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Quiroga D, Wesolowski R, Zelinskas S, Pinette A, Benner B, Schwarz E, Savardekar H, Johnson C, Stiff A, Yu L, Macrae E, Lustberg M, Mrozek E, Ramaswamy B, Carson WE. An Open-Label Study of Subcutaneous CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide (PF03512676) in Combination with Trastuzumab in Patients with Metastatic HER2+ Breast Cancer. Cancer Control 2024; 31:10732748241250189. [PMID: 38797949 PMCID: PMC11129578 DOI: 10.1177/10732748241250189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES CpG ODN is a Toll-like receptor 9 agonist with immunotherapeutic potential for many cancer types, including aggressive breast cancers. There is strong interest in utilizing CpG ODN as an adjuvant to improve clinical efficacy of current treatments and immunogenicity of breast cancers not traditionally responsive to active immunotherapy, such as those that are human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive. This study aimed to study the efficacy and safety of combination CpG ODN plus anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab treatment in patients with advanced/metastatic breast cancer. METHODS This single-arm, open-label phase II clinical trial treated patients (n = 6) with advanced/metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer with weekly subcutaneous CpG ODN and trastuzumab. Patients may have received any number of prior therapies to be enrolled (most enrolled at median 1 prior line of chemotherapy). Peripheral blood was collected at baseline and weeks 2, 6, 12, and 18 for immune analyses. Six patients were enrolled and 50% achieved stable disease (SD) response. RESULTS Median PFS was 8.3 months. Three of the six patients enrolled opted to stop treatment due to tolerability issues. Multiplex assay for cytokine measurements revealed significantly higher VEGF-D levels at week 2 compared to baseline. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells analyzed by flow cytometry showed a significant increase in monocytic MDSC between weeks 6 and 12. Patients with progressive disease tended to have higher levels of week 6 monocytic MDSC and PD-1+ T cells than patients with SD. NK cell populations did not significantly change throughout treatment. CONCLUSIONS CpG ODN and trastuzumab treatment of metastatic HER2 + breast cancer was safe but was not tolerable for all patients. This combination did induce potentially predictive immune profile changes in treated patients with metastatic HER2 + breast cancer, the significance of which needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionisia Quiroga
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Robert Wesolowski
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sara Zelinskas
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ashley Pinette
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Miami Valley Hospital, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Brooke Benner
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Emily Schwarz
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Himanshu Savardekar
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Courtney Johnson
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Miami Valley Hospital, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Andrew Stiff
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Erin Macrae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Columbus Oncology Associates, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Maryam Lustberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CN, USA
| | - Ewa Mrozek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- St. Rita’s Cancer Center, Lima, OH, USA
| | - Bhuvaneswari Ramaswamy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - William E. Carson
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Song S, Wang S, Jiang X, Yang F, Gao S, Lin X, Cheng H, van der Veen S. Th1-polarized MtrE-based gonococcal vaccines display prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2249124. [PMID: 37584947 PMCID: PMC10467530 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2249124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTGlobal dissemination of high-level ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains associated with the FC428 clone poses a threat to the efficacy ceftriaxone-based therapies. Vaccination is the best strategy to contain multidrug-resistant infections. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of MtrE and its surface Loop2 as vaccine antigens when combined with a Th1-polarizing adjuvant, which is expected to be beneficial for gonococcal vaccine development. Using in vitro dendritic cell maturation and T cell differentiation assays, CpG1826 was identified as the optimal Th1-polarizing adjuvant for MtrE and Loop2 displayed as linear epitope (Nloop2) or structural epitope (Intraloop2) on a carrier protein. Loop2-based antigens raised strongly Th1-polarized and bactericidal antibody responses in vaccinated mice. Furthermore, the vaccine formulations provided protection against a gonococcal challenge in mouse vaginal tract infection model when provided as prophylactic vaccines. Also, the vaccine formulations accelerated gonococcal clearance when provided as a single therapeutic dose to treat an already established infection, including against a strain associated with the FC428 clone. Therefore, this study demonstrated that MtrE and Loop 2 are effective gonococcal vaccine antigens when combined with the Th1-polarizing CpG1826 adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaijie Song
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuyi Wang
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuai Gao
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu’ai Lin
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Stijn van der Veen
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Dermatology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Chakraborty S, Ye J, Wang H, Sun M, Zhang Y, Sang X, Zhuang Z. Application of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their agonists in cancer vaccines and immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1227833. [PMID: 37936697 PMCID: PMC10626551 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1227833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed in various immune cell types and perform multiple purposes and duties involved in the induction of innate and adaptive immunity. Their capability to propagate immunity makes them attractive targets for the expansion of numerous immunotherapeutic approaches targeting cancer. These immunotherapeutic strategies include using TLR ligands/agonists as monotherapy or combined therapeutic strategies. Several TLR agonists have demonstrated significant efficacy in advanced clinical trials. In recent years, multiple reports established the applicability of TLR agonists as adjuvants to chemotherapeutic drugs, radiation, and immunotherapies, including cancer vaccines. Cancer vaccines are a relatively novel approach in the field of cancer immunotherapy and are currently under extensive evaluation for treating different cancers. In the present review, we tried to deliver an inclusive discussion of the significant TLR agonists and discussed their application and challenges to their incorporation into cancer immunotherapy approaches, particularly highlighting the usage of TLR agonists as functional adjuvants to cancer vaccines. Finally, we present the translational potential of rWTC-MBTA vaccination [irradiated whole tumor cells (rWTC) pulsed with phagocytic agonists Mannan-BAM, TLR ligands, and anti-CD40 agonisticAntibody], an autologous cancer vaccine leveraging membrane-bound Mannan-BAM, and the immune-inducing prowess of TLR agonists as a probable immunotherapy in multiple cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samik Chakraborty
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- NE1 Inc., New York, NY, United States
| | - Juan Ye
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Herui Wang
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mitchell Sun
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Xueyu Sang
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Zhengping Zhuang
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Zhou H, Ma Y, Liu F, Li B, Qiao D, Ren P, Wang M. Current advances in cancer vaccines targeting NY-ESO-1 for solid cancer treatment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1255799. [PMID: 37731507 PMCID: PMC10508181 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1255799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
New York-esophageal cancer 1 (NY-ESO-1) belongs to the cancer testis antigen (CTA) family, and has been identified as one of the most immunogenic tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) among the family members. Given its ability to trigger spontaneous humoral and cellular immune response and restricted expression, NY-ESO-1 has emerged as one of the most promising targets for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer vaccines, an important element of cancer immunotherapy, function by presenting an exogenous source of TAA proteins, peptides, and antigenic epitopes to CD4+ T cells via major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) and to CD8+ T cells via major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I). These mechanisms further enhance the immune response against TAAs mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and helper T cells. NY-ESO-1-based cancer vaccines have a history of nearly two decades, starting from the first clinical trial conducted in 2003. The current cancer vaccines targeting NY-ESO-1 have various types, including Dendritic cells (DC)-based vaccines, peptide vaccines, protein vaccines, viral vaccines, bacterial vaccines, therapeutic whole-tumor cell vaccines, DNA vaccines and mRNA vaccines, which exhibit their respective benefits and obstacles in the development and application. Here, we summarized the current advances in cancer vaccines targeting NY-ESO-1 for solid cancer treatment, aiming to provide perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhou
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Innovation Immunotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yipeng Ma
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Innovation Immunotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fenglan Liu
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Innovation Immunotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Innovation Immunotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongjuan Qiao
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Innovation Immunotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peigen Ren
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingjun Wang
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Innovation Immunotechnology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational Medicine, Shenzhen, China
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5
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Ren H, Jia W, Xie Y, Yu M, Chen Y. Adjuvant physiochemistry and advanced nanotechnology for vaccine development. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5172-5254. [PMID: 37462107 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00848c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines comprising innovative adjuvants are rapidly reaching advanced translational stages, such as the authorized nanotechnology adjuvants in mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 worldwide, offering new strategies to effectively combat diseases threatening human health. Adjuvants are vital ingredients in vaccines, which can augment the degree, extensiveness, and longevity of antigen specific immune response. The advances in the modulation of physicochemical properties of nanoplatforms elevate the capability of adjuvants in initiating the innate immune system and adaptive immunity, offering immense potential for developing vaccines against hard-to-target infectious diseases and cancer. In this review, we provide an essential introduction of the basic principles of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination, key roles of adjuvants in augmenting and shaping immunity to achieve desired outcomes and effectiveness, and the physiochemical properties and action mechanisms of clinically approved adjuvants for humans. We particularly focus on the preclinical and clinical progress of highly immunogenic emerging nanotechnology adjuvants formulated in vaccines for cancer treatment or infectious disease prevention. We deliberate on how the immune system can sense and respond to the physicochemical cues (e.g., chirality, deformability, solubility, topology, and chemical structures) of nanotechnology adjuvants incorporated in the vaccines. Finally, we propose possible strategies to accelerate the clinical implementation of nanotechnology adjuvanted vaccines, such as in-depth elucidation of nano-immuno interactions, antigen identification and optimization by the deployment of high-dimensional multiomics analysis approaches, encouraging close collaborations among scientists from different scientific disciplines and aggressive exploration of novel nanotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongze Ren
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Wencong Jia
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Xie
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Meihua Yu
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Chen
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
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6
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Liu S, Zhang M, Yu H, Sun X, Li Q, Yang M, Qiu X, Su H, Gong A, Du F. Immunoinducible Carbon Dot-Incorporated Hydrogels as a Photothermal-Derived Antigen Depot to Trigger a Robust Antitumor Immune Response. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:7700-7712. [PMID: 36719405 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Immunogenic tumor cell death (ICD) induced by photothermal therapy (PTT) fails to elicit a robust antitumor immune response partially due to its inherent immunosuppressive microenvironment and poor antigen presentation. To address these issues, we developed an immunoinducible carbon dot-incorporated hydrogel (iCD@Gel) through a dynamic covalent Schiff base reaction using mannose-modified aluminum-doped carbon dots (M/A-CDs) as a cross-linking agent. The M/A-CDs possessed superior photothermal conversion efficiency and served as nanocarriers to load cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) for inducing the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) via mannose receptor-mediated targeting delivery. Upon intratumoral injection, the as-prepared iCD@Gel induced ICD, and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) were released via photothermal ablation under 808 nm NIR irradiation. Subsequently, the iCD@Gel synergized with the DAMPs to significantly promote the maturation and antigen cross-presentation ability of DCs. This work provides a promising strategy to develop carbon dot-based therapeutic hydrogels for photothermal therapy and immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwan Liu
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212002, P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, P. R. China
| | - Huijun Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, P. R. China
| | - Xin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, P. R. China
| | - Qianzhe Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, P. R. China
| | - Mengyu Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, P. R. China
| | - Xiaonan Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, P. R. China
| | - Hang Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, P. R. China
| | - Aihua Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, P. R. China
| | - Fengyi Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, P. R. China
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7
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Complexing CpG adjuvants with cationic liposomes enhances vaccine-induced formation of liver T RM cells. Vaccine 2023; 41:1094-1107. [PMID: 36609029 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue resident memory T cells (TRM cells) can provide effective tissue surveillance and can respond rapidly to infection. Vaccination strategies aimed at generating TRM cells have shown promise against a range of pathogens. We have previously shown that the choice of adjuvant critically influences CD8+ TRM cell formation in the liver. However, the range of adjuvants tested was limited. Here, we assessed the ability of a broad range of adjuvants stimulating membrane (TLR4), endosomal (TLR3, TLR7 and TLR9) and cytosolic (cGAS, RIG-I) pathogen recognition receptors for their capacity to induce CD8+ TRM formation in a subunit vaccination model. We show that CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) remain the most efficient inducers of liver TRM cells among all adjuvants tested. Moreover, their combination with the cationic liposome DOTAP further enhances the potency, particularly of the class B ODN CpG 1668 and the human TLR9 ligand CpG 2006 (CpG 7909). This study informs the design of efficient liver TRM-based vaccines for their potential translation.
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Recent Advances in Cancer Vaccines: Challenges, Achievements, and Futuristic Prospects. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122011. [PMID: 36560420 PMCID: PMC9788126 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a chronic disease, and it can be lethal due to limited therapeutic options. The conventional treatment options for cancer have numerous challenges, such as a low blood circulation time as well as poor solubility of anticancer drugs. Therapeutic cancer vaccines emerged to try to improve anticancer drugs' efficiency and to deliver them to the target site. Cancer vaccines are considered a viable therapeutic technique for most solid tumors. Vaccines boost antitumor immunity by delivering tumor antigens, nucleic acids, entire cells, and peptides. Cancer vaccines are designed to induce long-term antitumor memory, causing tumor regression, eradicate minimal residual illness, and prevent non-specific or unpleasant effects. These vaccines can assist in the elimination of cancer cells from various organs or organ systems in the body, with minimal risk of tumor recurrence or metastasis. Vaccines and antigens for anticancer therapy are discussed in this review, including current vaccine adjuvants and mechanisms of action for various types of vaccines, such as DNA- or mRNA-based cancer vaccines. Potential applications of these vaccines focusing on their clinical use for better therapeutic efficacy are also discussed along with the latest research available in this field.
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Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy in Hot and Cold Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137325. [PMID: 35806328 PMCID: PMC9266676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells mediate innate and adaptive immune responses and are directly involved in the activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes that kill tumor cells. Dendritic cell-based cancer immunotherapy has clinical benefits. Dendritic cell subsets are diverse, and tumors can be hot or cold, depending on their immunogenicity; this heterogeneity affects the success of dendritic cell-based immunotherapy. Here, we review the ontogeny of dendritic cells and dendritic cell subsets. We also review the characteristics of hot and cold tumors and briefly introduce therapeutic trials related to hot and cold tumors. Lastly, we discuss dendritic cell-based cancer immunotherapy in hot and cold tumors.
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10
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Potent anti-tumor immune response and tumor growth inhibition induced by HER2 subdomain fusion protein in a mouse tumor model. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022; 149:2437-2450. [PMID: 35737089 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several approaches have so far been employed to establish anti-tumor immunity by targeting HER2 protein. Active immunization with recombinant HER2 subdomains has previously been demonstrated to induce potent immune response and tumor growth inhibition. In the present study, we investigated the immunogenicity and tumor inhibitory effect of a fusion protein consisting of human HER2 extracellular subdomain (ECD-DI + II) together with T-helper cell epitopes of Tetanus toxin (p2 and p30). METHODS BALB/c mice were immunized with two recombinant proteins (DI + II and p2p30-DI + II) emulsified in 4 different adjuvants. Anti-DI + II antibody response, cytokine profile, frequency of splenic CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and CD8+CD107a+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were assessed in the immunized mice. To assess the anti-tumor effect, the immunized mice were subcutaneously challenged with HER2-overexpressing tumor cells and the tumor growth was determined. RESULTS Both recombinant proteins were able to induce comparable levels of ECD-DI + II-specific antibodies. Immunization with p2p30-DI + II resulted in a significant increase in the level of Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) secretion compared to DI + II protein and significantly higher frequency of CTLs and lower frequency of Tregs. The number of mice that remained tumor-free until day 120 was significantly higher in p2p30-DI + II vaccinated groups. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the p2p30-DI + II fusion protein together with CpG adjuvant induces more potent anti-tumor immune responses in a mouse tumor model. Accordingly, this formulation might be considered as a potential immunotherapeutic approach in HER2+ cancers.
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11
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Hernandez R, Malek TR. Fueling Cancer Vaccines to Improve T Cell-Mediated Antitumor Immunity. Front Oncol 2022; 12:878377. [PMID: 35651800 PMCID: PMC9150178 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.878377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines offer the potential to enhance T cell-mediated antitumor immunity by expanding and increasing the function of tumor-specific T cells and shaping the recall response against recurring tumors. While the use of cancer vaccines is not a new immunotherapeutic approach, the cancer vaccine field continues to evolve as new antigen types emerge and vaccine formulations and delivery strategies are developed. As monotherapies, cancer vaccines have not been very efficacious in part due to pre-existing peripheral- and tumor-mediated tolerance mechanisms that limit T cell function. Over the years, various agents including Toll-like receptor agonists, cytokines, and checkpoint inhibitors have been employed as vaccine adjuvants and immune modulators to increase antigen-mediated activation, expansion, memory formation, and T effector cell function. A renewed interest in this approach has emerged as better neoepitope discovery tools are being developed and our understanding of what constitutes an effective cancer vaccine is improved. In the coming years, cancer vaccines will likely be vital to enhance the response to current immunotherapies. In this review, we discuss the various types of therapeutic cancer vaccines, including types of antigens and approaches used to enhance cancer vaccine responses such as TLR agonists, recombinant interleukin-2 and interleukin-2 derivatives, and checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosmely Hernandez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Thomas R Malek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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12
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Liu J, Fu M, Wang M, Wan D, Wei Y, Wei X. Cancer vaccines as promising immuno-therapeutics: platforms and current progress. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:28. [PMID: 35303904 PMCID: PMC8931585 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01247-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on tumor immunotherapy has made tremendous progress in the past decades, with numerous studies entering the clinical evaluation. The cancer vaccine is considered a promising therapeutic strategy in the immunotherapy of solid tumors. Cancer vaccine stimulates anti-tumor immunity with tumor antigens, which could be delivered in the form of whole cells, peptides, nucleic acids, etc. Ideal cancer vaccines could overcome the immune suppression in tumors and induce both humoral immunity and cellular immunity. In this review, we introduced the working mechanism of cancer vaccines and summarized four platforms for cancer vaccine development. We also highlighted the clinical research progress of the cancer vaccines, especially focusing on their clinical application and therapeutic efficacy, which might hopefully facilitate the future design of the cancer vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Minyang Fu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Manni Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Wan
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Du Y, Liu Y, Wang D, Bai H, Wang Z, He X, Zhang P, Tian J, Wang J. Peptidic microarchitecture-trapped tumor vaccine combined with immune checkpoint inhibitor or PI3Kγ inhibitor can enhance immunogenicity and eradicate tumors. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-003564. [PMID: 35217574 PMCID: PMC8883272 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the rapid development of immune checkpoint inhibitors and neoantigen (NeoV)-based personalized tumor vaccines, tumor immunotherapy has shown promising therapeutic results. However, the limited efficacy of available tumor vaccines impedes the development of personalized tumor immunotherapy. In this study, we developed a novel tumor vaccine system and proposed combined therapeutic strategies for improving treatment effects. Methods We developed a novel tumor vaccine system comprising a newly synthesized peptidic microarchitecture (PMA) with high assembly efficacy. The PMA-trapped neoantigen vaccine was developed to codeliver tumor neoantigen and the Toll-like receptor 9 agonist CpG (NeoV), abbreviated as PMA-NeoV. A microfluidic chip was used to produce PMA particles in a uniform and precise manner. Vaccine effectiveness was investigated both in vitro and in vivo. The combined immunotherapeutic effect of PMA-NeoV with anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 antibody (aPD-L1) or with the phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase γ (PI3Kγ) inhibitor IPI-549 was further tested in MC38 mouse tumor model. Results PMA-NeoV not only promoted codelivery of the tumor vaccine but also potentiated vaccine immunogenicity. Moreover, compared with free NeoV, PMA-NeoV significantly increased the number of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, promoted the neoantigen-specific systemic immune response, and suppressed murine colon MC38 tumor growth. Furthermore, PMA-NeoV increased the expression of programmed cell death receptor-1 on T lymphocytes, and in combination with aPD-L1 eradicated seven of eight MC38 tumors by rescuing exhausted T lymphocytes. Moreover, we combined the PMA-NeoV with the IPI-549, a molecular switch that controls immune suppression, and found that this combination significantly suppressed tumor growth and eradicated five of eight inoculated tumors, by switching suppressive macrophages to their active state and activating T cells to prime a robust tumor immune microenvironment. Conclusions We developed a tumor vaccine delivery system and presented a promising personalized tumor vaccine-based therapeutic regimen in which a tumor vaccine delivery system is combined with an aPD-L1 or PI3Kγ inhibitor to improve tumor immunotherapy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, the State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiran He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, the State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, the State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, the State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China .,The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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14
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Smith AS, Knochelmann HM, Wyatt MM, Rangel Rivera GO, Rivera-Reyes AM, Dwyer CJ, Ware MB, Cole AC, Neskey DM, Rubinstein MP, Liu B, Thaxton JE, Bartee E, Paulos CM. B cells imprint adoptively transferred CD8 + T cells with enhanced tumor immunity. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:e003078. [PMID: 35017148 PMCID: PMC8753437 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adoptive T cell transfer (ACT) therapy improves outcomes in patients with advanced malignancies, yet many individuals relapse due to the infusion of T cells with poor function or persistence. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists can invigorate antitumor T cell responses when administered directly to patients, but these responses often coincide with toxicities. We posited that TLR agonists could be repurposed ex vivo to condition T cells with remarkable potency in vivo, circumventing TLR-related toxicity. METHODS In this study we investigated how tumor-specific murine CD8+ T cells and human tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are impacted when expanded ex vivo with the TLR9 agonist CpG. RESULTS Herein we reveal a new way to reverse the tolerant state of adoptively transferred CD8+ T cells against tumors using TLR-activated B cells. We repurposed the TLR9 agonist, CpG, commonly used in the clinic, to bolster T cell-B cell interactions during expansion for ACT. T cells expanded ex vivo from a CpG-treated culture demonstrated potent antitumor efficacy and prolonged persistence in vivo. This antitumor efficacy was accomplished without in vivo administration of TLR agonists or other adjuvants of high-dose interleukin (IL)-2 or vaccination, which are classically required for effective ACT therapy. CpG-conditioned CD8+ T cells acquired a unique proteomic signature hallmarked by an IL-2RαhighICOShighCD39low phenotype and an altered metabolic profile, all reliant on B cells transiently present in the culture. Likewise, human TILs benefitted from expansion with CpG ex vivo, as they also possessed the IL-2RαhighICOShighCD39low phenotype. CpG fostered the expansion of potent CD8+ T cells with the signature phenotype and antitumor ability via empowering a direct B-T cell interaction. Isolated B cells also imparted T cells with the CpG-associated phenotype and improved tumor immunity without the aid of additional antigen-presenting cells or other immune cells in the culture. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate a novel way to use TLR agonists to improve immunotherapy and reveal a vital role for B cells in the generation of potent CD8+ T cell-based therapies. Our findings have immediate implications in the clinical treatment of advanced solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey S Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hannah M Knochelmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Megan M Wyatt
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Guillermo O Rangel Rivera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amalia M Rivera-Reyes
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Connor J Dwyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Michael B Ware
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anna C Cole
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David M Neskey
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Developmental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Mark P Rubinstein
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Bei Liu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jessica E Thaxton
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Immunotherapy Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eric Bartee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Chrystal M Paulos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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15
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Fujii SI, Yamasaki S, Hanada K, Ueda S, Kawamura M, Shimizu K. Cancer immunotherapy using artificial adjuvant vector cells to deliver NY-ESO-1 antigen to dendritic cells in situ. Cancer Sci 2021; 113:864-874. [PMID: 34971473 PMCID: PMC8898705 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
NY‐ESO‐1 is a cancer/testis antigen expressed in various cancer types. However, the induction of NY‐ESO‐1‐specific CTLs through vaccines is somewhat difficult. Thus, we developed a new type of artificial adjuvant vector cell (aAVC‐NY‐ESO‐1) expressing a CD1d‐NKT cell ligand complex and a tumor‐associated antigen, NY‐ESO‐1. First, we determined the activation of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) and natural killer (NK) cell responses by aAVC‐NY‐ESO‐1. We then showed that the NY‐ESO‐1‐specific CTL response was successfully elicited through aAVC‐NY‐ESO‐1 therapy. After injection of aAVC‐NY‐ESO‐1, we found that dendritic cells (DCs) in situ expressed high levels of costimulatory molecules and produced interleukn‐12 (IL‐12), indicating that DCs undergo maturation in vivo. Furthermore, the NY‐ESO‐1 antigen from aAVC‐NY‐ESO‐1 was delivered to the DCs in vivo, and it was presented on MHC class I molecules. The cross‐presentation of the NY‐ESO‐1 antigen was absent in conventional DC‐deficient mice, suggesting a host DC‐mediated CTL response. Thus, this strategy helps generate sufficient CD8+ NY‐ESO‐1‐specific CTLs along with iNKT and NK cell activation, resulting in a strong antitumor effect. Furthermore, we established a human DC‐transferred NOD/Shi‐scid/IL‐2γcnull immunodeficient mouse model and showed that the NY‐ESO‐1 antigen from aAVC‐NY‐ESO‐1 was cross‐presented to antigen‐specific CTLs through human DCs. Taken together, these data suggest that aAVC‐NY‐ESO‐1 has potential for harnessing innate and adaptive immunity against NY‐ESO‐1‐expressing malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Fujii
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Research Center for Integrative Medicine (IMS), Yokohama, Japan.,RIKEN Program for drug discovery and medical technology platforms, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamasaki
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Research Center for Integrative Medicine (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenichi Hanada
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shogo Ueda
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Research Center for Integrative Medicine (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masami Kawamura
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Research Center for Integrative Medicine (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kanako Shimizu
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Research Center for Integrative Medicine (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
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16
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Najafabadi AH, Abadi ZIN, Aikins ME, Foulds KE, Donaldson MM, Yuan W, Okeke EB, Nam J, Xu Y, Weerappuli P, Hetrick T, Adams D, Lester PA, Salazar AM, Barouch DH, Schwendeman A, Seder RA, Moon JJ. Vaccine nanodiscs plus polyICLC elicit robust CD8+ T cell responses in mice and non-human primates. J Control Release 2021; 337:168-178. [PMID: 34280415 PMCID: PMC8440392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Conventional cancer vaccines based on soluble vaccines and traditional adjuvants have produced suboptimal therapeutic efficacy in clinical trials. Thus, there is an urgent need for vaccine technologies that can generate potent T cell responses with strong anti-tumor efficacy. We have previously reported the development of synthetic high-density protein (sHDL) nanodiscs for efficient lymph node (LN)-targeted co-delivery of antigen peptides and CpG oligonucleotides (a Toll-like receptor-9 agonist). Here, we performed a comparative study in mice and non-human primates (NHPs) to identify an ideal vaccine platform for induction of CD8+ T cell responses. In particular, we compared the efficacy of CpG class B, CpG class C, and polyICLC (a synthetic double-stranded RNA analog, a TLR-3 agonist), each formulated with antigen-carrying sHDL nanodiscs. Here, we report that sHDL-Ag admixed with polyICLC elicited robust Ag-specific CD8+ T cell responses in mice, and when used in combination with α-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor, sHDL-Ag + polyICLC eliminated large established (~100 mm3) MC-38 tumors in mice. Moreover, sHDL-Gag + polyICLC induced robust Simian immunodeficiency virus Gag-specific, polyfunctional CD8+ T cell responses in rhesus macaques and could further amplify the efficacy of recombinant adenovirus-based vaccine. Notably, while both sHDL-Ag-CpG-B and sHDL-Ag-CpG-C generated strong Ag-specific CD8+ T cell responses in mice, their results were mixed in NHPs. Overall, sHDL combined with polyICLC offers a strong platform to induce CD8+ T cells for vaccine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Hassani Najafabadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Zeynab Izadi Najaf Abadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Marisa E Aikins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kathryn E Foulds
- The Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mitzi M Donaldson
- The Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wenmin Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Emeka B Okeke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biology, State University of New York, Fredonia, NY 14063, USA
| | - Jutaek Nam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yao Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Priyan Weerappuli
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Taryn Hetrick
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David Adams
- Biomedical Research Core Facilities, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Patrick A Lester
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Anna Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- The Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James J Moon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA..
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17
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Chen W, Jiang M, Yu W, Xu Z, Liu X, Jia Q, Guan X, Zhang W. CpG-Based Nanovaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:5281-5299. [PMID: 34385817 PMCID: PMC8352601 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s317626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer has been a serious health hazard to the people all over the world with its high incidence and horrible mortality. In recent years, tumor vaccines in immunotherapy have become a hotspot in cancer therapy due to their many practical advantages and good therapeutic potentials. Among the various vaccines, nanovaccine utilized nanoparticles (NPs) as the carrier and/or adjuvant has presented significant therapeutic effect in cancer treatment. For tumor nanovaccines, unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN) is a commonly used adjuvant. It has been reported that CpG ODN was the most effective immune stimulant among the currently known adjuvants. It could be recognized by toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) to activate humoral and cellular immunity for preventing or treating cancer. In this review, the topic of CpG-based nanovaccines for cancer immunotherapy will be focused. The types and properties of different CpG will be introduced in detail first, and then some representative tumor nanovaccines will be reviewed according to the diverse loading modes of CpG, such as electrostatic adsorption, covalent bonding, hydrophilic and hydrophobic interaction, and DNA self-assembly, for summarizing the current progress of CpG-based tumor nanovaccines. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives will be discussed. It is hoped that this review will provide valuable references for the development of nanovaccines in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingxia Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingmiao Jia
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuwen Guan
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Target Drug Delivery System, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Smart Materials and Regenerative Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weifen Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Target Drug Delivery System, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Smart Materials and Regenerative Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Gu YM, Zhuo Y, Chen LQ, Yuan Y. The Clinical Application of Neoantigens in Esophageal Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:703517. [PMID: 34386424 PMCID: PMC8353328 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.703517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is a common malignant tumor with poor prognosis, and current treatments for patients with advanced EC remain unsatisfactory. Recently, immunotherapy has been recognized as a new and promising approach for various tumors. EC cells present a high tumor mutation burden and harbor abundant tumor antigens, including tumor-associated antigens and tumor-specific antigens. The latter, also referred to as neoantigens, are immunogenic mutated peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. While current genomics and bioinformatics technologies have greatly facilitated the identification of tumor neoantigens, identifying individual neoantigens systematically for successful therapies remains a challenging problem. Owing to the initiation of strong, specific tumor-killing cytotoxic T cell responses, neoantigens are emerging as promising targets to develop personalized treatment and have triggered the development of cancer vaccines, adoptive T cell therapies, and combination therapies. This review aims to give a current understanding of the clinical application of neoantigens in EC and provide direction for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min Gu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Zhuo
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Long-Qi Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Yuan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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19
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Astragalus Polysaccharides Enhance the Immune Response to OVA Antigen in BALB/c Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9976079. [PMID: 34258286 PMCID: PMC8260300 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9976079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination has been identified as one of the most effective ways to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases in humans and animals. One of the most critical steps in vaccine development is the selection of a suitable adjuvant. Although various adjuvant candidates have been evaluated in the past few decades, only a limited amount of them are nontoxic and safe for human use. Astragalus polysaccharide (APS), due to its lack of toxicity, has been used as an immunomodulator to enhance immune responses. On the other hand, the immune effects of APS on ovalbumin are yet to be examined. Thus, in this study, we analyzed APS's effects on the immune response to ovalbumin in BALB/c mice. We have also used the classic adjuvant CpG oligodeoxynucleotide as the positive control.
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20
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Nagarajan D, Pearson J, Brentville V, Metheringham R, Pockley AG, Durrant L, McArdle SE. ImmunoBody®-HAGE derived vaccine induces immunity to HAGE and delays the growth and metastasis of HAGE-expressing tumours in vivo. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:972-989. [PMID: 34105800 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The management of patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) continues to pose a significant clinical challenge. Less than 30% of women with metastatic TNBC survive 5 years, despite adjuvant chemotherapy and the initial higher rates of clinical response that can be achieved with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. ImmunoBody® is a plasmid DNA designed to encode a human antibody molecule with complementary determining regions (CDRs) engineered to express cytotoxic and helper T cell epitopes derived from the cancer antigen of interest. HAGE is a Cancer Testis Antigen, which is expressed in TNBC. Herein, we have identified a 30-amino-acid-long HAGE-derived sequence containing HLA-A2 and HLA-DR1 restricted epitopes and demonstrated that the use of this sequence as peptide (with CpG/IFA) or incorporated into an ImmunoBody® vaccine can generate specific IFNγ secreting splenocytes in HHDII/DR1 mice. T-cell responses elicited by the ImmunoBody®-HAGE vaccine were superior to peptide immunisation. Moreover, splenocytes from ImmunoBody®-HAGE vaccinated mice stimulated in vitro could recognise HAGE+ tumour cells and the human TNBC cell line MDA-MB-231. More importantly, the growth of implanted B16/HHDII/DR1/HAGE+ cells was significantly delayed by the ImmunoBody®-HAGE vaccine in both prophylactic and experimental metastasis settings. Overall, we demonstrate the potential of HAGE-derived vaccines for treating HAGE-expressing cancers and that such vaccines could be considered as therapeutic options for patients with HAGE+ TNBC after conventional treatment to prevent disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Nagarajan
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Joshua Pearson
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.,Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Victoria Brentville
- Scancell Ltd, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Rachael Metheringham
- Scancell Ltd, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - A Graham Pockley
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Lindy Durrant
- Scancell Ltd, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Stephanie E McArdle
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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21
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Miyazawa M, Katsuda M, Kawai M, Hirono S, Okada KI, Kitahata Y, Yamaue H. Advances in immunotherapy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2021; 28:419-430. [PMID: 33742512 DOI: 10.1002/jhbp.944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Advances in immunotherapy against advanced cancers can be considered stunning and epoch-making. Meanwhile, efficacy of immune-based therapies, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors, remains insufficient in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, differing from other immunogenic cancers. To date, neither immunotherapies targeting immune system acceleration nor release of immunologic brakes have been able to overcome the robust immune barrier in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment, which is characterized by rich fibrotic stroma and accumulation of immunosuppressive myeloid cells. However, by receiving an immune checkpoint blockade, patients with abundant tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma clearly have better prognosis, and patients with mismatch repair deficiency have achieved better outcomes, albeit in a small population of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. We overview recent preclinical and clinical studies that have been concerned with immune-based therapies including cancer vaccine and immune checkpoint inhibitors. By providing a deep insight into the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, we suggest the possibility of comprehensive immune intensification that could reverse the tumor microenvironment, making it conducive to cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity for overcoming pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Miyazawa
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Katsuda
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Manabu Kawai
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Seiko Hirono
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Okada
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yuji Kitahata
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamaue
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
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22
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Slingluff CL, Zarour HM, Tawbi HAH, Kirkwood JM, Postow MA, Friedlander P, Devoe CE, Gaughan EM, Mauldin IS, Olson WC, Smith KT, Macri MJ, Ricciardi T, Ryan A, Venhaus R, Wolchok JD. A phase 1 study of NY-ESO-1 vaccine + anti-CTLA4 antibody Ipilimumab (IPI) in patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1898105. [PMID: 33796406 PMCID: PMC8007150 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1898105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ipilimumab (IPI) can enhance immunity to the cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1. A clinical trial was designed to assess safety, immunogenicity, and clinical responses with IPI + NY-ESO-1 vaccines and effects on the tumor microenvironment (TME). Patients with measurable NY-ESO-1+ tumors were enrolled among three arms: A) IPI + NY-ESO-1 protein + poly-ICLC (pICLC) + incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA); B) IPI + NY-ESO-1 overlapping long peptides (OLP) + pICLC + IFA; and C) IPI + NY-ESO-1 OLP + pICLC. Clinical responses were assessed by irRC. T cell and Ab responses were assessed by ex vivo IFN-gamma ELIspot and ELISA. Tumor biopsies pre- and post-treatment were evaluated for immune infiltrates. Eight patients were enrolled: 5, 2, and 1 in Arms A-C, respectively. There were no DLTs. Best clinical responses were SD (4) and PD (4). T-cell and antibody (Ab) responses to NY-ESO-1 were detected in 6 (75%) and 7 (88%) patients, respectively, and were associated with SD. The breadth of Ab responses was greater for patients with SD than PD (p = .036). For five patients evaluable in the TME, treatment was associated with increases in proliferating (Ki67+) CD8+ T cells and decreases in RORγt+ CD4+ T cells. T cell densities increased for those with SD. Detection of T cell responses to NY-ESO-1 ex vivo in most patients suggests that IPI may have enhanced those responses. Proliferating intratumoral CD8+ T cells increased after vaccination plus IPI suggesting favorable impact of IPI plus NY-ESO-1 vaccines on the TME. List of Abbreviations: Ab = antibody; CTCAE = NCI Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events; DHFR/DHRP = dihydrofolate reductase; DLT = Dose-limiting toxicity; ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IFA = incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (Montanide ISA-51); IFNγ = Interferon gamma; IPI = Ipilimumab; irRC = immune-related response criteria; mIFH = multispectral immunofluorescence histology; OLP = NY-ESO-1 overlapping long peptides; PBMC = peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PD = Progressive disease; pICLC = poly-ICLC (Hiltonol), a TLR3/MDA-5 agonist; RLT = Regimen-limiting Toxicity; ROI = regions of interest; RT = room temperature; SAE = serious adverse event; SD = stable disease; TEAE = treatment-emergent adverse events; TLR = toll-like receptor; TME = tumor microenvironment; TRAE = treatment-related adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig L Slingluff
- Department of Surgery/Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Hassane M Zarour
- Division of Medical Oncology, Dept of Medicine and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hussein Abdul-Hassan Tawbi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Dept of Medicine and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - John M Kirkwood
- Division of Medical Oncology, Dept of Medicine and Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael A Postow
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philip Friedlander
- Department of Medicine, Hematology, and Medical Oncology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Craig E Devoe
- Northwell Health Cancer Institute, Lake Success, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Gaughan
- Department of Medicine/Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ileana S Mauldin
- Department of Surgery/Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Walter C Olson
- Department of Surgery/Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kelly T Smith
- Department of Surgery/Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mary J Macri
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Aileen Ryan
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ralph Venhaus
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California, USA
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23
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Abstract
CpG Oligonucleotides (ODN) are immunomodulatory synthetic oligonucleotides specifically designed to stimulate Toll-like receptor 9. TLR9 is expressed on human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells and triggers an innate immune response characterized by the production of Th1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This chapter reviews recent progress in understanding the mechanism of action of CpG ODN and provides an overview of human clinical trial results using CpG ODN to improve vaccines for the prevention/treatment of cancer, allergy, and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dennis M Klinman
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA.
- Leitman Klinman Consulting, Potomac, MD, USA.
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24
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Moran MC, Bence AR, Vallecillo MFS, Lützelschwab CM, Rodriguez MG, Pardo R, Goldbaum FA, Zylberman V, Palma SD, Maletto BA, Estein SM. Polymeric antigen BLSOmp31 formulated with class B CpG-ODN in a nanostructure (BLSOmp31/CpG-ODN/Coa-ASC16) administered by parenteral or mucosal routes confers protection against Brucella ovis in Balb/c mice. Res Vet Sci 2021; 135:217-227. [PMID: 33631456 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that the chimera BLSOmp31 formulated in chitosan microspheres or Poloxamer407-Chitosan administered via the nasal and the ocular mucosa conferred partial protection in sheep against B. ovis. In this work, we tested a new delivery system for mucosal immunization with BLSOmp31 in the murine model to improve the efficacy of previously used formulations. First, we evaluated the protective efficacy against B. ovis induced by BLSOmp31 administered by the subcutaneous route using either BLSOmp31 alone, co-administered with immunostimulatory synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated cytosine-guanine motifs (CpG-ODN) or with CpG-ODN in a nanostructure called Coa-ASC16 compared with BLSOmp31 emulsified in Incomplete Freund Adjuvant. Then, we evaluated the protection conferred by the best performing formulation (BLSOmp31/CpG-ODN/Coa-ASC16) administered by both subcutaneous and ocular routes. BLSOmp31/CpG-ODN/Coa-ASC16 injected subcutaneously did not induce higher IgG antibody levels compared to BLSOmp31 alone or BLSOmp31/CpG-ODN but it did stimulate a mixed immune Th1-Th2 response with the highest levels of IFN-ɣ and conferred significant protection against the B. ovis challenge. Although ocular instillation of BLSOmp31/CpG-ODN/Coa-ASC16 showed a similar degree of protection compared to the parenteral route (3.66 and 3.60 logs of protection, respectively), it induced lower levels in serum of specific IgG (with mixed IgG1/IgG2a) and IgA antibodies and, less IFN-ɣ and IL-4 than the subcutaneous route. No antibodies were detected in vaginal lavages or saliva. Fecal antigen-specific IgA was slightly higher in mice immunized with BLSOmp31/CpG-ODN/Coa-ASC16 subcutaneously compared with the ocular route. These results indicate that BLSOmp31/CpG-ODN/Coa-ASC16 was a safe and effective vaccine against B. ovis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Celeste Moran
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva (SAMP), Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Microbiología Clínica y Experimental, Departamento SAMP, CIVETAN-CONICET-CICPBA., F.C.V, U.N.C.P.B.A., Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angel Ricardo Bence
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva (SAMP), Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Fisiopatología, F.C.V, U.N.C.P.B.A., Tandil, Buenos Aires., Argentina; Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CICPBA), Argentina
| | - María Fernanda Sánchez Vallecillo
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, CIBICI (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia María Lützelschwab
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Box 7028, SE-750-07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Santiago Daniel Palma
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, UNITEFA (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Belkys Angélica Maletto
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, CIBICI (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Silvia Marcela Estein
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva (SAMP), Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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25
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Vacchelli E, Martins I, Eggermont A, Fridman WH, Galon J, Sautès-Fridman C, Tartour E, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial watch: Peptide vaccines in cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:1557-1576. [PMID: 23264902 PMCID: PMC3525611 DOI: 10.4161/onci.22428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prophylactic vaccination constitutes one of the most prominent medical achievements of history. This concept was first demonstrated by the pioneer work of Edward Jenner, dating back to the late 1790s, after which an array of preparations that confer life-long protective immunity against several infectious agents has been developed. The ensuing implementation of nation-wide vaccination programs has de facto abated the incidence of dreadful diseases including rabies, typhoid, cholera and many others. Among all, the most impressive result of vaccination campaigns is surely represented by the eradication of natural smallpox infection, which was definitively certified by the WHO in 1980. The idea of employing vaccines as anticancer interventions was first theorized in the 1890s by Paul Ehrlich and William Coley. However, it soon became clear that while vaccination could be efficiently employed as a preventive measure against infectious agents, anticancer vaccines would have to (1) operate as therapeutic, rather than preventive, interventions (at least in the vast majority of settings), and (2) circumvent the fact that tumor cells often fail to elicit immune responses. During the past 30 y, along with the recognition that the immune system is not irresponsive to tumors (as it was initially thought) and that malignant cells express tumor-associated antigens whereby they can be discriminated from normal cells, considerable efforts have been dedicated to the development of anticancer vaccines. Some of these approaches, encompassing cell-based, DNA-based and purified component-based preparations, have already been shown to exert conspicuous anticancer effects in cohorts of patients affected by both hematological and solid malignancies. In this Trial Watch, we will summarize the results of recent clinical trials that have evaluated/are evaluating purified peptides or full-length proteins as therapeutic interventions against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France
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26
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Keshavarz A, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Zafari P, Bagheri N, Ghaffari SH, Bashash D. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in cancer; with an extensive focus on TLR agonists and antagonists. IUBMB Life 2020; 73:10-25. [PMID: 33217774 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
At the forefront of the battle against pathogens or any endogenously released molecules, toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role as the most noble pattern recognition receptors. The ability of these receptors in distinguishing "self" and "non-self" antigens is a cornerstone in the innate immunity system; however, misregulation links inflammatory responses to the development of human cancers. It has been known for some time that aberrant expression and regulation of TLRs not only endows cancer cells an opportunity to escape from the immune system but also supports them through enhancing proliferation and angiogenesis. Over the past decades, cancer research studies have witnessed a number of preclinical and clinical breakthroughs in the field of TLR modulators and some of the agents have exceptionally performed well in advanced clinical trials. In the present review, we have provided a comprehensive review of different TLR agonists and antagonists and discuss their limitations, toxicities, and challenges to outline their future incorporation in cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Keshavarz
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Zafari
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Nader Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Seyed H Ghaffari
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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27
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Goedegebuure RSA, Wentink MQ, van der Vliet HJ, Timmerman P, Griffioen AW, de Gruijl TD, Verheul HMW. A Phase I Open-Label Clinical Trial Evaluating the Therapeutic Vaccine hVEGF26-104/RFASE in Patients with Advanced Solid Malignancies. Oncologist 2020; 26:e218-e229. [PMID: 33105058 PMCID: PMC7873342 DOI: 10.1002/onco.13576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
LESSONS LEARNED The novel therapeutic vaccine hVEGF26-104 /RFASE was found to be safe and well tolerated in patients with cancer. hVEGF26-104 /RFASE failed to induce seroconversion against native hVEGF165 and, accordingly, neither a decrease in circulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels nor clinical benefit was observed. Remarkably, hVEGF26-104 /RFASE induced VEGF165 -neutralizing antibodies in a nonhuman primate model. The absence of seroconversion in human calls for caution in the interpretation of efficacy of human vaccines in nonhuman primates. BACKGROUND Targeting vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF) is a well-established anticancer therapy. We designed a first-in-human clinical trial to investigate the safety and immunogenicity of the novel vaccine hVEGF26-104 /RFASE. METHODS Patients with advanced solid malignancies with no standard treatment options available were eligible for this phase I study with a 3+3 dose-escalation design. On days 0, 14, and 28, patients received intramuscular hVEGF26-104 , a truncated synthetic three-dimensional (3D)-structured peptide mimic covering the amino acids 26-104 of the human VEGF165 isoform, emulsified in the novel adjuvant Raffinose Fatty Acid Sulphate Ester (RFASE), a sulpholipopolysaccharide. Objectives were to determine safety, induction of VEGF-neutralizing antibodies, and the maximum tolerated dose. Blood was sampled to measure VEGF levels and antibody titers. RESULTS Eighteen of 27 enrolled patients received three immunizations in six different dose-levels up to 1,000 μg hVEGF26-104 and 40 mg RFASE. No dose-limiting toxicity was observed. Although in four patients an antibody titer against hVEGF26-104 was induced (highest titer: 2.77 10 log), neither a reduction in VEGF levels nor neutralizing antibodies against native VEGF165 were detected. CONCLUSION Despite having an attractive safety profile, hVEGF26-104 /RFASE was not able to elicit seroconversions against native VEGF165 and, consequently, did not decrease circulating VEGF levels. Deficient RFASE adjuvant activity, as well as dominant immunoreactivity toward neoepitopes, may have impeded hVEGF26-104 /RFASE's efficacy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben S A Goedegebuure
- Amsterdam UMC, VUmc location, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Madelon Q Wentink
- Amsterdam UMC, VUmc location, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J van der Vliet
- Amsterdam UMC, VUmc location, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Lava Therapeutics, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Arjan W Griffioen
- Amsterdam UMC, VUmc location, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Amsterdam UMC, VUmc location, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk M W Verheul
- Radboud UMC, Department of Medical Oncology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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28
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Karapetyan L, Luke JJ, Davar D. Toll-Like Receptor 9 Agonists in Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:10039-10060. [PMID: 33116588 PMCID: PMC7553670 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s247050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is a pattern recognition receptor that is predominantly located intracellularly in immune cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, and other antigen-presenting cells (APC). The primary ligands for TLR9 receptors are unmethylated cytidine phosphate guanosine (CpG) oligodinucleotides (ODN). TLR9 agonists induce inflammatory processes that result in the enhanced uptake and killing of microorganisms and cancer cells as well as the generation of adaptive immune responses. Preclinical studies of TLR9 agonists suggested efficacy both as monotherapy and in combination with several agents, which led to clinical trials in patients with advanced cancer. In these studies, intravenous, intratumoral, and subcutaneous routes of administration have been tested; with anti-tumor responses in both treated and untreated metastatic sites. TLR9 agonist monotherapy is safe, although efficacy is minimal in advanced cancer patients; conversely, combinations appear to be more promising. Several ongoing phase I and II clinical trials are evaluating TLR9 agonists in combination with a variety of agents including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy agents. In this review article, we describe the distribution, structure and signaling of TLR9; discuss the results of preclinical studies of TLR9 agonists; and review ongoing clinical trials of TLR9 agonists singly and in combination in patients with advanced solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilit Karapetyan
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center (HCC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jason J Luke
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center (HCC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Diwakar Davar
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center (HCC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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29
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Cuzzubbo S, Banissi C, Rouchon MS, Tran T, Tanchot C, Tartour E, Carpentier AF. The adjuvant effect of melanin is superior to incomplete Freund's adjuvant in subunit/peptide vaccines in mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:2501-2512. [PMID: 32561966 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02631-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peptide vaccines represent an attractive alternative to conventional anti-tumor therapies, but have not yet achieved significant clinical efficacy with commonly used formulations. Combination of short antigenic peptides, synthetic melanin and TLR9 agonist (Toll-like receptor 9, CpG-28) was reported as highly efficient to trigger strong CD8 + T-cell responses. We compared this vaccine approach to the standard adjuvant formulation that combines the incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) and CpG-28, using either an ovalbumin epitope (pOVA30) or a spontaneously occurring tumor neoepitope (mAdpgk).Melanin-based vaccine induced significantly higher cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) responses than IFA-based vaccine in both pOVA30- and mAdpgk-targeted vaccines. The anti-tumor efficacy of melanin-based vaccine was further assessed in mice, grafted either with E.G7-OVA cells (E.G7 cells transfected with ovalbumin) or with MC38 cells that spontaneously express the mAdpgk neoepitope. Melanin-based vaccine induced a major inhibition of E.G7-OVA tumor growth when compared to IFA-based vaccine (p < 0.001), but tumors eventually relapsed from day 24. In the MC38 tumor model, no significant inhibition of tumor growth was observed. In both cases, tumor escape appeared related to the loss of antigen presentation by tumor cells (loss of ovalbumin expression in E.G7-OVA model; poor presentation of mAdpgk in MC38 model), although the CTL responses displayed an effector memory phenotype, a high cytolytic potential and low programmed cell death-1 (PD1) expression.In conclusion, synthetic melanin can be efficiently used as an adjuvant to enhance T-cells response against subunit vaccine antigens and compared favorably to the classic combination of IFA and TLR9 agonist in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Cuzzubbo
- PARCC, INSERM, UMR-970, Université de Paris, 56 rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Claire Banissi
- Laboratoire de Recherches Biochirurgicales (Fondation Carpentier), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Marie Sophie Rouchon
- Laboratoire de Recherches Biochirurgicales (Fondation Carpentier), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Thi Tran
- PARCC, INSERM, UMR-970, Université de Paris, 56 rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Tanchot
- PARCC, INSERM, UMR-970, Université de Paris, 56 rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Eric Tartour
- PARCC, INSERM, UMR-970, Université de Paris, 56 rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France.,Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Antoine F Carpentier
- PARCC, INSERM, UMR-970, Université de Paris, 56 rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Recherches Biochirurgicales (Fondation Carpentier), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 75015, Paris, France.,Service de Neurologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010, Paris, France
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30
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Xie J, Yuan S, Peng L, Li H, Niu L, Xu H, Guo X, Yang M, Duan F. Antitumor immunity targeting fibroblast activation protein-α in a mouse Lewis lung carcinoma model. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:868-876. [PMID: 32566014 PMCID: PMC7285819 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor stromal microenvironment is an integral part of the occurrence and development of tumor. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a key component of most tumor stromal microenvironments. The present study aimed to investigate the use of CAFs-targeted immunotherapy to fibroblast activation protein-α (FAP-α) expressed in CAFs. Recombinant adenoviral vectors containing the mouse FAP-α cDNA (rAd-FAP-α) were constructed. C57BL/6 mice were immunized with rAd-FAP-α infected dendritic cells (DCs) against FAP-α, which is overexpress in CAFs. The results demonstrated that mice vaccinated with rAd-FAP-α DCs gave rise to potent FAP-α-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes capable of lysing Lewis lung cancer (LLC) CAFs. Furthermore, mice vaccinated with rAd-FAP-α-transduced DCs induced an effective therapeutic or protective antitumor immunity to LLC in a subcutaneous model, and prolonged overall survival time compared with mice vaccinated with the control recombinant adenovirus-transduced DCs (rAd-c DCs) or DCs alone. The results of the present study suggested that FAP-α, which is preferentially expressed in CAFs, may be considered as a potential target for killing or destroying CAFs within the tumor stromal microenvironment, and may be exploited to develop immunogenic tumor vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Shiyang Yuan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Laishui Peng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Huanyu Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Linxia Niu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolin Guo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Fengying Duan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Cai H, Shukla S, Steinmetz NF. The Antitumor Efficacy of CpG Oligonucleotides is Improved by Encapsulation in Plant Virus-Like Particles. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:1908743. [PMID: 34366757 PMCID: PMC8340626 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201908743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) with CpG motifs have potent immunostimulatory effects on many subsets of immune cells. For example, Class B CpG-ODNs, such as ODN1826 induce the phagocytic activity of macrophages by activating the Toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway. Systemic ODN delivery results in unfavorable pharmacokinetic profiles and can trigger adverse effects. To address this issue, plant virus-like particles (VLPs) are developed for the targeted delivery of ODN1826 to tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). ODN1826 is encapsulated by the in vitro disassembly and reassembly of Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), producing VLPs that are structurally analogous to the native virus. The encapsulation of ODN1826 in CCMV-derived VLPs promotes ODN uptake by TAMs ex vivo and significantly enhance their phagocytic activity. The antitumor activity of the VLPs in vivo is also evaluated, revealing that the direct injection of ODN1826 VLPs into established tumors induces a robust antitumor response by increasing the phagocytic activity of TAMs in the tumor microenvironment. CCMV encapsulation significantly enhances the efficacy of ODN1826 compared to the free drug, slowing tumor growth and prolonging survival in mouse models of colon cancer and melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cai
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sourabh Shukla
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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32
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Pavlick A, Blazquez AB, Meseck M, Lattanzi M, Ott PA, Marron TU, Holman RM, Mandeli J, Salazar AM, McClain CB, Gimenez G, Balan S, Gnjatic S, Sabado RL, Bhardwaj N. Combined Vaccination with NY-ESO-1 Protein, Poly-ICLC, and Montanide Improves Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Patients with High-Risk Melanoma. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:70-80. [PMID: 31699709 PMCID: PMC6946846 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Given its ability to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses, NY-ESO-1 has been considered a suitable antigen for a cancer vaccine. Despite promising results from early-phase clinical studies in patients with melanoma, NY-ESO-1 vaccine immunotherapy has not been widely investigated in larger trials; consequently, many questions remain as to the optimal vaccine formulation, predictive biomarkers, and sequencing and timing of vaccines in melanoma treatment. We conducted an adjuvant phase I/II clinical trial in high-risk resected melanoma to optimize the delivery of poly-ICLC, a TLR-3/MDA-5 agonist, as a component of vaccine formulation. A phase I dose-escalation part was undertaken to identify the MTD of poly-ICLC administered in combination with NY-ESO-1 and montanide. This was followed by a randomized phase II part investigating the MTD of poly-ICLC with NY-ESO-1 with or without montanide. The vaccine regimens were generally well tolerated, with no treatment-related grade 3/4 adverse events. Both regimens induced integrated NY-ESO-1-specific CD4+ T-cell and humoral responses. CD8+ T-cell responses were mainly detected in patients receiving montanide. T-cell avidity toward NY-ESO-1 peptides was higher in patients vaccinated with montanide. In conclusion, NY-ESO-1 protein in combination with poly-ICLC is safe, well tolerated, and capable of inducing integrated antibody and CD4+ T-cell responses in most patients. Combination with montanide enhances antigen-specific T-cell avidity and CD8+ T-cell cross-priming in a fraction of patients, indicating that montanide contributes to the induction of specific CD8+ T-cell responses to NY-ESO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pavlick
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Ana B Blazquez
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Departments of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Marcia Meseck
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Departments of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Michael Lattanzi
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | - Thomas U Marron
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Departments of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - John Mandeli
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, New York
| | | | - Christopher B McClain
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Departments of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Gustavo Gimenez
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Departments of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Sreekumar Balan
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Departments of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Departments of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Departments of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, New York
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Expression of tumor-associated antigens in breast cancer subtypes. Breast 2019; 49:202-209. [PMID: 31869767 PMCID: PMC7375652 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) are frequently overexpressed in several cancer types. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of TAAs in breast cancer. Material and methods A total of 250 selected invasive breast cancers including 50 estrogen receptor (ER)-positive (Luminal B like), 50 triple-negative (TN), 50 ER-positive lobular type, 50 ER- and progesterone receptor (PgR)-positive (Luminal A like) and 50 cerbB2-positive breast cancers, were assessed for New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma-1 (NY-ESO-1), Wilms tumor antigen (WT-1) and PReferentially expressed Antigen of MElanoma (PRAME) antigen expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results A significantly higher expression of cancer testis (CT)-antigens NY-ESO-1 and WT-1 antigen was detected in TN breast cancers compared with ER-positive tumors. NY-ESO-1 overexpression (score 2 + and 3+) assessed by monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies was detected in 9 (18%) TN cancers as compared to 2 (4%) ER-positive tumors (p = 0.002). WT1 over-expression (score 2 + and 3+) was confirmed in 27 (54%) TN tumor samples as compared to 6 (12%) ER-positive (p < 0.0001). PRAME over-expression (score 2 + and 3+) was detected in 8 (16%) HER2 positive tumor samples as compared to no TN and ER-positive cancers (p = 0.0021). Conclusions NY-ESO-1 and WT1 antigens are overexpressed in TN breast cancers. Because of the limited therapeutic options for this patient subgroup, CT antigen-based vaccines might prove to be useful for patients with this phenotype of breast cancer. Tumor-associated antigens are frequently overexpressed in several cancer types, being also associated with poorer patients’ survival outcomes. Our study confirmed that NY-ESO-1 and WT1 antigens are higher expressed in triple-negative than in other breast cancer subtypes. Given the limited therapeutic options for triple-negative breast cancer patients, the assessment of WT1 and NY-ESO-1 antigens expression in breast cancer tissue at surgery may allow to identify patients potentially candidate to adjuvant peptide vaccines, alone or in combination with other systemic therapies.
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Comberlato A, Paloja K, Bastings MMC. Nucleic acids presenting polymer nanomaterials as vaccine adjuvants. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:6321-6346. [PMID: 31460563 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01222b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Most vaccines developed today include only the antigens that best stimulate the immune system rather than the entire virus or microbe, which makes vaccine production and use safer and easier, though they lack potency to induce acceptable immunity and long-term protection. The incorporation of additional immune stimulating components, named adjuvants, is required to generate a strong protective immune response. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and their synthetic analogs are promising candidates as vaccine adjuvants activating Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Additionally, in the last few years several nanocarriers have emerged as platforms for targeted co-delivery of antigens and adjuvants. In this review, we focus on the recent developments in polymer nanomaterials presenting nucleic acids as vaccine adjuvants. We aim to compare the effectiveness of the various classes of polymers in immune modulating materials (nanoparticles, dendrimers, single-chain particles, nanogels, polymersomes and DNA-based architectures). In particular, we address the critical role of parameters such as size, shape, complexation and release of TLR ligands, cellular uptake, stability, toxicity and potential importance of spatial control in ligand presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Comberlato
- IMX/IBI, EPFL, EPFL-STI-IMX-PBL MXC 340 Station 12, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Kaltrina Paloja
- IMX/IBI, EPFL, EPFL-STI-IMX-PBL MXC 340 Station 12, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Maartje M C Bastings
- IMX/IBI, EPFL, EPFL-STI-IMX-PBL MXC 340 Station 12, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
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Mahipal A, Ejadi S, Gnjatic S, Kim-Schulze S, Lu H, Ter Meulen JH, Kenney R, Odunsi K. First-in-human phase 1 dose-escalating trial of G305 in patients with advanced solid tumors expressing NY-ESO-1. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:1211-1222. [PMID: 31069460 PMCID: PMC11028382 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02331-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Human tumor cells express antigens that serve as targets for the host cellular immune system. This phase 1 dose-escalating study was conducted to assess safety and tolerability of G305, a recombinant NY-ESO-1 protein vaccine mixed with glucopyranosyl lipid A (GLA), a synthetic TLR4 agonist adjuvant, in a stable emulsion (SE). Twelve patients with solid tumors expressing NY-ESO-1 were treated using a 3 + 3 design. The NY-ESO-1 dose was fixed at 250 µg, while GLA-SE was increased from 2 to 10 µg. Safety, immunogenicity, and clinical responses were assessed prior to, during, and at the end of therapy. G305 was safe and immunogenic at all doses. All related AEs were Grade 1 or 2, with injection site soreness as the most commonly reported event (100%). Overall, 75% of patients developed antibody response to NY-ESO-1, including six patients with increased antibody titer ( ≥ 4-fold rise) and three patients with seroconversion from negative (titer < 100) to positive (titer ≥ 100). CD4 T-cell responses were observed in 44.4% of patients; 33.3% were new responses and 1 was boosted ( ≥ 2-fold rise). Following treatment, 8 of 12 patients had stable disease for 3 months or more; at the end of 1 year, three patients had stable disease and nine patients were alive. G305 is a potent immunotherapeutic agent that can stimulate NY-ESO-1-specific antibody and T-cell responses. The vaccine was safe at all doses of GLA-SE (2-10 µg) and showed potential clinical benefit in this population of patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/adverse effects
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, Neoplasm/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Neoplasm/adverse effects
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/adverse effects
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Drugs, Investigational/administration & dosage
- Drugs, Investigational/adverse effects
- Female
- Glucosides/administration & dosage
- Glucosides/adverse effects
- Glucosides/immunology
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Lipid A/administration & dosage
- Lipid A/adverse effects
- Lipid A/immunology
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/administration & dosage
- Membrane Proteins/adverse effects
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Proteins/adverse effects
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/agonists
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/immunology
- Treatment Outcome
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Mahipal
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Samuel Ejadi
- HonorHealth Research Institute, Virginia G. Piper Cancer Center, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seunghee Kim-Schulze
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hailing Lu
- Immune Design Corp., 1616 East Lake Ave. E, Suite 300, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Jan H Ter Meulen
- Immune Design Corp., 1616 East Lake Ave. E, Suite 300, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA.
| | - Richard Kenney
- Immune Design Corp, South San Francisco, CA, USA
- ClinReg Biologics LLC, Potomac, MD, USA
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36
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Maynard SK, Marshall JD, MacGill RS, Yu L, Cann JA, Cheng LI, McCarthy MP, Cayatte C, Robbins SH. Vaccination with synthetic long peptide formulated with CpG in an oil-in-water emulsion induces robust E7-specific CD8 T cell responses and TC-1 tumor eradication. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:540. [PMID: 31170937 PMCID: PMC6555006 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5725-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite considerable efforts at developing therapeutic vaccines for cancer, clinical translation of preclinical successes has been challenging, largely due to the difficulty of inducing strong and sustained cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in patients. Several peptide-based cancer vaccines have failed to show sustainable tumor regression in the clinic, possibly because of a lack of optimization of both the adjuvant and antigen components of the preparations. Here, we aimed to develop and optimize a vaccine format utilizing a synthetic long peptide (SLP) containing the human papilloma virus 16 (HPV16) E7 antigen, with a centrally located defined MHC class I epitope, and evaluate its immunogenicity and efficacy in combination with various adjuvant formulations. METHODS E731-73 SLP was tested alone or in combination with toll-like receptor (TLR)3, TLR4, TLR7/8 and TLR9 agonists and formulated in oil-in-water (o/w) or water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions to determine a vaccine format inducing a robust CD8 T cell response in murine models. Once a lead vaccine format was determined, we examined its ability to inhibit tumor growth in the murine TC-1 model that expresses HPV16 E7 antigen. RESULTS We identified the TLR9 agonist CpG formulated in a squalene-based o/w emulsion as the most potent adjuvant, inducing the expansion of multifunctional antigen specific CD8 T cells with cytolytic potential. We also demonstrated that SLP E731-73 + CpG + o/w emulsion vaccine can provide prophylactic and more importantly, therapeutic benefit in the TC-1 murine tumor model. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the novel vaccine format E7 SLP + CpG delivered in an o/w emulsion holds potential for the promotion of strong CTL responses and tumor eradication and encourages further development of peptide/adjuvant vaccines in cancer immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Li Yu
- Statistical Sciences, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer A Cann
- Translational Sciences (Pathology), MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Lily I Cheng
- Translational Sciences (Pathology), MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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Cohen AD, Lendvai N, Nataraj S, Imai N, Jungbluth AA, Tsakos I, Rahman A, Mei AHC, Singh H, Zarychta K, Kim-Schulze S, Park A, Venhaus R, Alpaugh K, Gnjatic S, Cho HJ. Autologous Lymphocyte Infusion Supports Tumor Antigen Vaccine-Induced Immunity in Autologous Stem Cell Transplant for Multiple Myeloma. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:658-669. [PMID: 30745365 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Autologous stem cell transplant (autoSCT), the standard consolidation therapy for multiple myeloma, improves disease-free survival, but is not curative. This could be an ideal setting for immunologic therapy. However, the immune milieu is impaired after autoSCT. We hypothesized that autologous lymphocyte infusion would restore immune competence, allowing immunotherapies such as cancer vaccines to elicit tumor antigen-specific immunity in the setting of autoSCT. In this pilot study (NCT01380145), we investigated safety, immunologic, and clinical outcomes of autologous lymphocyte infusion combined with peri-autoSCT immunotherapy with recombinant MAGE-A3 (a multiple myeloma-associated antigen) and adjuvant. Thirteen patients with multiple myeloma undergoing autoSCT were enrolled. Autologous lymphocyte infusion and MAGE vaccination were well tolerated. Combination immunotherapy resulted in high-titer humoral immunity and robust, antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell responses in all subjects, and the responses persisted at least one year post-autoSCT. CD4+ T cells were polyfunctional and Th1-biased. CD8+ T-cell responses were elicited in 3 of 13 subjects. These cells recognized naturally processed MAGE-A3 antigen. Median progression-free survival was 27 months, and median overall survival was not reached, suggesting no differences from standard-of-care. In 4 of 8 subjects tested, MAGE-A protein expression was not detected by IHC in multiple myeloma cells at relapse, suggesting therapy-induced immunologic selection against antigen-expressing clones. These results demonstrated that autologous lymphocyte infusion augmentation of autoSCT confers a favorable milieu for immunotherapies such as tumor vaccines. This strategy does not require ex vivo manipulation of autologous lymphocyte products and is an applicable platform for further investigation into combination immunotherapies to treat multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Cohen
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Nikoletta Lendvai
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Sarah Nataraj
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Naoko Imai
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Ioanna Tsakos
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Adeeb Rahman
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Anna Huo-Chang Mei
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Herman Singh
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Katarzyna Zarychta
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Seunghee Kim-Schulze
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Andrew Park
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York
| | - Ralph Venhaus
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York
| | | | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York.,Human Immune Monitoring Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Hearn J Cho
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York
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38
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Chiang CLL, Kandalaft LE. In vivo cancer vaccination: Which dendritic cells to target and how? Cancer Treat Rev 2018; 71:88-101. [PMID: 30390423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The field of cancer immunotherapy has been revolutionized with the use of immune checkpoint blockade antibodies such as anti-programmed cell death 1 protein (PD-1) and chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Significant clinical benefits are observed in different cancer types with these treatments. While considerable efforts are made in augmenting tumor-specific T cell responses with these therapies, other immunotherapies that actively stimulate endogenous anti-tumor T cells and generating long-term memory have received less attention. Given the high cost of cancer immunotherapies especially with chimeric antigen receptor T cells, not many patients will have access to such treatments. The next-generation of cancer immunotherapy could entail in vivo cancer vaccination to activate both the innate and adaptive anti-tumor responses. This could potentially be achieved via in vivo targeting of dendritic cells which are an indispensable link between the innate and adaptive immunities. Dendritic cells highly expressed toll-like receptors for recognizing and eliminating pathogens. Synthetic toll-like receptors agonists could be synthesized at a low cost and have shown promise in preclinical and clinical trials. As different subsets of human dendritic cells exist in the immune system, activation with different toll-like receptor agonists could exert profound effects on the quality and magnitude of anti-tumor T cell responses. Here, we reviewed the different subsets of human dendritic cells. Using published preclinical and clinical cancers studies available on PubMed, we discussed the use of clinically approved and emerging toll-like receptor agonists to activate dendritic cells in vivo for cancer immunotherapy. Finally, we searched www.clinicaltrials.gov and summarized the active cancer trials evaluating toll-like receptor agonists as an adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Lai-Lai Chiang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne CH-1066, Switzerland
| | - Lana E Kandalaft
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne CH-1066, Switzerland; Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Smilow Translational Research Center 8th Floor, 186B, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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39
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Lin YC, Hsu CY, Huang SK, Fan YH, Huang CH, Yang CK, Su WT, Chang PC, Dutta A, Liu YJ, Huang CT, Chen TC, Lin CY. Induction of liver-specific intrahepatic myeloid cells aggregation expands CD8 T cell and inhibits growth of murine hepatoma. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1502129. [PMID: 30524897 PMCID: PMC6279338 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1502129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-Like Receptor 9 (TLR9) stimulation selectively triggers the formation of a cell cluster termed intrahepatic myeloid aggregation for T cell expansion" (iMATE) in a mouse chronic viral hepatitis model. iMATE expands cytotoxic T cells and controls viral hepatitis infection. The liver-specific immune response prompted this investigation of whether the effect could control tumor growth in the murine hepatic tumor model. Murine hepatic BNL cells were used to establish an orthotropic liver tumor model. We found that intravenous infusion of TLR 9 agonist, CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) induced iMATE formation in non-tumor parts of liver and suppressed the murine BNL tumor growth. The ratio of intra-tumor CD8+ T cells have increased after CpG ODN. These cells expressed higher levels of effector and checkpoint molecules, and produce more Th1 cytokine upon ex vivo stimulation. The CD11b+Ly6ChiLy6G - subset of CD11b+ myeloid cells in the tumor microenvironment has increased. Both CD11b+Ly6ChiLy6G - and CD11b+Ly6CloLy6G+ subsets expressed higher level of interferon-gamma post CpG ODN treatment, although still presented a suppressive phenotype. Their suppressive ability was decreased, instead, the targeted CD8+ T cell proliferation was promoted at a higher dose of CD11b+Ly6ChiLy6G- cells. The phenomenon was further proven in DEN induced liver tumor model. In conclusion, systemic CpG ODN treatment induced iMATE formation that expanded effector CD8+ T cells to control tumor growth in the mouse hepatic tumor model. This novel strategy provides a new rationale for liver-specific tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chang Lin
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Kai Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Han Fan
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hao Huang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chan-Keng Yang
- Division of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Su
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chia Chang
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Avijit Dutta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Tai Huang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Ching Chen
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yen Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Lessons learnt from the Tasmanian devil facial tumour regarding immune function in cancer. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:731-738. [PMID: 30225648 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9782-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and genomic technologies have facilitated a greater understanding of the Tasmanian devil immune system and the origins, evolution and spread of devil facial tumour disease (DFTD). DFTD is a contagious cancer that has caused significant declines in devil populations across Tasmania. Immune responses to DFTD are rarely detected, allowing the cancer to pass between individuals and proliferate unimpeded. Early immunosenscence in devils appears to decrease anti-tumour immunity in older animals compared to younger animals, which may increase susceptibility to DFTD and explain high DFTD prevalence in this age group. Devils also have extremely low major histocompatibility complex (MHC) diversity, and multiple alleles are shared with the tumour, lowering histocompatibility barriers which may have contributed to DFTD evolution. DFTD actively evades immune attack by down-regulating cell-surface MHC I molecules, making it effectively invisible to the immune system. Altered MHC I profiles should activate natural killer (NK) cell anti-tumour responses, but these are absent in DFTD infection. Recent immunisation and immunotherapy using modified DFTD cells has induced an anti-DFTD immune response and regression of DFTD in some devils. Knowledge gained from immune responses to a transmissible cancer in devils will ultimately reveal useful insights into immunity to cancer in humans and other species.
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41
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B cells and antibody production in melanoma. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:790-805. [DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9778-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Lymph Node-Targeting Nanovaccine through Antigen-CpG Self-Assembly Potentiates Cytotoxic T Cell Activation. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:3714960. [PMID: 30018987 PMCID: PMC6029500 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3714960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccines that arouse the cytotoxic T cell immune response to reject infected cells have been investigated extensively for treating disease. Due to the large amounts of resident antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T cells in lymph nodes, great efforts have been made to explore the strategy of targeting lymph nodes directly with nanovaccines to activate T cells. However, these nanovaccines still have several problems, such as a low loading efficiency and compromised activity of antigens and adjuvants derived from traditional complicated preparation. There are also safety concerns about materials synthesized without FDA approval. Herein, we construct an assembled nanoparticle composed of an antigen (ovalbumin, OVA) and adjuvant (CpG) to ensure its safety and high loading efficiency. The activity of both components was well preserved due to the mild self-assembly process. The small size, narrow distribution, negative charge, and good stability of the nanoparticle endow these nanovaccines with superior capacity for lymph node targeting. Correspondingly, the accumulation at lymph nodes can be improved by 10-fold. Subsequently, due to the sufficient APC internalization and maturation in lymph nodes, ~60% of T cells are stimulated to proliferate and over 70% of target cells are specifically killed. Based on the effective and quick cellular immune response, the assembled nanoparticles exhibit great potential as therapeutic vaccines.
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Thomas R, Al-Khadairi G, Roelands J, Hendrickx W, Dermime S, Bedognetti D, Decock J. NY-ESO-1 Based Immunotherapy of Cancer: Current Perspectives. Front Immunol 2018; 9:947. [PMID: 29770138 PMCID: PMC5941317 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
NY-ESO-1 or New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1 is a well-known cancer-testis antigen (CTAs) with re-expression in numerous cancer types. Its ability to elicit spontaneous humoral and cellular immune responses, together with its restricted expression pattern, have rendered it a good candidate target for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we provide background information on NY-ESO-1 expression and function in normal and cancerous tissues. Furthermore, NY-ESO-1-specific immune responses have been observed in various cancer types; however, their utility as biomarkers are not well determined. Finally, we describe the immune-based therapeutic options targeting NY-ESO-1 that are currently in clinical trial. We will highlight the recent advancements made in NY-ESO-1 cancer vaccines, adoptive T cell therapy, and combinatorial treatment with checkpoint inhibitors and will discuss the current trends for future NY-ESO-1 based immunotherapy. Cancer treatment has been revolutionized over the last few decades with immunotherapy emerging at the forefront. Immune-based interventions have shown promising results, providing a new treatment avenue for durable clinical responses in various cancer types. The majority of successful immunotherapy studies have been reported in liquid cancers, whereas these approaches have met many challenges in solid cancers. Effective immunotherapy in solid cancers is hampered by the complex, dynamic tumor microenvironment that modulates the extent and phenotype of the antitumor immune response. Furthermore, many solid tumor-associated antigens are not private but can be found in normal somatic tissues, resulting in minor to detrimental off-target toxicities. Therefore, there is an ongoing effort to identify tumor-specific antigens to target using various immune-based modalities. CTAs are considered good candidate targets for immunotherapy as they are characterized by a restricted expression in normal somatic tissues concomitant with a re-expression in solid epithelial cancers. Moreover, several CTAs have been found to induce a spontaneous immune response, NY-ESO-1 being the most immunogenic among the family members. Hence, this review will focus on NY-ESO-1 and discuss the past and current NY-ESO-1 targeted immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remy Thomas
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ghaneya Al-Khadairi
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jessica Roelands
- Immunology, Inflammation, and Metabolism Department, Tumor Biology, Immunology, and Therapy Section, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Wouter Hendrickx
- Immunology, Inflammation, and Metabolism Department, Tumor Biology, Immunology, and Therapy Section, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Said Dermime
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Doha, Qatar
| | - Davide Bedognetti
- Immunology, Inflammation, and Metabolism Department, Tumor Biology, Immunology, and Therapy Section, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Julie Decock
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
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Jie J, Zhang Y, Zhou H, Zhai X, Zhang N, Yuan H, Ni W, Tai G. CpG ODN1826 as a Promising Mucin1-Maltose-Binding Protein Vaccine Adjuvant Induced DC Maturation and Enhanced Antitumor Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030920. [PMID: 29558459 PMCID: PMC5877781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucin 1 (MUC1), being an oncogene, is an attractive target in tumor immunotherapy. Maltose binding protein (MBP) is a potent built-in adjuvant to enhance protein immunogenicity. Thus, a recombinant MUC1 and MBP antitumor vaccine (M-M) was constructed in our laboratory. To enhance the antitumor immune activity of M-M, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides 1826 (CpG 1826), a toll-like receptor-9 agonist, was examined in this study as an adjuvant. The combination of M-M and CpG 1826 significantly inhibited MUC1-expressing B16 cell growth and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. It induced MUC1-specific antibodies and Th1 immune responses, as well as the Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL) cytotoxicity in vivo. Further studies showed that it promoted the maturation and activation of the dendritic cell (DC) and skewed towards Th1 phenotype in vitro. Thus, our study revealed that CpG 1826 is an efficient adjuvant, laying a foundation for further M-M clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jie
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Xinjiang Street 125, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Xinjiang Street 125, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Hongyue Zhou
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Xinjiang Street 125, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Zhai
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Xinjiang Street 125, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Nannan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Xinjiang Street 125, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Hongyan Yuan
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Xinjiang Street 125, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Weihua Ni
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Xinjiang Street 125, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Guixiang Tai
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Xinjiang Street 125, Changchun 130021, China.
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45
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Liang F, Lindgren G, Sandgren KJ, Thompson EA, Francica JR, Seubert A, De Gregorio E, Barnett S, O'Hagan DT, Sullivan NJ, Koup RA, Seder RA, Loré K. Vaccine priming is restricted to draining lymph nodes and controlled by adjuvant-mediated antigen uptake. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/393/eaal2094. [PMID: 28592561 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aal2094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune mechanisms by which adjuvants enhance the potency and protection of vaccine-induced adaptive immunity are largely unknown. We introduce a model to delineate the steps of how adjuvant-driven innate immune activation leads to priming of vaccine responses using rhesus macaques. Fluorescently labeled HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) was administered together with the conventional aluminum salt (alum) adjuvant. This was compared to Env given with alum with preabsorbed Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) ligand (alum-TLR7) or the emulsion MF59 because they show superiority over alum for qualitatively and quantitatively improved vaccine responses. All adjuvants induced rapid and robust immune cell infiltration to the injection site in the muscle. This resulted in substantial uptake of Env by neutrophils, monocytes, and myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) and migration exclusively to the vaccine-draining lymph nodes (LNs). Although less proficient than monocytes and DCs, neutrophils were capable of presenting Env to memory CD4+ T cells. MF59 and alum-TLR7 showed more pronounced cell activation and overall higher numbers of Env+ cells compared to alum. This resulted in priming of higher numbers of Env-specific CD4+ T cells in the vaccine-draining LNs, which directly correlated with increased T follicular helper cell differentiation and germinal center formation. Thus, strong innate immune activation promoting efficient vaccine antigen delivery to infiltrating antigen-presenting cells in draining LNs is an important mechanism by which superior adjuvants enhance vaccine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Liang
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustaf Lindgren
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kerrie J Sandgren
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth A Thompson
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joseph R Francica
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Nancy J Sullivan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Karin Loré
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
The promising results of clinical trials using immune checkpoint inhibitors revived interests in cancer immunotherapy. However, it also became apparent that efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade can benefit from combining it with immunostimulatory strategies. Here, we review prior and re-emerging approaches using Toll-like Receptor 9 (TLR9) agonists, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), focused on the generation of antitumor immune responses in cancer patients. While numerous early clinical trials using TLR9 ligands in monotherapies provided evidence of CpG ODNs tolerability and safety, they failed to demonstrate sufficient antitumor efficacy. Recent studies unraveled multiple levels of negative regulation of immunostimulatory TLR9 signaling in immune cells by the tumor microenvironment that can stifle immune activity in cancer patients. Therefore, CpG ODNs-based strategies can greatly benefit from combination with strategies targeting immune checkpoint regulation. The most recent clinical trials of CpG ODNs together with immune checkpoint inhibitors have a chance to generate novel, more effective and safer cancer immunotherapies.
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47
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Masuta Y, Yamamoto T, Natsume-Kitatani Y, Kanuma T, Moriishi E, Kobiyama K, Mizuguchi K, Yasutomi Y, Ishii KJ. An Antigen-Free, Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell-Targeting Immunotherapy To Bolster Memory CD8 + T Cells in Nonhuman Primates. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:2067-2075. [PMID: 29431693 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The priming, boosting, and restoration of memory cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes by vaccination or immunotherapy in vivo is an area of active research. Particularly, nucleic acid-based compounds have attracted attention due to their ability to elicit strong Ag-specific CTL responses as a vaccine adjuvant. Nucleic acid-based compounds have been shown to act as anticancer monotherapeutic agents even without coadministration of cancer Ag(s); however, so far they have lacked efficacy in clinical trials. We recently developed a second-generation TLR9 agonist, a humanized CpG DNA (K3) complexed with schizophyllan (SPG), K3-SPG, a nonagonistic Dectin-1 ligand. K3-SPG was previously shown to act as a potent monoimmunotherapeutic agent against established tumors in mice in vivo. In this study we extend the monoimmunotherapeutic potential of K3-SPG to a nonhuman primate model. K3-SPG activated monkey plasmacytoid dendritic cells to produce both IFN-α and IL-12/23 p40 in vitro and in vivo. A single injection s.c. or i.v. with K3-SPG significantly increased the frequencies of activated memory CD8+ T cells in circulation, including Ag-specific memory CTLs, in cynomolgus macaques. This increase did not occur in macaques injected with free CpG K3 or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. Injection of 2 mg K3-SPG induced mild systemic inflammation, however, levels of proinflammatory serum cytokines and circulating neutrophil influx were lower than those induced by the same dose of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. Therefore, even in the absence of specific Ags, we show that K3-SPG has potent Ag-specific memory CTL response-boosting capabilities, highlighting its potential as a monoimmunotherapeutic agent for chronic infectious diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Masuta
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Laboratories of Discovery Research, Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd., Kyoto 601-8550, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yayoi Natsume-Kitatani
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kanuma
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eiko Moriishi
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Kouji Kobiyama
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan.,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Kenji Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yasutomi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; .,Laboratory of Vaccine Science, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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48
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Manches O, Muniz LR, Bhardwaj N. Dendritic Cell Biology. Hematology 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35762-3.00023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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49
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Abstract
Substance use disorder, especially in relation to opioids such as heroin and fentanyl, is a significant public health issue and has intensified in recent years. As a result, substantial interest exists in developing therapeutics to counteract the effects of abused drugs. A promising universal strategy for antagonizing the pharmacology of virtually any drug involves the development of a conjugate vaccine, wherein a hapten structurally similar to the target drug is conjugated to an immunogenic carrier protein. When formulated with adjuvants and immunized, the immunoconjugate should elicit serum IgG antibodies with the ability to sequester the target drug to prevent its entry to the brain, thereby acting as an immunoantagonist. Despite the failures of first-generation conjugate vaccines against cocaine and nicotine in clinical trials, second-generation vaccines have shown dramatically improved performance in preclinical models, thus renewing the potential clinical utility of conjugate vaccines in curbing substance use disorder. This review explores the critical design elements of drug conjugate vaccines such as hapten structure, adjuvant formulation, bioconjugate chemistry, and carrier protein selection. Methods for evaluating these vaccines are discussed, and recent progress in vaccine development for each drug is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Bremer
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Kim D Janda
- Departments of Chemistry and Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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50
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Hu Z, Ott PA, Wu CJ. Towards personalized, tumour-specific, therapeutic vaccines for cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 2017; 18:168-182. [PMID: 29226910 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 640] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines, which are designed to amplify tumour-specific T cell responses through active immunization, have long been envisioned as a key tool of effective cancer immunotherapy. Despite a clear rationale for such vaccines, extensive past efforts were unsuccessful in mediating clinically relevant antitumour activity in humans. Recently, however, next-generation sequencing and novel bioinformatics tools have enabled the systematic discovery of tumour neoantigens, which are highly desirable immunogens because they arise from somatic mutations of the tumour and are therefore tumour specific. As a result of the diversity of tumour neoepitopes between individuals, the development of personalized cancer vaccines is warranted. Here, we review the emerging field of personalized cancer vaccination and discuss recent developments and future directions for this promising treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuting Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Patrick A Ott
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Catherine J Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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