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Neri P, Leblay N, Lee H, Gulla A, Bahlis NJ, Anderson KC. Just scratching the surface: novel treatment approaches for multiple myeloma targeting cell membrane proteins. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2024; 21:590-609. [PMID: 38961233 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-024-00913-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
A better understanding of the roles of the adaptive and innate immune systems in the oncogenesis of cancers including multiple myeloma (MM) has led to the development of novel immune-based therapies. B cell maturation antigen (BCMA), G protein-coupled receptor family C group 5 member D (GPRC5D) and Fc receptor-like protein 5 (FcRL5, also known as FcRH5) are cell-surface transmembrane proteins expressed by plasma cells, and have been identified as prominent immunotherapeutic targets in MM, with promising activity demonstrated in patients with heavily pretreated relapsed and/or refractory disease. Indeed, since 2020, antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific T cell engagers and autologous chimeric antigen receptor T cells targeting BCMA or GPRC5D have been approved for the treatment of relapsed and/or refractory MM. However, responses to these therapies are not universal, and acquired resistance invariably occurs. In this Review, we discuss the various immunotherapeutic approaches targeting BCMA, GPRC5D and FcRL5 that are currently either available or in clinical development for patients with MM. We also review the mechanisms underlying resistance to such therapies, and discuss potential strategies to overcome these mechanisms and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Neri
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Noémie Leblay
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Holly Lee
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Annamaria Gulla
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Nizar J Bahlis
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kenneth C Anderson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Zhu L, Wong YH, Wong SSH, Cheung SCY, Sher JKH, Yam IYL, Yung S, Chan TM, Yap DYH. Alterations in exhausted and classical memory B cells in lupus nephritis - Relationship with disease relapse. Clin Immunol 2024; 265:110284. [PMID: 38878808 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION B cell exhaustion is a functional abnormality of B lymphocytes observed in chronic infections and shows association with autoreactivity. The role of exhausted and classical memory B cells in maintaining disease stability of lupus nephritis (LN) remains unclear. METHODS We measured classical memory (CD19+CD21+CD27+), exhausted B cells (CD19+CD21-CD27-), and related cytokines in LN patients with multiple relapses (MR) (n = 15) and no relapse (NR) (n = 15) during disease remission. The expression of inhibitory/adhesion molecules, cell proliferation and calcium mobilization in classical memory and exhausted B cells were also assessed. RESULTS The MR group had higher proportion of circulating exhausted and classical memory B cells compared to the NR group and healthy controls (HC) (p all <0.05 for MR vs. NR or HC). Blood levels of IL-6, BAFF, IL-21, CD62L, CXCR3 and Siglec-6 were all higher in the MR group (p < 0.05, for all). Exhausted B cells from the MR group showed higher FcRL4, CD22, CD85j and CD183 but lower CD62L expression than NR and HC groups. Exhausted B cells from MR patients exhibited reduced proliferation compared to NR patients and HC, while classical memory B cell proliferation in MR group was higher than the other two groups. Exhausted B cells from both MR and NR patients showed impaired calcium mobilization. CONCLUSION Alterations in exhausted and classical memory B cells are related to disease relapse in LN. These findings may help devise new strategies for monitoring disease activity and preventing relapse in LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litong Zhu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yick Hei Wong
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sunny S H Wong
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon C Y Cheung
- Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jason K H Sher
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Irene Y L Yam
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Susan Yung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tak Mao Chan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Desmond Y H Yap
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Giron LB, Liu Q, Adeniji OS, Yin X, Kannan T, Ding J, Lu DY, Langan S, Zhang J, Azevedo JLLC, Li SH, Shalygin S, Azadi P, Hanna DB, Ofotokun I, Lazar J, Fischl MA, Haberlen S, Macatangay B, Adimora AA, Jamieson BD, Rinaldo C, Merenstein D, Roan NR, Kutsch O, Gange S, Wolinsky SM, Witt MD, Post WS, Kossenkov A, Landay AL, Frank I, Tien PC, Gross R, Brown TT, Abdel-Mohsen M. Immunoglobulin G N-glycan markers of accelerated biological aging during chronic HIV infection. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3035. [PMID: 38600088 PMCID: PMC11006954 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
People living with HIV (PLWH) experience increased vulnerability to premature aging and inflammation-associated comorbidities, even when HIV replication is suppressed by antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, the factors associated with this vulnerability remain uncertain. In the general population, alterations in the N-glycans on IgGs trigger inflammation and precede the onset of aging-associated diseases. Here, we investigate the IgG N-glycans in cross-sectional and longitudinal samples from 1214 women and men, living with and without HIV. PLWH exhibit an accelerated accumulation of pro-aging-associated glycan alterations and heightened expression of senescence-associated glycan-degrading enzymes compared to controls. These alterations correlate with elevated markers of inflammation and the severity of comorbidities, potentially preceding the development of such comorbidities. Mechanistically, HIV-specific antibodies glycoengineered with these alterations exhibit a reduced ability to elicit anti-HIV Fc-mediated immune activities. These findings hold potential for the development of biomarkers and tools to identify and prevent premature aging and comorbidities in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qin Liu
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - David Y Lu
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Shuk Hang Li
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Igho Ofotokun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jason Lazar
- SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Margaret A Fischl
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nadia R Roan
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Olaf Kutsch
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | | | - Mallory D Witt
- Lundquist Institute of Biomedical Research at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ian Frank
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Phyllis C Tien
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert Gross
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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4
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Niemand RR, Stafford JL. Counteracting immunotyrosine-based signaling motifs augment zebrafish leukocyte immune-type receptor-mediated phagocytic activity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 153:105121. [PMID: 38135021 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.105121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte immune-type receptors (LITRs) represent a polymorphic and polygenic family of immunoregulatory proteins originally discovered in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus; IpLITRs). Belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF), IpLITRs are generally classified as stimulatory or inhibitory types based on their utilization of various intracellular tyrosine-based signaling motifs. While research has shown that IpLITRs can activate as well as abrogate different immune cell effector responses including phagocytosis, recent identification of LITRs within the zebrafish genome (Danio rerio; DrLITRs) revealed the existence of fish LITR-types uniquely containing counteracting stimulatory and inhibitory cytoplasmic tail (CYT) region motifs (i.e., an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif; ITAM, and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif; ITIM) within the same receptor. This arrangement is unusual as these motifs typically exist on separate stimulatory (i.e., ITAM-containing) or inhibitory (i.e., ITIM-containing) immunoregulatory receptors that then co-engage to fine-tune cellular signaling and effector responses. Using a flow cytometric-based phagocytosis assay, we show here that engagement of DrLITR 1.2-expressing cells with antibody coated 4.5 μm beads causes a robust ITAM-dependent phagocytic response and reveal that its tandem ITIM motif surprisingly enhances the DrLITR 1.2-induced phagocytic activity while simultaneously decreasing the receptors ability to bind the beads. Confocal microscopy studies also revealed that the ITIM-associated inhibitory signaling molecule SHP-2 is localized to the phagocytic synapse during the phagocytic response. Overall, these results provide the first functional characterization of teleost immune receptors containing a tandem ITAM and ITIM and allow for the proposal of an intracytoplasmic tail signaling model for ITIM-mediated enhancement of ITAM-dependent cellular activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikus R Niemand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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5
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Bryushkova EA, Mushenkova NV, Turchaninova MA, Lukyanov DK, Chudakov DM, Serebrovskaya EO. B cell clonality in cancer. Semin Immunol 2024; 72:101874. [PMID: 38508089 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2024.101874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Carcinogenesis in the process of long-term co-evolution of tumor cells and immune environment essentially becomes possible due to incorrect decisions made, remembered, and reproduced by the immune system at the level of clonal populations of antigen-specific T- and B-lymphocytes. Tumor-immunity interaction determines the nature of such errors and, consequently, delineates the possible ways of successful immunotherapeutic intervention. It is generally recognized that tumor-infiltrating B cells (TIL-B) can play both pro-tumor and anti-tumor roles. However, the exact mechanisms that determine the contribution of clonal B cell lineages with different specificities and functions remain largely unclear. This is due to the variability of cancer types, the molecular heterogeneity of tumor cells, and, to a large extent, the individual pattern of each immune response. Further progress requires detailed investigation of the functional properties and phenotypes of clonally heterogeneous B cells in relation to their antigenic specificities, which determine the functionality of both effector B lymphocytes and immunoglobulins produced in the tumor environment. Based on a real understanding of the role of clonal antigen-specific populations of B lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment, we need to learn how to develop new methods of targeted immunotherapy, as well as adapt existing treatment options to the specific needs of different patients and patient subgroups. In this review, we will cover B cells functional diversity and their multifaceted roles in the tumor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Bryushkova
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia; Department of Molecular Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - N V Mushenkova
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Unicorn Capital Partners, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Turchaninova
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - D K Lukyanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia; Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - D M Chudakov
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia; Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia; Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - E O Serebrovskaya
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia; Current position: Miltenyi Biotec B.V. & Co. KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
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6
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Al-Aubodah TA, Aoudjit L, Pascale G, Perinpanayagam MA, Langlais D, Bitzan M, Samuel SM, Piccirillo CA, Takano T. The extrafollicular B cell response is a hallmark of childhood idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7682. [PMID: 37996443 PMCID: PMC10667257 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43504-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of the B cell-targeting drug rituximab (RTX) in childhood idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) suggests that B cells may be implicated in disease pathogenesis. However, B cell characterization in children with INS remains limited. Here, using single-cell RNA sequencing, we demonstrate that a B cell transcriptional program poised for effector functions represents the major immune perturbation in blood samples from children with active INS. This transcriptional profile was associated with an extrafollicular B cell response marked by the expansion of atypical B cells (atBCs), marginal zone-like B cells, and antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). Flow cytometry of blood from 13 children with active INS and 24 healthy donors confirmed the presence of an extrafollicular B cell response denoted by the expansion of proliferating RTX-sensitive extrafollicular (CXCR5-) CD21low T-bet+ CD11c+ atBCs and short-lived T-bet+ ASCs in INS. Together, our study provides evidence for an extrafollicular origin for humoral immunity in active INS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tho-Alfakar Al-Aubodah
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Lamine Aoudjit
- Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Pascale
- Division of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maneka A Perinpanayagam
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David Langlais
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University Genome Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Martin Bitzan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Kidney Centre of Excellence, Al Jalila Children's Hospital, and Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, UAE
| | - Susan M Samuel
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ciriaco A Piccirillo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Tomoko Takano
- Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- Division of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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7
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Ono C, Tanaka S, Myouzen K, Iwasaki T, Ueda M, Oda Y, Yamamoto K, Kochi Y, Baba Y. Upregulated Fcrl5 disrupts B cell anergy and causes autoimmune disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1276014. [PMID: 37841260 PMCID: PMC10569490 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1276014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell anergy plays a critical role in maintaining self-tolerance by inhibiting autoreactive B cell activation to prevent autoimmune diseases. Here, we demonstrated that Fc receptor-like 5 (Fcrl5) upregulation contributes to autoimmune disease pathogenesis by disrupting B cell anergy. Fcrl5-a gene whose homologs are associated with human autoimmune diseases-is highly expressed in age/autoimmunity-associated B cells (ABCs), an autoreactive B cell subset. By generating B cell-specific Fcrl5 transgenic mice, we demonstrated that Fcrl5 overexpression in B cells caused systemic autoimmunity with age. Additionally, Fcrl5 upregulation in B cells exacerbated the systemic lupus erythematosus-like disease model. Furthermore, an increase in Fcrl5 expression broke B cell anergy and facilitated toll-like receptor signaling. Thus, Fcrl5 is a potential regulator of B cell-mediated autoimmunity by regulating B cell anergy. This study provides important insights into the role of Fcrl5 in breaking B cell anergy and its effect on the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Ono
- Division of Immunology and Genome Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinya Tanaka
- Division of Immunology and Genome Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiko Myouzen
- Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwasaki
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mahoko Ueda
- Department of Genomic Function and Diversity, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuta Kochi
- Department of Genomic Function and Diversity, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Baba
- Division of Immunology and Genome Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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8
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Mamidi MK, Huang J, Honjo K, Li R, Tabengwa EM, Neeli I, Randall NL, Ponnuchetty MV, Radic M, Leu CM, Davis RS. FCRL1 immunoregulation in B cell development and malignancy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1251127. [PMID: 37822931 PMCID: PMC10562807 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1251127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic targeting of surface regulatory proteins and pharmacologic inhibition of critical signaling pathways has dramatically shifted our approach to the care of individuals with B cell malignancies. This evolution in therapy reflects the central role of the B cell receptor (BCR) signaling complex and its co-receptors in the pathogenesis of B lineage leukemias and lymphomas. Members of the Fc receptor-like gene family (FCRL1-6) encode cell surface receptors with complex tyrosine-based regulation that are preferentially expressed by B cells. Among them, FCRL1 expression peaks on naïve and memory B cells and is unique in terms of its intracellular co-activation potential. Recent studies in human and mouse models indicate that FCRL1 contributes to the formation of the BCR signalosome, modulates B cell signaling, and promotes humoral responses. Progress in understanding its regulatory properties, along with evidence for its over-expression by mature B cell leukemias and lymphomas, collectively imply important yet unmet opportunities for FCRL1 in B cell development and transformation. Here we review recent advances in FCRL1 biology and highlight its emerging significance as a promising biomarker and therapeutic target in B cell lymphoproliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali K. Mamidi
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jifeng Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kazuhito Honjo
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Edlue M. Tabengwa
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Indira Neeli
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Nar’asha L. Randall
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Manasa V. Ponnuchetty
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Marko Radic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Chuen-Miin Leu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming ChiaoTung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Randall S. Davis
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Departments of Microbiology, and Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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9
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Chung MKY, Gong L, Kwong DL, Lee VH, Lee AW, Guan X, Kam N, Dai W. Functions of double-negative B cells in autoimmune diseases, infections, and cancers. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e17341. [PMID: 37272217 PMCID: PMC10493577 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202217341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most mature B cells can be divided into four subtypes based on the expression of the surface markers IgD and CD27: IgD+ CD27- naïve B cells, IgD+ CD27+ unswitched memory B cells, IgD- CD27+ switched memory B cells, and IgD- CD27- double-negative (DN) B cells. Despite their small population size in normal peripheral blood, DN B cells play integral roles in various diseases. For example, they generate autoimmunity in autoimmune conditions, while these cells may generate both autoimmune and antipathogenic responses in COVID-19, or act in a purely antipathogenic capacity in malaria. Recently, DN B cells have been identified in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and non-small-cell lung cancers, where they may play an immunosuppressive role. The distinct functions that DN B cells play in different diseases suggest that they are a heterogeneous B-cell population. Therefore, further study of the mechanisms underlying the involvement of DN B cells in these diseases is essential for understanding their pathogenesis and the development of therapeutic strategies. Further research is thus warranted to characterize the DN B-cell population in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael King Yung Chung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong
| | - Lanqi Gong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Cancer Metastasis and Personalized TherapyThe University of Hong Kong‐Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenChina
| | - Dora Lai‐Wan Kwong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Cancer Metastasis and Personalized TherapyThe University of Hong Kong‐Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenChina
| | - Victor Ho‐Fun Lee
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Cancer Metastasis and Personalized TherapyThe University of Hong Kong‐Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenChina
| | - Ann Wing‐Mui Lee
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Cancer Metastasis and Personalized TherapyThe University of Hong Kong‐Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenChina
| | - Xin‐Yuan Guan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Cancer Metastasis and Personalized TherapyThe University of Hong Kong‐Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenChina
| | - Ngar‐Woon Kam
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyHong Kong (SAR)China
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongHong Kong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Cancer Metastasis and Personalized TherapyThe University of Hong Kong‐Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenChina
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10
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Zurbuchen Y, Michler J, Taeschler P, Adamo S, Cervia C, Raeber ME, Acar IE, Nilsson J, Warnatz K, Soyka MB, Moor AE, Boyman O. Human memory B cells show plasticity and adopt multiple fates upon recall response to SARS-CoV-2. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:955-965. [PMID: 37106039 PMCID: PMC10232369 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01497-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The B cell response to different pathogens uses tailored effector mechanisms and results in functionally specialized memory B (Bm) cell subsets, including CD21+ resting, CD21-CD27+ activated and CD21-CD27- Bm cells. The interrelatedness between these Bm cell subsets remains unknown. Here we showed that single severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-specific Bm cell clones showed plasticity upon antigen rechallenge in previously exposed individuals. CD21- Bm cells were the predominant subsets during acute infection and early after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-specific immunization. At months 6 and 12 post-infection, CD21+ resting Bm cells were the major Bm cell subset in the circulation and were also detected in peripheral lymphoid organs, where they carried tissue residency markers. Tracking of individual B cell clones by B cell receptor sequencing revealed that previously fated Bm cell clones could redifferentiate upon antigen rechallenge into other Bm cell subsets, including CD21-CD27- Bm cells, demonstrating that single Bm cell clones can adopt functionally different trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Zurbuchen
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Michler
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Taeschler
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Adamo
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Cervia
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miro E Raeber
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilhan E Acar
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael B Soyka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas E Moor
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Onur Boyman
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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11
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Cottignies-Calamarte A, Tudor D, Bomsel M. Antibody Fc-chimerism and effector functions: When IgG takes advantage of IgA. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1037033. [PMID: 36817447 PMCID: PMC9933243 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1037033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the development of therapeutic antibodies (Abs) have greatly improved the treatment of otherwise drug-resistant cancers and autoimmune diseases. Antibody activities are mediated by both their Fab and the Fc. However, therapeutic Abs base their protective mechanisms on Fc-mediated effector functions resulting in the activation of innate immune cells by FcRs. Therefore, Fc-bioengineering has been widely used to maximise the efficacy and convenience of therapeutic antibodies. Today, IgG remains the only commercially available therapeutic Abs, at the expense of other isotypes. Indeed, production, sampling, analysis and related in vivo studies are easier to perform with IgG than with IgA due to well-developed tools. However, interest in IgA is growing, despite a shorter serum half-life and a more difficult sampling and purification methods than IgG. Indeed, the paradigm that the effector functions of IgG surpass those of IgA has been experimentally challenged. Firstly, IgA has been shown to bind to its Fc receptor (FcR) on effector cells of innate immunity with greater efficiency than IgG, resulting in more robust IgA-mediated effector functions in vitro and better survival of treated animals. In addition, the two isotypes have been shown to act synergistically. From these results, new therapeutic formats of Abs are currently emerging, in particular chimeric Abs containing two tandemly expressed Fc, one from IgG (Fcγ) and one from IgA (Fcα). By binding both FcγR and FcαR on effector cells, these new chimeras showed improved effector functions in vitro that were translated in vivo. Furthermore, these chimeras retain an IgG-like half-life in the blood, which could improve Ab-based therapies, including in AIDS. This review provides the rationale, based on the biology of IgA and IgG, for the development of Fcγ and Fcα chimeras as therapeutic Abs, offering promising opportunities for HIV-1 infected patients. We will first describe the main features of the IgA- and IgG-specific Fc-mediated signalling pathways and their respective functional differences. We will then summarise the very promising results on Fcγ and Fcα containing chimeras in cancer treatment. Finally, we will discuss the impact of Fcα-Fcγ chimerism in prevention/treatment strategies against infectious diseases such as HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Cottignies-Calamarte
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Daniela Tudor
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Morgane Bomsel
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
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12
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Castleman MJ, Stumpf MM, Therrien NR, Smith MJ, Lesteberg KE, Palmer BE, Maloney JP, Janssen WJ, Mould KJ, Beckham JD, Pelanda R, Torres RM. Autoantibodies elicited with SARS-CoV-2 infection are linked to alterations in double negative B cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:988125. [PMID: 36131937 PMCID: PMC9484582 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.988125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Double negative (DN) B cells (CD27-IgD-) comprise a heterogenous population of DN1, DN2, and the recently described DN3 and DN4 subsets. In autoimmune disease, DN2 cells are reported to be precursors to autoreactive antibody secreting cells and expansion of DN2 cells is linked to elevated interferon levels. Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by elevated systemic levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and serum autoantibodies and expansion of the DN2 subset in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection has been reported. However, the activation status, functional capacity and contribution to virally-induced autoantibody production by DN subsets is not established. Here, we validate the finding that severe SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with a reduction in the frequency of DN1 cells coinciding with an increase in the frequency of DN2 and DN3 cells. We further demonstrate that with severe viral infection DN subsets are at a heightened level of activation, display changes in immunoglobulin class isotype frequency and have functional BCR signaling. Increases in overall systemic inflammation (CRP), as well as specific pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, IFNγ, IL-1β), significantly correlate with the skewing of DN1, DN2 and DN3 subsets during severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Importantly, the reduction in DN1 cell frequency and expansion of the DN3 population during severe infection significantly correlates with increased levels of serum autoantibodies. Thus, systemic inflammation during SARS-CoV-2 infection drives changes in Double Negative subset frequency, likely impacting their contribution to generation of autoreactive antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moriah J. Castleman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Megan M. Stumpf
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Nicholas R. Therrien
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Mia J. Smith
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kelsey E. Lesteberg
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Brent E. Palmer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - James P. Maloney
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - William J. Janssen
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kara J. Mould
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - J. David Beckham
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans affairs (VA), Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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13
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Song L, Ouyang Z, Cohen D, Cao Y, Altreuter J, Bai G, Hu X, Livak KJ, Li H, Tang M, Li B, Shirley Liu X. Comprehensive Characterizations of Immune Receptor Repertoire in Tumors and Cancer Immunotherapy Studies. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:788-799. [PMID: 35605261 PMCID: PMC9299271 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We applied our computational algorithm TRUST4 to assemble immune receptor (T-cell receptor/B-cell receptor) repertoires from approximately 12,000 RNA sequencing samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas and seven immunotherapy studies. From over 35 million assembled complete complementary-determining region 3 sequences, we observed that the expression of CCL5 and MZB1 is the most positively correlated genes with T-cell clonal expansion and B-cell clonal expansion, respectively. We analyzed amino acid evolution during B-cell receptor somatic hypermutation and identified tyrosine as the preferred residue. We found that IgG1+IgG3 antibodies together with FcRn were associated with complement-dependent cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or phagocytosis. In addition to B-cell infiltration, we discovered that B-cell clonal expansion and IgG1+IgG3 antibodies are also correlated with better patient outcomes. Finally, we created a website, VisualizIRR, for users to interactively explore and visualize the immune repertoires in this study. See related Spotlight by Liu and Han, p. 786.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Song
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhangyi Ouyang
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - David Cohen
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jennifer Altreuter
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gali Bai
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xihao Hu
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Current affiliation: GV20 Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth J. Livak
- Department of Medical, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Translational Immunogenomics Lab, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ming Tang
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - X. Shirley Liu
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Current affiliation: GV20 Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
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14
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Enterina JR, Sarkar S, Streith L, Jung J, Arlian BM, Meyer SJ, Takematsu H, Xiao C, Baldwin TA, Nitschke L, Shlomchick MJ, Paulson JC, Macauley MS. Coordinated changes in glycosylation regulate the germinal center through CD22. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110512. [PMID: 35294874 PMCID: PMC9018098 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are essential for antibody affinity maturation. GC B cells have a unique repertoire of cell surface glycans compared with naive B cells, yet functional roles for changes in glycosylation in the GC have yet to be ascribed. Detection of GCs by the antibody GL7 reflects a downregulation in ligands for CD22, an inhibitory co-receptor of the B cell receptor. To test a functional role for downregulation of CD22 ligands in the GC, we generate a mouse model that maintains CD22 ligands on GC B cells. With this model, we demonstrate that glycan remodeling plays a critical role in the maintenance of B cells in the GC. Sustained expression of CD22 ligands induces higher levels of apoptosis in GC B cells, reduces memory B cell and plasma cell output, and delays affinity maturation of antibodies. These defects are CD22 dependent, demonstrating that downregulation of CD22 ligands on B cells plays a critical function in the GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhon R Enterina
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Susmita Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Laura Streith
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Jaesoo Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Britni M Arlian
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sarah J Meyer
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hiromu Takematsu
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Changchun Xiao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Troy A Baldwin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Lars Nitschke
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mark J Shlomchick
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada.
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15
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Getahun A. Role of inhibitory signaling in peripheral B cell tolerance*. Immunol Rev 2022; 307:27-42. [PMID: 35128676 PMCID: PMC8986582 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
At least 20% of B cells in the periphery expresses an antigen receptor with a degree of self-reactivity. If activated, these autoreactive B cells pose a risk as they can contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases. To prevent their activation, both B cell-intrinsic and extrinsic tolerance mechanisms are in place in healthy individuals. In this review article, I will focus on B cell-intrinsic mechanisms that prevent the activation of autoreactive B cells in the periphery. I will discuss how inhibitory signaling circuits are established in autoreactive B cells, focusing on the Lyn-SHIP-1-SHP-1 axis, how they contribute to peripheral immune tolerance, and how disruptions of these circuits can contribute to the development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology University of Colorado SOM Aurora Colorado USA
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine National Jewish Health Denver Colorado USA
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16
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DeLuca JM, Murphy MK, Wang X, Wilson TJ. FCRL1 Regulates B Cell Receptor-Induced ERK Activation through GRB2. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:2688-2698. [PMID: 34697226 PMCID: PMC8629370 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of BCR signaling has important consequences for generating effective Ab responses to pathogens and preventing production of autoreactive B cells during development. Currently defined functions of Fc receptor-like (FCRL) 1 include positive regulation of BCR-induced calcium flux, proliferation, and Ab production; however, the mechanistic basis of FCRL1 signaling and its contributions to B cell development remain undefined. Molecular characterization of FCRL1 signaling shows phosphotyrosine-dependent associations with GRB2, GRAP, SHIP-1, and SOS1, all of which can profoundly influence MAPK signaling. In contrast with previous characterizations of FCRL1 as a strictly activating receptor, we discover a role for FCRL1 in suppressing ERK activation under homeostatic and BCR-stimulated conditions in a GRB2-dependent manner. Our analysis of B cells in Fcrl1 -/- mice shows that ERK suppression by FCRL1 is associated with a restriction in the number of cells surviving splenic maturation in vivo. The capacity of FCRL1 to modulate ERK activation presents a potential for FCRL1 to be a regulator of peripheral B cell tolerance, homeostasis, and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M DeLuca
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH
| | | | - Xin Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH
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17
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Gonzales SJ, Bol S, Braddom AE, Sullivan R, Reyes RA, Ssewanyana I, Eggers E, Greenhouse B, Bunnik EM. Longitudinal analysis of FcRL5 expression and clonal relationships among classical and atypical memory B cells following malaria. Malar J 2021; 20:435. [PMID: 34758841 PMCID: PMC8579674 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03970-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic and frequently recurring infectious diseases, such as malaria, are associated with expanded populations of atypical memory B cells (MBCs). These cells are different from classical MBCs by the lack of surface markers CD21 and CD27 and increased expression of inhibitory receptors, such as FcRL5. While the phenotype and conditions leading to neogenesis of atypical MBCs in malaria-experienced individuals have been studied extensively, the origin of these cells remains equivocal. Functional similarities between FcRL5+ atypical MBCs and FcRL5+ classical MBCs have been reported, suggesting that these cells may be developmentally related. METHODS Here, a longitudinal analysis of FcRL5 expression in various B cell subsets was performed in two children from a high transmission region in Uganda over a 6-month period in which both children experienced a malaria episode. Using B-cell receptor (BCR)-sequencing to track clonally related cells, the connections between IgM+ and IgG+ atypical MBCs and other B cell subsets were studied. RESULTS The highest expression of FcRL5 was found among IgG+ atypical MBCs, but FcRL5+ cells were present in all MBC subsets. Following malaria, FcRL5 expression increased in all IgM+ MBC subsets analysed here: classical, activated, and atypical MBCs, while results for IgG+ MBC subsets were inconclusive. IgM+ atypical MBCs showed few connections with other B cell subsets, higher turnover than IgG+ atypical MBCs, and were predominantly derived from naïve B cells and FcRL5- IgM+ classical MBCs. In contrast, IgG+ atypical MBCs were clonally expanded and connected with classical MBCs. IgG+ atypical MBCs present after a malaria episode mainly originated from FcRL5+ IgG+ classical MBCs. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results suggest fundamental differences between unswitched and class-switched B cell populations and provide clues about the primary developmental pathways of atypical MBCs in malaria-experienced individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jake Gonzales
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sebastiaan Bol
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ashley E Braddom
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Richard Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Shape Therapeutics, 219 Terry St., Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Raphael A Reyes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Isaac Ssewanyana
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Erica Eggers
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Evelien M Bunnik
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Long School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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18
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Roy K, Roy S, Roy S. A mimotope attached to an ITIM-SHP-1 interaction inhibitory peptide boosts immune response and efficacy. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:994-999. [PMID: 34223164 PMCID: PMC8221254 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00099c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen binding to the B-cell receptor initiates a downstream signalling pathway that contains both stimulatory and damping components. A malarial parasite-derived conformation-constrained peptide was conjugated to a signal-damping pathway inhibitor. Mice immunized with this antigen produced higher antibody levels which delayed parasitemia. This represents a new approach to antigen design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Roy
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology 4, Raja S.C.Mullick Road Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Syamal Roy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Siddhartha Roy
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute P1/12, CIT Scheme VII M Kolkata 700054 India
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19
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Tolnay M. Lymphocytes sense antibodies through human FCRL proteins: Emerging roles in mucosal immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:477-487. [PMID: 33884658 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ru0221-102rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Fc receptor-like (FCRL) family modulate B and T cell responses, yet their functional roles remain enigmatic. Nevertheless, FCRL3 promoter polymorphism that alters gene expression has been associated with autoimmune disease risk, indicating physiologic importance. Providing essential functional context, human FCRL3, FCRL4, and FCRL5 have recently been identified as secretory IgA (SIgA), dimeric IgA, and IgG receptors, respectively, revealing novel ways lymphocytes can interact with antibodies. FCRL3 and FCRL4 are able to distinguish the mucosal and systemic origin of IgA-containing immune complexes, respectively, with clear implications in guiding mucosal responses. SIgA can signal mucosal breach through FCRL3, driving the functional plasticity of regulatory T cells toward inflammatory to help control invading pathogens. Conversely, recognition of dimeric IgA by FCRL4 on memory B cells located in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues could promote tolerance to commensals. Memory B cells that accumulate under conditions of chronic antigen presence frequently express FCRL4 and FCRL5, and antibody ligands could provide functional feedback to the cells. FCRL5 apparently recognizes the age of the IgG molecule, using deamidation as a molecular clock, conceivably playing regulatory roles in chronic antibody responses. A framework of FCRL3, FCRL4, and FCRL5 operating as sensors of antibodies in immune complexes is proposed. Sensing the spatial origin and age of immune complexes can shape lymphocyte functional attributes and inform their participation in mucosal immune responses. The potential contributions of FCRL3 and SIgA to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mate Tolnay
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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20
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Chorazy M, Wawrusiewicz-Kurylonek N, Adamska-Patruno E, Czarnowska A, Zajkowska O, Kapica-Topczewska K, Posmyk R, Kretowski AJ, Kochanowicz J, Kułakowska A. Variants of Novel Immunomodulatory Fc Receptor Like 5 Gene Are Associated With Multiple Sclerosis Susceptibility in the Polish Population. Front Neurol 2021; 12:631134. [PMID: 33889124 PMCID: PMC8055847 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.631134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fc receptors have been shown to play a role in several autoimmune diseases. We aimed to test, for the first time, whether some of the single nucleotide variants in the FCRL5 gene were associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility and clinical manifestations in the Polish population. The case-control study included 94 individuals with MS and 160 healthy subjects. We genotyped two single nucleotide variants of the FCRL5 gene: rs2012199 and rs6679793. The age of onset, disease duration, and clinical condition of the MS subjects were analyzed. For statistical analysis, we used the chi-squared test confirmed with Fisher's exact test. We observed the significant differences in the distribution of investigated FCRL5 genotypes between MS subjects and healthy controls. The CC and CT genotypes, as well as the C allele of rs2012199, were significantly more common in the MS subjects, as were genotypes AA and AG, and allele A of rs6679793. We noted that decreased MS susceptibility was associated with the T allele rs2012199 (OR = 0.37, p = 0.0002) and G allele rs6679793 (OR = 0.6, p = 0.02). Our results support the role of the FCRL5 locus in MS predisposition and extend the evidence of its influence on autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Chorazy
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Natalia Wawrusiewicz-Kurylonek
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Agata Czarnowska
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Olga Zajkowska
- Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Renata Posmyk
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Jacek Kretowski
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.,Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jan Kochanowicz
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Alina Kułakowska
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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21
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Phalke S, Aviszus K, Rubtsova K, Rubtsov A, Barkes B, Powers L, Warner B, Crooks JL, Kappler JW, Fernández-Pérez ER, Maier LA, Hamzeh N, Marrack P. Age-associated B Cells Appear in Patients with Granulomatous Lung Diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 202:1013-1023. [PMID: 32501729 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201911-2151oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: A subpopulation of B cells (age-associated B cells [ABCs]) is increased in mice and humans with infections or autoimmune diseases. Because depletion of these cells might be valuable in patients with certain lung diseases, the goal was to find out if ABC-like cells were at elevated levels in such patients.Objectives: To measure ABC-like cell percentages in patients with lung granulomatous diseases.Methods: Peripheral blood and BAL cells from patients with sarcoidosis, beryllium sensitivity, or hypersensitivity pneumonitis and healthy subjects were analyzed for the percentage of B cells that were ABC-like, defined by expression of CD11c, low levels of CD21, FcRL 1-5 (Fc receptor-like protein 1-5) expression, and, in some cases, T-bet.Measurements and Main Results: ABC-like cells in blood were at low percentages in healthy subjects and higher percentages in patients with sarcoidosis as well as at high percentages among BAL cells of patients with sarcoidosis, beryllium disease, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Treatment of patients with sarcoidosis led to reduced percentages of ABC-like cells in blood.Conclusions: Increased levels of ABC-like cells in patients with sarcoidosis may be useful in diagnosis. The increase in percentage of ABC-like cells in patients with lung granulomatous diseases and decrease in treated patients suggests that depletion of these cells may be valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Linda Powers
- Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Brenda Warner
- Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - James L Crooks
- Department of Biomedical Research.,Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado.,Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - John W Kappler
- Department of Biomedical Research.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | | | - Nabeel Hamzeh
- Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Philippa Marrack
- Department of Biomedical Research.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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22
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Davis RS. Roles for the FCRL6 Immunoreceptor in Tumor Immunology. Front Immunol 2020; 11:575175. [PMID: 33162991 PMCID: PMC7591390 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.575175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the Fc receptor-like (FCRL1-6) gene family encode transmembrane glycoproteins that are preferentially expressed by B cells and generally repress responses via cytoplasmic tyrosine-based regulation. Given their distribution and function, there is a growing appreciation for their roles in lymphoproliferative disorders and as immunotherapeutic targets. In contrast to FCRL1-5, FCRL6 is distinctly expressed outside the B lineage by cytotoxic T and NK lymphocytes. Its restricted expression by these orchestrators of cell-mediated immunity, along with its inhibitory properties and extracellular interactions with MHCII/HLA-DR, represent a newly appreciated axis with relevance in tolerance and cancer defense. The significance of FCRL6 in this arena has been recently demonstrated by its upregulation in HLA-DR+ tumor samples from melanoma, breast, and lung cancer patients who relapsed following PD-1 blockade. These findings imply a potential mechanistic role for FCRL6 in adaptive evasion to immune checkpoint therapy. Here we review these new developments in the FCRL field and identify new evidence for the prognostic significance of FCRL6 in malignancies that collectively indicate its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall S Davis
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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23
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Owczarczyk K, Cascino MD, Holweg C, Tew GW, Ortmann W, Behrens T, Schindler T, Langford CA, St Clair EW, Merkel PA, Spiera R, Seo P, Kallenberg CG, Specks U, Lim N, Stone J, Brunetta P, Prunotto M. Fc receptor-like 5 and anti-CD20 treatment response in granulomatosis with polyangiitis and microscopic polyangiitis. JCI Insight 2020; 5:136180. [PMID: 32841219 PMCID: PMC7526555 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.136180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Baseline expression of FCRL5, a marker of naive and memory B cells, was shown to predict response to rituximab (RTX) in rheumatoid arthritis. This study investigated baseline expression of FCRL5 as a potential biomarker of clinical response to RTX in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA). METHODS A previously validated quantitative PCR–based (qPCR-based) platform was used to assess FCRL5 expression in patients with GPA/MPA (RAVE trial, NCT00104299). RESULTS Baseline FCRL5 expression was significantly higher in patients achieving complete remission (CR) at 6, 12, and 18 months, independent of other clinical and serological variables, among those randomized to RTX but not cyclophosphamide-azathioprine (CYC/AZA). Patients with baseline FCRL5 expression ≥ 0.01 expression units (termed FCRL5hi) exhibited significantly higher CR rates at 6, 12, and 18 months as compared with FCRL5lo subjects (84% versus 57% [P = 0.016], 68% versus 40% [P = 0.02], and 68% versus 29% [P = 0.0009], respectively). CONCLUSION Our data taken together suggest that FCRL5 is a biomarker of B cell lineage associated with increased achievement and maintenance of complete remission among patients treated with RTX and warrant further investigation in a prospective manner. FUNDING The analysis for this study was funded by Genentech Inc. FcRL5 is a biomarker of B cell lineage associated with maintenance of complete remission among patients treated with rituximab in granulomatosis with polyangiitis and microscopic polyangiitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasia Owczarczyk
- Department of Cancer Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Gaik W Tew
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter A Merkel
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert Spiera
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Philip Seo
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Ulrich Specks
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Noha Lim
- Immune Tolerance Network (ITN), Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John Stone
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Marco Prunotto
- Hoffmann - La Roche, Basel, Switzerland.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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24
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Li H, Dement-Brown J, Liao PJ, Mazo I, Mills F, Kraus Z, Fitzsimmons S, Tolnay M. Fc receptor-like 4 and 5 define human atypical memory B cells. Int Immunol 2020; 32:755-770. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Atypical memory B cells accumulate in chronic infections and autoimmune conditions, and commonly express FCRL4 and FCRL5, respective IgA and IgG receptors. We characterized memory cells from tonsils on the basis of both FCRL4 and FCRL5 expression, defining three subsets with distinct surface proteins and gene expression. Atypical FCRL4+FCRL5+ memory cells had the most discrete surface protein expression and were enriched in cell adhesion pathways, consistent with functioning as tissue-resident cells. Atypical FCRL4−FCRL5+ memory cells expressed transcription factors and immunoglobulin genes that suggest poised differentiation into plasma cells. Accordingly, the FCRL4−FCRL5+ memory subset was enriched in pathways responding to endoplasmic reticulum stress and IFN-γ. We reconstructed ongoing B-cell responses as lineage trees, providing crucial in vivo developmental context. Each memory subset typically maintained its lineage, denoting mechanisms enforcing their phenotypes. Classical FCRL4−FCRL5− memory cells were infrequently detected in lineage trees, suggesting the majority were in a quiescent state. FCRL4−FCRL5+ cells were the most represented memory subset in lineage trees, indicating robust participation in ongoing responses. Together, these differences suggest FCRL4 and FCRL5 are unlikely to be passive markers but rather active drivers of human memory B-cell development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Li
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jessica Dement-Brown
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Pei-Jyun Liao
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ilya Mazo
- Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Argentys Informatics LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Frederick Mills
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Zachary Kraus
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sean Fitzsimmons
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Mate Tolnay
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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25
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Markina YV, Gerasimova EV, Markin AM, Glanz VY, Wu WK, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN. Sialylated Immunoglobulins for the Treatment of Immuno-Inflammatory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155472. [PMID: 32751832 PMCID: PMC7432344 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulins are the potent effector proteins of the humoral immune response. In the course of evolution, immunoglobulins have formed extremely diverse types of molecular structures with antigen-recognizing, antigen-binding, and effector functions embedded in a single molecule. Polysaccharide moiety of immunoglobulins plays the essential role in immunoglobulin functioning. There is growing evidence that the carbohydrate composition of immunoglobulin-linked glycans, and especially their terminal sialic acid residues, provide a key effect on the effector functions of immunoglobulins. Possibly, sialylation of Fc glycan is a common mechanism of IgG anti-inflammatory action in vivo. Thus, the post-translational modification (glycosylation) of immunoglobulins opens up significant possibilities in the diagnosis of both immunological and inflammatory disorders and in their therapies. This review is focused on the analysis of glycosylation of immunoglobulins, which can be a promising addition to improve existing strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of various immuno-inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya V. Markina
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of the Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupy Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.M.); (V.Y.G.); (I.A.S.); (A.N.O.)
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-905-336-67-76
| | - Elena V. Gerasimova
- Department of Systemic Rheumatic Diseases, V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology, 34A Kashirskoe Shosse, 115522 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander M. Markin
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of the Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupy Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.M.); (V.Y.G.); (I.A.S.); (A.N.O.)
| | - Victor Y. Glanz
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of the Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupy Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.M.); (V.Y.G.); (I.A.S.); (A.N.O.)
| | - Wei-Kai Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei 108, Taiwan;
| | - Igor A. Sobenin
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of the Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupy Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.M.); (V.Y.G.); (I.A.S.); (A.N.O.)
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 15A 3-rd Cherepkovskaya Street, 121552 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of the Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupy Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.M.); (V.Y.G.); (I.A.S.); (A.N.O.)
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 121609 Moscow, Russia
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26
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Fitzpatrick EA, Wang J, Strome SE. Engineering of Fc Multimers as a Protein Therapy for Autoimmune Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:496. [PMID: 32269572 PMCID: PMC7109252 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of Intravenous Immunoglobulin in treating autoimmune and inflammatory processes such as immune thrombocytopenia purpura and Kawasaki disease has led to renewed interest in developing recombinant molecules capable of recapitulating these therapeutic effects. The anti-inflammatory properties of IVIG are, in part, due to the Fc region of the IgG molecule, which interacts with activating or inhibitory Fcγ receptors (FcγRs), the neonatal Fc Receptor, non-canonical FcRs expressed by immune cells and complement proteins. In most cases, Fc interactions with these cognate receptors are dependent upon avidity—avidity which naturally occurs when polyclonal antibodies recognize unique antigens on a given target. The functional consequences of these avid interactions include antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, antibody dependent cell phagocytosis, degranulation, direct killing, and/or complement activation—all of which are associated with long-term immunomodulatory effects. Many of these immunologic effects can be recapitulated using recombinant or non-recombinant approaches to induce Fc multimerization, affording the potential to develop a new class of therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the history of tolerance induction by immune complexes that has led to the therapeutic development of artificial Fc bearing immune aggregates and recombinant Fc multimers. The contribution of structure, aggregation and N-glycosylation to human IgG: FcγR interactions and the functional effect(s) of these interactions are reviewed. Understanding the mechanisms by which Fc multimers induce tolerance and attempts to engineer Fc multimers to target specific FcγRs and/or specific effector functions in autoimmune disorders is explored in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Fitzpatrick
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Jin Wang
- College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - S E Strome
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN, United States
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27
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Sialylation and fucosylation modulate inflammasome-activating eIF2 Signaling and microbial translocation during HIV infection. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:753-766. [PMID: 32152415 PMCID: PMC7434596 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An emerging paradigm suggests that gut glycosylation is a key force in maintaining the homeostatic relationship between the gut and its microbiota. Nevertheless, it is unclear how gut glycosylation contributes to the HIV-associated microbial translocation and inflammation that persist despite viral suppression and contribute to the development of several comorbidities. We examined terminal ileum, right colon, and sigmoid colon biopsies from HIV-infected virally-suppressed individuals and found that gut glycomic patterns are associated with distinct microbial compositions and differential levels of chronic inflammation and HIV persistence. In particular, high levels of the pro-inflammatory hypo-sialylated T-antigen glycans and low levels of the anti-inflammatory fucosylated glycans were associated with higher abundance of glycan-degrading microbial species (in particular, Bacteroides vulgatus), a less diverse microbiome, higher levels of inflammation, and higher levels of ileum-associated HIV DNA. These findings are linked to the activation of the inflammasome-mediating eIF2 signaling pathway. Our study thus provides the first proof-of-concept evidence that a previously unappreciated factor, gut glycosylation, is a force that may impact the vicious cycle between HIV infection, microbial translocation, and chronic inflammation.
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28
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The regulators of BCR signaling during B cell activation. BLOOD SCIENCE 2019; 1:119-129. [PMID: 35402811 PMCID: PMC8975005 DOI: 10.1097/bs9.0000000000000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
B lymphocytes produce antibodies under the stimulation of specific antigens, thereby exerting an immune effect. B cells identify antigens by their surface B cell receptor (BCR), which upon stimulation, directs the cell to activate and differentiate into antibody generating plasma cells. Activation of B cells via their BCRs involves signaling pathways that are tightly controlled by various regulators. In this review, we will discuss three major BCR mediated signaling pathways (the PLC-γ2 pathway, PI3K pathway and MAPK pathway) and related regulators, which were roughly divided into positive, negative and mutual-balanced regulators, and the specific regulators of the specific signaling pathway based on regulatory effects.
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29
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Franco A, Kraus Z, Li H, Seibert N, Dement-Brown J, Tolnay M. CD21 and FCRL5 form a receptor complex with robust B-cell activating capacity. Int Immunol 2019; 30:569-578. [PMID: 30107486 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The B-cell response to antigen is critically regulated by co-receptors. CD21 (complement receptor 2) amplifies the response to antigen linked to its ligands, specific C3 fragments. In contrast, human Fc receptor-like 5 (FCRL5), a novel IgG receptor, was reported to inhibit B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling. Here, we show that CD21 and FCRL5 physically associate, suggesting that immune complexes containing both C3 fragment and IgG could simultaneously engage the pre-assembled receptors. We found that activating signaling molecules such as CD19, active PLCγ2 and BTK were rapidly recruited to FCRL5 upon engagement, suggesting a novel activating function for FCRL5. We confirmed that FCRL5 through its ITIMs (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif) inhibited BCR signaling in the absence of CD21 stimulation. In contrast, triple engagement of FCRL5, CD21 and the BCR led to a superior calcium response compared to CD21 and BCR co-stimulation, in both cell lines and tonsil B cells. Furthermore, the novel activating function was independent of established FCRL5 signaling motifs. While human peripheral B cells express either FCRL5 or CD21, we identified a sizable subset of tonsil B cells which co-express the two receptors. We propose that FCRL5 has dual signaling capacity, while CD21 co-engagement serves as molecular switch, converting FCRL5 from a negative to a positive co-receptor. In tissues, B cells that co-express FCRL5 and CD21 could robustly respond to IgG immune complexes loaded with C3 fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Franco
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Zachary Kraus
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Huifang Li
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Jessica Dement-Brown
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Mate Tolnay
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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30
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de Taeye SW, Rispens T, Vidarsson G. The Ligands for Human IgG and Their Effector Functions. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:E30. [PMID: 31544836 PMCID: PMC6640714 DOI: 10.3390/antib8020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the humoral immune system is initiated when antibodies recognize an antigen and trigger effector functions through the interaction with Fc engaging molecules. The most abundant immunoglobulin isotype in serum is Immunoglobulin G (IgG), which is involved in many humoral immune responses, strongly interacting with effector molecules. The IgG subclass, allotype, and glycosylation pattern, among other factors, determine the interaction strength of the IgG-Fc domain with these Fc engaging molecules, and thereby the potential strength of their effector potential. The molecules responsible for the effector phase include the classical IgG-Fc receptors (FcγR), the neonatal Fc-receptor (FcRn), the Tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21), the first component of the classical complement cascade (C1), and possibly, the Fc-receptor-like receptors (FcRL4/5). Here we provide an overview of the interactions of IgG with effector molecules and discuss how natural variation on the antibody and effector molecule side shapes the biological activities of antibodies. The increasing knowledge on the Fc-mediated effector functions of antibodies drives the development of better therapeutic antibodies for cancer immunotherapy or treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W de Taeye
- Sanquin Research, Dept Immunopathology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Sanquin Research, Dept Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research, Dept Immunopathology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research, Dept Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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31
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Rostamzadeh D, Kazemi T, Amirghofran Z, Shabani M. Update on Fc receptor-like (FCRL) family: new immunoregulatory players in health and diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:487-502. [PMID: 29737217 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1472768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fc receptor-like (FCRL) molecules, as recently identified members of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF), are preferentially expressed by B-cells. They have variable number of extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and cytoplasmic activating ITAMs and/or inhibitory ITIMs. FCRL1-5 are dominantly expressed in different stages of B-cells development. But, FCRL6 is preferentially expressed in different subsets of T-cells and NK cells. FCRL1-5 could regulate different features of B-cell evolution such as development, differentiation, activation, antibody secretion and isotype switching. Areas covered: Improved understanding of FCRL expression may grant B-cells and finally its signaling pathways, alone or in cooperation with other signaling molecules, as interesting new targets for diagnostic, monitoring and immunotherapeutic modalities; although further investigations remain to be defined. Recent investigations on different family members of FCRL proteins have substantiated their differential expression on different tissues, malignancies, immune related disease and infectious diseases. Expert opinion: FCRLs restricted expressions in normal B-cells and T-cell subsets accompanied with their overexpression in B-cell malignancies introduce them as logical candidates for the development of antibody- and cell-based immunotherapy approaches in B-cell malignancies, immune-mediated and infectious diseases. FCRLs would be applied as attractive and specific targets for immunodiagnostic approaches, clinical prognosis as well as disease monitoring of relevant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Rostamzadeh
- a Drug Applied Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,b Immunology Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Tohid Kazemi
- b Immunology Research Center , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Zahra Amirghofran
- c Department of Immunology, Medical School , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran.,d Autoimmune Disease Research Center and Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Mahdi Shabani
- e Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,f Monoclonal Antibody Research Center , Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR , Tehran , Iran
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IL-21 drives expansion and plasma cell differentiation of autoreactive CD11c hiT-bet + B cells in SLE. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1758. [PMID: 29717110 PMCID: PMC5931508 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the aetiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is unclear, dysregulated B cell responses have been implicated. Here we show that an unusual CD11chiT-bet+ B cell subset, with a unique expression profile including chemokine receptors consistent with migration to target tissues, is expanded in SLE patients, present in nephrotic kidney, enriched for autoreactive specificities and correlates with defined clinical manifestations. IL-21 can potently induce CD11chiT-bet+ B cells and promote the differentiation of these cells into Ig-secreting autoreactive plasma cells. While murine studies have identified a role for T-bet-expressing B cells in autoimmunity, this study describes and exemplifies the importance of CD11chiT-bet+ B cells in human SLE. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with altered B cell responses but the underlying aetiology is still unclear. Here the authors show that a CD11chiT-bet+ B cell subset with a unique phenotype and transcriptome is increased in patients with SLE, can be expanded by IL-21, and may contribute to autoimmune responses in SLE.
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33
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Vadrevu SK, Trbojevic-Akmacic I, Kossenkov AV, Colomb F, Giron LB, Anzurez A, Lynn K, Mounzer K, Landay AL, Kaplan RC, Papasavvas E, Montaner LJ, Lauc G, Abdel-Mohsen M. Frontline Science: Plasma and immunoglobulin G galactosylation associate with HIV persistence during antiretroviral therapy. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:461-471. [PMID: 29633346 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3hi1217-500r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Global antibody glycosylation is dynamic and plays critical roles in shaping different immunological outcomes and direct antibody functionality during HIV infection. However, the relevance of global antibody or plasma glycosylation patterns to HIV persistence after antiretroviral therapy (ART) has not been characterized. First, we compared glycomes of total plasma and isolated immunoglobulin G (IgG) from HIV+ ART-suppressed, HIV+ viremic, and HIV-negative individuals. Second, in ART-suppressed individuals, we examined the associations between glycomes and (1) levels of cell-associated HIV DNA and RNA in PBMCs and isolated CD4+ T cells, (2) CD4 count and CD4%, and (3) expression of CD4+ T-cell activation markers. HIV infection is associated with persistent alterations in the IgG glycome including decreased levels of disialylated glycans, which is associated with a lower anti-inflammatory activity, and increased levels of fucosylated glycans, which is associated with lower antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). We also show that levels of certain mono- and digalactosylated nonfucosylated glycomic traits (A2G1, A2G2, and A2BG2), which have been reported to be associated with higher ADCC and higher anti-inflammatory activities, exhibit significant negative correlations with levels of cell-associated total HIV DNA and HIV RNA in ART-suppressed individuals. Finally, levels of certain circulating anti-inflammatory glycans are associated with higher levels of CD4 T cells and lower levels of T-cell activation. Our findings represent the first proof-of-concept evidence that glycomic alterations, known to be associated with differential states of inflammation and ADCC activities, are also associated with levels of HIV persistence in the setting of ART suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Leila B Giron
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Kenneth Lynn
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karam Mounzer
- Jonathan Lax Center, Philadelphia FIGHT, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alan L Landay
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia.,Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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34
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Human Fc receptor-like 5 distinguishes IgG2 disulfide isoforms and deamidated charge variants. Mol Immunol 2017; 92:161-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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35
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Cheng HD, Stöckmann H, Adamczyk B, McManus CA, Ercan A, Holm IA, Rudd PM, Ackerman ME, Nigrovic PA. High-throughput characterization of the functional impact of IgG Fc glycan aberrancy in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Glycobiology 2017; 27:1099-1108. [PMID: 28973482 PMCID: PMC5881781 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) encompasses all forms of chronic idiopathic arthritis that arise before age 16. Previous studies have found JIA to be associated with lower Fc galactosylation of circulating IgG, but the overall spectrum of glycan changes and the net impact on IgG function are unknown. Using ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), we compared IgG glycosylation in 54 subjects with recent-onset untreated JIA with 98 healthy pediatric controls, paired to biophysical profiling of affinity for 20 IgG receptors using a high-throughput multiplexed microsphere assay. Patients with JIA exhibited an increase in hypogalactosylated and hyposialylated IgG glycans, but no change in fucosylation or bisection, together with alteration in the spectrum of IgG ligand binding. Supervised machine learning demonstrated a robust capacity to discriminate JIA subjects from controls using either glycosylation or binding data. The binding signature was driven predominantly by enhanced affinity for Fc receptor like protein 5 (FcRL5), a noncanonical Fc receptor expressed on B cells. Affinity for FcRL5 correlated inversely with galactosylation and sialylation, a relationship confirmed through enzymatic manipulation. These results demonstrate the capacity of combined structural and biophysical IgG phenotyping to define the overall functional impact of IgG glycan changes and implicate FcRL5 as a potential cellular sensor of IgG glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao D Cheng
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, 03755 NH, USA
| | - Henning Stöckmann
- NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Barbara Adamczyk
- NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Ciara A McManus
- NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Altan Ercan
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ingrid A Holm
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- NIBRT-The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, 03755 NH, USA
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, 03755 NH, USA
| | - Peter A Nigrovic
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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36
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Karnell JL, Kumar V, Wang J, Wang S, Voynova E, Ettinger R. Role of CD11c + T-bet + B cells in human health and disease. Cell Immunol 2017; 321:40-45. [PMID: 28756897 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that when B cells are chronically stimulated, a phenotypically unique subset expands. Data suggest that this atypical population contains B cell receptor (BCR) specificities capable of binding the antigen, or sets of antigens that initiated the expansion of these cells. These B cells have been given various names, including double negative B cells, atypical memory B cells, tissue-like memory B cells, or age associated B cells (ABCs). However, on close inspection these reports described B cell subsets that closely resemble B cells we refer to as CD11c+ B cells that often express T-bet. Here we will review the human studies that describe atypical memory B cells and compare and contrast their phenotype and suggested function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L Karnell
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Varsha Kumar
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Jingya Wang
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Shu Wang
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Elisaveta Voynova
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Rachel Ettinger
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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37
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Jennewein MF, Alter G. The Immunoregulatory Roles of Antibody Glycosylation. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:358-372. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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38
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Getahun A, Cambier JC. Of ITIMs, ITAMs, and ITAMis: revisiting immunoglobulin Fc receptor signaling. Immunol Rev 2016; 268:66-73. [PMID: 26497513 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Receptors for immunoglobulin Fc regions play multiple critical roles in the immune system, mediating functions as diverse as phagocytosis, triggering degranulation of basophils and mast cells, promoting immunoglobulin class switching, and preventing excessive activation. Transmembrane signaling associated with these functions is mediated primarily by two amino acid sequence motifs, ITAMs (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs) and ITIMs (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs) that act as the receptors' interface with activating and inhibitory signaling pathways, respectively. While ITAMs mobilize activating tyrosine kinases and their consorts, ITIMs mobilize opposing tyrosine and inositol-lipid phosphatases. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of signaling by these receptors/motifs and their sometimes blurred lines of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Getahun
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - John C Cambier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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39
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Abstract
Mouse and human FcRs have been a major focus of attention not only of the scientific community, through the cloning and characterization of novel receptors, and of the medical community, through the identification of polymorphisms and linkage to disease but also of the pharmaceutical community, through the identification of FcRs as targets for therapy or engineering of Fc domains for the generation of enhanced therapeutic antibodies. The availability of knockout mouse lines for every single mouse FcR, of multiple or cell-specific--'à la carte'--FcR knockouts and the increasing generation of hFcR transgenics enable powerful in vivo approaches for the study of mouse and human FcR biology. This review will present the landscape of the current FcR family, their effector functions and the in vivo models at hand to study them. These in vivo models were recently instrumental in re-defining the properties and effector functions of FcRs that had been overlooked or discarded from previous analyses. A particular focus will be made on the (mis)concepts on the role of high-affinity IgG receptors in vivo and on results from antibody engineering to enhance or abrogate antibody effector functions mediated by FcRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bruhns
- Unité des Anticorps en Thérapie et Pathologie, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,INSERM, U760, Paris, France
| | - Friederike Jönsson
- Unité des Anticorps en Thérapie et Pathologie, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,INSERM, U760, Paris, France
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40
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Le NPL, Bowden TA, Struwe WB, Crispin M. Immune recruitment or suppression by glycan engineering of endogenous and therapeutic antibodies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1860:1655-68. [PMID: 27105835 PMCID: PMC4922387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human serum IgG contains multiple glycoforms which exhibit a range of binding properties to effector molecules such as cellular Fc receptors. Emerging knowledge of how the Fc glycans contribute to the antibody structure and effector functions has opened new avenues for the exploitation of defined antibody glycoforms in the treatment of diseases. Here, we review the structure and activity of antibody glycoforms and highlight developments in antibody glycoengineering by both the manipulation of the cellular glycosylation machinery and by chemoenzymatic synthesis. We discuss wide ranging applications of antibody glycoengineering in the treatment of cancer, autoimmunity and inflammation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Glycans in personalised medicine" Guest Editor: Professor Gordan Lauc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Phuong Lan Le
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Weston B Struwe
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Max Crispin
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom.
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41
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Walsh AM, Whitaker JW, Huang CC, Cherkas Y, Lamberth SL, Brodmerkel C, Curran ME, Dobrin R. Integrative genomic deconvolution of rheumatoid arthritis GWAS loci into gene and cell type associations. Genome Biol 2016; 17:79. [PMID: 27140173 PMCID: PMC4853861 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-0948-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified over 100 genetic loci associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), our ability to translate these results into disease understanding and novel therapeutics is limited. Most RA GWAS loci reside outside of protein-coding regions and likely affect distal transcriptional enhancers. Furthermore, GWAS do not identify the cell types where the associated causal gene functions. Thus, mapping the transcriptional regulatory roles of GWAS hits and the relevant cell types will lead to better understanding of RA pathogenesis. Results We combine the whole-genome sequences and blood transcription profiles of 377 RA patients and identify over 6000 unique genes with expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). We demonstrate the quality of the identified eQTLs through comparison to non-RA individuals. We integrate the eQTLs with immune cell epigenome maps, RA GWAS risk loci, and adjustment for linkage disequilibrium to propose target genes of immune cell enhancers that overlap RA risk loci. We examine 20 immune cell epigenomes and perform a focused analysis on primary monocytes, B cells, and T cells. Conclusions We highlight cell-specific gene associations with relevance to RA pathogenesis including the identification of FCGR2B in B cells as possessing both intragenic and enhancer regulatory GWAS hits. We show that our RA patient cohort derived eQTL network is more informative for studying RA than that from a healthy cohort. While not experimentally validated here, the reported eQTLs and cell type-specific RA risk associations can prioritize future experiments with the goal of elucidating the regulatory mechanisms behind genetic risk associations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-016-0948-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Walsh
- Immunology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC., 1400 McKean Rd., Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - John W Whitaker
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA, 92101, USA
| | - C Chris Huang
- Immunology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC., 1400 McKean Rd., Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Yauheniya Cherkas
- Immunology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC., 1400 McKean Rd., Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Sarah L Lamberth
- Immunology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC., 1400 McKean Rd., Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Carrie Brodmerkel
- Immunology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC., 1400 McKean Rd., Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Mark E Curran
- Immunology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC., 1400 McKean Rd., Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Radu Dobrin
- Immunology, Janssen Research and Development, LLC., 1400 McKean Rd., Spring House, PA, 19477, USA.
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42
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Li H, Borrego F, Nagata S, Tolnay M. Fc Receptor-like 5 Expression Distinguishes Two Distinct Subsets of Human Circulating Tissue-like Memory B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4064-74. [PMID: 27076679 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fc receptor-like (FCRL) 5 is a novel IgG binding protein expressed on B cells, with the capacity to regulate Ag receptor signaling. We assessed FCRL5 expression on circulating B cells from healthy donors and found that FCRL5(+) cells are most enriched among atypical CD21(-/lo)/CD27(-) tissue-like memory (TLM) B cells, which are abnormally expanded in several autoimmune and infectious diseases. Using multicolor flow cytometry, FCRL5(+) TLM cells were found to express more CD11c and several inhibitory receptors than did the FCRL5(-) TLM subset. The homing receptor profiles of the two TLM subsets shared features consistent with migration away from lymphoid tissues, but they also displayed distinct differences. Analysis of IgH V regions in single cells indicated that although both subsets are diverse, the FCRL5(+) subset accumulated significantly more somatic mutations. Furthermore, the FCRL5(+) subset had more switched isotype expression and more extensive proliferative history. Microarray analysis and quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that the two TLM subsets possess distinct gene expression profiles, characterized by markedly different CD11c, SOX5, T-bet, and RTN4R expression, as well as differences in expression of inhibitory receptors. Functional analysis revealed that the FCRL5(+) TLM subset responds poorly to multiple stimuli compared with the FCRL5(-) subset, as reflected by reduced calcium mobilization and blunted cell proliferation. We propose that the FCRL5(+) TLM subset, but not the FCRL5(-) TLM subset, underwent Ag-driven development and is severely dysfunctional. The present study elucidates the heterogeneity of TLM B cells and provides the basis to dissect their roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Li
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993
| | - Francisco Borrego
- Immunopathology Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain; and
| | - Satoshi Nagata
- Center for Drug Design Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Mate Tolnay
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993;
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43
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B cell receptor induced Fc receptor-like 5 expression is mediated by multiple signaling pathways converging on NF-κB and NFAT. Mol Immunol 2016; 73:112-21. [PMID: 27065451 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fc receptor-like (FCRL) proteins are novel regulators of the B cell response to antigen. Human FCRL5 binds intact IgG and modifies the strength of antigen receptor (BCR) signaling. Altering FCRL5 expression could therefore regulate the B cell response to antigen. In this study, we found that FCRL5 expression is induced specifically upon BCR stimulation and dissected the molecular mechanism. FCRL5 mRNA and cell surface protein expression required prolonged BCR stimulation and de novo protein synthesis. Using chemical inhibitors and activators, we identified roles for several signaling pathways, indicating a complex mechanism. Specifically, the PI3K/AKT, JNK, PKC and IKK2-dependent classical NF-κB pathways were involved in induced FCRL5 expression. Furthermore, induced FCRL5 expression required elevation of intracellular Ca(++) and was partially blocked by cyclosporine A, a calcineurin inhibitor. The importance of the transcription factors NF-κB, NFAT and CREB-binding protein was revealed based on sensitivity to inhibitors. Using reporter gene assays, we showed that the core FCRL5 promoter was sufficient to drive induced gene expression. Mutations of two predicted NF-κB sites or an NFAT site in the core promoter abrogated induced gene expression, suggesting direct regulation of the FCRL5 gene by NF-κB and NFAT. In support, we detected binding of NF-κB and NFAT family proteins to oligonucleotides corresponding to the predicted sites. We propose that the identified intricate mechanism serves to ensure that FCRL5 is expressed on B cells at a precise time following antigen encounter, with potential implications regarding regulation of the B cell response.
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44
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Comabella M, Cantó E, Nurtdinov R, Río J, Villar LM, Picón C, Castilló J, Fissolo N, Aymerich X, Auger C, Rovira A, Montalban X. MRI phenotypes with high neurodegeneration are associated with peripheral blood B-cell changes. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 25:308-16. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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45
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Chemouny JM, Hurtado-Nedelec M, Flament H, Ben Mkaddem S, Daugas E, Vrtovsnik F, Berthelot L, Monteiro RC. Protective role of mouse IgG1 in cryoglobulinaemia; insights from an animal model and relevance to human pathology. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015; 31:1235-42. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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46
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Sullivan RT, Kim CC, Fontana MF, Feeney ME, Jagannathan P, Boyle MJ, Drakeley CJ, Ssewanyana I, Nankya F, Mayanja-Kizza H, Dorsey G, Greenhouse B. FCRL5 Delineates Functionally Impaired Memory B Cells Associated with Plasmodium falciparum Exposure. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004894. [PMID: 25993340 PMCID: PMC4438005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to Plasmodium falciparum is associated with circulating “atypical” memory B cells (atMBCs), which appear similar to dysfunctional B cells found in HIV-infected individuals. Functional analysis of atMBCs has been limited, with one report suggesting these cells are not dysfunctional but produce protective antibodies. To better understand the function of malaria-associated atMBCs, we performed global transcriptome analysis of these cells, obtained from individuals living in an area of high malaria endemicity in Uganda. Comparison of gene expression data suggested down-modulation of B cell receptor signaling and apoptosis in atMBCs compared to classical MBCs. Additionally, in contrast to previous reports, we found upregulation of Fc receptor-like 5 (FCRL5), but not FCRL4, on atMBCs. Atypical MBCs were poor spontaneous producers of antibody ex vivo, and higher surface expression of FCRL5 defined a distinct subset of atMBCs compromised in its ability to produce antibody upon stimulation. Moreover, higher levels of P. falciparum exposure were associated with increased frequencies of FCRL5+ atMBCs. Together, our findings suggest that FCLR5+ identifies a functionally distinct, and perhaps dysfunctional, subset of MBCs in individuals exposed to P. falciparum. A subset of “atypical” memory B cells found in individuals with high exposure to P. falciparum has been hypothesized to be dysfunctional, based on phenotypic similarities to analogous cells found in HIV-infected individuals. However, the functional capabilities of these cells have been poorly characterized in the setting of malaria exposure, and previous reports have been controversial regarding whether these cells produce antibody. In our study, we analyze the molecular programming of atypical memory B cells, find that they are dysfunctional in a manner similar to that observed in B cells from HIV-infected individuals, and present data that may reconcile previously conflicting studies. By delineating the transcriptional landscape of atMBCs and identifying expression of FCRL5 as a key marker of dysfunction, we provide a foundation for improving our understanding of the role of these cells in immunity to malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T. Sullivan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Charles C. Kim
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mary F. Fontana
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Margaret E. Feeney
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Division of HIV/AIDS, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michelle J. Boyle
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Center for Biomedical Research, The Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chris J. Drakeley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isaac Ssewanyana
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Uganda
| | | | - Harriet Mayanja-Kizza
- Infectious Disease Research Collaboration, Uganda
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Grant Dorsey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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47
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Liu Y, Bezverbnaya K, Zhao T, Parsons MJ, Shi M, Treanor B, Ehrhardt GRA. Involvement of the HCK and FGR src-family kinases in FCRL4-mediated immune regulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5851-60. [PMID: 25972488 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
FCRL4 is an immunoregulatory receptor expressed by a subpopulation of memory B cells. These tissue-based cells express increased levels of the src-family kinases HCK and FGR. In this study, we investigate the roles of these src-family kinases in FCRL4-mediated immunoregulation of B cells in the context of previously unrecognized palmitoylation of the receptor. We observed enhanced phosphorylation of FCRL4 on tyrosine residues in the presence of the HCK p59 or FGR. This phosphorylation was markedly reduced in assays using a palmitoylation-defective mutant of FCRL4. In reporter gene studies, we observe that FCRL4 expression enhances CpG-mediated activation of NF-κB signaling. Surprisingly, using a reporter gene linked to activation of the MAPK substrate Elk-1 in response to Ag receptor ligation, we find that FCRL4 has inhibitory activity in cells coexpressing FGR but an activating function in cells coexpressing HCK p59. We provide evidence that in primary memory B cells, expression of FCRL4 leads to increased expression of IL-10 in the presence of FGR or HCK p59 in response to CpG, but increased levels of IFN-γ only in the context of coexpression of FGR. Our study supports the specific requirement of HCK p59 and FGR src-family kinases for FCRL4-mediated immunomodulatory activity and indicates that palmitoylation serves as an additional level of regulatory control of FCRL4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Liu
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Ksenia Bezverbnaya
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Tiantian Zhao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Marion J Parsons
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Mengyao Shi
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Bebhinn Treanor
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Götz R A Ehrhardt
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
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48
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Abstract
Coelomic cavity–derived B-1 and splenic marginal zone (MZ) B lymphocytes play principal roles in frontline host protection at homeostasis and during primary humoral immune responses. Although they share many features that enable rapid and broad-based defense against pathogens, these innate-like subsets have disparate B cell receptor (BCR) signaling features. Members of the Fc receptor–like (FCRL) family are preferentially expressed by B cells and possess tyrosine-based immunoregulatory function. An unusual characteristic of many of these cell surface proteins is the presence of both inhibitory (ITIM) and activating (ITAM-like) motifs in their cytoplasmic tails. In mice, FCRL5 is a discrete marker of splenic MZ and peritoneal B-1 B cells and has both ITIM and ITAM-like sequences. Recent work explored its signaling properties and identified that FCRL5 differentially influences innate-like BCR function. Closer scrutiny of these differences disclosed the ability of FCRL5 to counter-regulate BCR activation by recruiting SHP-1 and Lyn to its cytoplasmic motifs. Furthermore, the disparity in FCRL5 regulation between MZ and B-1 B cells correlated with relative intracellular concentrations of SHP-1. These findings validate and extend our understanding of the unique signaling features in innate-like B cells and provide new insight into the complexity of FCRL modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall S Davis
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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49
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Portugal S, Tipton CM, Sohn H, Kone Y, Wang J, Li S, Skinner J, Virtaneva K, Sturdevant DE, Porcella SF, Doumbo OK, Doumbo S, Kayentao K, Ongoiba A, Traore B, Sanz I, Pierce SK, Crompton PD. Malaria-associated atypical memory B cells exhibit markedly reduced B cell receptor signaling and effector function. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25955968 PMCID: PMC4444601 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protective antibodies in Plasmodium falciparum malaria are only acquired after years of repeated infections. Chronic malaria exposure is associated with a large increase in atypical memory B cells (MBCs) that resemble B cells expanded in a variety of persistent viral infections. Understanding the function of atypical MBCs and their relationship to classical MBCs will be critical to developing effective vaccines for malaria and other chronic infections. We show that VH gene repertoires and somatic hypermutation rates of atypical and classical MBCs are indistinguishable indicating a common developmental history. Atypical MBCs express an array of inhibitory receptors and B cell receptor (BCR) signaling is stunted in atypical MBCs resulting in impaired B cell responses including proliferation, cytokine production and antibody secretion. Thus, in response to chronic malaria exposure, atypical MBCs appear to differentiate from classical MBCs becoming refractory to BCR-mediated activation and potentially interfering with the acquisition of malaria immunity. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07218.001 The human immune system works to protect individuals from harmful microbes, such as the parasites that cause malaria. One line of defense is to produce a large array of proteins called antibodies that specifically bind to microbes to mark them for destruction by the immune system. The immune system also produces long-lived memory B cells that are able to mount a quicker and more effective antibody response if the microbe enters the body again. This means that most people only become ill with a particular disease the first time they encounter the microbe that causes it. However, malaria is unusual in that it can take many years of exposure to the parasite that causes it before an individual produces enough antibodies and memory B cells to be protected from the disease. There is also no vaccine that provides effective and long-lasting protection against malaria. Vaccinations rely on stimulating the body's natural defenses, and so understanding more about antibodies and memory B cells in relation to malaria may aid future efforts to develop a vaccine. Researchers have discovered that many of the memory B cells that accumulate in people who have been exposed to the malaria parasite over long-periods of time are different from the normal memory B cells. But it was not clear what role these ‘atypical’ cells play in immunity to malaria. To address this question, Portugal et al. studied the genetics and activity of B cells collected from children and adults living in Mali who—by living in a region where malaria is common—had been repeatedly exposed to the parasite. The experiments indicate that atypical and normal memory B cells both develop from the same precursor cells. However, the genes that are active in each cell type are different, resulting in the atypical cells being less able to respond to the parasite than the normal memory B cells. Portugal et al.'s findings suggest that the atypical cells develop from normal memory B cells during long-term exposure to malaria, which may delay the development of immunity to this disease. Future challenges include understanding what drives the formation of the atypical memory B cells in malaria, and finding out why they are less active than the normal cells. This could aid the development of vaccines and/or therapies that restore their activity in patients. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07218.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Portugal
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, United States
| | - Christopher M Tipton
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Haewon Sohn
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, United States
| | - Younoussou Kone
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Jing Wang
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, United States
| | - Shanping Li
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, United States
| | - Jeff Skinner
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, United States
| | - Kimmo Virtaneva
- Rocky Mountain Laboratory Research Technologies Section, Genomics Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, United States
| | - Daniel E Sturdevant
- Rocky Mountain Laboratory Research Technologies Section, Genomics Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, United States
| | - Stephen F Porcella
- Rocky Mountain Laboratory Research Technologies Section, Genomics Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, United States
| | - Ogobara K Doumbo
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Safiatou Doumbo
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Kassoum Kayentao
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Aissata Ongoiba
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Boubacar Traore
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Inaki Sanz
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Susan K Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, United States
| | - Peter D Crompton
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, United States
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50
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Czajkowsky DM, Andersen JT, Fuchs A, Wilson TJ, Mekhaiel D, Colonna M, He J, Shao Z, Mitchell DA, Wu G, Dell A, Haslam S, Lloyd KA, Moore SC, Sandlie I, Blundell PA, Pleass RJ. Developing the IVIG biomimetic, hexa-Fc, for drug and vaccine applications. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9526. [PMID: 25912958 PMCID: PMC5224519 DOI: 10.1038/srep09526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The remarkable clinical success of Fc-fusion proteins has driven intense investigation for even more potent replacements. Using quality-by-design (QbD) approaches, we generated hexameric-Fc (hexa-Fc), a ~20 nm oligomeric Fc-based scaffold that we here show binds low-affinity inhibitory receptors (FcRL5, FcγRIIb, and DC-SIGN) with high avidity and specificity, whilst eliminating significant clinical limitations of monomeric Fc-fusions for vaccine and/or cancer therapies, in particular their poor ability to activate complement. Mass spectroscopy of hexa-Fc reveals high-mannose, low-sialic acid content, suggesting that interactions with these receptors are influenced by the mannose-containing Fc. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provides insight into the mechanisms of hexa-Fc interaction with these receptors and reveals an unexpected orientation of high-mannose glycans on the human Fc that provides greater accessibility to potential binding partners. Finally, we show that this biosynthetic nanoparticle can be engineered to enhance interactions with the human neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) without loss of the oligomeric structure, a crucial modification for these molecules in therapy and/or vaccine strategies where a long plasma half-life is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Czajkowsky
- Bio-ID Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, P.O. Box 4956, Oslo N-0424, Norway
| | - Anja Fuchs
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Timothy J Wilson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David Mekhaiel
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jianfeng He
- Bio-ID Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
| | - Zhifeng Shao
- Bio-ID Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 P. R. China
| | - Daniel A Mitchell
- Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7
| | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7
| | - Stuart Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7
| | - Katy A Lloyd
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Shona C Moore
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Inger Sandlie
- 1] Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR) and Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, P.O. Box 4956, Oslo N-0424, Norway [2] CIR and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Patricia A Blundell
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Richard J Pleass
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
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