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Dutka M, Zimmer K, Ćwiertnia M, Ilczak T, Bobiński R. The role of PCSK9 in heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases-mechanisms of action beyond its effect on LDL cholesterol. Heart Fail Rev 2024; 29:917-937. [PMID: 38886277 PMCID: PMC11306431 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-024-10409-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PCSK9) is a protein that regulates low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol metabolism by binding to the hepatic LDL receptor (LDLR), ultimately leading to its lysosomal degradation and an increase in LDL cholesterol (LDLc) levels. Treatment strategies have been developed based on blocking PCSK9 with specific antibodies (alirocumab, evolocumab) and on blocking its production with small regulatory RNA (siRNA) (inclisiran). Clinical trials evaluating these drugs have confirmed their high efficacy in reducing serum LDLc levels and improving the prognosis in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Most studies have focused on the action of PCSK9 on LDLRs and the subsequent increase in LDLc concentrations. Increasing evidence suggests that the adverse cardiovascular effects of PCSK9, particularly its atherosclerotic effects on the vascular wall, may also result from mechanisms independent of its effects on lipid metabolism. PCSK9 induces the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines contributing to inflammation within the vascular wall and promotes apoptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis of cardiomyocytes and is thus involved in the development and progression of heart failure. The elimination of PCSK9 may, therefore, not only be a treatment for hypercholesterolaemia but also for atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases. The mechanisms of action of PCSK9 in the cardiovascular system are not yet fully understood. This article reviews the current understanding of the mechanisms of PCSK9 action in the cardiovascular system and its contribution to cardiovascular diseases. Knowledge of these mechanisms may contribute to the wider use of PCSK9 inhibitors in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieczysław Dutka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa St. 2, 43-309, Bielsko-Biała, Poland.
| | - Karolina Zimmer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa St. 2, 43-309, Bielsko-Biała, Poland
| | - Michał Ćwiertnia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, 43-309, Bielsko-Biała, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ilczak
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, 43-309, Bielsko-Biała, Poland
| | - Rafał Bobiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa St. 2, 43-309, Bielsko-Biała, Poland
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2
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Sun R, Pan X, Ward E, Intrevado R, Morozan A, Lauzon AM, Martin JG. Serum Response Factor Expression in Excess Permits a Dual Contractile-Proliferative Phenotype of Airway Smooth Muscle. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2024; 71:182-194. [PMID: 38775474 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2024-0081oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The transcription factors (TFs) MyoCD (myocardin) and Elk-1 (ETS Like-1 protein) competitively bind to SRF (serum response factor) and control myogenic- and mitogenic-related gene expression in smooth muscle, respectively. Their functions are therefore mutually inhibitory, which results in a contractile-versus-proliferative phenotype dichotomy. Airway smooth muscle cell (ASMC) phenotype alterations occur in various inflammatory airway diseases, promoting pathological remodeling and contributing to airflow obstruction. We characterized MyoCD and Elk-1 interactions and their roles in phenotype determination in human ASMCs. MyoCD overexpression in ASMCs increased smooth muscle gene expression, force generation, and partially restored the loss of smooth muscle protein associated with prolonged culturing while inhibiting Elk-1 transcriptional activities and proliferation induced by EGF (epidermal growth factor). However, MyoCD overexpression failed to suppress these responses induced by FBS, as FBS also upregulated SRF expression to a degree that allowed unopposed function of both TFs. Inhibition of the RhoA pathway reversed said SRF changes, allowing inhibition of Elk-1 by MyoCD overexpression and suppressing FBS-mediated contractile protein gene upregulation. Our study confirmed that MyoCD in increased abundance can competitively inhibit Elk-1 function. However, SRF upregulation permits a dual contractile-proliferative ASMC phenotype that is anticipated to exacerbate pathological alterations, whereas therapies targeting SRF may inhibit pathological ASMC proliferation and contractile protein gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Xingning Pan
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Erin Ward
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rafael Intrevado
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Arina Morozan
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Lauzon
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - James G Martin
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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3
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Bankell E, Liu L, van der Horst J, Rippe C, Jepps TA, Nilsson BO, Swärd K. Suppression of smooth muscle cell inflammation by myocardin-related transcription factors involves inactivation of TANK-binding kinase 1. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13321. [PMID: 38858497 PMCID: PMC11164896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63901-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Myocardin-related transcription factors (MRTFs: myocardin/MYOCD, MRTF-A/MRTFA, and MRTF-B/MRTFB) suppress production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in human smooth muscle cells (SMCs) through sequestration of RelA in the NF-κB complex, but additional mechanisms are likely involved. The cGAS-STING pathway is activated by double-stranded DNA in the cytosolic compartment and acts through TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) to spark inflammation. The present study tested if MRTFs suppress inflammation also by targeting cGAS-STING signaling. Interrogation of a transcriptomic dataset where myocardin was overexpressed using a panel of 56 cGAS-STING cytokines showed the panel to be repressed. Moreover, MYOCD, MRTFA, and SRF associated negatively with the panel in human arteries. RT-qPCR in human bronchial SMCs showed that all MRTFs reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines on the panel. MRTFs diminished phosphorylation of TBK1, while STING phosphorylation was marginally affected. The TBK1 inhibitor amlexanox, but not the STING inhibitor H-151, reduced the anti-inflammatory effect of MRTF-A. Co-immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assays supported binding between MRTF-A and TBK1 in SMCs. MRTFs thus appear to suppress cellular inflammation in part by acting on the kinase TBK1. This may defend SMCs against pro-inflammatory insults in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Bankell
- Cellular Biomechanics/Vascular Physiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D12, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Li Liu
- Cellular Biomechanics/Vascular Physiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D12, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Urology, Qingyuan Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jennifer van der Horst
- Vascular Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Catarina Rippe
- Cellular Biomechanics/Vascular Physiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D12, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas A Jepps
- Vascular Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Bengt-Olof Nilsson
- Cellular Biomechanics/Vascular Physiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D12, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karl Swärd
- Cellular Biomechanics/Vascular Physiology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC D12, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden.
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4
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Guo Q, Jin Y, Chen X, Ye X, Shen X, Lin M, Zeng C, Zhou T, Zhang J. NF-κB in biology and targeted therapy: new insights and translational implications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:53. [PMID: 38433280 PMCID: PMC10910037 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01757-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
NF-κB signaling has been discovered for nearly 40 years. Initially, NF-κB signaling was identified as a pivotal pathway in mediating inflammatory responses. However, with extensive and in-depth investigations, researchers have discovered that its role can be expanded to a variety of signaling mechanisms, biological processes, human diseases, and treatment options. In this review, we first scrutinize the research process of NF-κB signaling, and summarize the composition, activation, and regulatory mechanism of NF-κB signaling. We investigate the interaction of NF-κB signaling with other important pathways, including PI3K/AKT, MAPK, JAK-STAT, TGF-β, Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog, and TLR signaling. The physiological and pathological states of NF-κB signaling, as well as its intricate involvement in inflammation, immune regulation, and tumor microenvironment, are also explicated. Additionally, we illustrate how NF-κB signaling is involved in a variety of human diseases, including cancers, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, neurological diseases, and COVID-19. Further, we discuss the therapeutic approaches targeting NF-κB signaling, including IKK inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, proteasome inhibitors, nuclear translocation inhibitors, DNA binding inhibitors, TKIs, non-coding RNAs, immunotherapy, and CAR-T. Finally, we provide an outlook for research in the field of NF-κB signaling. We hope to present a stereoscopic, comprehensive NF-κB signaling that will inform future research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yizi Jin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med-X Stem Cell Research Center, Shanghai Cancer Institute & Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Ye
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xin Shen
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingxi Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Teng Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270, Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Shen J, Ju D, Wu S, Zhao J, Pham L, Ponce A, Yang M, Li HJ, Zhang K, Yang Z, Xie Y, Li L. SM22α deficiency: promoting vascular fibrosis via SRF-SMAD3-mediated activation of Col1a2 transcription following arterial injury. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3941602. [PMID: 38464061 PMCID: PMC10925461 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3941602/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Vascular fibrosis, characterized by increased Type I collagen expression, significantly contributes to vascular remodeling. Our previous studies show that disrupting the expression of SM22α (aka SM22, Tagln) induces extensive vascular remodeling following arterial injury, involving oxidative stress, inflammation, and chondrogenesis within the vessel wall. This study aims to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the transcription of Col1a2 , a key fibrotic extracellular matrix marker. We observed upregulation of COL1A2 in the arterial wall of Sm22 -/- mice following carotid injury. Bioinformatics and molecular analyses reveal that Col1a2 transcription depends on a CArG box in the promoter, activated synergistically by SRF and SMAD3. Notably, we detected enhanced nuclear translocation of both SRF and SMAD3 in the smooth muscle cells of the injured carotid artery in Sm22 -/- mice. These findings demonstrate that SM22 deficiency regulates vascular fibrosis through the interaction of SRF and the SMAD3-mediated canonical TGF-β1 signal pathway, suggesting SM22α as a potential therapeutic target for preventing vascular fibrosis.
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6
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Carramolino L, Albarrán-Juárez J, Markov A, Hernández-SanMiguel E, Sharysh D, Cumbicus V, Morales-Cano D, Labrador-Cantarero V, Møller PL, Nogales P, Benguria A, Dopazo A, Sanchez-Cabo F, Torroja C, Bentzon JF. Cholesterol lowering depletes atherosclerotic lesions of smooth muscle cell-derived fibromyocytes and chondromyocytes. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2024; 3:203-220. [PMID: 39196190 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-023-00412-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Drugs that lower plasma apolipoprotein B (ApoB)-containing lipoproteins are central to treating advanced atherosclerosis and provide partial protection against clinical events. Previous research showed that lowering ApoB-containing lipoproteins stops plaque inflammation, but how these drugs affect the heterogeneous population of plaque cells derived from smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is unknown. SMC-derived cells are the main cellular component of atherosclerotic lesions and the source of structural components that determine the size of plaques and their propensity to rupture and trigger thrombosis, the proximate cause of heart attack and stroke. Using lineage tracing and single-cell techniques to investigate the full SMC-derived cellular compartment in progressing and regressing plaques in mice, here we show that lowering ApoB-containing lipoproteins reduces nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling in SMC-derived fibromyocytes and chondromyocytes and leads to depletion of these abundant cell types from plaques. These results uncover an important mechanism through which cholesterol-lowering drugs can achieve plaque regression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/pathology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/drug therapy
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Chondrocytes/drug effects
- Chondrocytes/pathology
- Chondrocytes/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Anticholesteremic Agents/pharmacology
- Anticholesteremic Agents/therapeutic use
- Male
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- Cholesterol/blood
- Mice
- Aortic Diseases/pathology
- Aortic Diseases/metabolism
- Single-Cell Analysis
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julián Albarrán-Juárez
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anton Markov
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Diana Sharysh
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vanessa Cumbicus
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Morales-Cano
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Paula Nogales
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Benguria
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Dopazo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Torroja
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacob F Bentzon
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain.
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
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7
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Harada M, Su-Harada K, Kimura T, Ono K, Ashida N. Sustained activation of NF-κB through constitutively active IKKβ leads to senescence bypass in murine dermal fibroblasts. Cell Cycle 2024; 23:308-327. [PMID: 38461418 PMCID: PMC11057680 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2024.2325802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) plays a central role in the regulation of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) acquisition, our understanding of the involvement of NF-κB in the induction of cellular senescence is limited. Here, we show that activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway suppresses senescence in murine dermal fibroblasts. IκB kinase β (IKKβ)-depleted dermal fibroblasts showed ineffective NF-κB activation and underwent senescence more rapidly than control cells when cultured under 20% oxygen conditions, as indicated by senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining and p16INK4a mRNA levels. Conversely, the expression of constitutively active IKKβ (IKKβ-CA) was sufficient to drive senescence bypass. Notably, the expression of a degradation-resistant form of inhibitor of κB (IκB), which inhibits NF-κB nuclear translocation, abolished senescence bypass, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of IKKβ-CA on senescence is largely mediated by NF-κB. We also found that IKKβ-CA expression suppressed the derepression of INK4/Arf genes and counteracted the senescence-associated loss of Ezh2, a catalytic subunit of the Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2). Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of Ezh2 abolished IKKβ-CA-induced senescence bypass. We propose that NF-κB plays a suppressive role in the induction of stress-induced senescence through sustaining Ezh2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Harada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kanae Su-Harada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koh Ono
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noboru Ashida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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8
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Yokoyama U, Oka S, Saito J. Molecular mechanisms regulating extracellular matrix-mediated remodeling in the ductus arteriosus. Semin Perinatol 2023; 47:151716. [PMID: 36906477 DOI: 10.1016/j.semperi.2023.151716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Progressive remodeling throughout the fetal and postnatal period is essential for anatomical closure of the ductus arteriosus (DA). Internal elastic lamina interruption and subendothelial region widening, elastic fiber formation impairment in the tunica media, and intimal thickening are distinctive features of the fetal DA. After birth, the DA undergoes further extracellular matrix-mediated remodeling. Based on the knowledge obtained from mouse models and human disease, recent studies revealed a molecular mechanism of DA remodeling. In this review, we focus on matrix remodeling and regulation of cell migration/proliferation associated with DA anatomical closure and discuss the role of prostaglandin E receptor 4 (EP4) signaling and jagged1-Notch signaling as well as myocardin, vimentin, and secretory components including tissue plasminogen activator, versican, lysyl oxidase, and bone morphogenetic proteins 9 and 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utako Yokoyama
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku 6-1-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan 160-8402.
| | - Sayuki Oka
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku 6-1-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan 160-8402
| | - Junichi Saito
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku 6-1-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan 160-8402
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9
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Jiang Y, Qian HY. Transcription factors: key regulatory targets of vascular smooth muscle cell in atherosclerosis. Mol Med 2023; 29:2. [PMID: 36604627 PMCID: PMC9817296 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00586-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS), leading to gradual occlusion of the arterial lumen, refers to the accumulation of lipids and inflammatory debris in the arterial wall. Despite therapeutic advances over past decades including intervention or surgery, atherosclerosis is still the most common cause of cardiovascular diseases and the main mechanism of death and disability worldwide. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play an imperative role in the occurrence of atherosclerosis and throughout the whole stages. In the past, there was a lack of comprehensive understanding of VSMCs, but the development of identification technology, including in vivo single-cell sequencing technology and lineage tracing with the CreERT2-loxP system, suggests that VSMCs have remarkable plasticity and reevaluates well-established concepts about the contribution of VSMCs. Transcription factors, a kind of protein molecule that specifically recognizes and binds DNA upstream promoter regions or distal enhancer DNA elements, play a key role in the transcription initiation of the coding genes and are necessary for RNA polymerase to bind gene promoters. In this review, we highlight that, except for environmental factors, VSMC genes are transcriptionally regulated through complex interactions of multiple conserved cis-regulatory elements and transcription factors. In addition, through a series of transcription-related regulatory processes, VSMCs could undergo phenotypic transformation, proliferation, migration, calcification and apoptosis. Finally, enhancing or inhibiting transcription factors can regulate the development of atherosclerotic lesions, and the downstream molecular mechanism of transcriptional regulation has also been widely studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of China, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Rd, Beijing, 100037 China
| | - Hai-Yan Qian
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Center for Coronary Heart Disease, Department of Cardiology, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of China, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Rd, Beijing, 100037 China
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10
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Déglise S, Bechelli C, Allagnat F. Vascular smooth muscle cells in intimal hyperplasia, an update. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1081881. [PMID: 36685215 PMCID: PMC9845604 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1081881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial occlusive disease is the leading cause of death in Western countries. Core contemporary therapies for this disease include angioplasties, stents, endarterectomies and bypass surgery. However, these treatments suffer from high failure rates due to re-occlusive vascular wall adaptations and restenosis. Restenosis following vascular surgery is largely due to intimal hyperplasia. Intimal hyperplasia develops in response to vessel injury, leading to inflammation, vascular smooth muscle cells dedifferentiation, migration, proliferation and secretion of extra-cellular matrix into the vessel's innermost layer or intima. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge on the origin and mechanisms underlying the dysregulated proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells in intimal hyperplasia, and we present the new avenues of research targeting VSMC phenotype and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Florent Allagnat
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Liang M, Cai Z, Jiang Y, Huo H, Shen L, He B. SENP2 Promotes VSMC Phenotypic Switching via Myocardin De-SUMOylation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012637. [PMID: 36293488 PMCID: PMC9603890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardin is a master regulator of smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation, which induces the expression of smooth-muscle-specific genes through its direct association with serum response factor (SRF). During the past two decades, significant insights have been obtained regarding the regulatory control of myocardin expression and transcriptional activity at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels. However, whether and how SUMOylation plays important roles in modulating myocardin function remain elusive. In this study, we found that myocardin is modified by SUMO-1 at lysine 573, which can be reversibly de-conjugated by SENP2. SUMO-1 modification promotes myocardin protein stability, whereas SENP2 facilitates its proteasome-dependent degradation. Moreover, we found that PIAS4 is the SUMO E3 ligase that enhances the SUMOylation and protein stability of myocardin. Most importantly, we found that SENP2 promotes phenotypic switching of VSMC. We therefore concluded that SENP2 promotes VSMC phenotypic switching via de-SUMOylation of myocardin and regulation of its protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ben He
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (B.H.)
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12
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Khachigian LM, Black BL, Ferdinandy P, De Caterina R, Madonna R, Geng YJ. Transcriptional regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, differentiation and senescence: Novel targets for therapy. Vascul Pharmacol 2022; 146:107091. [PMID: 35896140 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2022.107091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) possess a unique cytoplasticity, regulated by transcriptional, translational and phenotypic transformation in response to a diverse range of extrinsic and intrinsic pathogenic factors. The mature, differentiated SMC phenotype is physiologically typified transcriptionally by expression of genes encoding "contractile" proteins, such as SMα-actin (ACTA2), SM-MHC (myosin-11) and SM22α (transgelin). When exposed to various pathological conditions (e.g., pro-atherogenic risk factors, hypertension), SMC undergo phenotypic modulation, a bioprocess enabling SMC to de-differentiate in immature stages or trans-differentiate into other cell phenotypes. As recent studies suggest, the process of SMC phenotypic transformation involves five distinct states characterized by different patterns of cell growth, differentiation, migration, matrix protein expression and declined contractility. These changes are mediated via the action of several transcriptional regulators, including myocardin and serum response factor. Conversely, other factors, including Kruppel-like factor 4 and nuclear factor-κB, can inhibit SMC differentiation and growth arrest, while factors such as yin yang-1, can promote SMC differentiation whilst inhibiting proliferation. This article reviews recent advances in our understanding of regulatory mechanisms governing SMC phenotypic modulation. We propose the concept that transcription factors mediating this switching are important biomarkers and potential pharmacological targets for therapeutic intervention in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levon M Khachigian
- Vascular Biology and Translational Research, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Brian L Black
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; Pharmahungary Group, 6722 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Raffaele De Caterina
- Cardiovascular Division, Pisa University Hospital & University of Pisa, Via Paradisa, 2, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Rosalinda Madonna
- Cardiovascular Division, Pisa University Hospital & University of Pisa, Via Paradisa, 2, Pisa 56124, Italy; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Research, McGovern School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Yong-Jian Geng
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Research, McGovern School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
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13
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Shi D, Ding J, Xie S, Huang L, Zhang H, Chen X, Ren X, Zhou S, He H, Ma W, Zhang T, Wang N. Myocardin/microRNA-30a/Beclin1 signaling controls the phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells by regulating autophagy. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:121. [PMID: 35136037 PMCID: PMC8827084 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Upon vascular injury, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) change from a contractile phenotype to a synthetic phenotype, thereby leading to atherogenesis and arterial restenosis. Myocardin (MYOCD) is essential for maintaining the contractile phenotype of VSMCs. Deletion of MYOCD in VSMCs triggers autophagy. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the effect of MYOCD on autophagy is not clear. In this study, knockdown of MYOCD in human aortic VSMCs (HA-VSMCs) triggered autophagy and diminished the expression of SMC contractile proteins. Inhibition of autophagy in MYOCD-knockdown cells restored the expression of contractile proteins. MYOCD activated the transcription of miR-30a by binding to the CArG box present in its promoter, as confirmed by luciferase reporter and chromatin immune coprecipitation assays, while miR-30a decreased the expression of autophagy protein-6 (ATG6, also known as beclin1) by targeting its 3′UTR. Restoring the expression of miR-30a in MYOCD-knockdown cells upregulated the levels of contractile proteins. Treatment of VSMCs with platelet-derived growth factor type BB (PDGF-BB) resulted in the transformation of VSMCs to a proliferative phenotype. A low level of miR-30a was observed in PDGF-BB-treated HA-VSMCs, and re-expression of miR-30a led to a decrease in proliferative marker expression. Furthermore, using a wire injury mouse model, we found that miR-30a expression was significantly downregulated in the arterial tissues of mice and that restoration of miR-30a expression at the injured site abolished neointimal formation. Herein, MYOCD could inhibit autophagy by activating the transcription of miR-30a and that miR-30a-mediated autophagy defects could inhibit intimal hyperplasia in a carotid arterial injury model.
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14
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Zhou L, Zheng LF, Zhang XL, Wang ZY, Yao YS, Xiu XL, Liu CZ, Zhang Y, Feng XY, Zhu JX. Activation of α7nAChR Protects Against Gastric Inflammation and Dysmotility in Parkinson's Disease Rats. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:793374. [PMID: 34880768 PMCID: PMC8646045 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.793374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAIP) has been proposed to regulate gastrointestinal inflammation via acetylcholine released from the vagus nerve activating α7 nicotinic receptor (α7nAChR) on macrophages. Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients and PD rats with substantia nigra (SN) lesions exhibit gastroparesis and a decayed vagal pathway. To investigate whether activating α7nAChR could ameliorate inflammation and gastric dysmotility in PD rats, ELISA, western blot analysis, and real-time PCR were used to detect gastric inflammation. In vitro and in vivo gastric motility was investigated. Proinflammatory mediator levels and macrophage numbers were increased in the gastric muscularis of PD rats. α7nAChR was located on the gastric muscular macrophages of PD rats. The α7nAChR agonists PNU-282987 and GTS-21 decreased nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 mRNA expression in the ex vivo gastric muscularis of PD rats, and these effects were abolished by an α7nAChR antagonist. After treatment with PNU-282987 in vivo, the PD rats showed decreased NF-κB activation, inflammatory mediator production, and contractile protein expression and improved gastric motility. The present study reveals that α7nAChR is involved in the development of gastroparesis in PD rats and provides novel insight for the treatment of gastric dysmotility in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Li-Fei Zheng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yuan-Sheng Yao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Xiu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen-Zhe Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Xia Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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15
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Dong K, Shen J, He X, Hu G, Wang L, Osman I, Bunting KM, Dixon-Melvin R, Zheng Z, Xin H, Xiang M, Vazdarjanova A, Fulton DJR, Zhou J. CARMN Is an Evolutionarily Conserved Smooth Muscle Cell-Specific LncRNA That Maintains Contractile Phenotype by Binding Myocardin. Circulation 2021; 144:1856-1875. [PMID: 34694145 PMCID: PMC8726016 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.055949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular homeostasis is maintained by the differentiated phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The landscape of protein coding genes comprising the transcriptome of differentiated VSMCs has been intensively investigated but many gaps remain including the emerging roles of noncoding genes. METHODS We reanalyzed large-scale, publicly available bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing datasets from multiple tissues and cell types to identify VSMC-enriched long noncoding RNAs. The in vivo expression pattern of a novel smooth muscle cell (SMC)-expressed long noncoding RNA, Carmn (cardiac mesoderm enhancer-associated noncoding RNA), was investigated using a novel Carmn green fluorescent protein knock-in reporter mouse model. Bioinformatics and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis were used to assess CARMN expression changes during VSMC phenotypic modulation in human and murine vascular disease models. In vitro, functional assays were performed by knocking down CARMN with antisense oligonucleotides and overexpressing Carmn by adenovirus in human coronary artery SMCs. Carotid artery injury was performed in SMC-specific Carmn knockout mice to assess neointima formation and the therapeutic potential of reversing CARMN loss was tested in a rat carotid artery balloon injury model. The molecular mechanisms underlying CARMN function were investigated using RNA pull-down, RNA immunoprecipitation, and luciferase reporter assays. RESULTS We identified CARMN, which was initially annotated as the host gene of the MIR143/145 cluster and recently reported to play a role in cardiac differentiation, as a highly abundant and conserved, SMC-specific long noncoding RNA. Analysis of the Carmn GFP knock-in mouse model confirmed that Carmn is transiently expressed in embryonic cardiomyocytes and thereafter becomes restricted to SMCs. We also found that Carmn is transcribed independently of Mir143/145. CARMN expression is dramatically decreased by vascular disease in humans and murine models and regulates the contractile phenotype of VSMCs in vitro. In vivo, SMC-specific deletion of Carmn significantly exacerbated, whereas overexpression of Carmn markedly attenuated, injury-induced neointima formation in mouse and rat, respectively. Mechanistically, we found that Carmn physically binds to the key transcriptional cofactor myocardin, facilitating its activity and thereby maintaining the contractile phenotype of VSMCs. CONCLUSIONS CARMN is an evolutionarily conserved SMC-specific long noncoding RNA with a previously unappreciated role in maintaining the contractile phenotype of VSMCs and is the first noncoding RNA discovered to interact with myocardin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunzhe Dong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
| | - Jian Shen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Xiangqin He
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
| | - Guoqing Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Islam Osman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
| | - Kristopher M. Bunting
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
| | - Rachael Dixon-Melvin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
| | - Zeqi Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Hongbo Xin
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
- School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Meixiang Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Almira Vazdarjanova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
| | - David J. R. Fulton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
| | - Jiliang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
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16
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Liu L, Bankell E, Rippe C, Morén B, Stenkula KG, Nilsson BO, Swärd K. Cell Type Dependent Suppression of Inflammatory Mediators by Myocardin Related Transcription Factors. Front Physiol 2021; 12:732564. [PMID: 34671275 PMCID: PMC8521029 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.732564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardin related transcription factors (MRTFs: MYOCD/myocardin, MRTF-A, and MRTF-B) play a key role in smooth muscle cell differentiation by activating contractile genes. In atherosclerosis, MRTF levels change, and most notable is a fall of MYOCD. Previous work described anti-inflammatory properties of MRTF-A and MYOCD, occurring through RelA binding, suggesting that MYOCD reduction could contribute to vascular inflammation. Recent studies have muddled this picture showing that MRTFs may show both anti- and pro-inflammatory properties, but the basis of these discrepancies remain unclear. Moreover, the impact of MRTFs on inflammatory signaling pathways in tissues relevant to human arterial disease is uncertain. The current work aimed to address these issues. RNA-sequencing after forced expression of myocardin in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (hCASMCs) showed reduction of pro-inflammatory transcripts, including CCL2, CXCL8, IL6, and IL1B. Side-by-side comparison of MYOCD, MRTF-A, and MRTF-B in hCASMCs, showed that the anti-inflammatory impact was shared among MRTFs. Correlation analyses using human arterial transcriptomic datasets revealed negative correlations between MYOCD, MRTFA, and SRF, on the one hand, and the inflammatory transcripts, on the other. A pro-inflammatory drive from lipopolysaccharide, did not change the size of the suppressive effect of MRTF-A in hCASMCs on either mRNA or protein levels. To examine cell type-dependence, we compared the anti-inflammatory impact in hCASMCs, with that in human bladder SMCs, in endothelial cells, and in monocytes (THP-1 cells). Surprisingly, little anti-inflammatory activity was seen in endothelial cells and monocytes, and in bladder SMCs, MRTF-A was pro-inflammatory. CXCL8, IL6, and IL1B were increased by the MRTF-SRF inhibitor CCG-1423 and by MRTF-A silencing in hCASMCs, but depolymerization of actin, known to inhibit MRTF activity, had no stimulatory effect, an exception being IL1B. Co-immunoprecipitation supported binding of MRTF-A to RelA, supporting sequestration of this important pro-inflammatory mediator as a mechanism. Dexamethasone treatment and silencing of RelA (by 76 ± 1%) however only eliminated a fraction of the MRTF-A effect (≈25%), suggesting mechanisms beyond RelA binding. Indeed, SRF silencing suggested that MRTF-A suppression of IL1B and CXCL8 depends on SRF. This work thus supports an anti-inflammatory impact of MRTF-SRF signaling in hCASMCs and in intact human arteries, but not in several other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Urology, Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | | | - Catarina Rippe
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Morén
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Karl Swärd
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund, Sweden
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17
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Du F, Qi X, Zhang A, Sui F, Wang X, Proud CG, Lin C, Fan X, Li J. MRTF-A-NF-κB/p65 axis-mediated PDL1 transcription and expression contributes to immune evasion of non-small-cell lung cancer via TGF-β. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:1366-1378. [PMID: 34548615 PMCID: PMC8492728 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00670-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PD-L1 is abnormally regulated in many cancers and is critical for immune escape. Fully understanding the regulation of PD-L1 expression is vital for improving the clinical efficacy of relevant anticancer agents. TGF-β plays an important role in the low reactivity of PD-1/PD-L1 antibody immunotherapy. However, it is not very clear whether and how TGF-β affects PD-L1 expression. In the present study, we show that TGF-β upregulates the expression of the transcriptional coactivator MRTF-A in non-small-cell lung cancer cells, which subsequently interacts with NF-κB/p65 rather than SRF to facilitate the binding of NF-κB/p65 to the PDL1 promoter, thereby activating the transcription and expression of PD-L1. This leads to the immune escape of NSCLC cells. This process is dependent on the activation of the TGF-β signaling pathway. In vivo, inhibition of MRTF-A effectively suppresses the growth of lung tumor syngrafts with enrichment of NK and T cells in tumor tissue. Our study defines a new signaling pathway that regulates the transcription and expression of PD-L1 upon TGF-β treatment, which may have a significant impact on research into the application of immunotherapy in treating lung cancer. Better understanding how a critical protein to allow cancer cells to escape immune system may aid in development of improved immunotherapies for lung cancer. The membrane protein PD-L1, expressed on tumor cells, helps them to evade the immune surveillance; existing treatments that block PD-L1 have very low efficacy for some patient partly due to re-expression of PD-L1. Jing Li at Ocean University of China in Qingdao and co-workers found that TGF-β up-regulated in tumor microenvironment boosts PD-L1 transcription and expression in an unusual way, namely, via MRTF-A-NF-κB/p65 axis. Blocking MRTF-A in a mouse model remarkably increased levels of immune cells targeting the tumor and slowed lung tumor growth. These results illuminate the mechanism of immune escape in lung cancers upon TGF-β, which may contribute to develop new treatment to synergize PD-L1 antibody therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Du
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Aotong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanfan Sui
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Christopher G Proud
- South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Cunzhi Lin
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266555, China
| | - Xinglong Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266035, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China. .,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China. .,Open Studio for Drug Research on Marine Natural Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Interleukin 1 receptor antagonism abrogates acute pressure-overload induced murine heart failure. Ann Thorac Surg 2021; 114:98-107. [PMID: 34419440 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2021.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent clinical trials have suggested that blockade of interleukin-1 can favorably impact patients with myocardial infarction and heart failure. However, the mechanism of how antagonism of this specific cytokine in mediating cardiac disease remains unclear. Hence, we sought to determine the influence of IL-1 blockade on acute hypertensive remodeling. METHODS Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) was performed in C57BL mice with or without intraperitoneal administration of interleukin 1 receptor antagonism (IL-1ra). Function, structure, and molecular diagnostics were subsequently performed and analyzed. RESULTS Six weeks after TAC, a progressive decline of ejection fraction and increases in LV mass and dimensions was effectively mitigated with IL-1ra. TAC resulted in an expected profile of hypertrophic markers including myosin heavy chain, atrial natriuretic peptide, and skeletal muscle actin which were all significantly lower in IL-1ra treated mice. While trichrome staining 2-weeks post TAC demonstrated similar levels of fibrosis, IL-1ra reduced expression of collagen-1, TIMP1, and periostin. Investigating the angiogenic response to pressure overload, similar levels of VEGF were observed, but IL-1ra was associated with more SDF-1. Immune cell infiltration (macrophages and lymphocytes) was also decreased in IL-1ra treated mice. Similarly, cytokine concentrations of IL-1, IL-18, and IL-6 were all reduced in IL-1ra-treated animals. CONCLUSIONS IL-1ra prevents the progression towards heart failure associated with acute pressure overload. This functional response was associated with reductions in mediators of fibrosis, cellular infiltration, and cytokine production. These results provide mechanistic insight into recent clinical trials and could springboard future investigations in patients with pressure-overload based cardiomyopathies.
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19
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Zhou Q, Chen W, Fan Z, Chen Z, Liang J, Zeng G, Liu L, Liu W, Yang T, Cao X, Yu B, Xu M, Chen YG, Chen L. Targeting hyperactive TGFBR2 for treating MYOCD deficient lung cancer. Theranostics 2021; 11:6592-6606. [PMID: 33995678 PMCID: PMC8120205 DOI: 10.7150/thno.59816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Clinical success of cancer therapy is severely limited by drug resistance, attributed in large part to the loss of function of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs). Developing effective strategies to treat those tumors is challenging, but urgently needed in clinic. Experimental Design: MYOCD is a clinically relevant TSG in lung cancer patients. Our in vitro and in vivo data confirm its tumor suppressive function. Further analysis reveals that MYOCD potently inhibits stemness of lung cancer stem cells. Mechanistically, MYOCD localizes to TGFBR2 promoter region and thereby recruits PRMT5/MEP50 complex to epigenetically silence its transcription. Conclusions: NSCLC cells deficient of MYOCD are particularly sensitive to TGFBR kinase inhibitor (TGFBRi). TGFBRi and stemness inhibitor synergize with existing drugs to treat MYOCD deficient lung cancers. Our current work shows that loss of function of MYOCD creates Achilles' heels in lung cancer cells, which might be exploited in clinic.
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20
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Kansakar U, Jankauskas SS, Gambardella J, Santulli G. Targeting the phenotypic switch of vascular smooth muscle cells to tackle atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2021; 324:117-120. [PMID: 33832772 PMCID: PMC8195811 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Urna Kansakar
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, 10461, NY, United States
| | - Stanislovas S Jankauskas
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, 10461, NY, United States; Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine - Montefiore University Hospital, New York City, 10461, NY, United States
| | - Jessica Gambardella
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, 10461, NY, United States; Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine - Montefiore University Hospital, New York City, 10461, NY, United States; Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, "Federico II" University, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Gaetano Santulli
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, 10461, NY, United States; Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine - Montefiore University Hospital, New York City, 10461, NY, United States; Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, "Federico II" University, Naples, 80131, Italy; International Translational Research and Medical Education (ITME), Naples, 80100, Italy.
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21
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Xia XD, Yu XH, Chen LY, Xie SL, Feng YG, Yang RZ, Zhao ZW, Li H, Wang G, Tang CK. Myocardin suppression increases lipid retention and atherosclerosis via downregulation of ABCA1 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158824. [PMID: 33035679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Myocardin (MYOCD) plays an important role in cardiovascular disease. However, its underlying impact on atherosclerosis remains to be elucidated. ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), a key membrane-associated lipid transporter which maintains intracellular lipid homeostasis, has a protective function in atherosclerosis progress. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether and how the effect of MYOCD on atherosclerosis is associated with ABCA1 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). We found both MYOCD and ABCA1 expression were dramatically decreased in atherosclerotic patient aortas compared to control. MYOCD knockdown inhibited ABCA1 expression in human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (HAVSMCs), leading to reduced cholesterol efflux and increased intracellular cholesterol contents. MYOCD overexpression exerted the opposite effect. Mechanistically, MYOCD regulates ABCA1 expression in an SRF-dependent manner. Consistently, apolipoprotein E-deficient mice treated with MYOCD shRNA developed more plaques in the aortic sinus, which is associated with reduced ABCA1 expression, increased cholesterol retention in the aorta, and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the plasma. Our data suggest that MYOCD deficiency exacerbates atherosclerosis by downregulating ABCA1 dependent cholesterol efflux from VSMCs, thereby providing a novel strategy for the therapeutic treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1/metabolism
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Animals
- Aorta/cytology
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Down-Regulation
- Female
- Humans
- Lipid Metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Knockout, ApoE
- Middle Aged
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dan Xia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangdong Province, Qingyuan 511518, China; Department of Microsurgery, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 460106, China
| | - Ling-Yan Chen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Song-Lin Xie
- Department of Microsurgery, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yao-Guang Feng
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Rui-Zhe Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zhen-Wang Zhao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Heng Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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22
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Zheng JP, He X, Liu F, Yin S, Wu S, Yang M, Zhao J, Dai X, Jiang H, Yu L, Yin Q, Ju D, Li C, Lipovich L, Xie Y, Zhang K, Li HJ, Zhou J, Li L. YY1 directly interacts with myocardin to repress the triad myocardin/SRF/CArG box-mediated smooth muscle gene transcription during smooth muscle phenotypic modulation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21781. [PMID: 33311559 PMCID: PMC7732823 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78544-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Yin Yang 1 (YY1) regulates gene transcription in a variety of biological processes. In this study, we aim to determine the role of YY1 in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypic modulation both in vivo and in vitro. Here we show that vascular injury in rodent carotid arteries induces YY1 expression along with reduced expression of smooth muscle differentiation markers in the carotids. Consistent with this finding, YY1 expression is induced in differentiated VSMCs in response to serum stimulation. To determine the underlying molecular mechanisms, we found that YY1 suppresses the transcription of CArG box-dependent SMC-specific genes including SM22α, SMα-actin and SMMHC. Interestingly, YY1 suppresses the transcriptional activity of the SM22α promoter by hindering the binding of serum response factor (SRF) to the proximal CArG box. YY1 also suppresses the transcription and the transactivation of myocardin (MYOCD), a master regulator for SMC-specific gene transcription by binding to SRF to form the MYOCD/SRF/CArG box triad (known as the ternary complex). Mechanistically, YY1 directly interacts with MYOCD to competitively displace MYOCD from SRF. This is the first evidence showing that YY1 inhibits SMC differentiation by directly targeting MYOCD. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into the regulatory mechanisms that govern SMC phenotypic modulation in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Pu Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, 421 E. Canfield Ave. #2146, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Xiangqin He
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Shuping Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, 421 E. Canfield Ave. #2146, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Shichao Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, 421 E. Canfield Ave. #2146, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Maozhou Yang
- Bone and Joint Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Jiawei Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, 421 E. Canfield Ave. #2146, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Xiaohua Dai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, 421 E. Canfield Ave. #2146, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, 421 E. Canfield Ave. #2146, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Luyi Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Qin Yin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Donghong Ju
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, 421 E. Canfield Ave. #2146, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, 421 E. Canfield Ave. #2146, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Claire Li
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, 421 E. Canfield Ave. #2146, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Leonard Lipovich
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, 421 E. Canfield Ave. #2146, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, UAE
| | - Youming Xie
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, 421 E. Canfield Ave. #2146, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Hui J Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Jiliang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Li Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, 421 E. Canfield Ave. #2146, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, 421 E. Canfield Ave. #2146, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University, 421 E. Canfield Ave. #2146, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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23
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Reactive Oxygen Species: Modulators of Phenotypic Switch of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228764. [PMID: 33233489 PMCID: PMC7699590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are natural byproducts of oxygen metabolism in the cell. At physiological levels, they play a vital role in cell signaling. However, high ROS levels cause oxidative stress, which is implicated in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and restenosis after angioplasty. Despite the great amount of research conducted to identify the role of ROS in CVD, the image is still far from being complete. A common event in CVD pathophysiology is the switch of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype. Interestingly, oxidative stress is a major contributor to this phenotypic switch. In this review, we focus on the effect of ROS on the hallmarks of VSMC phenotypic switch, particularly proliferation and migration. In addition, we speculate on the underlying molecular mechanisms of these cellular events. Along these lines, the impact of ROS on the expression of contractile markers of VSMCs is discussed in depth. We conclude by commenting on the efficiency of antioxidants as CVD therapies.
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24
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Guo Y, Yan B, Gui Y, Tang Z, Tai S, Zhou S, Zheng XL. Physiology and role of PCSK9 in vascular disease: Potential impact of localized PCSK9 in vascular wall. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2333-2351. [PMID: 32875580 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PCSK9), a member of the proprotein convertase family, is an important drug target because of its crucial role in lipid metabolism. Emerging evidence suggests a direct role of localized PCSK9 in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. With this in our consideration, we reviewed PCSK9 physiology with respect to recent development and major studies (clinical and experimental) on PCSK9 functionality in vascular disease. PCSK9 upregulates low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels by binding to the LDL-receptor (LDLR) and facilitating its lysosomal degradation. PCSK9 gain-of-function mutations have been confirmed as a novel genetic mechanism for familial hypercholesterolemia. Elevated serum PCSK9 levels in patients with vascular diseases may contribute to coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, cerebrovascular diseases, vasculitis, aortic diseases, and arterial aging pathogenesis. Experimental models of atherosclerosis, arterial aneurysm, and coronary or carotid artery ligation also support PCSK9 contribution to inflammatory response and disease progression, through LDLR-dependent or -independent mechanisms. More recently, several clinical trials have confirmed that anti-PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies can reduce systemic LDL levels, total nonfatal cardiovascular events, and all-cause mortality. Interaction of PCSK9 with other receptor proteins (LDLR-related proteins, cluster of differentiation family members, epithelial Na+ channels, and sortilin) may underlie its roles in vascular disease. Improved understanding of PCSK9 roles and molecular mechanisms in various vascular diseases will facilitate advances in lipid-lowering therapy and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Binjie Yan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Gui
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zhihan Tang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Shi Tai
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shenghua Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xi-Long Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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25
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Harman JL, Sayers J, Chapman C, Pellet-Many C. Emerging Roles for Neuropilin-2 in Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5154. [PMID: 32708258 PMCID: PMC7404143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death worldwide, is predominantly associated with atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterised by the narrowing of large to medium-sized arteries due to a build-up of plaque. Atherosclerotic plaque is comprised of lipids, extracellular matrix, and several cell types, including endothelial, immune, and vascular smooth muscle cells. Such narrowing of the blood vessels can itself restrict blood flow to vital organs but most severe clinical complications, including heart attacks and strokes, occur when lesions rupture, triggering the blood to clot and obstructing blood flow further down the vascular tree. To circumvent such obstructions, percutaneous coronary intervention or bypass grafts are often required; however, re-occlusion of the treated artery frequently occurs. Neuropilins (NRPs), a multifunctional family of cell surface co-receptors, are expressed by endothelial, immune, and vascular smooth muscle cells and are regulators of numerous signalling pathways within the vasculature. Here, we review recent studies implicating NRP2 in the development of occlusive vascular diseases and discuss how NRP2 could be targeted for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Harman
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Jacob Sayers
- University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Building, University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Chey Chapman
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Caroline Pellet-Many
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
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26
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Seccia TM, Rigato M, Ravarotto V, Calò LA. ROCK (RhoA/Rho Kinase) in Cardiovascular-Renal Pathophysiology: A Review of New Advancements. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051328. [PMID: 32370294 PMCID: PMC7290501 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing kinases (ROCK) were originally identified as effectors of the RhoA small GTPase and found to belong to the AGC family of serine/threonine kinases. They were shown to be downstream effectors of RhoA and RhoC activation. They signal via phosphorylation of proteins such as MYPT-1, thereby regulating many key cellular functions including proliferation, motility and viability and the RhoA/ROCK signaling has been shown to be deeply involved in arterial hypertension, cardiovascular–renal remodeling, hypertensive nephropathy and posttransplant hypertension. Given the deep involvement of ROCK in cardiovascular–renal pathophysiology and the interaction of ROCK signaling with other signaling pathways, the reports of trials on the clinical beneficial effects of ROCK’s pharmacologic targeting are growing. In this current review, we provide a brief survey of the current understanding of ROCK-signaling pathways, also integrating with the more novel data that overall support a relevant role of ROCK for the cardiovascular–renal physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M. Seccia
- Department of Medicine, Hypertension Clinic, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Matteo Rigato
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (M.R.); (V.R.)
| | - Verdiana Ravarotto
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (M.R.); (V.R.)
| | - Lorenzo A. Calò
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (M.R.); (V.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-8213071; Fax: +39-049-8217921
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27
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Zhang HM, Li H, Wang GX, Wang J, Xiang Y, Huang Y, Shen C, Dai ZT, Li JP, Zhang TC, Liao XH. MKL1/miR-5100/CAAP1 loop regulates autophagy and apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. Neoplasia 2020; 22:220-230. [PMID: 32315812 PMCID: PMC7167518 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE miR-5100 participates in the proliferation of lung cancer and pancreatic cancer cells, and participates in the differentiation of osteoblasts. However, the regulation of gastric cancer cells in gastric cancer cells remains unclear. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The blood of patients was collected to detect the expression level of miR-5100, and the apoptosis and autophagy levels of cells were detected using western blot, flow cytometry, and confocal. At the same time, in vitro tumor formation experiments in nude mice were used to verify the results of in vitro experiments. RESULTS The expression of miR-5100 is related to the prognosis of gastric cancer, miR-5100 can enhance the apoptosis level of gastric cancer cells and inhibit the occurrence of autophagy by targeting CAAP1. MKL1 can inhibit the apoptosis of gastric cancer cells and promote the occurrence of autophagy by targeting CAAP1. At the same time, MKL1 can also increase the expression of miR-5100. CONCLUSIONS Our research reveals the mechanism by which the MKL1/miR-5100/CAAP1 loop regulates apoptosis and autophagy levels in gastric cancer cells, and miR-5100 is expected to become a new potential target for gastric cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Zhang
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 430000, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 430000, PR China
| | - Gen-Xin Wang
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 430000, PR China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 430000, PR China
| | - Yuan Xiang
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 430000, PR China
| | - You Huang
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 430000, PR China
| | - Chao Shen
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 430000, PR China
| | - Zhou-Tong Dai
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 430000, PR China
| | - Jia-Peng Li
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 430000, PR China
| | - Tong-Cun Zhang
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 430000, PR China.
| | - Xing-Hua Liao
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 430000, PR China.
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28
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Inactivation of cysteine 674 in the SERCA2 accelerates experimental aortic aneurysm. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 139:213-224. [PMID: 32035136 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase 2 (SERCA2) is vital to maintain intracellular calcium homeostasis. SERCA2 cysteine 674 (C674) is highly conservative and its irreversible oxidation is upregulated in human and mouse aortic aneurysms, especially in smooth muscle cells (SMCs). The contribution of SERCA2 and its redox C674 in the development of aortic aneurysm remains enigmatic. Objective: Our goal was to investigate the contribution of inactivation of C674 to the development of aortic aneurysm and the mechanisms involved. Approach and results: Using SERCA2 C674S knock-in (SKI) mouse line, in which half of C674 was substituted by serine 674 (S674) to represent partial irreversible oxidation of C674 in aortic aneurysm, we found that in aortic SMCs the replacement of C674 by S674 resulted in SMC phenotypic modulation. In SKI SMCs, the increased intracellular calcium activated calcium-dependent calcineurin, which promoted the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor of activated T-lymphocytes (NFAT) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκB), while inhibition of calcineurin blocked SMC phenotypic modulation. Besides, the replacement of C674 by S674 accelerated angiotensin II-induced aortic aneurysm. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the inactivation of C674 by causing the accumulation of intracellular calcium to activate calcineurin-mediated NFAT/NFκB pathways, resulted in SMC phenotypic modulation to accelerate aortic aneurysm, which highlights the importance of C674 redox state in the development of aortic aneurysms.
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29
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7- O-methylpunctatin, a Novel Homoisoflavonoid, Inhibits Phenotypic Switch of Human Arteriolar Smooth Muscle Cells. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9110716. [PMID: 31717401 PMCID: PMC6920859 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Remodeling of arterioles is a pivotal event in the manifestation of many inflammation-based cardio-vasculopathologies, such as hypertension. During these remodeling events, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) switch from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype. The latter is characterized by increased proliferation, migration, and invasion. Compounds with anti-inflammatory actions have been successful in attenuating this phenotypic switch. While the vast majority of studies investigating phenotypic modulation were undertaken in VSMCs isolated from large vessels, little is known about the effect of such compounds on phenotypic switch in VSMCs of microvessels (microVSMCs). We have recently characterized a novel homoisoflavonoid that we called 7-O-methylpunctatin (MP). In this study, we show that MP decreased FBS-induced cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and adhesion. MP also attenuated adhesion of THP-1 monocytes to microVSMCs, abolished FBS-induced expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, and NF-κB, as well as reduced activation of ERK1/2 and FAK. Furthermore, MP-treated VSMCs showed an increase in early (myocardin, SM-22α, SM-α) and mid-term (calponin and caldesmon) differentiation markers and a decrease in osteopontin, a protein highly expressed in synthetic VSMCs. MP also reduced transcription of cyclin D1, CDK4 but increased protein levels of p21 and p27. Taken together, these results corroborate an anti-inflammatory action of MP on human microVSMCs. Therefore, by inhibiting the synthetic phenotype of microVSMCs, MP may be a promising modulator for inflammation-induced arteriolar pathophysiology.
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30
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Harman JL, Jørgensen HF. The role of smooth muscle cells in plaque stability: Therapeutic targeting potential. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:3741-3753. [PMID: 31254285 PMCID: PMC6780045 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Events responsible for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity are predominantly caused by rupture of "vulnerable" atherosclerotic lesions. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a key role in atherogenesis and have historically been considered beneficial for plaque stability. VSMCs constitute the main cellular component of the protective fibrous cap within lesions and are responsible for synthesising strength-giving extracellular matrix components. However, lineage-tracing experiments in mouse models of atherosclerosis have shown that, in addition to the fibrous cap, VSMCs also give rise to many of the cell types found within the plaque core. In particular, VSMCs generate a substantial fraction of lipid-laden foam cells, and VSMC-derived cells expressing markers of macrophages, osteochondrocyte, and mesenchymal stem cells have been observed within lesions. Here, we review recent studies that have changed our perspective on VSMC function in atherosclerosis and discuss how VSMCs could be targeted to increase plaque stability.
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31
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Hudalla H, Michael Z, Christodoulou N, Willis GR, Fernandez-Gonzalez A, Filatava EJ, Dieffenbach P, Fredenburgh LE, Stearman RS, Geraci MW, Kourembanas S, Christou H. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition Ameliorates Inflammation and Experimental Pulmonary Hypertension. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 61:512-524. [PMID: 30951642 PMCID: PMC6775956 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0232oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypic switching are causally linked to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) pathogenesis. Carbonic anhydrase inhibition induces mild metabolic acidosis and exerts protective effects in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Carbonic anhydrases and metabolic acidosis are further known to modulate immune cell activation. To evaluate if carbonic anhydrase inhibition modulates macrophage activation, inflammation, and VSMC phenotypic switching in severe experimental pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary hypertension was assessed in Sugen 5416/hypoxia (SU/Hx) rats after treatment with acetazolamide or ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). We evaluated pulmonary and systemic inflammation and characterized the effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibition and metabolic acidosis in alveolar macrophages and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). We further evaluated the treatment effects on VSMC phenotypic switching in pulmonary arteries and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) and corroborated some of our findings in lungs and pulmonary arteries of patients with PAH. Both patients with idiopathic PAH and SU/Hx rats had increased expression of lung inflammatory markers and signs of PASMC dedifferentiation in pulmonary arteries. Acetazolamide and NH4Cl ameliorated SU/Hx-induced pulmonary hypertension and blunted pulmonary and systemic inflammation. Expression of carbonic anhydrase isoform 2 was increased in alveolar macrophages from SU/Hx animals, classically (M1) and alternatively (M2) activated BMDMs, and lungs of patients with PAH. Carbonic anhydrase inhibition and acidosis had distinct effects on M1 and M2 markers in BMDMs. Inflammatory cytokines drove PASMC dedifferentiation, and this was inhibited by acetazolamide and acidosis. The protective antiinflammatory effect of acetazolamide in pulmonary hypertension is mediated by a dual mechanism of macrophage carbonic anhydrase inhibition and systemic metabolic acidosis.
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MESH Headings
- Acetazolamide/therapeutic use
- Acidosis/chemically induced
- Acidosis/complications
- Acidosis/immunology
- Ammonium Chloride/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Carbonic Anhydrases/physiology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Contractile Proteins/biosynthesis
- Contractile Proteins/genetics
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Humans
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/drug therapy
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/enzymology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/etiology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/pathology
- Hypoxia/complications
- Inflammation
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/enzymology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/drug effects
- Macrophages, Alveolar/enzymology
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Protein Isoforms/antagonists & inhibitors
- Pulmonary Artery/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Hudalla
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine and
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zoe Michael
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine and
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Gareth R. Willis
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Angeles Fernandez-Gonzalez
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | | | - Paul Dieffenbach
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura E. Fredenburgh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert S. Stearman
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Sleep, and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mark W. Geraci
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, Sleep, and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Stella Kourembanas
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine and
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Helen Christou
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine and
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
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32
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Dai X, Thiagarajan D, Fang J, Shen J, Annam NP, Yang Z, Jiang H, Ju D, Xie Y, Zhang K, Tseng YY, Yang Z, Rishi AK, Li HJ, Yang M, Li L. SM22α suppresses cytokine-induced inflammation and the transcription of NF-κB inducing kinase (Nik) by modulating SRF transcriptional activity in vascular smooth muscle cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0190191. [PMID: 29284006 PMCID: PMC5746259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypic modulation is characterized by the downregulation of SMC actin cytoskeleton proteins. Our published study shows that depletion of SM22α (aka SM22, Transgelin, an actin cytoskeleton binding protein) promotes inflammation in SMCs by activating NF-κB signal pathways both in cultured VSMCs and in response to vascular injury. The goal of this study is to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms whereby SM22 suppresses NF-κB signaling pathways under inflammatory condition. NF-κB inducing kinase (Nik, aka MAP3K14, activated by the LTβR) is a key upstream regulator of NF-κB signal pathways. Here, we show that SM22 overexpression suppresses the expression of NIK and its downstream NF-κB canonical and noncanonical signal pathways in a VSMC line treated with a LTβR agonist. SM22 regulates NIK expression at both transcriptional and the proteasome-mediated post-translational levels in VSMCs depending on the culture condition. By qPCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase assays, we found that Nik is a transcription target of serum response factor (SRF). Although SM22 is known to be expressed in the cytoplasm, we found that SM22 is also expressed in the nucleus where SM22 interacts with SRF to inhibit the transcription of Nik and prototypical SRF regulated genes including c-fos and Egr3. Moreover, carotid injury increases NIK expression in Sm22-/- mice, which is partially relieved by adenovirally transduced SM22. These findings reveal for the first time that SM22 is expressed in the nucleus in addition to the cytoplasm of VSMCs to regulate the transcription of Nik and its downstream proinflammatory NF-kB signal pathways as a modulator of SRF during vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Dai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Devi Thiagarajan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jingye Fang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jianbin Shen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Neeraja Priyanka Annam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Zhao Yang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Donghong Ju
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Youming Xie
- Department of Oncology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yan Yuan Tseng
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Arun K. Rishi
- Department of Oncology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hui J. Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maozhou Yang
- Bone and Joint Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Li Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
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33
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Nanoudis S, Pikilidou M, Yavropoulou M, Zebekakis P. The Role of MicroRNAs in Arterial Stiffness and Arterial Calcification. An Update and Review of the Literature. Front Genet 2017; 8:209. [PMID: 29312437 PMCID: PMC5733083 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial stiffness is an independent risk factor for fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events, such as systolic hypertension, coronary artery disease, stroke, and heart failure. Moreover it reflects arterial aging which in many cases does not coincide with chronological aging, a fact that is in large attributed to genetic factors. In addition to genetic factors, microRNAs (miRNAs) seem to largely affect arterial aging either by advancing or by regressing arterial stiffness. MiRNAs are small RNA molecules, ~22 nucleotides long that can negatively control their target gene expression posttranscriptionally. Pathways that affect main components of stiffness such as fibrosis and calcification seem to be influenced by up or downregulation of specific miRNAs. Identification of this aberrant production of miRNAs can help identify epigenetic changes that can be therapeutic targets for prevention and treatment of vascular diseases. The present review summarizes the specific role of the so far discovered miRNAs that are involved in pathways of arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sideris Nanoudis
- Hypertension Excellence Center, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Pikilidou
- Hypertension Excellence Center, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Yavropoulou
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pantelis Zebekakis
- Hypertension Excellence Center, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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34
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Jin Y, Xie Y, Ostriker AC, Zhang X, Liu R, Lee MY, Leslie KL, Tang W, Du J, Lee SH, Wang Y, Sessa WC, Hwa J, Yu J, Martin KA. Opposing Actions of AKT (Protein Kinase B) Isoforms in Vascular Smooth Muscle Injury and Therapeutic Response. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:2311-2321. [PMID: 29025710 PMCID: PMC5699966 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Drug-eluting stent delivery of mTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1) inhibitors is highly effective in preventing intimal hyperplasia after coronary revascularization, but adverse effects limit their use for systemic vascular disease. Understanding the mechanism of action may lead to new treatment strategies. We have shown that rapamycin promotes vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation in an AKT2-dependent manner in vitro. Here, we investigate the roles of AKT (protein kinase B) isoforms in intimal hyperplasia. APPROACH AND RESULTS We found that germ-line-specific or smooth muscle-specific deletion of Akt2 resulted in more severe intimal hyperplasia compared with control mice after arterial denudation injury. Conversely, smooth muscle-specific Akt1 knockout prevented intimal hyperplasia, whereas germ-line Akt1 deletion caused severe thrombosis. Notably, rapamycin prevented intimal hyperplasia in wild-type mice but had no therapeutic benefit in Akt2 knockouts. We identified opposing roles for AKT1 and AKT2 isoforms in smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and rapamycin response in vitro. Mechanistically, rapamycin induced MYOCD (myocardin) mRNA expression. This was mediated by AKT2 phosphorylation and nuclear exclusion of FOXO4 (forkhead box O4), inhibiting its binding to the MYOCD promoter. CONCLUSIONS Our data reveal opposing roles for AKT isoforms in smooth muscle cell remodeling. AKT2 is required for rapamycin's therapeutic inhibition of intimal hyperplasia, likely mediated in part through AKT2-specific regulation of MYOCD via FOXO4. Because AKT2 signaling is impaired in diabetes mellitus, this work has important implications for rapamycin therapy, particularly in diabetic patients.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Cell Cycle Proteins
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Forkhead Transcription Factors
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/injuries
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Neointima
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/deficiency
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Sirolimus/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transfection
- Vascular System Injuries/enzymology
- Vascular System Injuries/genetics
- Vascular System Injuries/pathology
- Vascular System Injuries/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., K.L.L., W.T., J.D., S.H.L., Y.W., J.H., K.A.M.) and Department of Pharmacology (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., M.Y.L., K.L.L., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X.Z.); Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia (R.L.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.L.); and Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (J.Y.)
| | - Yi Xie
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., K.L.L., W.T., J.D., S.H.L., Y.W., J.H., K.A.M.) and Department of Pharmacology (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., M.Y.L., K.L.L., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X.Z.); Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia (R.L.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.L.); and Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (J.Y.)
| | - Allison C Ostriker
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., K.L.L., W.T., J.D., S.H.L., Y.W., J.H., K.A.M.) and Department of Pharmacology (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., M.Y.L., K.L.L., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X.Z.); Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia (R.L.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.L.); and Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (J.Y.)
| | - Xinbo Zhang
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., K.L.L., W.T., J.D., S.H.L., Y.W., J.H., K.A.M.) and Department of Pharmacology (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., M.Y.L., K.L.L., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X.Z.); Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia (R.L.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.L.); and Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (J.Y.)
| | - Renjing Liu
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., K.L.L., W.T., J.D., S.H.L., Y.W., J.H., K.A.M.) and Department of Pharmacology (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., M.Y.L., K.L.L., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X.Z.); Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia (R.L.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.L.); and Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (J.Y.)
| | - Monica Y Lee
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., K.L.L., W.T., J.D., S.H.L., Y.W., J.H., K.A.M.) and Department of Pharmacology (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., M.Y.L., K.L.L., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X.Z.); Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia (R.L.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.L.); and Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (J.Y.)
| | - Kristen L Leslie
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., K.L.L., W.T., J.D., S.H.L., Y.W., J.H., K.A.M.) and Department of Pharmacology (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., M.Y.L., K.L.L., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X.Z.); Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia (R.L.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.L.); and Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (J.Y.)
| | - Waiho Tang
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., K.L.L., W.T., J.D., S.H.L., Y.W., J.H., K.A.M.) and Department of Pharmacology (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., M.Y.L., K.L.L., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X.Z.); Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia (R.L.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.L.); and Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (J.Y.)
| | - Jing Du
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., K.L.L., W.T., J.D., S.H.L., Y.W., J.H., K.A.M.) and Department of Pharmacology (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., M.Y.L., K.L.L., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X.Z.); Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia (R.L.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.L.); and Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (J.Y.)
| | - Seung Hee Lee
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., K.L.L., W.T., J.D., S.H.L., Y.W., J.H., K.A.M.) and Department of Pharmacology (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., M.Y.L., K.L.L., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X.Z.); Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia (R.L.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.L.); and Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (J.Y.)
| | - Yingdi Wang
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., K.L.L., W.T., J.D., S.H.L., Y.W., J.H., K.A.M.) and Department of Pharmacology (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., M.Y.L., K.L.L., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X.Z.); Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia (R.L.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.L.); and Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (J.Y.)
| | - William C Sessa
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., K.L.L., W.T., J.D., S.H.L., Y.W., J.H., K.A.M.) and Department of Pharmacology (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., M.Y.L., K.L.L., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X.Z.); Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia (R.L.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.L.); and Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (J.Y.)
| | - John Hwa
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., K.L.L., W.T., J.D., S.H.L., Y.W., J.H., K.A.M.) and Department of Pharmacology (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., M.Y.L., K.L.L., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X.Z.); Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia (R.L.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.L.); and Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (J.Y.)
| | - Jun Yu
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., K.L.L., W.T., J.D., S.H.L., Y.W., J.H., K.A.M.) and Department of Pharmacology (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., M.Y.L., K.L.L., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X.Z.); Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia (R.L.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.L.); and Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (J.Y.)
| | - Kathleen A Martin
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., K.L.L., W.T., J.D., S.H.L., Y.W., J.H., K.A.M.) and Department of Pharmacology (Y.J., Y.X., A.C.O., M.Y.L., K.L.L., W.C.S., K.A.M.), Yale University, New Haven, CT; Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (X.Z.); Agnes Ginges Laboratory for Diseases of the Aorta, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia (R.L.); Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (R.L.); and Department of Physiology and Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (J.Y.).
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35
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Uhler C, Shivashankar GV. Regulation of genome organization and gene expression by nuclear mechanotransduction. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2017; 18:717-727. [PMID: 29044247 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2017.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that cells sense chemical signals from their local microenvironment and transduce them to the nucleus to regulate gene expression programmes. Although a number of experiments have shown that mechanical cues can also modulate gene expression, the underlying mechanisms are far from clear. Nevertheless, we are now beginning to understand how mechanical cues are transduced to the nucleus and how they influence nuclear mechanics, genome organization and transcription. In particular, recent progress in super-resolution imaging, in genome-wide application of RNA sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation and chromosome conformation capture and in theoretical modelling of 3D genome organization enables the exploration of the relationship between cell mechanics, 3D chromatin configurations and transcription, thereby shedding new light on how mechanical forces regulate gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Uhler
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Laboratory of Information and Decision Systems, Institute for Data, Systems and Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G V Shivashankar
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 119077 Singapore.,Italian Foundation for Cancer Research (FIRC) Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Milan 20139, Italy
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36
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Xiang Y, Liao XH, Li JP, Li H, Qin H, Yao A, Yu CX, Hu P, Guo W, Gu CJ, Zhang TC. Myocardin and Stat3 act synergistically to inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:99612-99623. [PMID: 29245928 PMCID: PMC5725119 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) and Myocardin regulate cardiomyocyte differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. We report a novel aspect of the cellular function of Myocardin and Stat3 in the regulation of cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Myocardin and Stat3 showed anti-apoptotic function by increasing the expression of Bcl-2 while reducing expression of the pro-apoptotic genes Bax, Apaf-1, caspase-9, and caspase-3. Moreover, myocardin/Stat3-mediated activation of Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 transcription is contingent on the CArG box. Myocardin and Stat3 synergistically inhibited staurosporine-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis by up-regulating expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. These results describe a novel anti-apoptotic Myocardin/Stat3 signaling pathway operating during cardiomyocyte apoptosis. This provides a molecular explanation for cardiomyocyte apoptosis inhibition as a critical component of myocardial protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xiang
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Hua Liao
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Peng Li
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, P.R. China
| | - Huan Qin
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, P.R. China
| | - Ao Yao
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Xi Yu
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, P.R. China
| | - Peng Hu
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, P.R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- Shenzhen Ritzcon Biological Technology Co., LTD, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, P.R. China
| | - Chao-Jiang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China
| | - Tong-Cun Zhang
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei, 430081, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China
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Kaur H, Carvalho J, Looso M, Singh P, Chennupati R, Preussner J, Günther S, Albarrán-Juárez J, Tischner D, Classen S, Offermanns S, Wettschureck N. Single-cell profiling reveals heterogeneity and functional patterning of GPCR expression in the vascular system. Nat Commun 2017. [PMID: 28621310 PMCID: PMC5481776 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) expression is extensively studied in bulk cDNA, but heterogeneity and functional patterning of GPCR expression in individual vascular cells is poorly understood. Here, we perform a microfluidic-based single-cell GPCR expression analysis in primary smooth muscle cells (SMC) and endothelial cells (EC). GPCR expression is highly heterogeneous in all cell types, which is confirmed in reporter mice, on the protein level and in human cells. Inflammatory activation in murine models of sepsis or atherosclerosis results in characteristic changes in the GPCR repertoire, and we identify functionally relevant subgroups of cells that are characterized by specific GPCR patterns. We further show that dedifferentiating SMC upregulate GPCRs such as Gpr39, Gprc5b, Gprc5c or Gpr124, and that selective targeting of Gprc5b modulates their differentiation state. Taken together, single-cell profiling identifies receptors expressed on pathologically relevant subpopulations and provides a basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies in vascular diseases. GPCRs are key regulators of vascular functions. By analysing single-cell GPCRs expression in vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells from healthy and diseased murine vessels, Kaur et al. show that GPCR expression is highly heterogeneous in all cell types and that disease causes GPCR repertoire changes depending on cell type and vascular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstr 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - J Carvalho
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstr 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - M Looso
- ECCPS Bioinformatics Facility, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstr 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - P Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstr 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - R Chennupati
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstr 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - J Preussner
- ECCPS Bioinformatics Facility, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstr 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - S Günther
- ECCPS Deep sequencing platform, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstr 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - J Albarrán-Juárez
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstr 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - D Tischner
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstr 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - S Classen
- Harvey Vascular Centre, Kerckhoff-Klinik, Benekestraße 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - S Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstr 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - N Wettschureck
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstr 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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Song L, Martinez L, Zigmond ZM, Hernandez DR, Lassance-Soares RM, Selman G, Vazquez-Padron RI. c-Kit modifies the inflammatory status of smooth muscle cells. PeerJ 2017. [PMID: 28626608 PMCID: PMC5472039 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND c-Kit is a receptor tyrosine kinase present in multiple cell types, including vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC). However, little is known about how c-Kit influences SMC biology and vascular pathogenesis. METHODS High-throughput microarray assays and in silico pathway analysis were used to identify differentially expressed genes between primary c-Kit deficient (KitW/W-v) and control (Kit+/+) SMC. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR and functional assays further confirmed the differences in gene expression and pro-inflammatory pathway regulation between both SMC populations. RESULTS The microarray analysis revealed elevated NF-κB gene expression secondary to the loss of c-Kit that affects both the canonical and alternative NF-κB pathways. Upon stimulation with an oxidized phospholipid as pro-inflammatory agent, c-Kit deficient SMC displayed enhanced NF-κB transcriptional activity, higher phosphorylated/total p65 ratio, and increased protein expression of NF-κB regulated pro-inflammatory mediators with respect to cells from control mice. The pro-inflammatory phenotype of mutant cells was ameliorated after restoring c-Kit activity using lentiviral transduction. Functional assays further demonstrated that c-Kit suppresses NF-κB activity in SMC in a TGFβ-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) and Nemo-like kinase (NLK) dependent manner. DISCUSSION Our study suggests a novel mechanism by which c-Kit suppresses NF-κB regulated pathways in SMC to prevent their pro-inflammatory transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Song
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Laisel Martinez
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Zachary M Zigmond
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Diana R Hernandez
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Roberta M Lassance-Soares
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Guillermo Selman
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Roberto I Vazquez-Padron
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
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Abstract
Cells in physiology integrate local soluble and mechanical signals to regulate genomic programs. Whereas the individual roles of these signals are well studied, the cellular responses to the combined chemical and physical signals are less explored. Here, we investigated the cross-talk between cellular geometry and TNFα signaling. We stabilized NIH 3T3 fibroblasts into rectangular anisotropic or circular isotropic geometries and stimulated them with TNFα and analyzed nuclear translocation of transcription regulators -NFκB (p65) and MKL and downstream gene-expression patterns. We found that TNFα induces geometry-dependent actin depolymerization, which enhances IκB degradation, p65 nuclear translocation, nuclear exit of MKL, and sequestration of p65 at the RNA-polymerase-II foci. Further, global transcription profile of cells under matrix-TNFα interplay reveals a geometry-dependent gene-expression pattern. At a functional level, we find cell geometry affects TNFα-induced cell proliferation. Our results provide compelling evidence that fibroblasts, depending on their geometries, elicit distinct cellular responses for the same cytokine.
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Xia XD, Zhou Z, Yu XH, Zheng XL, Tang CK. Myocardin: A novel player in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2017; 257:266-278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Zahedi F, Nazari-Jahantigh M, Zhou Z, Subramanian P, Wei Y, Grommes J, Offermanns S, Steffens S, Weber C, Schober A. Dicer generates a regulatory microRNA network in smooth muscle cells that limits neointima formation during vascular repair. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:359-372. [PMID: 27622243 PMCID: PMC11107738 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2349-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) coordinate vascular repair by regulating injury-induced gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and promote the transition of SMCs from a contractile to a proliferating phenotype. However, the effect of miRNA expression in SMCs on neointima formation is unclear. Therefore, we studied the role of miRNA biogenesis by Dicer in SMCs in vascular repair. Following wire-induced injury to carotid arteries of Apolipoprotein E knockout (Apoe -/-) mice, miRNA microarray analysis revealed that the most significantly regulated miRNAs, such as miR-222 and miR-21-3p, were upregulated. Conditional deletion of Dicer in SMCs increased neointima formation by reducing SMC proliferation in Apoe -/- mice, and decreased mainly the expression of miRNAs, such as miR-147 and miR-100, which were not upregulated following vascular injury. SMC-specific deletion of Dicer promoted growth factor and inflammatory signaling and regulated a miRNA-target interaction network in injured arteries that was enriched in anti-proliferative miRNAs. The most connected miRNA in this network was miR-27a-3p [e.g., with Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 26 (ARHGEF26)], which was expressed in medial and neointimal SMCs in a Dicer-dependent manner. In vitro, miR-27a-3p suppresses ARHGEF26 expression and inhibits SMC proliferation by interacting with a conserved binding site in the 3' untranslated region of ARHGEF26 mRNA. We propose that Dicer expression in SMCs plays an essential role in vascular repair by generating anti-proliferative miRNAs, such as miR-27a-3p, to prevent vessel stenosis due to exaggerated neointima formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farima Zahedi
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Maliheh Nazari-Jahantigh
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Zhe Zhou
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- The Genomics Center of AMMS, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, People's Republic of China
| | - Pallavi Subramanian
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Wei
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Grommes
- European Vascular Center Aachen-Maastricht, Medical University Maastricht, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- European Vascular Center Aachen-Maastricht, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Sabine Steffens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80802, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Schober
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany.
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80802, Munich, Germany.
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Li Y, Ding Z, Wu C. Mechanistic Study of the Inhibitory Effect of Kaempferol on Uterine Fibroids In Vitro. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:4803-4808. [PMID: 27928147 PMCID: PMC5153323 DOI: 10.12659/msm.898127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study examined the effect of kaempferol on uterine fibroids in vitro and the underlying mechanism, and investigated the potential of kaempferol as a clinical drug for the treatment of uterine fibroids. Material/Methods Uterine fibroid tissue and surrounding smooth muscle tissue were collected for primary culture. Different concentrations of kaempferol (12 μM, 24 μM, and 48 μM) were used to treat the cells for 24, 48, and 72 hours. Ethanol was used in the control group. A CCK-8 colorimetric assay was used to detect cell proliferation. Real-time PCR and immunoblot were used to detect estrogen receptor (ER), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in mRNA and protein. Results The differences in proliferation at different time points and concentrations of kaempferol were statistically significant. The inhibitory effect of kaempferol on mRNA levels of ER and IGF, and protein levels of ER, VEGF, and IGF-1 were positively correlated with kaempferol concentration. Changes in kaempferol concentration showed no effect on VEGF mRNA expression. Treatment with kaempferol significantly lowered myocardin levels in uterine fibroid tissue compared to normal uterine smooth muscle (P<0.05). Conclusions Kaempferol might be used for clinical treatment of uterine fibroids due to its inhibitory effect on the proliferation of uterine fibroids cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Li
- Department of Gynaecology, The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Zhaoxia Ding
- Department of Gynaecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Chuanzhong Wu
- Department of Gynaecology, The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, Shandong, China (mainland)
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Luo J, Jin H, Jiang Y, Ge H, Wang J, Li Y. Aberrant Expression of microRNA-9 Contributes to Development of Intracranial Aneurysm by Suppressing Proliferation and Reducing Contractility of Smooth Muscle Cells. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:4247-4253. [PMID: 27824808 PMCID: PMC5108371 DOI: 10.12659/msm.897511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MiR-9 is reportedly involved with many diseases, such as acute myeloid leukemia and liver oncogenesis. In the present study we investigated the molecular mechanism, including the potential regulator and signaling pathways, of MYOCD, which is the gene that in humans encodes the protein myocardin. MATERIAL AND METHODS We searched the online miRNA database (www.mirdb.org) with the "seed sequence" located within the 3'-UTR of the target gene, and then validated MYOCD to be the direct gene via luciferase reporter assay system, and further confirmed it in cultured cells by using Western blot analysis and realtime PCR. RESULTS We established the negative regulatory relationship between miR-9 and MYOCD via studying the relative luciferase activity. We also conducted realtime PCR and Western blot analysis to study the mRNA and protein expression level of MYOCD between different groups (intracranial aneurysm vs. normal control) or cells treated with scramble control, miR-9 mimics, MYOCD siRNA, and miR-9 inhibitors, indicating the negative regulatory relationship between miR-9 and MYOCD. We also investigated the relative viability of smooth muscle cells when transfected with scramble control, miR-9 mimics, MYOCD siRNA, and miR-9 inhibitors to validate that miR-9 t negatively interferes with the viability of smooth muscle cells. We then investigated the relative contractility of smooth muscle cells when transfected with scramble control, miR-9 mimics, MYOCD siRNA, and miR-9 inhibitors, and the results showed that miR-9 weakened contractility. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that dysregulation of miR-9 is responsible for the development of IA via targeting MYOCD. miR-9 and its direct target, MYOCD, might novel therapeutic targets in the treatment of IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Hengwei Jin
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Yuhua Jiang
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Huijian Ge
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Jiwei Wang
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Youxiang Li
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland)
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Singh P, Li D, Gui Y, Zheng XL. Atrogin-1 Increases Smooth Muscle Contractility Through Myocardin Degradation. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:806-817. [PMID: 27403897 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Atrogin-1, an E3 ligase present in skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle, down-regulates myocardin protein during skeletal muscle differentiation. Myocardin, the master regulator of smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation, induces expression of smooth muscle marker genes through its association with serum response factor (SRF), which binds to the CArG box in the promoter. Myocardin undergoes ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation. Evidence suggests that proteasomal degradation of myocardin is critical for myocardin to exert its transcriptional activity, but there is no report about the E3 ligase responsible for myocardin ubiquitylation and subsequent transactivation. Here, we showed that overexpression of atrogin-1 increased contractility of cultured SMCs and mouse aortic tissues in organ culture. Overexpression of dominant-negative myocardin attenuated the increase in SMC contractility induced by atrogin-1. Atrogin-1 overexpression increased expression of the SM contractile markers while downregulated expression of myocardin protein but not mRNA. Atrogin-1 also ubiquitylated myocardin for proteasomal degradation in vascular SMCs. Deletion studies showed that atrogin-1 directly interacted with myocardin through its amino acids 284-345. Immunostaining studies showed nuclear localization of atrogin-1, myocardin, and the Rpt6 subunit of the 26S proteasome. Atrogin-1 overexpression not only resulted in degradation of myocardin but also increased recruitment of RNA Polymerase II onto the promoters of myocardin target genes. In summary, our results have revealed the roles for atrogin-1 in the regulation of smooth muscle contractility through enhancement of myocardin ubiquitylation/degradation and its transcriptional activity. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 806-817, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavneet Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Smooth Muscle Research Group, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Smooth Muscle Research Group, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yu Gui
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Smooth Muscle Research Group, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xi-Long Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Smooth Muscle Research Group, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Row S, Liu Y, Alimperti S, Agarwal SK, Andreadis ST. Cadherin-11 is a novel regulator of extracellular matrix synthesis and tissue mechanics. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2950-61. [PMID: 27311482 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.183772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We discovered that Cadherin-11 (CDH11) regulates collagen and elastin synthesis, both affecting the mechanical properties and contractile function of animal tissues. Using a Cdh11-null mouse model, we observed a significant reduction in the mechanical properties [Youngs' modulus and ultimate tensile strength (UTS)] of Cdh11(-/-) as compared to wild-type (WT) mouse tissues, such as the aorta, bladder and skin. The deterioration of mechanical properties (Youngs' modulus and UTS) was accompanied by reduced collagen and elastin content in Cdh11(-/-) mouse tissues as well as in cells in culture. Similarly, knocking down CDH11 abolished collagen and elastin synthesis in human cells, and consequently reduced their ability to generate force. Conversely, engagement of CDH11 through homophilic interactions, led to swift activation of the TGF-β and ROCK pathways as evidenced by phosphorylation of downstream effectors. Subsequently, activation of the key transcription factors, MRTF-A (also known as MKL1) and MYOCD led to significant upregulation of collagen and elastin genes. Taken together, our results demonstrate a novel role of adherens junctions in regulating extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis with implications for many important biological processes, including maintenance of tissue integrity, wound healing and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Row
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260, USA
| | - Yayu Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260, USA
| | - Stella Alimperti
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260, USA
| | - Sandeep K Agarwal
- Section of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology Biology, Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stelios T Andreadis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260, USA Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
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Coll-Bonfill N, de la Cruz-Thea B, Pisano MV, Musri MM. Noncoding RNAs in smooth muscle cell homeostasis: implications in phenotypic switch and vascular disorders. Pflugers Arch 2016; 468:1071-87. [PMID: 27109570 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1821-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) are a highly specialized cell type that exhibit extraordinary plasticity in adult animals in response to a number of environmental cues. Upon vascular injury, SMC undergo phenotypic switch from a contractile-differentiated to a proliferative/migratory-dedifferentiated phenotype. This process plays a major role in vascular lesion formation and during the development of vascular remodeling. Vascular remodeling comprises the accumulation of dedifferentiated SMC in the intima of arteries and is central to a number of vascular diseases such as arteriosclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or pulmonary hypertension. Therefore, it is critical to understand the molecular mechanisms that govern SMC phenotype. In the last decade, a number of new classes of noncoding RNAs have been described. These molecules have emerged as key factors controlling tissue homeostasis during physiological and pathological conditions. In this review, we will discuss the role of noncoding RNAs, including microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs, in the regulation of SMC plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Coll-Bonfill
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine Hospital Clínic-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - B de la Cruz-Thea
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Friuli 2434, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M V Pisano
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Friuli 2434, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M M Musri
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Friuli 2434, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Tan X, Gao J, Shi Z, Tai S, Chan LL, Yang Y, Peng DQ, Liao DF, Jiang ZS, Chang YZ, Gui Y, Zheng XL. MG132 Induces Expression of Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-Induced Protein 1 in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:122-8. [PMID: 27035356 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) has been reported to induce the expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-induced protein 1 (MCPIP1), which undergoes ubiquitination degradation. Therefore, we predict that in vascular smooth muscle (VSMCs), MCPIP1 may be induced by MCP-1 and undergo degradation, which can be inhibited by the proteasome inhibitor, MG132. Our results showed that treatment of human VSMCs with MCP-1 did not increase the expression of MCPIP1. Treatment with MG132, however, elevated MCPIP1 protein levels through stimulation of the gene transcription, but not through increasing protein stability. MCPIP1 expression induced by MG132 was inhibited by α-amanitin inhibition of gene transcription or cycloheximide inhibition of protein synthesis. Our further studies showed that MCPIP1 expression induced by MG132 was inhibited by the inhibitors of AKT and p38 kinase, suggesting a role of the AKT-p38 pathway in MG132 effects. We also found that treatment with MG132 induces apoptosis, but overexpression of MCPIP1 inhibited bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation of human VSMCs without induction of significant apoptosis. In summary, MCPIP1 expression is induced by MG132 likely through activation of the AKT-p38 pathway. MCPIP1 inhibits SMC proliferation without induction of apoptosis. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 122-128, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Tan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Smooth Muscle Research Group, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Powder and Medicine Innovation in Hunan (Incubation), Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zhan Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Smooth Muscle Research Group, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shi Tai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Smooth Muscle Research Group, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Leona Loretta Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Smooth Muscle Research Group, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dao-Quan Peng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Duan-Fang Liao
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Powder and Medicine Innovation in Hunan (Incubation), Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Smooth Muscle Research Group, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Key Lab for Arteriosclerogy of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Ying-Zi Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, A. T. Still University, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kirksville, Missouri
| | - Yu Gui
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xi-Long Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Smooth Muscle Research Group, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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49
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Zhou YX, Shi Z, Singh P, Yin H, Yu YN, Li L, Walsh MP, Gui Y, Zheng XL. Potential Role of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β in Regulation of Myocardin Activity in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:393-402. [PMID: 26129946 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β, a serine/threonine kinase with an inhibitory role in glycogen synthesis in hepatocytes and skeletal muscle, is also expressed in cardiac and smooth muscles. Inhibition of GSK-3β results in cardiac hypertrophy through reducing phosphorylation and increasing transcriptional activity of myocardin, a transcriptional co-activator for serum response factor. Myocardin plays critical roles in differentiation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs). This study, therefore, aimed to examine whether and how inhibition of GSK-3β regulates myocardin activity in human vascular SMCs. Treatment of SMCs with the GSK-3β inhibitors AR-A014418 and TWS 119 significantly reduced endogenous myocardin activity, as indicated by lower expression of myocardin target genes (and gene products), CNN1 (calponin), TAGLN1 (SM22), and ACTA2 (SM α-actin). In human SMCs overexpressing myocardin through the T-REx system, treatment with either GSK-3β inhibitor also inhibited the expression of CNN1, TAGLN1, and ACTA2. These effects of GSK-3β inhibitors were mimicked by transfection with GSK-3β siRNA. Notably, both AR-A014418 and TWS 119 decreased the serine/threonine phosphorylation of myocardin. The chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that AR-A014418 treatment reduced myocardin occupancy of the promoter of the myocardin target gene ACTA2. Overexpression of a dominant-negative GSK-3β mutant in myocardin-overexpressing SMCs reduced the expression of calponin, SM22, and SM α-actin. As expected, overexpression of constitutively active or wild-type GSK-3β in SMCs without myocardin overexpression increased expression of these proteins. In summary, our results indicate that inhibition of GSK-3β reduces myocardin transcriptional activity, suggesting a role for GSK-3β in myocardin transcriptional activity and smooth muscle differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xia Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Smooth Muscle Research Group, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zhan Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Smooth Muscle Research Group, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pavneet Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Smooth Muscle Research Group, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hao Yin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Smooth Muscle Research Group, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yan-Ni Yu
- Guiyang Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Long Li
- Guiyang Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Michael P Walsh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Smooth Muscle Research Group, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yu Gui
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Smooth Muscle Research Group, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xi-Long Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Smooth Muscle Research Group, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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50
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Liao XH, Wang N, Zhao DW, Zheng DL, Zheng L, Xing WJ, Ma WJ, Bao LY, Dong J, Zhang TC. STAT3 Protein Regulates Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Switch by Interaction with Myocardin. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:19641-52. [PMID: 26100622 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.630111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The JAK-STAT3 signaling pathway is one of the critical pathways regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Myocardin is regarded as a key mediator for the change of smooth muscle phenotypes. However, the relationship between STAT3 and myocardin in the vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypic switch has not been investigated. The goal of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism by which STAT3 affects the myocardin-regulated VSMC phenotypic switch. Data presented in this study demonstrated that STAT3 was rapidly up-regulated after stimulation with VEGF. Inhibition of the STAT3 activation process impaired VSMC proliferation and enhanced the expression of VSMC contractile genes by increasing serum-response factor binding to the CArG-containing regions of VSMC-specific contractile genes. In contrast, the interaction between serum-response factor and its co-activator myocardin was reduced by overexpression of STAT3. In addition, treated VEGF inhibited the transcription activity of myocardin, and overexpression of STAT3 inhibited myocardin-induced up-regulation of VSMC contractile phenotype-specific genes. Although myocardin and STAT3 are negatively correlated, interestingly, both of them can enhance the expression of VEGF, suggesting a feedback loop to regulate the VSMC phenotypic switch. Taken together, these results indicate that the JAK-STAT3 signaling pathway plays a key role in controlling the phenotypic switch of VSMCs through the interactions between STAT3 and myocardin by various coordinated gene regulation pathways and feedback loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Hua Liao
- From the Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000 and the Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Nan Wang
- the Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Dong-Wei Zhao
- the Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - De-Liang Zheng
- the Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Li Zheng
- the Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wen-Jing Xing
- the Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wen-Jian Ma
- the Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Le-Yuan Bao
- From the Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000 and
| | - Jian Dong
- From the Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000 and
| | - Tong-Cun Zhang
- From the Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000 and the Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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