses all of the known metabolic and genetic contributions to the pathogenesis of psychiatric conditions caused by stressors would require an inordinate number of drugs. Far simpler is to address the abnormalities caused by those metabolic and genetic changes in the cell types of the brain that mediate the behavioral abnormality. Relevant data regarding the changed brain cell types are described in this article and are derived from subjects with the paradigmatic behavioral abnormality of PTSD and from subjects with traumatic brain injury or chronic traumatic encephalopathy. If this analysis is correct, then therapy is required that benefits all of the affected brain cell types; those are astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, synapses and neurons, endothelial cells, and microglia (the pro-inflammatory (M1) subtype requires switching to the anti-inflammatory (M2) subtype). Combinations are advocated using several drugs, erythropoietin, fluoxetine, lithium, and pioglitazone, that benefit all of the five cell types, and that should be used to form a two-drug combination, suggested as pioglitazone with either fluoxetine or lithium. Clemastine, fingolimod, and memantine benefit four of the cell types, and one chosen from those could be added to the two-drug combination to form a three-drug combination. Using low doses of chosen drugs will limit both toxicity and drug-drug interactions. A clinical trial is required to validate both the advocated concept and the choice of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Fessel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, 2069 Filbert Street, San Francisco, CA 94123, USA
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4
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Yang KY, Zhao S, Feng H, Shen J, Chen Y, Wang ST, Wang SJ, Zhang YX, Wang Y, Guo C, Liu H, Tang TS. Ca 2+ homeostasis maintained by TMCO1 underlies corpus callosum development via ERK signaling. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:674. [PMID: 35927240 PMCID: PMC9352667 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Transmembrane of coiled-coil domains 1 (TMCO1) plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis of calcium (Ca2+) stores in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). TMCO1-defect syndrome shares multiple features with human cerebro-facio-thoracic (CFT) dysplasia, including abnormal corpus callosum (CC). Here, we report that TMCO1 is required for the normal development of CC through sustaining Ca2+ homeostasis. Tmco1-/- mice exhibit severe agenesis of CC with stalled white matter fiber bundles failing to pass across the midline. Mechanistically, the excessive Ca2+ signals caused by TMCO1 deficiency result in upregulation of FGFs and over-activation of ERK, leading to an excess of glial cell migration and overpopulated midline glia cells in the indusium griseum which secretes Slit2 to repulse extension of the neural fiber bundles before crossing the midline. Supportingly, using the clinical MEK inhibitors to attenuate the over-activated FGF/ERK signaling can significantly improve the CC formation in Tmco1-/- brains. Our findings not only unravel the underlying mechanism of abnormal CC in TMCO1 defect syndrome, but also offer an attractive prevention strategy to relieve the related agenesis of CC in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Yan Yang
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Song Zhao
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Haiping Feng
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Jiaqi Shen
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Yuwei Chen
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419Beijing Institute of Genomics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Si-Tong Wang
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Si-Jia Wang
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Yu-Xin Zhang
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Yun Wang
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Caixia Guo
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419Beijing Institute of Genomics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.512959.3Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Tie-Shan Tang
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.512959.3Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101 China
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5
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Thalamocortical axons regulate neurogenesis and laminar fates in the early sensory cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201355119. [PMID: 35613048 PMCID: PMC9295754 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201355119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study addresses how the cerebral cortex is partitioned into specialized areas during development. Although both early embryonic patterning and postnatal synaptic input from sensory thalamic nuclei are known to be critical, early roles of thalamic axons in area-specific regulation of cortical neurogenesis are poorly understood. We examined this by developing a genetic mouse model in which thalamocortical projections fail to properly form during embryogenesis, and found these axons are required not only for an enhanced production of superficial layer neurons but also for promoting the layer 4 cell fate, a hallmark of the primary sensory cortex. These findings provide a mechanism by which thalamocortical axons complement the intrinsic programs of neurogenesis and early fate specification. Area-specific axonal projections from the mammalian thalamus shape unique cellular organization in target areas in the adult neocortex. How these axons control neurogenesis and early neuronal fate specification is poorly understood. By using mutant mice lacking the majority of thalamocortical axons, we show that these axons are required for the production and specification of the proper number of layer 4 neurons in primary sensory areas by the neonatal stage. Part of these area-specific roles is played by the thalamus-derived molecule, VGF. Our work reveals that extrinsic cues from sensory thalamic projections have an early role in the formation of cortical cytoarchitecture by enhancing the production and specification of layer 4 neurons.
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6
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Brain Organization and Human Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101642. [PMID: 35626679 PMCID: PMC9139716 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cortex is a highly organized structure that develops from the caudal regions of the segmented neural tube. Its spatial organization sets the stage for future functional arealization. Here, we suggest using a developmental perspective to describe and understand the etiology of common cortical malformations and their manifestation in the human brain.
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7
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Abstract
During evolution, the cerebral cortex advances by increasing in surface and the introduction of new cytoarchitectonic areas among which the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is considered to be the substrate of highest cognitive functions. Although neurons of the PFC are generated before birth, the differentiation of its neurons and development of synaptic connections in humans extend to the 3rd decade of life. During this period, synapses as well as neurotransmitter systems including their receptors and transporters, are initially overproduced followed by selective elimination. Advanced methods applied to human and animal models, enable investigation of the cellular mechanisms and role of specific genes, non-coding regulatory elements and signaling molecules in control of prefrontal neuronal production and phenotypic fate, as well as neuronal migration to establish layering of the PFC. Likewise, various genetic approaches in combination with functional assays and immunohistochemical and imaging methods reveal roles of neurotransmitter systems during maturation of the PFC. Disruption, or even a slight slowing of the rate of neuronal production, migration and synaptogenesis by genetic or environmental factors, can induce gross as well as subtle changes that eventually can lead to cognitive impairment. An understanding of the development and evolution of the PFC provide insight into the pathogenesis and treatment of congenital neuropsychiatric diseases as well as idiopathic developmental disorders that cause intellectual disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M Kolk
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour and Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Pasko Rakic
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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8
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Friedman NP, Robbins TW. The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:72-89. [PMID: 34408280 PMCID: PMC8617292 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 166.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Concepts of cognitive control (CC) and executive function (EF) are defined in terms of their relationships with goal-directed behavior versus habits and controlled versus automatic processing, and related to the functions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and related regions and networks. A psychometric approach shows unity and diversity in CC constructs, with 3 components in the most commonly studied constructs: general or common CC and components specific to mental set shifting and working memory updating. These constructs are considered against the cellular and systems neurobiology of PFC and what is known of its functional neuroanatomical or network organization based on lesioning, neurochemical, and neuroimaging approaches across species. CC is also considered in the context of motivation, as "cool" and "hot" forms. Its Common CC component is shown to be distinct from general intelligence (g) and closely related to response inhibition. Impairments in CC are considered as possible causes of psychiatric symptoms and consequences of disorders. The relationships of CC with the general factor of psychopathology (p) and dimensional constructs such as impulsivity in large scale developmental and adult populations are considered, as well as implications for genetic studies and RDoC approaches to psychiatric classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi P Friedman
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience and Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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9
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Micali N, Kim SK, Diaz-Bustamante M, Stein-O'Brien G, Seo S, Shin JH, Rash BG, Ma S, Wang Y, Olivares NA, Arellano JI, Maynard KR, Fertig EJ, Cross AJ, Bürli RW, Brandon NJ, Weinberger DR, Chenoweth JG, Hoeppner DJ, Sestan N, Rakic P, Colantuoni C, McKay RD. Variation of Human Neural Stem Cells Generating Organizer States In Vitro before Committing to Cortical Excitatory or Inhibitory Neuronal Fates. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107599. [PMID: 32375049 PMCID: PMC7357345 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Better understanding of the progression of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the developing cerebral cortex is important for modeling neurogenesis and defining the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we use RNA sequencing, cell imaging, and lineage tracing of mouse and human in vitro NSCs and monkey brain sections to model the generation of cortical neuronal fates. We show that conserved signaling mechanisms regulate the acute transition from proliferative NSCs to committed glutamatergic excitatory neurons. As human telencephalic NSCs develop from pluripotency in vitro, they transition through organizer states that spatially pattern the cortex before generating glutamatergic precursor fates. NSCs derived from multiple human pluripotent lines vary in these early patterning states, leading differentially to dorsal or ventral telencephalic fates. This work furthers systematic analyses of the earliest patterning events that generate the major neuronal trajectories of the human telencephalon. Micali et al. report that human telencephalic NSCs in vitro transition through the organizer states that pattern the neocortex. Human pluripotent lines vary in organizer formation, generating divergent neuronal differentiation trajectories biased toward dorsal or ventral telencephalic fates and opening further analysis of the earliest cortical specification events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Micali
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Suel-Kee Kim
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | - Genevieve Stein-O'Brien
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Seungmae Seo
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Joo-Heon Shin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Brian G Rash
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Shaojie Ma
- Departments of Comparative Medicine, Genetics, and Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yanhong Wang
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nicolas A Olivares
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jon I Arellano
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kristen R Maynard
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Elana J Fertig
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Alan J Cross
- AstraZeneca Neuroscience, IMED Biotech Unit, R&D, Boston, MA 024515, USA
| | - Roland W Bürli
- AstraZeneca Neuroscience, IMED Biotech Unit, R&D, Boston, MA 024515, USA
| | - Nicholas J Brandon
- AstraZeneca Neuroscience, IMED Biotech Unit, R&D, Boston, MA 024515, USA
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Joshua G Chenoweth
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Daniel J Hoeppner
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Astellas Research Institute of America, 3565 General Atomics Ct., Ste. 200, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Departments of Comparative Medicine, Genetics, and Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Pasko Rakic
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Carlo Colantuoni
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Ronald D McKay
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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10
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Hermes DJ, Yadav-Samudrala BJ, Xu C, Paniccia JE, Meeker RB, Armstrong ML, Reisdorph N, Cravatt BF, Mackie K, Lichtman AH, Ignatowska-Jankowska BM, Lysle DT, Fitting S. GPR18 drives FAAH inhibition-induced neuroprotection against HIV-1 Tat-induced neurodegeneration. Exp Neurol 2021; 341:113699. [PMID: 33736974 PMCID: PMC8984429 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is known to provoke microglial immune responses which likely play a paramount role in the development of chronic neuroinflammatory conditions and neuronal damage related to HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). In particular, HIV-1 Tat protein is a proinflammatory neurotoxin which predisposes neurons to synaptodendritic injury. Drugs targeting the degradative enzymes of endogenous cannabinoids have shown promise in reducing inflammation with minimal side effects in rodent models. Considering that markers of neuroinflammation can predict the extent of neuronal injury in HAND patients, we evaluated the neurotoxic effect of HIV-1 Tat-exposed microglia following blockade of fatty acid amid hydrolyze (FAAH), a catabolic enzyme responsible for degradation of endocannabinoids, e.g. anandamide (AEA). In the present study, cultured murine microglia were incubated with Tat and/or a FAAH inhibitor (PF3845). After 24 h, cells were imaged for morphological analysis and microglial conditioned media (MCM) was collected. Frontal cortex neuron cultures (DIV 7–11) were then exposed to MCM, and neurotoxicity was assessed via live cell calcium imaging and staining of actin positive dendritic structures. Results demonstrate a strong attenuation of microglial responses to Tat by PF3845 pretreatment, which is indicated by 1) microglial changes in morphology to a less proinflammatory phenotype using fractal analysis, 2) a decrease in release of neurotoxic cytokines/chemokines (MCP-1/CCL2) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs; MMP-9) using ELISA/multiplex assays, and 3) enhanced production of endocannabinoids (AEA) using LC/MS/MS. Additionally, PF3845’s effects on Tat-induced microglial-mediated neurotoxicity, decreased dysregulation of neuronal intracellular calcium and prevented the loss of actin-positive staining and punctate structure in frontal cortex neuron cultures. Interestingly, these observed neuroprotective effects appeared to be independent of cannabinoid receptor activity (CB1R & CB2R). We found that a purported GPR18 antagonist, CID-85469571, blocked the neuroprotective effects of PF3845 in all experiments. Collectively, these experiments increase understanding of the role of FAAH inhibition and Tat in mediating microglial neurotoxicity in the HAND condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Hermes
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America.
| | - Barkha J Yadav-Samudrala
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Changqing Xu
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline E Paniccia
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Rick B Meeker
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Michael L Armstrong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Nichole Reisdorph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States of America
| | - Aron H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | | | - Donald T Lysle
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Sylvia Fitting
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America.
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11
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Chini M, Hanganu-Opatz IL. Prefrontal Cortex Development in Health and Disease: Lessons from Rodents and Humans. Trends Neurosci 2020; 44:227-240. [PMID: 33246578 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) takes center stage among unanswered questions in modern neuroscience. The PFC has a Janus-faced nature: it enables sophisticated cognitive and social abilities that reach their maximum expression in humans, yet it underlies some of the devastating symptoms of psychiatric disorders. Accordingly, appropriate prefrontal development is crucial for many high-order cognitive abilities and dysregulation of this process has been linked to various neuropsychiatric diseases. Reviewing recent advances in the field, with a primary focus on rodents and humans, we highlight why, despite differences across species, a cross-species approach is a fruitful strategy for understanding prefrontal development. We briefly review the developmental contribution of molecules and extensively discuss how electrical activity controls the early maturation and wiring of prefrontal areas, as well as the emergence and refinement of input-output circuitry involved in cognitive processing. Finally, we highlight the mechanisms of developmental dysfunction and their relevance for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Chini
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Ileana L Hanganu-Opatz
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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12
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Boylan M, Anderson MJ, Ornitz DM, Lewandoski M. The Fgf8 subfamily (Fgf8, Fgf17 and Fgf18) is required for closure of the embryonic ventral body wall. Development 2020; 147:dev189506. [PMID: 32907848 PMCID: PMC7595690 DOI: 10.1242/dev.189506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The closure of the embryonic ventral body wall in amniotes is an important morphogenetic event and is essential for life. Defects in human ventral wall closure are a major class of birth defect and a significant health burden. Despite this, very little is understood about how the ventral body wall is formed. Here, we show that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) ligands FGF8, FGF17 and FGF18 are essential for this process. Conditional mouse mutants for these genes display subtle migratory defects in the abdominal muscles of the ventral body wall and an enlarged umbilical ring, through which the internal organs are extruded. By refining where and when these genes are required using different Cre lines, we show that Fgf8 and Fgf17 are required in the presomitic mesoderm, whereas Fgf18 is required in the somites. This study identifies complex and multifactorial origins of ventral wall defects and has important implications for understanding their origins during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Boylan
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Matthew J Anderson
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mark Lewandoski
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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13
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Ferent J, Zaidi D, Francis F. Extracellular Control of Radial Glia Proliferation and Scaffolding During Cortical Development and Pathology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:578341. [PMID: 33178693 PMCID: PMC7596222 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.578341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
During the development of the cortex, newly generated neurons migrate long-distances in the expanding tissue to reach their final positions. Pyramidal neurons are produced from dorsal progenitors, e.g., radial glia (RGs) in the ventricular zone, and then migrate along RG processes basally toward the cortex. These neurons are hence dependent upon RG extensions to support their migration from apical to basal regions. Several studies have investigated how intracellular determinants are required for RG polarity and subsequent formation and maintenance of their processes. Fewer studies have identified the influence of the extracellular environment on this architecture. This review will focus on extracellular factors which influence RG morphology and pyramidal neuronal migration during normal development and their perturbations in pathology. During cortical development, RGs are present in different strategic positions: apical RGs (aRGs) have their cell bodies located in the ventricular zone with an apical process contacting the ventricle, while they also have a basal process extending radially to reach the pial surface of the cortex. This particular conformation allows aRGs to be exposed to long range and short range signaling cues, whereas basal RGs (bRGs, also known as outer RGs, oRGs) have their cell bodies located throughout the cortical wall, limiting their access to ventricular factors. Long range signals impacting aRGs include secreted molecules present in the embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (e.g., Neuregulin, EGF, FGF, Wnt, BMP). Secreted molecules also contribute to the extracellular matrix (fibronectin, laminin, reelin). Classical short range factors include cell to cell signaling, adhesion molecules and mechano-transduction mechanisms (e.g., TAG1, Notch, cadherins, mechanical tension). Changes in one or several of these components influencing the RG extracellular environment can disrupt the development or maintenance of RG architecture on which neuronal migration relies, leading to a range of cortical malformations. First, we will detail the known long range signaling cues impacting RG. Then, we will review how short range cell contacts are also important to instruct the RG framework. Understanding how RG processes are structured by their environment to maintain and support radial migration is a critical part of the investigation of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Ferent
- Inserm, U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, IFM, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer á Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Donia Zaidi
- Inserm, U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, IFM, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer á Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Fiona Francis
- Inserm, U 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, IFM, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer á Moulin, Paris, France
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14
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Kikkawa T, Sakayori N, Yuuki H, Katsuyama Y, Matsuzaki F, Konno D, Abe T, Kiyonari H, Osumi N. Dmrt
genes participate in the development of Cajal‐Retzius cells derived from the cortical hem in the telencephalon. Dev Dyn 2020; 249:698-710. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takako Kikkawa
- Department of Developmental NeuroscienceUnited Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine (ART), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Sendai Miyagi Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Sakayori
- Department of Molecular GeneticsInstitute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University Fukushima Japan
| | - Hayato Yuuki
- Department of Developmental NeuroscienceUnited Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine (ART), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Sendai Miyagi Japan
| | - Yu Katsuyama
- Department of AnatomyShiga University of Medical Science Otsu Shiga Japan
| | - Fumio Matsuzaki
- Laboratory for Cell AsymmetryRIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research Kobe Japan
| | - Daijiro Konno
- Laboratory for Cell AsymmetryRIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research Kobe Japan
- Department of PathophysiologyMedical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Takaya Abe
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic EngineeringRIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research Kobe Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic EngineeringRIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research Kobe Japan
| | - Noriko Osumi
- Department of Developmental NeuroscienceUnited Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine (ART), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Sendai Miyagi Japan
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15
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Saito K, Okamoto M, Watanabe Y, Noguchi N, Nagasaka A, Nishina Y, Shinoda T, Sakakibara A, Miyata T. Dorsal-to-Ventral Cortical Expansion Is Physically Primed by Ventral Streaming of Early Embryonic Preplate Neurons. Cell Rep 2019; 29:1555-1567.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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16
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Development and Arealization of the Cerebral Cortex. Neuron 2019; 103:980-1004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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De Clercq S, Keruzore M, Desmaris E, Pollart C, Assimacopoulos S, Preillon J, Ascenzo S, Matson CK, Lee M, Nan X, Li M, Nakagawa Y, Hochepied T, Zarkower D, Grove EA, Bellefroid EJ. DMRT5 Together with DMRT3 Directly Controls Hippocampus Development and Neocortical Area Map Formation. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:493-509. [PMID: 28031177 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice that are constitutively null for the zinc finger doublesex and mab-3 related (Dmrt) gene, Dmrt5/Dmrta2, show a variety of patterning abnormalities in the cerebral cortex, including the loss of the cortical hem, a powerful cortical signaling center. In conditional Dmrt5 gain of function and loss of function mouse models, we generated bidirectional changes in the neocortical area map without affecting the hem. Analysis indicated that DMRT5, independent of the hem, directs the rostral-to-caudal pattern of the neocortical area map. Thus, DMRT5 joins a small number of transcription factors shown to control directly area size and position in the neocortex. Dmrt5 deletion after hem formation also reduced hippocampal size and shifted the position of the neocortical/paleocortical boundary. Dmrt3, like Dmrt5, is expressed in a gradient across the cortical primordium. Mice lacking Dmrt3 show cortical patterning defects akin to but milder than those in Dmrt5 mutants, perhaps in part because Dmrt5 expression increases in the absence of Dmrt3. DMRT5 upregulates Dmrt3 expression and negatively regulates its own expression, which may stabilize the level of DMRT5. Together, our findings indicate that finely tuned levels of DMRT5, together with DMRT3, regulate patterning of the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah De Clercq
- ULB Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Marc Keruzore
- ULB Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Elodie Desmaris
- ULB Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Pollart
- ULB Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | | | - Julie Preillon
- ULB Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Sabrina Ascenzo
- ULB Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Clinton K Matson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development , Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Melody Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Xinsheng Nan
- School of Medicine and School of Bioscience , Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3XQ, UK
| | - Meng Li
- School of Medicine and School of Bioscience , Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3XQ, UK
| | - Yasushi Nakagawa
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Tino Hochepied
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.,Inflammation Research Center, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - David Zarkower
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development , Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Grove
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Eric J Bellefroid
- ULB Institute of Neuroscience (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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18
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Kast RJ, Levitt P. Precision in the development of neocortical architecture: From progenitors to cortical networks. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 175:77-95. [PMID: 30677429 PMCID: PMC6402587 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Of all brain regions, the 6-layered neocortex has undergone the most dramatic changes in size and complexity during mammalian brain evolution. These changes, occurring in the context of a conserved set of organizational features that emerge through stereotypical developmental processes, are considered responsible for the cognitive capacities and sensory specializations represented within the mammalian clade. The modern experimental era of developmental neurobiology, spanning 6 decades, has deciphered a number of mechanisms responsible for producing the diversity of cortical neuron types, their precise connectivity and the role of gene by environment interactions. Here, experiments providing insight into the development of cortical projection neuron differentiation and connectivity are reviewed. This current perspective integrates discussion of classic studies and new findings, based on recent technical advances, to highlight an improved understanding of the neuronal complexity and precise connectivity of cortical circuitry. These descriptive advances bring new opportunities for studies related to the developmental origins of cortical circuits that will, in turn, improve the prospects of identifying pathogenic targets of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Kast
- Department of Pediatrics and Program in Developmental Neuroscience and Developmental Neurogenetics, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Pat Levitt
- Department of Pediatrics and Program in Developmental Neuroscience and Developmental Neurogenetics, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.
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19
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Jones WD, Guadiana SM, Grove EA. A model of neocortical area patterning in the lissencephalic mouse may hold for larger gyrencephalic brains. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:1461-1477. [PMID: 30689213 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the mouse, two telencephalic signaling centers orchestrate embryonic patterning of the cerebral cortex. From the rostral patterning center in the telencephalon, the Fibroblast Growth Factor, FGF8, disperses as a morphogen to establish the rostral to caudal axis of the neocortical area map. FGF8 coordinates with Wnt3a from the cortical hem to regulate graded expression of transcription factors that position neocortical areas, and control hippocampal development. Whether similar signaling centers pattern the much larger cortices of carnivore and primate species, however, is unclear. The limited dispersion range of FGF8 and Wnt3a is inconsistent with patterning larger cortical primordia. Yet the implication that different mechanisms organize cortex in different mammals flies in the face of the tenet that developmental patterning mechanisms are conserved across vertebrate species. In the present study, both signaling centers were identified in the ferret telencephalon, as were expression gradients of the patterning transcription factor genes regulated by FGF8 and Wnt3a. Notably, at the stage corresponding to the peak period of FGF8 signaling in the mouse neocortical primordium (NP), the NP was the same size in ferret and mouse, which would allow morphogen patterning of the ferret NP. Subsequently, the size of ferret neocortex shot past that of the mouse. Images from online databases further suggest that NP growth in humans, too, is slowed in early cortical development. We propose that if early growth in larger brains is held back, mechanisms that pattern the neocortical area map in the mouse could be conserved across mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Jones
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sarah M Guadiana
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Elizabeth A Grove
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Committee on Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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20
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Heparan Sulfate Sulfation by Hs2st Restricts Astroglial Precursor Somal Translocation in Developing Mouse Forebrain by a Non-Cell-Autonomous Mechanism. J Neurosci 2019; 39:1386-1404. [PMID: 30617207 PMCID: PMC6381258 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1747-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a cell surface and extracellular matrix carbohydrate extensively modified by differential sulfation. HS interacts physically with canonical fibroblast growth factor (FGF) proteins that signal through the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. At the embryonic mouse telencephalic midline, FGF/ERK signaling drives astroglial precursor somal translocation from the ventricular zone of the corticoseptal boundary (CSB) to the induseum griseum (IG), producing a focus of Slit2-expressing astroglial guidepost cells essential for interhemispheric corpus callosum (CC) axon navigation. Here, we investigated the cell and molecular function of a specific form of HS sulfation, 2-O HS sulfation catalyzed by the enzyme Hs2st, in midline astroglial development and in regulating FGF protein levels and interaction with HS. Hs2st−/− embryos of either sex exhibit a grossly enlarged IG due to precocious astroglial translocation and conditional Hs2st mutagenesis and ex vivo culture experiments show that Hs2st is not required cell autonomously by CC axons or by the IG astroglial cell lineage, but rather acts non-cell autonomously to suppress the transmission of translocation signals to astroglial precursors. Rescue of the Hs2st−/− astroglial translocation phenotype by pharmacologically inhibiting FGF signaling shows that the normal role of Hs2st is to suppress FGF-mediated astroglial translocation. We demonstrate a selective action of Hs2st on FGF protein by showing that Hs2st (but not Hs6st1) normally suppresses the levels of Fgf17 protein in the CSB region in vivo and use a biochemical assay to show that Hs2st (but not Hs6st1) facilitates a physical interaction between the Fgf17 protein and HS. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We report a novel non-cell-autonomous mechanism regulating cell signaling in developing brain. Using the developing mouse telencephalic midline as an exemplar, we show that the specific sulfation modification of the cell surface and extracellular carbohydrate heparan sulfate (HS) performed by Hs2st suppresses the supply of translocation signals to astroglial precursors by a non-cell-autonomous mechanism. We further show that Hs2st modification selectively facilitates a physical interaction between Fgf17 and HS and suppresses Fgf17 protein levels in vivo, strongly suggesting that Hs2st acts selectively on Fgf17 signaling. HS interacts with many signaling proteins potentially encoding numerous selective interactions important in development and disease, so this class of mechanism may apply more broadly to other biological systems.
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21
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Abstract
Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a neurobiological disorder featured by reading disabilities. In recent years, genome-wide approaches provided new perspectives to discover novel candidate genes of DD. In a previous study, rs9313548 located downstream of FGF18 showed borderline genome-wide significant association with DD. Herein, we selected rs9313548 and 11 independent tag single nucleotide polymorphisms covering gene region of FGF18 to perform association analysis with DD among 978 Chinese dyslexic cases and 998 controls recruited from elementary schools. However, we did not observe any single nucleotide polymorphism exceeding significant threshold. Our preliminary results suggested that FGF18 might not be a susceptibility gene for DD in Chinese population.
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22
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Ohja K, Gozal E, Fahnestock M, Cai L, Cai J, Freedman JH, Switala A, El-Baz A, Barnes GN. Neuroimmunologic and Neurotrophic Interactions in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Relationship to Neuroinflammation. Neuromolecular Med 2018; 20:161-173. [PMID: 29691724 PMCID: PMC5942347 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-018-8488-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are the most prevalent set of pediatric neurobiological disorders. The etiology of ASD has both genetic and environmental components including possible dysfunction of the immune system. The relationship of the immune system to aberrant neural circuitry output in the form of altered behaviors and communication characterized by ASD is unknown. Dysregulation of neurotrophins such as BDNF and their signaling pathways have been implicated in ASD. While abnormal cortical formation and autistic behaviors in mouse models of immune activation have been described, no one theory has been described to link activation of the immune system to specific brain signaling pathways aberrant in ASD. In this paper we explore the relationship between neurotrophin signaling, the immune system and ASD. To this effect we hypothesize that an interplay of dysregulated immune system, synaptogenic growth factors and their signaling pathways contribute to the development of ASD phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshama Ohja
- Department of Neurology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Evelyne Gozal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Margaret Fahnestock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Lu Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jonathan H Freedman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Andy Switala
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Ayman El-Baz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Gregory Neal Barnes
- Department of Neurology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA. .,Spafford Ackerly Chair in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Louisville Autism Center, 1405 East Burnett Avenue, Louisville, KY, 40217, USA.
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23
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Bonafina A, Fontanet PA, Paratcha G, Ledda F. GDNF/GFRα1 Complex Abrogates Self-Renewing Activity of Cortical Neural Precursors Inducing Their Differentiation. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 10:1000-1015. [PMID: 29478900 PMCID: PMC5918270 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between factors leading to proliferation and differentiation of cortical neural precursors (CNPs) determines the correct cortical development. In this work, we show that GDNF and its receptor GFRα1 are expressed in the neocortex during the period of cortical neurogenesis. We show that the GDNF/GFRα1 complex inhibits the self-renewal capacity of mouse CNP cells induced by fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), promoting neuronal differentiation. While GDNF leads to decreased proliferation of cultured cortical precursor cells, ablation of GFRα1 in glutamatergic cortical precursors enhances its proliferation. We show that GDNF treatment of CNPs promoted morphological differentiation even in the presence of the self-renewal-promoting factor, FGF2. Analysis of GFRα1-deficient mice shows an increase in the number of cycling cells during cortical development and a reduction in dendrite development of cortical GFRα1-expressing neurons. Together, these results indicate that GDNF/GFRα1 signaling plays an essential role in regulating the proliferative condition and the differentiation of cortical progenitors. GFRα1 receptor is expressed in the neocortex during the period of neurogenesis GDNF/GFRα1 complex inhibits self-renewing of cortical neuronal precursors GDNF and GFRα1 promote neurogenic differentiation of cortical neural progenitors Requirement of GFRα1 for proper dendrite development of cortical neurons
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonela Bonafina
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CONICET-UBA, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires CP 1121, Argentina
| | - Paula Aldana Fontanet
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CONICET-UBA, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires CP 1121, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Paratcha
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CONICET-UBA, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires CP 1121, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Ledda
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CONICET-UBA, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires CP 1121, Argentina.
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24
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Hasenpusch-Theil K, Watson JA, Theil T. Direct Interactions Between Gli3, Wnt8b, and Fgfs Underlie Patterning of the Dorsal Telencephalon. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:1137-1148. [PMID: 26656997 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A key step in the development of the cerebral cortex is a patterning process, which subdivides the telencephalon into several molecularly distinct domains and is critical for cortical arealization. This process is dependent on a complex network of interactions between signaling molecules of the Fgf and Wnt gene families and the Gli3 transcription factor gene, but a better knowledge of the molecular basis of the interplay between these factors is required to gain a deeper understanding of the genetic circuitry underlying telencephalic patterning. Using DNA-binding and reporter gene assays, we here investigate the possibility that Gli3 and these signaling molecules interact by directly regulating each other's expression. We show that Fgf signaling is required for Wnt8b enhancer activity in the cortical hem, whereas Wnt/β-catenin signaling represses Fgf17 forebrain enhancer activity. In contrast, Fgf and Wnt/β-catenin signaling cooperate to regulate Gli3 expression. Taken together, these findings indicate that mutual interactions between Gli3, Wnt8b, and Fgf17 are crucial elements of the balance between these factors thereby conferring robustness to the patterning process. Hence, our study provides a framework for understanding the genetic circuitry underlying telencephalic patterning and how defects in this process can affect the formation of cortical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hasenpusch-Theil
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH8 9XD, UK
| | - Julia A Watson
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH8 9XD, UK
| | - Thomas Theil
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Hugh Robson Building, University of Edinburgh, EdinburghEH8 9XD, UK
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25
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Adnani L, Han S, Li S, Mattar P, Schuurmans C. Mechanisms of Cortical Differentiation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 336:223-320. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Sato T, Kikkawa T, Saito T, Itoi K, Osumi N. Organizing activity of Fgf8 on the anterior telencephalon. Dev Growth Differ 2017; 59:701-712. [PMID: 29124740 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The anterior part of the embryonic telencephalon gives rise to several brain regions that are important for animal behavior, including the frontal cortex (FC) and the olfactory bulb. The FC plays an important role in decision-making behaviors, such as social and cognitive behavior, and the olfactory bulb is involved in olfaction. Here, we show the organizing activity of fibroblast growth factor 8 (Fgf8) in the regionalization of the anterior telencephalon, specifically the FC and the olfactory bulb. Misexpression of Fgf8 in the most anterior part of the mouse telencephalon at embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) by ex utero electroporation resulted in a lateral shift of dorsal FC subdivision markers and a lateral expansion of the dorsomedial part of the FC, the future anterior cingulate and prelimbic cortex. Fgf8-transfected brains had lacked ventral FC, including the future orbital cortex, which was replaced by the expanded olfactory bulb. The olfactory region occupied a larger area of the FC when transfection efficiency of Fgf8 was higher. These results suggest that Fgf8 regulates the proportions of the FC and olfactory bulb in the anterior telencephalon and has a medializing effect on the formation of FC subdivisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Sato
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, 980-8575, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, 980-8578, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takako Kikkawa
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, 980-8575, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuichiro Saito
- Department of Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Keiichi Itoi
- Department of Information Biology, Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Noriko Osumi
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, 980-8575, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Charoenlarp P, Rajendran AK, Iseki S. Role of fibroblast growth factors in bone regeneration. Inflamm Regen 2017; 37:10. [PMID: 29259709 PMCID: PMC5725923 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-017-0043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a metabolically active organ that undergoes continuous remodeling throughout life. However, many complex skeletal defects such as large traumatic bone defects or extensive bone loss after tumor resection may cause failure of bone healing. Effective therapies for these conditions typically employ combinations of cells, scaffolds, and bioactive factors. In this review, we pay attention to one of the three factors required for regeneration of bone, bioactive factors, especially the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. This family is composed of 22 members and associated with various biological functions including skeletal formation. Based on the phenotypes of genetically modified mice and spatio-temporal expression levels during bone fracture healing, FGF2, FGF9, and FGF18 are regarded as possible candidates useful for bone regeneration. The role of these candidate FGFs in bone regeneration is also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornkawee Charoenlarp
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549 Japan
| | - Arun Kumar Rajendran
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549 Japan
| | - Sachiko Iseki
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549 Japan
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28
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Collette JC, Choubey L, Smith KM. -Glial and stem cell expression of murine Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 in the embryonic and perinatal nervous system. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3519. [PMID: 28674667 PMCID: PMC5493973 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) are involved in the development and function of multiple organs and organ systems, including the central nervous system (CNS). FGF signaling via FGFR1, one of the three FGFRs expressed in the CNS, stimulates proliferation of stem cells during prenatal and postnatal neurogenesis and participates in regulating cell-type ratios in many developing regions of the brain. Anomalies in FGFR1 signaling have been implicated in certain neuropsychiatric disorders. Fgfr1 expression has been shown, via in situ hybridization, to vary spatially and temporally throughout embryonic and postnatal development of the brain. However, in situ hybridization lacks sufficient resolution to identify which cell-types directly participate in FGF signaling. Furthermore, because antibodies raised against FGFR1 commonly cross-react with other members of the FGFR family, immunocytochemistry is not alone sufficient to accurately document Fgfr1 expression. Here, we elucidate the identity of Fgfr1 expressing cells in both the embryonic and perinatal mouse brain. METHODS To do this, we utilized a tgFGFR1-EGFPGP338Gsat BAC line (tgFgfr1-EGFP+) obtained from the GENSAT project. The tgFgfr1-EGFP+ line expresses EGFP under the control of a Fgfr1 promoter, thereby causing cells endogenously expressing Fgfr1 to also present a positive GFP signal. Through simple immunostaining using GFP antibodies and cell-type specific antibodies, we were able to accurately determine the cell-type of Fgfr1 expressing cells. RESULTS This technique revealed Fgfr1 expression in proliferative zones containing BLBP+ radial glial stem cells, such as the cortical and hippocampal ventricular zones, and cerebellar anlage of E14.5 mice, in addition to DCX+ neuroblasts. Furthermore, our data reveal Fgfr1 expression in proliferative zones containing BLBP+ cells of the anterior midline, hippocampus, cortex, hypothalamus, and cerebellum of P0.5 mice, in addition to the early-formed GFAP+ astrocytes of the anterior midline. DISCUSSION Understanding when during development and where Fgfr1 is expressed is critical to improving our understanding of its function during neurodevelopment as well as in the mature CNS. This information may one day provide an avenue of discovery towards understanding the involvement of aberrant FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jantzen C Collette
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, United States of America
| | - Lisha Choubey
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, United States of America
| | - Karen Müller Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, United States of America
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29
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Wang Y, Sun D, Yue Z, Tang W, Xiao B, Feng L. Rats with Malformations of Cortical Development Exhibit Decreased Length of AIS and Hypersensitivity to Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2215-22. [PMID: 27286680 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1936-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Malformations of cortical development (MCD) are critical brain development disorders associated with varied abnormalities in both anatomic structures and neural functioning. It is also a very common etiology to the epilepsy, in which the alteration on excitability of cortical neurons is hypothesized as one of important causes to the epileptic seizures. Due to the key role in regulating neuron firing properties, the plasticity of axon initial segment (AIS) was investigated in present study to further determine the relation between MCD and epilepsy. Our results showed a prolonged decrease in the length of AIS occurred in MCD animal models. Besides, the AIS was also found greatly shortened in MCD models during the acute, but not chronic phase of status epileptics compared with intact controls. Our findings of identification of AIS plasticity in MCD animal models and its hypersensitivity to status epilepsy are significant in furthering our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu Area, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Danni Sun
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu Area, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongwei Yue
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu Area, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiting Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu Area, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu Area, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Feng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Kaifu Area, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Turner CA, Eren-Koçak E, Inui EG, Watson SJ, Akil H. Dysregulated fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 53:136-43. [PMID: 26454097 PMCID: PMC4833700 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) system in brain-related disorders has received considerable attention in recent years. To understand the role of this system in neurological and psychiatric disorders, it is important to identify the specific members of the FGF family that are implicated, their location and the various mechanisms they can be modulated. Each disorder appears to impact specific molecular players in unique anatomical locations, and all of these could conceivably become targets for treatment. In the last several years, the issue of how to target this system directly has become an area of increasing interest. To date, the most promising therapeutics are small molecule inhibitors and antibodies that modulate FGF receptor (FGFR) function. Beyond attempting to modify the primary players affected by a given brain disorder, it may prove useful to target molecules, such as membrane-bound or extracellular proteins that interact with FGF ligands or FGFRs to modulate signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cortney A Turner
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Emine Eren-Koçak
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Stanley J Watson
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Huda Akil
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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31
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Zembrzycki A, Stocker AM, Leingärtner A, Sahara S, Chou SJ, Kalatsky V, May SR, Stryker MP, O'Leary DD. Genetic mechanisms control the linear scaling between related cortical primary and higher order sensory areas. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26705332 PMCID: PMC4739755 DOI: 10.7554/elife.11416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the neocortical layout consists of few modality-specific primary sensory areas and a multitude of higher order ones. Abnormal layout of cortical areas may disrupt sensory function and behavior. Developmental genetic mechanisms specify primary areas, but mechanisms influencing higher order area properties are unknown. By exploiting gain-of and loss-of function mouse models of the transcription factor Emx2, we have generated bi-directional changes in primary visual cortex size in vivo and have used it as a model to show a novel and prominent function for genetic mechanisms regulating primary visual area size and also proportionally dictating the sizes of surrounding higher order visual areas. This finding redefines the role for intrinsic genetic mechanisms to concomitantly specify and scale primary and related higher order sensory areas in a linear fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zembrzycki
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Adam M Stocker
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Axel Leingärtner
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Setsuko Sahara
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Shen-Ju Chou
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Valery Kalatsky
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francsisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Scott R May
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Michael P Stryker
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francsisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Dennis Dm O'Leary
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
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32
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Golonzhka O, Nord A, Tang PLF, Lindtner S, Ypsilanti AR, Ferretti E, Visel A, Selleri L, Rubenstein JLR. Pbx Regulates Patterning of the Cerebral Cortex in Progenitors and Postmitotic Neurons. Neuron 2015; 88:1192-1207. [PMID: 26671461 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate using conditional mutagenesis that Pbx1, with and without Pbx2(+/-) sensitization, regulates regional identity and laminar patterning of the developing mouse neocortex in cortical progenitors (Emx1-Cre) and in newly generated neurons (Nex1-Cre). Pbx1/2 mutants have three salient molecular phenotypes of cortical regional and laminar organization: hypoplasia of the frontal cortex, ventral expansion of the dorsomedial cortex, and ventral expansion of Reelin expression in the cortical plate of the frontal cortex, concomitant with an inversion of cortical layering in the rostral cortex. Molecular analyses, including PBX ChIP-seq, provide evidence that PBX promotes frontal cortex identity by repressing genes that promote dorsocaudal fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Golonzhka
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Acetylon Pharmaceuticals, 70 Fargo Street, Suite 205, Boston, MA 02210, USA.
| | - Alex Nord
- Departments of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Paul L F Tang
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Susan Lindtner
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Athena R Ypsilanti
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Elisabetta Ferretti
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA; The Danish Stem Cell Center, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Axel Visel
- Genomics Division, MS 84-171, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA; School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Licia Selleri
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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33
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Bicks LK, Koike H, Akbarian S, Morishita H. Prefrontal Cortex and Social Cognition in Mouse and Man. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1805. [PMID: 26635701 PMCID: PMC4659895 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Social cognition is a complex process that requires the integration of a wide variety of behaviors, including salience, reward-seeking, motivation, knowledge of self and others, and flexibly adjusting behavior in social groups. Not surprisingly, social cognition represents a sensitive domain commonly disrupted in the pathology of a variety of psychiatric disorders including Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Schizophrenia (SCZ). Here, we discuss convergent research from animal models to human disease that implicates the prefrontal cortex (PFC) as a key regulator in social cognition, suggesting that disruptions in prefrontal microcircuitry play an essential role in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders with shared social deficits. We take a translational perspective of social cognition, and review three key behaviors that are essential to normal social processing in rodents and humans, including social motivation, social recognition, and dominance hierarchy. A shared prefrontal circuitry may underlie these behaviors. Social cognition deficits in animal models of neurodevelopmental disorders like ASD and SCZ have been linked to an altered balance of excitation and inhibition (E/I ratio) within the cortex generally, and PFC specifically. A clear picture of the mechanisms by which altered E/I ratio in the PFC might lead to disruptions of social cognition across a variety of behaviors is not well understood. Future studies should explore how disrupted developmental trajectory of prefrontal microcircuitry could lead to altered E/I balance and subsequent deficits in the social domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy K Bicks
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA ; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA ; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Koike
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA ; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA ; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA ; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
| | - Hirofumi Morishita
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA ; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA ; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
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34
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Migration Speed of Cajal-Retzius Cells Modulated by Vesicular Trafficking Controls the Size of Higher-Order Cortical Areas. Curr Biol 2015; 25:2466-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Ypsilanti AR, Rubenstein JLR. Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of early cortical development: An examination of how Pax6 coordinates cortical development. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:609-29. [PMID: 26304102 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of the cortex is an elaborate process that integrates a plethora of finely tuned molecular processes ranging from carefully regulated gradients of transcription factors, dynamic changes in the chromatin landscape, or formation of protein complexes to elicit and regulate transcription. Combined with cellular processes such as cell type specification, proliferation, differentiation, and migration, all of these developmental processes result in the establishment of an adult mammalian cortex with its typical lamination and regional patterning. By examining in-depth the role of one transcription factor, Pax6, on the regulation of cortical development, its integration in the regulation of chromatin state, and its regulation by cis-regulatory elements, we aim to demonstrate the importance of integrating each level of regulation in our understanding of cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athéna R Ypsilanti
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program, and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program, and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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36
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Cui Y, Liu B, Zhou Y, Fan L, Li J, Zhang Y, Wu H, Hou B, Wang C, Zheng F, Qiu C, Rao LL, Ning Y, Li S, Jiang T. Genetic Effects on Fine-Grained Human Cortical Regionalization. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:3732-43. [PMID: 26250778 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Various brain structural and functional features such as cytoarchitecture, topographic mapping, gyral/sulcal anatomy, and anatomical and functional connectivity have been used in human brain parcellation. However, the fine-grained intrinsic genetic architecture of the cortex remains unknown. In the present study, we parcellated specific regions of the cortex into subregions based on genetic correlations (i.e., shared genetic influences) between the surface area of each pair of cortical locations within the seed region. The genetic correlations were estimated by comparing the correlations of the surface area between monozygotic and dizygotic twins using bivariate twin models. Our genetic subdivisions of diverse brain regions were reproducible across 2 independent datasets and corresponded closely to fine-grained functional specializations. Furthermore, subregional genetic correlation profiles were generally consistent with functional connectivity patterns. Our findings indicate that the magnitude of the genetic covariance in brain anatomy could be used to delineate the boundaries of functional subregions of the brain and may be of value in the next generation human brain atlas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cui
- Brainnetome Center National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition
| | - Bing Liu
- Brainnetome Center National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lingzhong Fan
- Brainnetome Center National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition
| | - Jin Li
- Brainnetome Center National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Huawang Wu
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China Guangzhou Brain Hospital, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510370, China
| | - Bing Hou
- Brainnetome Center National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Fanfan Zheng
- Brainnetome Center National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition
| | - Chengxiang Qiu
- Brainnetome Center National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition
| | - Li-Lin Rao
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuping Ning
- Guangzhou Brain Hospital, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510370, China
| | - Shu Li
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Brainnetome Center National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
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37
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Hoch RV, Lindtner S, Price JD, Rubenstein JLR. OTX2 Transcription Factor Controls Regional Patterning within the Medial Ganglionic Eminence and Regional Identity of the Septum. Cell Rep 2015; 12:482-94. [PMID: 26166575 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Otx2 homeodomain transcription factor is essential for gastrulation and early neural development. We generated Otx2 conditional knockout (cKO) mice to investigate its roles in telencephalon development after neurulation (approximately embryonic day 9.0). We conducted transcriptional profiling and in situ hybridization to identify genes de-regulated in Otx2 cKO ventral forebrain. In parallel, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing to identify enhancer elements, the OTX2 binding motif, and de-regulated genes that are likely direct targets of OTX2 transcriptional regulation. We found that Otx2 was essential in septum specification, regulation of Fgf signaling in the rostral telencephalon, and medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) patterning, neurogenesis, and oligodendrogenesis. Within the MGE, Otx2 was required for ventral, but not dorsal, identity, thus controlling the production of specific MGE derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée V Hoch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Susan Lindtner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - James D Price
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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38
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Buchtova M, Chaloupkova R, Zakrzewska M, Vesela I, Cela P, Barathova J, Gudernova I, Zajickova R, Trantirek L, Martin J, Kostas M, Otlewski J, Damborsky J, Kozubik A, Wiedlocha A, Krejci P. Instability restricts signaling of multiple fibroblast growth factors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2445-59. [PMID: 25854632 PMCID: PMC11113989 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1856-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) deliver extracellular signals that govern many developmental and regenerative processes, but the mechanisms regulating FGF signaling remain incompletely understood. Here, we explored the relationship between intrinsic stability of FGF proteins and their biological activity for all 18 members of the FGF family. We report that FGF1, FGF3, FGF4, FGF6, FGF8, FGF9, FGF10, FGF16, FGF17, FGF18, FGF20, and FGF22 exist as unstable proteins, which are rapidly degraded in cell cultivation media. Biological activity of FGF1, FGF3, FGF4, FGF6, FGF8, FGF10, FGF16, FGF17, and FGF20 is limited by their instability, manifesting as failure to activate FGF receptor signal transduction over long periods of time, and influence specific cell behavior in vitro and in vivo. Stabilization via exogenous heparin binding, introduction of stabilizing mutations or lowering the cell cultivation temperature rescues signaling of unstable FGFs. Thus, the intrinsic ligand instability is an important elementary level of regulation in the FGF signaling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Buchtova
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Chaloupkova
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Iva Vesela
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Cela
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Barathova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Room A3/246, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Gudernova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Room A3/246, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Zajickova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Trantirek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge Martin
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Michal Kostas
- Department of Protein Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alois Kozubik
- Department of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Antoni Wiedlocha
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pavel Krejci
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Room A3/246, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA USA
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EphA4 Regulates the Balance between Self-Renewal and Differentiation of Radial Glial Cells and Intermediate Neuronal Precursors in Cooperation with FGF Signaling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126942. [PMID: 25978062 PMCID: PMC4433105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In mouse cerebral corticogenesis, neurons are generated from radial glial cells (RGCs) or from their immediate progeny, intermediate neuronal precursors (INPs). The balance between self-renewal of these neuronal precursors and specification of cell fate is critical for proper cortical development, but the signaling mechanisms that regulate this progression are poorly understood. EphA4, a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase superfamily, is expressed in RGCs during embryogenesis. To illuminate the function of EphA4 in RGC cell fate determination during early corticogenesis, we deleted Epha4 in cortical cells at E11.5 or E13.5. Loss of EphA4 at both stages led to precocious in vivo RGC differentiation toward neurogenesis. Cortical cells isolated at E14.5 and E15.5 from both deletion mutants showed reduced capacity for neurosphere formation with greater differentiation toward neurons. They also exhibited lower phosphorylation of ERK and FRS2α in the presence of FGF. The size of the cerebral cortex at P0 was smaller than that of controls when Epha4 was deleted at E11.5 but not when it was deleted at E13.5, although the cortical layers were formed normally in both mutants. The number of PAX6-positive RGCs decreased at later developmental stages only in the E11.5 Epha4 deletion mutant. These results suggest that EphA4, in cooperation with an FGF signal, contributes to the maintenance of RGC self-renewal and repression of RGC differentiation through the neuronal lineage. This function of EphA4 is especially critical and uncompensated in early stages of corticogenesis, and thus deletion at E11.5 reduces the size of the neonatal cortex.
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. The Fibroblast Growth Factor signaling pathway. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:215-66. [PMID: 25772309 PMCID: PMC4393358 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1327] [Impact Index Per Article: 147.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The signaling component of the mammalian Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) family is comprised of eighteen secreted proteins that interact with four signaling tyrosine kinase FGF receptors (FGFRs). Interaction of FGF ligands with their signaling receptors is regulated by protein or proteoglycan cofactors and by extracellular binding proteins. Activated FGFRs phosphorylate specific tyrosine residues that mediate interaction with cytosolic adaptor proteins and the RAS-MAPK, PI3K-AKT, PLCγ, and STAT intracellular signaling pathways. Four structurally related intracellular non-signaling FGFs interact with and regulate the family of voltage gated sodium channels. Members of the FGF family function in the earliest stages of embryonic development and during organogenesis to maintain progenitor cells and mediate their growth, differentiation, survival, and patterning. FGFs also have roles in adult tissues where they mediate metabolic functions, tissue repair, and regeneration, often by reactivating developmental signaling pathways. Consistent with the presence of FGFs in almost all tissues and organs, aberrant activity of the pathway is associated with developmental defects that disrupt organogenesis, impair the response to injury, and result in metabolic disorders, and cancer. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, USA
- *
Correspondence to:
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto UniversitySakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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41
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Hoch RV, Clarke JA, Rubenstein JLR. Fgf signaling controls the telencephalic distribution of Fgf-expressing progenitors generated in the rostral patterning center. Neural Dev 2015; 10:8. [PMID: 25889070 PMCID: PMC4416298 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-015-0037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The rostral patterning center (RPC) secretes multiple fibroblast growth factors (Fgfs) essential for telencephalon growth and patterning. Fgf expression patterns suggest that they mark functionally distinct RPC subdomains. We generated Fgf8CreER and Fgf17CreER mice and used them to analyze the lineages of Fgf8- versus Fgf17-expressing RPC cells. Results Both lineages contributed to medial structures of the rostroventral telencephalon structures including the septum and medial prefrontral cortex. In addition, RPC-derived progenitors were observed in other regions of the early telencephalic neuroepithelium and generated neurons in the olfactory bulb, neocortex, and basal ganglia. Surprisingly, Fgf8+ RPC progenitors generated the majority of basal ganglia cholinergic neurons. Compared to the Fgf8 lineage, the Fgf17 lineage was more restricted in its early dispersion and its contributions to the telencephalon. Mutant studies suggested that Fgf8 and Fgf17 restrict spread of RPC progenitor subpopulations. Conclusions We identified the RPC as an important source of progenitors that contribute broadly to the telencephalon and found that two molecularly distinct progenitor subtypes in the RPC make different contributions to the developing forebrain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13064-015-0037-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée V Hoch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 1550 4th Street, UCSF MC 2611, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA. .,Current address: PLOS, 1160 Battery Street, San Francisco, CA, 94111, USA.
| | - Jeffrey A Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 1550 4th Street, UCSF MC 2611, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 1550 4th Street, UCSF MC 2611, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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Azzarelli R, Hardwick LJA, Philpott A. Emergence of neuronal diversity from patterning of telencephalic progenitors. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:197-214. [PMID: 25619507 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
During central nervous system (CNS) development, hundreds of distinct neuronal subtypes are generated from a single layer of multipotent neuroepithelial progenitor cells. Within the rostral CNS, initial regionalization of the telencephalon marks the territories where the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia originate. Subsequent refinement of the primary structures determines the formation of domains of differential gene expression, where distinct fate-restricted progenitors are located. To understand how diversification of neural progenitors and neurons is achieved in the telencephalon, it is important to address early and late patterning events in this context. In particular, important questions include: How does the telencephalon become specified and regionalized along the major spatial axes? Within each region, are the differences in neuronal subtypes established at the progenitor level or at the postmitotic stage? If distinct progenitors exist that are committed to subtype-specific neuronal lineages, how does the diversification emerge? What is the contribution of positional and temporal cues and how is this information integrated into the intrinsic programs of cell identity? WIREs For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Azzarelli
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
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43
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Kask K, Ruisu K, Tikker L, Karis K, Saare M, Meier R, Karis A, Tõnissoo T, Pooga M. Deletion of RIC8A in neural precursor cells leads to altered neurogenesis and neonatal lethality of mouse. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 75:984-1002. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiu Kask
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Katrin Ruisu
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Laura Tikker
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Kirstin Karis
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Merly Saare
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Riho Meier
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Alar Karis
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Tambet Tõnissoo
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Margus Pooga
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
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Smith KM, Maragnoli ME, Phull PM, Tran KM, Choubey L, Vaccarino FM. Fgfr1 inactivation in the mouse telencephalon results in impaired maturation of interneurons expressing parvalbumin. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103696. [PMID: 25116473 PMCID: PMC4130531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (Fgfs) and their receptors (Fgfr) are expressed in the developing and adult CNS. Previous studies demonstrated a decrease in cortical interneurons and locomotor hyperactivity in mice with a conditional Fgfr1 deletion generated in radial glial cells during midneurogenesis (Fgfr1f/f;hGfapCre+). Here, we report earlier and more extensive inactivation of Fgfr1 in neuroepithelial cells of the CNS (Fgfr1f/f;NesCre+). Similar to findings in Fgfr1f/f;hGfapCre+ mice, parvalbumin positive (PV+) cortical interneurons are also decreased in the neocortex of Fgfr1f/f;NesCre+ mice when compared to control littermates (Fgfr1f/f). Fgfr1f/f;NesCre+ embryos do not differ from controls in the initial specification of GABAergic cells in the ganglionic eminence (GE) as assessed by in situ hybridization for Dlx2, Mash1 and Nkx2. Equal numbers of GABAergic neuron precursors genetically labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP) were observed at P0 in Fgfr1f/f;hGfapCre+;Gad1-GFP mutant mice. However, fewer GFP+ and GFP+/PV+ interneurons were observed in these mutants at adulthood, indicating that a decrease in cortical interneuron markers is occurring postnatally. Fgfr1 is expressed in cortical astrocytes in the postnatal brain. To test whether the astrocytes of mice lacking Fgfr1 are less capable of supporting interneurons, we co-cultured wild type Gad1-GFP+ interneuron precursors isolated from the medial GE (MGE) with astrocytes from Fgfr1f/f control or Fgfr1f/f;hGfapCre+ mice. Interneurons grown on Fgfr1 deficient astrocytes had small soma size and fewer neurites per cell, but no differences in cell survival. Decreased soma size of Gad67 immunopositive interneurons was also observed in the cortex of adult Fgfr1f/f;NesCre+ mice. Our data indicate that astrocytes from Fgfr1 mutants are impaired in supporting the maturation of cortical GABAergic neurons in the postnatal period. This model may elucidate potential mechanisms of impaired PV interneuron maturation relevant to neuropsychiatric disorders that develop in childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Müller Smith
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | | | - Pooja M. Phull
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Kathy May Tran
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Lisha Choubey
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Flora M. Vaccarino
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Caronia-Brown G, Yoshida M, Gulden F, Assimacopoulos S, Grove EA. The cortical hem regulates the size and patterning of neocortex. Development 2014; 141:2855-65. [PMID: 24948604 DOI: 10.1242/dev.106914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The cortical hem, a source of Wingless-related (WNT) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in the dorsomedial telencephalon, is the embryonic organizer for the hippocampus. Whether the hem is a major regulator of cortical patterning outside the hippocampus has not been investigated. We examined regional organization across the entire cerebral cortex in mice genetically engineered to lack the hem. Indicating that the hem regulates dorsoventral patterning in the cortical hemisphere, the neocortex, particularly dorsomedial neocortex, was reduced in size in late-stage hem-ablated embryos, whereas cortex ventrolateral to the neocortex expanded dorsally. Unexpectedly, hem ablation also perturbed regional patterning along the rostrocaudal axis of neocortex. Rostral neocortical domains identified by characteristic gene expression were expanded, and caudal domains diminished. A similar shift occurs when fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 8 is increased at the rostral telencephalic organizer, yet the FGF8 source was unchanged in hem-ablated brains. Rather we found that hem WNT or BMP signals, or both, have opposite effects to those of FGF8 in regulating transcription factors that control the size and position of neocortical areas. When the hem is ablated a necessary balance is perturbed, and cerebral cortex is rostralized. Our findings reveal a much broader role for the hem in cortical development than previously recognized, and emphasize that two major signaling centers interact antagonistically to pattern cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michio Yoshida
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Forrest Gulden
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth A Grove
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Williams AJ, Umemori H. The best-laid plans go oft awry: synaptogenic growth factor signaling in neuropsychiatric disease. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2014; 6:4. [PMID: 24672476 PMCID: PMC3957327 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2014.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth factors play important roles in synapse formation. Mouse models of neuropsychiatric diseases suggest that defects in synaptogenic growth factors, their receptors, and signaling pathways can lead to disordered neural development and various behavioral phenotypes, including anxiety, memory problems, and social deficits. Genetic association studies in humans have found evidence for similar relationships between growth factor signaling pathways and neuropsychiatric phenotypes. Accumulating data suggest that dysfunction in neuronal circuitry, caused by defects in growth factor-mediated synapse formation, contributes to the susceptibility to multiple neuropsychiatric diseases, including epilepsy, autism, and disorders of thought and mood (e.g., schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, respectively). In this review, we will focus on how specific synaptogenic growth factors and their downstream signaling pathways might be involved in the development of neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aislinn J Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hisashi Umemori
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital Boston, MA, USA
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47
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A BMP-FGF morphogen toggle switch drives the ultrasensitive expression of multiple genes in the developing forebrain. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003463. [PMID: 24550718 PMCID: PMC3923663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Borders are important as they demarcate developing tissue into distinct functional units. A key challenge is the discovery of mechanisms that can convert morphogen gradients into tissue borders. While mechanisms that produce ultrasensitive cellular responses provide a solution, how extracellular morphogens drive such mechanisms remains poorly understood. Here, we show how Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) and Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) pathways interact to generate ultrasensitivity and borders in the dorsal telencephalon. BMP and FGF signaling manipulations in explants produced border defects suggestive of cross inhibition within single cells, which was confirmed in dissociated cultures. Using mathematical modeling, we designed experiments that ruled out alternative cross inhibition mechanisms and identified a cross-inhibitory positive feedback (CIPF) mechanism, or "toggle switch", which acts upstream of transcriptional targets in dorsal telencephalic cells. CIPF explained several cellular phenomena important for border formation such as threshold tuning, ultrasensitivity, and hysteresis. CIPF explicitly links graded morphogen signaling in the telencephalon to switch-like cellular responses and has the ability to form multiple borders and scale pattern to size. These benefits may apply to other developmental systems.
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48
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Alfano C, Magrinelli E, Harb K, Studer M. The nuclear receptors COUP-TF: a long-lasting experience in forebrain assembly. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:43-62. [PMID: 23525662 PMCID: PMC11114017 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1320-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factors (COUP-TFs) are nuclear receptors belonging to the superfamily of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptors. Members of this family are internalized to the nucleus both in a ligand-dependent or -independent manner and act as strong transcriptional regulators by binding to the DNA of their target genes. COUP-TFs are defined as orphan receptors, since ligands regulating their activity have not so far been identified. From the very beginning of metazoan evolution, these molecules have been involved in various key events during embryonic development and organogenesis. In this review, we will mainly focus on their function during development and maturation of the central nervous system, which has been well characterized in various animal classes ranging from ctenophores to mammals. We will start by introducing the current knowledge on COUP-TF mechanisms of action and then focus our discussion on the crucial processes underlying forebrain ontogenesis, with special emphasis on mammalian development. Finally, the conserved roles of COUP-TFs along phylogenesis will be highlighted, and some hypotheses, worth exploring in future years to gain more insight into the mechanisms controlled by these factors, will be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Alfano
- Institute of Biology Valrose, iBV, UMR INSERM1091/CNRS7277/UNS, 06108 Nice, France
- University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UFR Sciences, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Elia Magrinelli
- Institute of Biology Valrose, iBV, UMR INSERM1091/CNRS7277/UNS, 06108 Nice, France
- University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UFR Sciences, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Kawssar Harb
- Institute of Biology Valrose, iBV, UMR INSERM1091/CNRS7277/UNS, 06108 Nice, France
- University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UFR Sciences, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Michèle Studer
- Institute of Biology Valrose, iBV, UMR INSERM1091/CNRS7277/UNS, 06108 Nice, France
- University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UFR Sciences, 06108 Nice, France
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49
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Greig LC, Woodworth MB, Galazo MJ, Padmanabhan H, Macklis JD. Molecular logic of neocortical projection neuron specification, development and diversity. Nat Rev Neurosci 2013; 14:755-69. [PMID: 24105342 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 576] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The sophisticated circuitry of the neocortex is assembled from a diverse repertoire of neuronal subtypes generated during development under precise molecular regulation. In recent years, several key controls over the specification and differentiation of neocortical projection neurons have been identified. This work provides substantial insight into the 'molecular logic' underlying cortical development and increasingly supports a model in which individual progenitor-stage and postmitotic regulators are embedded within highly interconnected networks that gate sequential developmental decisions. Here, we provide an integrative account of the molecular controls that direct the progressive development and delineation of subtype and area identity of neocortical projection neurons.
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50
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Klemenhagen KC, O’Brien SP, Brody DL. Repetitive concussive traumatic brain injury interacts with post-injury foot shock stress to worsen social and depression-like behavior in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74510. [PMID: 24058581 PMCID: PMC3776826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The debilitating effects of repetitive concussive traumatic brain injury (rcTBI) have been increasingly recognized in both military and civilian populations. rcTBI may result in significant neurological, cognitive, and affective sequelae, and is often followed by physical and/or psychological post-injury stressors that may exacerbate the effects of the injury and prolong the recovery period for injured patients. However, the consequences of post-injury stressors and their subsequent effects on social and emotional behavior in the context of rcTBI have been relatively little studied in animal models. Here, we use a mouse model of rcTBI with two closed-skull blunt impacts 24 hours apart and social and emotional behavior testing to examine the consequences of a stressor (foot shock fear conditioning) following brain injury (rcTBI). rcTBI alone did not affect cued or contextual fear conditioning or extinction compared to uninjured sham animals. In the sucrose preference test, rcTBI animals had decreased preference for sucrose, an anhedonia-like behavior, regardless of whether they experienced foot shock stress or were non-shocked controls. However, rcTBI and post-injury foot shock stress had synergistic effects in tests of social recognition and depression-like behavior. In the social recognition test, animals with both injury and shock were more impaired than either non-shocked injured mice or shocked but uninjured mice. In the tail suspension test, injured mice had increased depression-like behavior compared with uninjured mice, and shock stress worsened the depression-like behavior only in the injured mice with no effect in the uninjured mice. These results provide a model of subtle emotional behavioral deficits after combined concussive brain injury and stress, and may provide a platform for testing treatment and prevention strategies for social behavior deficits and mood disorders that are tailored to patients with traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen C. Klemenhagen
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Scott P. O’Brien
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David L. Brody
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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