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Oh KK, Yoon SJ, Song SH, Park JH, Kim JS, Kim DJ, Suk KT. The synchronized feature of Saururus chinensis and gut microbiota against T2DM, NAFLD, obesity and hypertension via integrated pharmacology. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 52:278-290. [PMID: 38733373 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2024.2350475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), obesity (OB) and hypertension (HT) are categorized as metabolic disorders (MDs), which develop independently without distinct borders. Herein, we examined the gut microbiota (GM) and Saururus chinensis (SC) to confirm their therapeutic effects via integrated pharmacology. The overlapping targets from the four diseases were determined to be key protein coding genes. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, and the SC, GM, signalling pathway, target and metabolite (SGSTM) networks were analysed via RPackage. Additionally, molecular docking tests (MDTs) and density functional theory (DFT) analysis were conducted to determine the affinity and stability of the conformer(s). TNF was the main target in the PPI analysis, and equol derived from Lactobacillus paracasei JS1 was the most effective agent for the formation of the TNF complex. The SC agonism (PPAR signalling pathway), and antagonism (neurotrophin signalling pathway) by SC were identified as agonistic bioactives (aromadendrane, stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol, 3,6,6-trimethyl-3,4,5,7,8,9-hexahydro-1H-2-benzoxepine, 4α-5α-epoxycholestane and kinic acid), and antagonistic bioactives (STK734327 and piclamilast), respectively, via MDT. Finally, STK734327-MAPK1 was the most favourable conformer according to DFT. Overall, the seven bioactives from SC and equol that can be produced by Lactobacillus paracasei JS1 can exert synergistic effects on these four diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Kwang Oh
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Sang-Jun Yoon
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Seol Hee Song
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jeong Ha Park
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jeong Su Kim
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Suk
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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Eraqi WA, El-Sabbagh WA, Aziz RK, Elshahed MS, Youssef NH, Elkenawy NM. Gastroprotective and microbiome-modulating effects of ubiquinol in rats with radiation-induced enteropathy. Anim Microbiome 2024; 6:40. [PMID: 39030597 PMCID: PMC11264694 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-024-00320-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiation enteritis is a frequently encountered issue for patients receiving radiotherapy and has a significant impact on cancer patients' quality of life. The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in intestinal function, yet the impact of irradiation on gut microorganisms is not fully understood. This study explores the gastroprotective effect and gut microbiome-modulating potential of ubiquinol (Ubq), the reduced form of the powerful antioxidant CoQ-10. For this purpose, male albino rats were randomly assigned to four groups: Control, IRR (acute 7 Gy γ-radiation), Ubq_Post (Ubq for 7 days post-irradiation), and Ubq_Pre/Post (Ubq for 7 days pre and 7 days post-irradiation). The fecal microbiomes of all groups were profiled by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing followed by bioinformatics and statistical analysis. Histopathological examination of intestinal tissue indicated severe damage in the irradiated group, which was mitigated by ubiquinol with enhanced regeneration, goblet cells, and intestinal alkaline phosphatase expression. Compared to the irradiated group, the Ubq-treated groups had a significant recovery of intestinal interleukin-1β, caspase-3, nitric oxide metabolites, and thio-barbituric reactive substances to near-healthy levels. Ubq_Pre/Post group displayed elevated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-γ) level, suggesting heightened benefits. Serum insulin reduction in irradiated rats improved post-Ubq treatment, with a possible anti-inflammatory effect on the pancreatic tissue. Fecal microbiota profiling revealed a dysbiosis state with a reduction of bacterial diversity post-irradiation, which was re-modulated in the Ubq treated groups to profiles that are indistinguishable from the control group. These findings underscore Ubq's gastroprotective effects against radiation-induced enteritis and its potential in restoring the gut microbiota's diversity and balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa A Eraqi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Walaa A El-Sabbagh
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center of Radiation and Research Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, 11787, Egypt
| | - Ramy K Aziz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
- Microbiology and Immunology Research Program, Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357, Cairo, 11617, Egypt
| | - Mostafa S Elshahed
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74074, USA
| | - Noha H Youssef
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74074, USA
| | - Nora M Elkenawy
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center of Radiation and Research Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, 11787, Egypt.
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Li X, Cheng X, Shi Y, Jian C, Zhu W, Bao H, Jiang M, Peng Z, Hu Y, Chen J, Shu X. Mixed probiotics reduce the severity of stress-induced depressive-like behaviors. J Affect Disord 2024; 355:450-458. [PMID: 38537751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the gut microbiome has gained significant attention in the spheres of research and public health. As a result, studies have increasingly explored the potential of probiotic dietary supplements as treatment interventions for conditions such as anxiety and depression. The present study examined the effect of mixed probiotics (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and Enterococcus faecium) on inflammation, microbiome composition, and depressive-like behaviors in a macaque monkey model. The mixed probiotics effectively reduced the severity of depressive-like behaviors in macaque monkeys. Further, treatment with mixed probiotics gradually increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the gut, improving the balance of the gut microbiota. Additionally, macaques treated with the mixed probiotics showed decreased serum levels of inflammatory factors (P < 0.05), an increased rate of L-tryptophan metabolism (P < 0.05), and the restoration of 5-HT and 5-HTP levels (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis confirmed that Lacticaseibacillus and other beneficial bacteria exhibited a negative correlation with inflammation in the body (P < 0.05), and a positive correlation with tryptophan metabolism (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the mixed probiotics effectively restored intestinal homeostasis in macaques and enhanced tryptophan metabolism, ultimately alleviating inflammation and depressive-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianguo Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xukai Cheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yongping Shi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chenxing Jian
- College of Clinical Medicine for Oncology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, Fujian, China
| | - Wenzhong Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Haijun Bao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Mi Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zuojie Peng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jinhuang Chen
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Xiaogang Shu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Mousavi Ghahfarrokhi SS, Mohamadzadeh M, Samadi N, Fazeli MR, Khaki S, Khameneh B, Khameneh Bagheri R. Management of Cardiovascular Diseases by Short-Chain Fatty Acid Postbiotics. Curr Nutr Rep 2024; 13:294-313. [PMID: 38656688 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00531-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Global health concerns persist in the realm of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), necessitating innovative strategies for both prevention and treatment. This narrative review aims to explore the potential of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-namely, acetate, propionate, and butyrate-as agents in the realm of postbiotics for the management of CVDs. RECENT FINDINGS We commence our discussion by elucidating the concept of postbiotics and their pivotal significance in mitigating various aspects of cardiovascular diseases. This review centers on a comprehensive examination of diverse SCFAs and their associated receptors, notably GPR41, GPR43, and GPR109a. In addition, we delve into the intricate cellular and pharmacological mechanisms through which these receptors operate, providing insights into their specific roles in managing cardiovascular conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, and stroke. The integration of current information in our analysis highlights the potential of both SCFAs and their receptors as a promising path for innovative therapeutic approaches in the field of cardiovascular health. The idea of postbiotics arises as an optimistic and inventive method, presenting new opportunities for preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Sadeq Mousavi Ghahfarrokhi
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nasrin Samadi
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Fazeli
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Khaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bahman Khameneh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Ramin Khameneh Bagheri
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Boeder AM, Spiller F, Carlstrom M, Izídio GS. Enterococcus faecalis: implications for host health. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:190. [PMID: 38702495 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04007-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
The microbiota represents a crucial area of research in maintaining human health due to its potential for uncovering novel biomarkers, therapies, and molecular mechanisms relevant to population identification and experimental model characterization. Among these microorganisms, Enterococcus faecalis, a Gram-positive bacterium found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals, holds particular significance. Strains of this bacterial species have sparked considerable debate in the literature due to their dual nature; they can either be utilized as probiotics in the food industry or demonstrate resistance to antibiotics, potentially leading to severe illness, disability, and death. Given the diverse characteristics of Enterococcus faecalis strains, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of their impact on various systems within the host, including the immunological, cardiovascular, metabolic, and nervous systems. Furthermore, we summarize the bacterium-host interaction characteristics and molecular effects to highlight their targets, features, and overall impact on microbial communities and host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariela Maína Boeder
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fernando Spiller
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Mattias Carlstrom
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Geison Souza Izídio
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
- Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Laboratório de Genética do Comportamento, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.
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6
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Xie QY, Oh S, Wong A, Yau C, Herold KC, Danska JS. Immune responses to gut bacteria associated with time to diagnosis and clinical response to T cell-directed therapy for type 1 diabetes prevention. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadh0353. [PMID: 37878676 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adh0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Immune-targeted therapies have efficacy for treatment of autoinflammatory diseases. For example, treatment with the T cell-specific anti-CD3 antibody teplizumab delayed disease onset in participants at high risk for type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the TrialNet 10 (TN-10) trial. However, heterogeneity in therapeutic responses in TN-10 and other immunotherapy trials identifies gaps in understanding disease progression and treatment responses. The intestinal microbiome is a potential source of biomarkers associated with future T1D diagnosis and responses to immunotherapy. We previously reported that antibody responses to gut commensal bacteria were associated with T1D diagnosis, suggesting that certain antimicrobial immune responses may help predict disease onset. Here, we investigated anticommensal antibody (ACAb) responses against a panel of taxonomically diverse intestinal bacteria species in sera from TN-10 participants before and after teplizumab or placebo treatment. We identified IgG2 responses to three species that were associated with time to T1D diagnosis and with teplizumab treatment responses that delayed disease onset. These antibody responses link human intestinal bacteria with T1D progression, adding predictive value to known T1D risk factors. ACAb analysis provides a new approach to elucidate heterogeneity in responses to immunotherapy and identify individuals who may benefit from teplizumab, recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for delaying T1D onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quin Yuhui Xie
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T2S8, Canada
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Sean Oh
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Anthony Wong
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Christopher Yau
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G1X8, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T2S8, Canada
| | - Kevan C Herold
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jayne S Danska
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T2S8, Canada
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G1X8, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T2S8, Canada
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Xu X, Chang J, Wang P, Liu C, Zhou T, Yin Q, Yan G. Glycyrrhinic acid and probiotics alleviate deoxynivalenol-induced cytotoxicity in intestinal epithelial cells. AMB Express 2023; 13:52. [PMID: 37249811 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01564-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most prevalent mycotoxin contaminants, which posing a serious health threat to animals and humans. Previous studies have found that individually supplemented probiotic or glycyrrhinic acid (GA) could degrade DON and alleviate DON-induced cytotoxicity. The present study investigated the effect of combining GA with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) and Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) using orthogonal design on alleviating IPEC-J2 cell damage induced by DON. The results showed that the optimal counts of S. cerevisiae and E. faecalis significantly promoted cell viability. The optimal combination for increasing cell viability was 400 µg/mL GA, 1 × 106 CFU/mL S. cerevisiae and 1 × 106 CFU/mL E. faecalis to make GAP, which not only significantly alleviated the DON toxicity but also achieved the highest degradation rate of DON (34.7%). Moreover, DON exposure significantly increased IL-8, Caspase3 and NF-κB contents, and upregulated the mRNA expressions of Bax, Caspase 3, NF-κB and the protein expressions of Bax, TNF-α and COX-2. However, GAP addition significantly reduced aforementioned genes and proteins. Furthermore, GAP addition significantly increased the mRNA expressions of Claudin-1, Occludin, GLUT2 and ASCT2, and the protein expressions of ZO-1, Claudin-1 and PePT1. It was inferred that the combination of GA, S. cerevisiae, and E. faecalis had the synergistic effect on enhancing cell viability and DON degradation, which could protect cells from DON-induced damage by reducing DON cytotoxicity, alleviating cell apoptosis and inflammation via inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway, improving intestinal barrier function, and regulating nutrient absorption and transport. These findings suggest that GAP may have potential as a dietary supplement for livestock or humans exposed to DON-contaminated food or feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Xu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Juan Chang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Chaoqi Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Qingqiang Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Guorong Yan
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China.
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Alsharairi NA. Exploring the Diet-Gut Microbiota-Epigenetics Crosstalk Relevant to Neonatal Diabetes. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14051017. [PMID: 37239377 DOI: 10.3390/genes14051017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal diabetes (NDM) is a rare monogenic disorder that presents as hyperglycemia during the first six months of life. The link between early-life gut microbiota dysbiosis and susceptibility to NDM remains uncertain. Experimental studies have demonstrated that gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) could develop into meconium/gut microbiota dysbiosis in newborns, and thus, it is thought to be a mediator in the pathogenesis of NDM. Epigenetic modifications have been considered as potential mechanisms by which the gut microbiota and susceptibility genes interact with the neonatal immune system. Several epigenome-wide association studies have revealed that GDM is associated with neonatal cord blood and/or placental DNA methylation alterations. However, the mechanisms linking diet in GDM with gut microbiota alterations, which may in turn induce the expression of genes linked to NDM, are yet to be unraveled. Therefore, the focus of this review is to highlight the impacts of diet, gut microbiota, and epigenetic crosstalk on altered gene expression in NDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser A Alsharairi
- Heart, Mind & Body Research Group, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD P.O. Box 4222, Australia
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Hasankhani A, Bahrami A, Tavakoli-Far B, Iranshahi S, Ghaemi F, Akbarizadeh MR, Amin AH, Abedi Kiasari B, Mohammadzadeh Shabestari A. The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the modulation of hyperinflammation induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection: A perspective for COVID-19 therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1127358. [PMID: 36875108 PMCID: PMC9981974 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1127358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a severe respiratory disease caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that affects the lower and upper respiratory tract in humans. SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with the induction of a cascade of uncontrolled inflammatory responses in the host, ultimately leading to hyperinflammation or cytokine storm. Indeed, cytokine storm is a hallmark of SARS-CoV-2 immunopathogenesis, directly related to the severity of the disease and mortality in COVID-19 patients. Considering the lack of any definitive treatment for COVID-19, targeting key inflammatory factors to regulate the inflammatory response in COVID-19 patients could be a fundamental step to developing effective therapeutic strategies against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Currently, in addition to well-defined metabolic actions, especially lipid metabolism and glucose utilization, there is growing evidence of a central role of the ligand-dependent nuclear receptors and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) including PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ in the control of inflammatory signals in various human inflammatory diseases. This makes them attractive targets for developing therapeutic approaches to control/suppress the hyperinflammatory response in patients with severe COVID-19. In this review, we (1) investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanisms mediated by PPARs and their ligands during SARS-CoV-2 infection, and (2) on the basis of the recent literature, highlight the importance of PPAR subtypes for the development of promising therapeutic approaches against the cytokine storm in severe COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliakbar Hasankhani
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Bahrami
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Bahareh Tavakoli-Far
- Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Setare Iranshahi
- School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshty University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Ghaemi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Reza Akbarizadeh
- Department of Pediatric, School of Medicine, Amir al momenin Hospital, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Ali H. Amin
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Bahman Abedi Kiasari
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Mohammadzadeh Shabestari
- Department of Dental Surgery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Khorasan Covid-19 Scientific Committee, Mashhad, Iran
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10
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Lan Q, Lian Y, Peng P, Yang L, Zhao H, Huang P, Ma H, Wei H, Yin Y, Liu M. Association of gut microbiota and SCFAs with finishing weight of Diannan small ear pigs. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1117965. [PMID: 36778880 PMCID: PMC9911695 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1117965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Finishing weight is a key economic trait in the domestic pig industry. Evidence has linked the gut microbiota and SCFAs to health and production performance in pigs. Nevertheless, for Diannan small ear (DSE) pigs, a specific pig breed in China, the potential effect of gut microbiota and SCFAs on their finishing weight remains unclear. Herein, based on the data of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene and metagenomic sequencing analysis, we found that 13 OTUs could be potential biomarkers and 19 microbial species were associated with finishing weight. Among these, carbohydrate-decomposing bacteria of the families Streptococcaceae, Lactobacillaceae, and Prevotellaceae were positively related to finishing weight, whereas the microbial taxa associated with intestinal inflammation and damage exhibited opposite effects. In addition, interactions of these microbial species were found to be linked with finishing weight for the first time. Gut microbial functional annotation analysis indicated that CAZymes, such as glucosidase and glucanase could significantly affect finishing weight, given their roles in increasing nutrient absorption efficiency. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Orthologies (KOs) and KEGG pathways analysis indicated that glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, phosphotransferase system (PTS), secondary bile acid biosynthesis, ABC transporters, sulfur metabolism, and one carbon pool by folate could act as key factors in regulating finishing weight. Additionally, SCFA levels, especially acetate and butyrate, had pivotal impacts on finishing weight. Finishing weight-associated species Prevotella sp. RS2, Ruminococcus sp. AF31-14BH and Lactobacillus pontis showed positive associations with butyrate concentration, and Paraprevotella xylaniphila and Bacteroides sp. OF04-15BH were positively related to acetate level. Taken together, our study provides essential knowledge for manipulating gut microbiomes to improve finishing weight. The underlying mechanisms of how gut microbiome and SCFAs modulate pigs' finishing weight required further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Lan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuju Lian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Peiya Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Long Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Heng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Peng Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Haiming Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongjiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China,Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Yulong Yin, ✉
| | - Mei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China,Kunpeng Institute of Modern Agriculture at Foshan, Foshan, China,Mei Liu, ✉
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11
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Xu S, Lv Q, Zou N, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Tang Q, Chou SH, Lu L, He J. Influence of neo-adjuvant radiotherapy on the intestinal microbiota of rectal cancer patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023:10.1007/s00432-022-04553-6. [PMID: 36656381 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neo-adjuvant radiotherapy (NART) is a widely used pre-surgery radiotherapy for rectal cancer patients. Although NART is effective in reducing tumor burden before surgery, it may cause dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota. The intestinal microbiota shapes tumor inflammatory environment and influences cancer progression. However, how NART remodels the microbiota and how the microbiota affects therapeutic efficacy has been largely elusive. This study aimed to reveal the details of how NART affects the intestinal microbiota in patients with rectal cancer. METHODS Rectal cancer patients who received NART were recruited into the study, and their healthy family members on the same diet served as controls. Stool samples from five rectal cancer patients (28 in total) and five healthy individuals (16 in total) were collected for intestinal microbiota analysis by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Samples from patients were divided into earlier- and later-NART according to the number of NART. RESULTS NART did not significantly affect the α diversity of intestinal microbiota. However, the abundance of bacterial genera associated with cancer progression tended to decrease in later-NART patients. More importantly, a variety of oral pathogenic bacteria were enriched in the intestine of later-NART patients. NART also affected functional pathways associated with the microbiota in DNA repair, metabolism, and bacterial infection. CONCLUSION NART significantly altered the microbiota composition and function in rectal cancer patients, and some oral pathogens were found to translocate to the intestine. This is the first report to study the effect of NART on intestinal microbiota in patients with rectal cancer, exploring the importance of intestinal microbiota during the process of NART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology & Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qimei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology & Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ning Zou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology & Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiucheng Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology & Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shan-Ho Chou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology & Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jin He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology & Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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12
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Yang Z, Liu X, Wu Y, Peng J, Wei H. Effect of the Microbiome on Intestinal Innate Immune Development in Early Life and the Potential Strategy of Early Intervention. Front Immunol 2022; 13:936300. [PMID: 35928828 PMCID: PMC9344006 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.936300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life is a vital period for mammals to be colonized with the microbiome, which profoundly influences the development of the intestinal immune function. For neonates to resist pathogen infection and avoid gastrointestinal illness, the intestinal innate immune system is critical. Thus, this review summarizes the development of the intestinal microbiome and the intestinal innate immune barrier, including the intestinal epithelium and immune cells from the fetal to the weaning period. Moreover, the impact of the intestinal microbiome on innate immune development and the two main way of early-life intervention including probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) also are discussed in this review. We hope to highlight the crosstalk between early microbial colonization and intestinal innate immunity development and offer some information for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Yang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangchen Liu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanting Wu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongkui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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13
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Han L, Tao H, Kang L, Wang S, Diao Q, Han D, Cui K. Transcriptome and iTRAQ-Based Proteome Reveal the Molecular Mechanism of Intestinal Injury Induced by Weaning Ewe's Milk in Lambs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:809188. [PMID: 35548050 PMCID: PMC9082421 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.809188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early feeding regime has a substantial lifelong effect on lambs and weaning ewe's milk can lead to the intestinal injury of lambs. To explore the molecular regulatory mechanism of intestinal injury of lambs under weaning stress, the jejunum was conducted transcriptome and then integrated analyzed with our previous proteome data. A total of 255 upregulated genes and 285 downregulated genes were significantly identified. These genes showed low overlapping with differentially expressed proteins identified by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ). However, according to their functions, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and proteins with the same expression trend were enriched for the similar Gene Ontology (GO) terms and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, such as intestinal lipid absorption, urea cycle, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway, and ferroptosis. Furthermore, the DEGs, including FABP2, ACSL3, APOA2, APOC3, and PCK1, might play essential roles in intestinal lipid absorption and immune response through the PPAR signaling pathway and ferroptosis. This study could provide new insights into early lamb breeding at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Han
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Tao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingyun Kang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyu Diao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Deping Han
- College of Veterinary Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Deping Han
| | - Kai Cui
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Kai Cui
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14
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Amiri P, Hosseini SA, Ghaffari S, Tutunchi H, Ghaffari S, Mosharkesh E, Asghari S, Roshanravan N. Role of Butyrate, a Gut Microbiota Derived Metabolite, in Cardiovascular Diseases: A comprehensive narrative review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:837509. [PMID: 35185553 PMCID: PMC8847574 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.837509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are major causes of death worldwide. Recently, new roles for intestinal microbiota in pathology and treatment of CVD have been proposed. Butyrate, a bacterial metabolite, is synthesized in the gut and performs most of its functions in there. However, researchers have discovered that butyrate could enter to portal vein and interact with various organs. Butyrate exhibits a broad range of pharmacological activities, including microbiome modulator, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, metabolic pathways regulator, anti-angiogenesis, and antioxidant. In this article we review evidence supporting a potentially therapeutic role for butyrate in CVD and the mechanisms and pathways involved in the cardio-protective effects of butyrate from the gut and circulation to the nervous system. In summary, although butyrate exhibits a wide variety of biological activities in different pathways including energy homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, neural signaling, and epigenetic modulation in experimental settings, it remains unclear whether these findings are clinically relevant and whether the molecular pathways are activated by butyrate in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parichehr Amiri
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Hosseini
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Samad Ghaffari
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Helda Tutunchi
- Endocrine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shamsi Ghaffari
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Erfan Mosharkesh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samira Asghari
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Neda Roshanravan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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15
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Yan R, Zhang X. Analysis of Cyclocarya paliurus flavonoids modulation on the physiology and gene expression in Enterococcus faecalis under bile salt stress. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 74:555-563. [PMID: 34951708 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is one of the probiotic groups in the intestinal tract which has varieties of functional effects in the host, such as a protective barrier, nutritional efficacy and antibacterial effects. Stress conditions such as low pH, bile salts, and hypertonicity are inevitable negative factors for the normal survival of E. faecalis in the gastrointestinal tract. Under the stress and inhibition of bile salt, E. faecalis needs specific adaptation and coping style if it wants to successfully colonize the intestine stably. The appropriate concentration of flavonoids can assist probiotics to serve a beneficial role and help them resist the stress of external irresistible environmental factors. In the present research, RNA-sequence (RNA-seq) technology was employed to investigate the influence of Cyclocarya paliurus flavonoids (CPF) on Enterococcus faecalis 131-2 (E. faecalis 131-2) exposed to bile salt stress. Analysis results revealed that under bile salt stress, many genes related to cellular process, catalytic activity, and transport activity were significantly differentially expressed (P < 0.05), and some not expected variations of which could be partly alleviated by supplementation of CPF, indicating its capacity to improve the bile salt tolerances of E. faecalis 131-2. Additionally, CPF alleviated the obvious inhibitory effects of bile salt stress on the exponential growth of E. faecalis 131-2. An overall view of the physiological and transcriptomic changes of E. faecalis 131-2 under bile salt stresses with or without CPF will further deepen our understanding of the mechanism by which CPF assists E. faecalis 131-2 to perform beneficial functions in the gastrointestinal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Yan
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P.R. China
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16
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Xu T, Liu R, Lu X, Wu X, Heneberg P, Mao Y, Jiang Q, Loor J, Yang Z. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides alleviate LPS-induced inflammatory responses through PPARγ/MAPK/NF-κB pathway in bovine mammary epithelial cells. J Anim Sci 2021; 100:6429718. [PMID: 34791267 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the main component of the gram-negative bacterial cell wall, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is well-documented as an inducer of inflammation in bovine mammary cells. Lycium barbarum (goji) polysaccharides (LBP) have been used in non-ruminants as prebiotics to improve growth performance, immune ability and antioxidant capacity. We aimed to investigate the underlying effects of LBPs on pro-inflammatory responses in LPS-stimulated primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs). Cells were isolated from mammary tissue of 3 lactating Holstein cows without clinical disease (30.26 ± 3.1 kg/d of milk yield; 175 ± 6 DIM). For the pre-experimental treatment, bMECs were precultured with serum-free medium for 12 h. Treatments were as follows: pretreatment with culture medium devoid of LPS or LBP for 30 h (CON); CON for 24 h followed by challenge with 2 μg/mL LPS for 6 h (LPS); pretreatment with 100 μg/mL or 300 μg/mL LBP for 24 h followed by LPS challenge (2 μg/mL) for 6 h (LBP(100)+LPS; LBP(300)+LPS). To further determine if the effect of LBP on immune-regulation is PPARγ activation-dependent, an inhibitor of PPARγ, GW9662, at a concentration of 1 μM was used. Cells treated with LBP at 100, 300 and 500 μg/mL had upregulated protein abundance of PPARγ, while PGC1α had a higher expression only at 300 μg/mL of LBP treatment. Compared with CON, cells pretreated with LBP at 100 and 300 μg/mL had greater protein abundance of SCD1 and SREBP1. EdU staining and cell wound healing assays showed that the negative effect of LPS alone on cell proliferation was reversed by pretreatment with LBP at both 100 and 300 μg/mL. Upregulation of gene and protein abundance of proinflammatory factors and cytokines (COX-2, NLRP3, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) induced by LPS stimulation were alleviated by LBP pretreatment at 300 μg/mL (more than 2-fold decrease). Compared with LPS challenge alone, phosphorylation of proteins involved in NF-κB (IκBα and p65) and MAPK (p38, JNK and ERK) pathways was downregulated following LBP treatment. Additionally, inhibition of PPARγ by GW9662 weakened the protective effect of LBP on LPS-induced protein abundance of phosphorylated p65, COX-2, IL-1β and TNF-α. These results indicated that the protective effect of LBP on LPS-induced bMECs inflammatory responses is PPARγ activation-dependent. As such, this knowledge might help design strategies for intervening against the detrimental effects of bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianle Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P. R. China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Run Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xubin Lu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Wu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P. R. China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Petr Heneberg
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Yongjiang Mao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qianming Jiang
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, USA
| | - Juan Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, USA
| | - Zhangping Yang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P. R. China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P. R. China
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17
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Zhou M, Johnston LJ, Wu C, Ma X. Gut microbiota and its metabolites: Bridge of dietary nutrients and obesity-related diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-18. [PMID: 34698581 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1986466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While the incidence of obesity keeps increasing in both adults and children worldwide, obesity and its complications remain major threatens to human health. Over the past decades, accumulating evidence has demonstrated the importance of microorganisms and their metabolites in the pathogenesis of obesity and related diseases. There also is a significant body of evidence validating the efficacy of microbial based therapies for managing various diseases. In this review, we collected the key information pertinent to obesity-related bacteria, fermentation substrates and major metabolites generated by studies involving humans and/or mice. We then briefly described the possible molecular mechanisms by which microorganisms cause or inhibit obesity with a focus on microbial metabolites. Lastly, we summarized the advantages and disadvantages of the utilization of probiotics, plant extracts, and exercise in controlling obesity. We speculated that new targets and combined approaches (e.g. diet combined with exercise) could lead to more precise prevention and/or alleviation of obesity in future clinical research implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lee J Johnston
- West Central Research & Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris, Minnesota, USA
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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18
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Koopman N, Katsavelis D, Hove AST, Brul S, de Jonge WJ, Seppen J. The Multifaceted Role of Serotonin in Intestinal Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9487. [PMID: 34502396 PMCID: PMC8431144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The monoamine serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a remarkable molecule with conserved production in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and a wide range of functions. In the gastrointestinal tract, enterochromaffin cells are the most important source for 5-HT production. Some intestinal bacterial species are also able to produce 5-HT. Besides its role as a neurotransmitter, 5-HT acts on immune cells to regulate their activation. Several lines of evidence indicate that intestinal 5-HT signaling is altered in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on the production, secretion, and signaling of 5-HT in the intestine. We present an inventory of intestinal immune and epithelial cells that respond to 5-HT and describe the effects of these signaling processes on intestinal homeostasis. Further, we detail the mechanisms by which 5-HT could affect inflammatory bowel disease course and describe the effects of interventions that target intestinal 5-HT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke Koopman
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (N.K.); (D.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Drosos Katsavelis
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (N.K.); (D.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Anne S. ten Hove
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, 1105BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.S.t.H.); (W.J.d.J.)
| | - Stanley Brul
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (N.K.); (D.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Wouter J. de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, 1105BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.S.t.H.); (W.J.d.J.)
| | - Jurgen Seppen
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, 1105BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.S.t.H.); (W.J.d.J.)
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19
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Identifying the active compounds and mechanism of action of Banxia Xiexin decoction for treating ethanol-induced chronic gastritis using network pharmacology combined with UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS. Comput Biol Chem 2021; 93:107535. [PMID: 34217946 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2021.107535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Banxia Xiexin decoction (BXD), a traditionally prescribed Chinese medicine, has been used to treat chronic gastritis for many years. However, the underlying mechanism and targets for its effects remain unknown. In the present study, we predicted the targets and active compounds of BXD in the treatment of chronic gastritis through network pharmacology and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear trap quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS). METHOD A chronic gastritis model was established in rats by oral administration of 56 % ethanol. BXD was orally administered for 7 days. Stomach tissues were collected for histopathological analysis, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-8, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS was established to analyse compounds in rat plasma following oral BXD administration. The absorbed ingredients were selected as candidate active compounds. The chronic gastritis-related targets were screened using multiple databases. The potential targets for the treatment of chronic gastritis were used to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and were also analysed using the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. Finally, molecular docking was used to uncover the interaction between multi-components and putative targets, and the results were verified by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). RESULTS Intragastric administration of BXD ameliorated stomach injury resulting from chronic gastritis in rats and decreased the levels of TNF-α, IL-2, IL-8, and LDH. A comprehensive systematic strategy was used to successfully identify 38 candidate targets and 14 active compounds in BXD. Based on the network of compounds-targets and PPI, three hub genes that were associated with BXD therapy for chronic gastritis were selected and included intercellular adhesion molecule-1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and mitogen-activated protein kinase 14. The results of molecular docking and SPR demonstrated that the active compounds in BXD demonstrate affinity for these targets. Additionally, an enrichment analysis revealed that treatment of chronic gastritis with BXD primarily involves cytokine activation, the inflammatory response and nuclear factor-kappa B, hypoxia-inducible factor-1, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-protein-serine-threonine kinase and Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription signalling pathways, which may mediate the effects of BXD in the treatment of chronic gastritis. CONCLUSION BXD exhibits a therapeutic effect in ethanol-induced gastritis through multi-compound, multi-target and multi-pathway mechanisms. A strategy of network pharmacology combined with SPR may provide a feasible approach to explore the targets of herbal medicine and uncover novel bioactive components.
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20
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Fang J, Wang H, Xue Z, Cheng Y, Zhang X. PPARγ: The Central Mucus Barrier Coordinator in Ulcerative Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 27:732-741. [PMID: 33772551 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic, long-term inflammatory disorder of the colon, characterized by a continuous remitting and relapsing course. The intestinal mucus barrier is the first line at the interface between the host and microbiota and acts to protect intestinal epithelial cells from invasion. Data from patients and animal studies have shown that an impaired mucus barrier is closely related to the severity of UC. Depletion of the mucus barrier is not just the strongest but is also the only independent risk factor predicting relapse in patients with UC. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), a nuclear transcription regulator, is involved in the regulation of inflammatory cytokine expression. It is also known to promote mucus secretion under pathological conditions to expel pathogenic bacteria or toxins. More important, PPARγ has been shown to affect host-microbiota interactions by modulating the energy metabolism of colonocytes and the oxygen availability of the intestinal microbiome. It is well known that gut microbiota homeostasis is essential for butyrate generation by the commensal bacteria to supply energy resources for colonocytes. Therefore, it can be speculated that PPARγ, as a central coordinator of the mucus barrier, may be a promising target for the development of effective agents to combat UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Fang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Xue
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinyin Cheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
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21
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Ambite I, Filenko NA, Zaldastanishvili E, Butler DS, Tran TH, Chaudhuri A, Esmaeili P, Ahmadi S, Paul S, Wullt B, Putze J, Chen SL, Dobrindt U, Svanborg C. Active bacterial modification of the host environment through RNA polymerase II inhibition. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:140333. [PMID: 33320835 DOI: 10.1172/jci140333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike pathogens, which attack the host, commensal bacteria create a state of friendly coexistence. Here, we identified a mechanism of bacterial adaptation to the host niche, where they reside. Asymptomatic carrier strains were shown to inhibit RNA polymerase II (Pol II) in host cells by targeting Ser2 phosphorylation, a step required for productive mRNA elongation. Assisted by a rare, spontaneous loss-of-function mutant from a human carrier, the bacterial NlpD protein was identified as a Pol II inhibitor. After internalization by host cells, NlpD was shown to target constituents of the Pol II phosphorylation complex (RPB1 and PAF1C), attenuating host gene expression. Therapeutic efficacy of a recombinant NlpD protein was demonstrated in a urinary tract infection model, by reduced tissue pathology, accelerated bacterial clearance, and attenuated Pol II-dependent gene expression. The findings suggest an intriguing, evolutionarily conserved mechanism for bacterial modulation of host gene expression, with a remarkable therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inès Ambite
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nina A Filenko
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Daniel Sc Butler
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thi Hien Tran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Arunima Chaudhuri
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Parisa Esmaeili
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Shahram Ahmadi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sanchari Paul
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Wullt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johannes Putze
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Swaine L Chen
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Infectious Diseases Group, Genome Institute Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Ulrich Dobrindt
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Catharina Svanborg
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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22
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Turk S, Turk C, Temirci ES, Malkan UY, Ucar G, Ozguven SV. Assessing the genetic impact of Enterococcus faecalis infection on gastric cell line MKN74. ANN MICROBIOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-020-01615-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is an important commensal microbiota member of the human gastrointestinal tract. It has been shown in many studies that infection rates with E. faecalis in gastric cancer significantly increase. It has been scientifically proven that some infections develop during the progression of cancer, but it is still unclear whether this infection factor is beneficial (reduction in metastasis) or harmful (increase in proliferation, invasion, stem cell-like phenotype) of the host. These opposed data can significantly contribute to the understanding of cancer progress when analyzed in detail.
Methods
The gene expression data were retrieved from Array Express (E-MEXP-3496). Variance, t test and linear regression analysis, hierarchical clustering, network, and pathway analysis were performed.
Results
In this study, we identified altered genes involved in E. faecalis infection in the gastric cell line MKN74 and the relevant pathways to understand whether the infection slows down cancer progression. Twelve genes corresponding 15 probe sets were downregulated following the live infection of gastric cancer cells with E. faecalis. We identified a network between these genes and pathways they belong to. Pathway analysis showed that these genes are mostly associated with cancer cell proliferation.
Conclusion
NDC80, NCAPG, CENPA, KIF23, BUB1B, BUB1, CASC5, KIF2C, CENPF, SPC25, SMC4, and KIF20A genes were found to be associated with gastric cancer pathogenesis. Almost all of these genes are effective in the proliferation of cancer cells, especially during the infection process. Therefore, it is hypothesized that downregulation of these genes may affect gastric cancer pathogenesis by reducing cell proliferation. And, it is predicted that E. faecalis infection may be an important factor for gastric cancer.
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23
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Zhang X, Tong Y, Lyu X, Wang J, Wang Y, Yang R. Prevention and Alleviation of Dextran Sulfate Sodium Salt-Induced Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Mice With Bacillus subtilis-Fermented Milk via Inhibition of the Inflammatory Responses and Regulation of the Intestinal Flora. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:622354. [PMID: 33519783 PMCID: PMC7845695 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.622354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) might be related to the local inflammatory damage and the dysbacteriosis of intestinal flora. Probiotics can regulate the intestinal flora and ameliorate IBD. The probiotic Bacillus subtilis strain B. subtilis JNFE0126 was used as the starter of fermented milk. However, the therapeutic effects of B. subtilis-fermented milk on IBD remain to be explored. In this research, the therapeutic effect of B. subtilis-fermented milk on dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS)-induced IBD mouse model was evaluated. Besides, the expression of pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines, the proliferation of the intestinal stem cells, and the reconstruction of the mucosa barrier were investigated. Finally, alteration of the gut microbiota was investigated by taxonomic analysis. As shown by the results, the disease activity index (DAI) of IBD was significantly decreased through oral administration of B. subtilis (JNFE0126)-fermented milk, and intestinal mucosa injury was attenuated. Moreover, B. subtilis could reduce the inflammatory response of the intestinal mucosa, induce proliferation of the intestinal stem cell, and promote reconstruction of the mucosal barrier. Furthermore, B. subtilis could rebalance the intestinal flora, increasing the abundance of Bacillus, Alistipes, and Lactobacillus while decreasing the abundance of Escherichia and Bacteroides. In conclusion, oral administration of the B. subtilis-fermented milk could alleviate DSS-induced IBD via inhibition of inflammatory response, promotion of the mucosal barrier reconstruction, and regulation of the intestinal flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yanjun Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaomei Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ruijin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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24
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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors as Molecular Links between Caloric Restriction and Circadian Rhythm. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113476. [PMID: 33198317 PMCID: PMC7696073 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian rhythm plays a chief role in the adaptation of all bodily processes to internal and environmental changes on the daily basis. Next to light/dark phases, feeding patterns constitute the most essential element entraining daily oscillations, and therefore, timely and appropriate restrictive diets have a great capacity to restore the circadian rhythm. One of the restrictive nutritional approaches, caloric restriction (CR) achieves stunning results in extending health span and life span via coordinated changes in multiple biological functions from the molecular, cellular, to the whole-body levels. The main molecular pathways affected by CR include mTOR, insulin signaling, AMPK, and sirtuins. Members of the family of nuclear receptors, the three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ take part in the modulation of these pathways. In this non-systematic review, we describe the molecular interconnection between circadian rhythm, CR-associated pathways, and PPARs. Further, we identify a link between circadian rhythm and the outcomes of CR on the whole-body level including oxidative stress, inflammation, and aging. Since PPARs contribute to many changes triggered by CR, we discuss the potential involvement of PPARs in bridging CR and circadian rhythm.
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25
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Khine WWT, Rahayu ES, See TY, Kuah S, Salminen S, Nakayama J, Lee YK. Indonesian children fecal microbiome from birth until weaning was different from microbiomes of their mothers. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1761240. [PMID: 32453977 PMCID: PMC7524161 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1761240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota play an important role in human health and wellbeing and the first wave of gut microbes arrives mostly through vertical transmission from mother to child. This study has undertaken to understand the microbiota profile of healthy Southeast Asian mother-infant pairs. Here, we examined the fecal, vaginal and breast milk microbiota of Indonesian mothers and the fecal microbiota of their children from less than 1 month to 48 months old. To determine the immune status of children and the effect of diet at different ages, we examined the level of cytokines, bile acids in the fecal water and weaning food frequency. The fecal microbiota of the children before weaning contained mainly Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium, which presented at low abundance in the samples of mothers. After weaning, the fecal microbiome of children was mainly of the Prevotella type, with decreasing levels of Bifidobacterium, thus becoming more like the fecal microbiome of the mother. The abundance of infant fecal commensals generally correlated inversely with potential pathogens before weaning. The fecal Bifidobacterium in children correlated inversely with the consumption of complex carbohydrates and fruits after weaning. The specific cytokines related to the proliferation and maturation of immunity were found to increase after weaning. A decreasing level of primary bile acids and an increase of secondary bile acids were observed after weaning. This study highlights the change in the GI microbiota of infants to adult-type microbiota after weaning and identifies diet as a major contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei Thwe Khine
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Endang Sutriswati Rahayu
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology and Center for Food & Nutrition Studies, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ting Yi See
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sherwin Kuah
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seppo Salminen
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jiro Nakayama
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuan-Kun Lee
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Department of Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore,CONTACT Yuan-Kun Lee Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2117545, Singapore
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26
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Manickam R, Duszka K, Wahli W. PPARs and Microbiota in Skeletal Muscle Health and Wasting. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218056. [PMID: 33137899 PMCID: PMC7662636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a major metabolic organ that uses mostly glucose and lipids for energy production and has the capacity to remodel itself in response to exercise and fasting. Skeletal muscle wasting occurs in many diseases and during aging. Muscle wasting is often accompanied by chronic low-grade inflammation associated to inter- and intra-muscular fat deposition. During aging, muscle wasting is advanced due to increased movement disorders, as a result of restricted physical exercise, frailty, and the pain associated with arthritis. Muscle atrophy is characterized by increased protein degradation, where the ubiquitin-proteasomal and autophagy-lysosomal pathways, atrogenes, and growth factor signaling all play an important role. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors, which are activated by fatty acids and their derivatives. PPARs regulate genes that are involved in development, metabolism, inflammation, and many cellular processes in different organs. PPARs are also expressed in muscle and exert pleiotropic specialized responses upon activation by their ligands. There are three PPAR isotypes, viz., PPARα, -β/δ, and -γ. The expression of PPARα is high in tissues with effective fatty acid catabolism, including skeletal muscle. PPARβ/δ is expressed more ubiquitously and is the predominant isotype in skeletal muscle. It is involved in energy metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis, and fiber-type switching. The expression of PPARγ is high in adipocytes, but it is also implicated in lipid deposition in muscle and other organs. Collectively, all three PPAR isotypes have a major impact on muscle homeostasis either directly or indirectly. Furthermore, reciprocal interactions have been found between PPARs and the gut microbiota along the gut–muscle axis in both health and disease. Herein, we review functions of PPARs in skeletal muscle and their interaction with the gut microbiota in the context of muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikumar Manickam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Kalina Duszka
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Walter Wahli
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Le Génopode, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Toxalim, INRAE, Chemin de Tournefeuille 180, F-31027 Toulouse, France
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Correspondence:
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27
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Yu Q, Wu L, Ji J, Feng J, Dai W, Li J, Wu J, Guo C. Gut Microbiota, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors, and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2020; 7:271-288. [PMID: 33150145 PMCID: PMC7605923 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s277870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world. HCC incidence rate is sixth and mortality is fourth worldwide. However, HCC pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The incidence of HCC is associated with genetic, environmental, and metabolic factors. The role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of HCC has attracted researchers’ attention because of anatomical and functional interactions between liver and intestine. Studies have demonstrated the involvement of gut microbiota in the development of HCC and chronic liver diseases, such as alcoholic liver disease (ALD), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and liver cirrhosis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of receptors with diverse biological functions. Natural and synthetic PPAR agonists show potential for treatment of NAFLD, liver fibrosis, and HCC. Recent studies have demonstrated that PPARs take part in gut microbiota inhabitation and adaptation. This manuscript reviews the role of gut microbiota in the development of HCC and precancerous diseases, the role of PPARs in modulation of gut microbiota and HCC, and potential of gut microbiota for HCC diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwei Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqi Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianye Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200060, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanyong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
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28
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Shastry RP, Rekha PD. Bacterial cross talk with gut microbiome and its implications: a short review. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2020; 66:15-24. [PMID: 32949007 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-020-00821-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human gut microbiota exists in a complicated symbiotic relationship which postulates to impact health and disease conditions on the host. Interestingly, the gut microbiome shows different mechanisms to regulate host physiology and metabolism including cell-to-cell communications. But microbiota imbalance is characterized to change in the host normal functioning and lead to the development and progression of major human diseases. Therefore, the direct cross talk through the microbial metabolites or peptides suggests the evidence of host health and disease. Recent reports highlight the adaptation signals/small molecules promoting microbial colonization which allows modulating immunity of host and leads to pathogen colonization. Moreover, quorum sensing peptides are also evident in the involvement of host disease conditions. Here, we review the current understanding of the gut microbiota cross talk with mammalian cells through metabolites and peptides. These studies are providing insight into the prediction of signature molecules which significantly provide information for the understanding of the interaction for precision medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh P Shastry
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India.
| | - P D Rekha
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, India
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29
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The effect of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and its extracellular vesicles on the permeability of intestinal epithelial cells and expression of PPARs and ANGPTL4 in the Caco-2 cell culture model. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2020; 19:1061-1069. [PMID: 33520823 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00605-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Gut microbiota such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii play a major role in the regulation of gut barrier, inflammation and metabolic functions. Microbiota-derived extracellular vehicles (EVs) have been recently introduced as functional units mediating the eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell-microbiota interactions. In this paper, the effect of F. prausnitzii and its EVs on mRNA expression levels of tight junction genes (ZO1 and OCLN) as well as PPARs and ANGPTL4 genes in the human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cell line was evaluated. Methods F. prausnitzii was cultured on the Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth medium under anaerobic conditions, and its EVs were extracted by ultracentrifugation. This bacterium and its EVs were treated on the Caco-2 cells. After 24 h, the expression of the genes encoding TJ proteins such as ZO1 and OCLN, PPARs and ANGPTL4 was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR. Results Unlike F. prausnitzii, its EVs significantly increased the expression of ZO1 and OCLN genes, and PPARα, PPARγ and PPARβ/δ genes (except at a concentration of 100 µg/ml) as well as ANGPTL4 gene. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrated that F. prausnitzii-derived EVs increased the intestinal barrier permeability via TJs (ZO1 and OCLN) as well as PPAR-α, PPAR-γ and PPAR β/δ genes and their targeted gene (ANGPTL4) in the Caco-2 cell line. Accordingly, it is suggested that F. prausnitzii-derived EVs can be considered as a new bacterial postbiotic to cure dysbiosis-associated diseases including obesity and its related metabolic dysfunctions, according to the leaky gut hypothesis.
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30
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Hossain M, Park DS, Rahman MS, Ki SJ, Lee YR, Imran KM, Yoon D, Heo J, Lee TJ, Kim YS. Bifidobacterium longum DS0956 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus DS0508 culture-supernatant ameliorate obesity by inducing thermogenesis in obese-mice. Benef Microbes 2020; 11:361-373. [PMID: 32755263 DOI: 10.3920/bm2019.0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Excessive body fat and the related dysmetabolic diseases affect both developed and developing countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the beneficial role of a bacterial culture supernatant (hereafter: BS) of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium and their potential mechanisms of action on white-fat browning and lipolysis. For selection of four candidates among 55 Lactic acid producing bacteria (LAB) from human infant faeces, we evaluated by Oil Red O staining and Ucp1 mRNA quantitation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The expression of browning and lipolysis markers was examined along with in vitro assays. The possible mechanism was revealed by molecular and biological experiments including inhibitor and small interfering RNA (siRNA) assays. In a mouse model, physiological, histological, and biochemical parameters and expression of some thermogenesis-related genes were compared among six experimental groups fed a high-fat diet and one normal-diet control group. The results allow us to speculate that BS treatment promotes browning and lipolysis both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the BS may activate thermogenic programs via a mechanism involving PKA-CREB signaling in 3T3-L1 cells. According to our data, we can propose that two LAB strains, Bifidobacterium longum DS0956 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus DS0508, may be good candidates for a dietary supplement against obesity and metabolic diseases; however, further research is required for the development as dietary supplements or drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hossain
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan Chung-nam 31151, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Soonchunhyang 6 gil 31, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan Chung-nam 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - D-S Park
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - M S Rahman
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan Chung-nam 31151, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Soonchunhyang 6 gil 31, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan Chung-nam 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - S-J Ki
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Y R Lee
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - K M Imran
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan Chung-nam 31151, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Soonchunhyang 6 gil 31, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan Chung-nam 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - D Yoon
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan Chung-nam 31151, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Soonchunhyang 6 gil 31, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan Chung-nam 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - J Heo
- International Agricultural Development and Cooperation Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - T-J Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Y-S Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan Chung-nam 31151, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Soonchunhyang 6 gil 31, Dongnam-Gu, Cheonan Chung-nam 31151, Republic of Korea
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31
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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Caloric Restriction-Common Pathways Affecting Metabolism, Health, and Longevity. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071708. [PMID: 32708786 PMCID: PMC7407644 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) is a traditional but scientifically verified approach to promoting health and increasing lifespan. CR exerts its effects through multiple molecular pathways that trigger major metabolic adaptations. It influences key nutrient and energy-sensing pathways including mammalian target of rapamycin, Sirtuin 1, AMP-activated protein kinase, and insulin signaling, ultimately resulting in reductions in basic metabolic rate, inflammation, and oxidative stress, as well as increased autophagy and mitochondrial efficiency. CR shares multiple overlapping pathways with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), particularly in energy metabolism and inflammation. Consequently, several lines of evidence suggest that PPARs might be indispensable for beneficial outcomes related to CR. In this review, we present the available evidence for the interconnection between CR and PPARs, highlighting their shared pathways and analyzing their interaction. We also discuss the possible contributions of PPARs to the effects of CR on whole organism outcomes.
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32
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Akkerman R, Logtenberg MJ, An R, Van Den Berg MA, de Haan BJ, Faas MM, Zoetendal E, de Vos P, Schols HA. Endo-1,3(4)-β-Glucanase-Treatment of Oat β-Glucan Enhances Fermentability by Infant Fecal Microbiota, Stimulates Dectin-1 Activation and Attenuates Inflammatory Responses in Immature Dendritic Cells. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061660. [PMID: 32503178 PMCID: PMC7352905 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Non-digestible carbohydrates are added to infant formula to mimic the effects of human milk oligosaccharide by acting as prebiotics and stimulating the immune system. Although not yet used in infant formulas, β-glucans are known to have beneficial health effects, and are therefore of potential interest for supplementation. Methods and results: We investigated the in vitro fermentation of native and endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase-treated oat β-glucan using pooled fecal inocula of 2- and 8-week-old infants. While native oat β-glucan was not utilized, both inocula specifically utilized oat β-glucan oligomers containing β(1→4)-linkages formed upon enzyme treatment. The fermentation rate was highest in the fecal microbiota of 2-week-old infants, and correlated with a high lactate production. Fermentation of media supplemented with native and enzyme-treated oat β-glucans increased the relative abundance of Enterococcus and attenuated pro-inflammatory cytokine production (IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα) in immature dendritic cells. This attenuating effect was more pronounced after enzyme treatment. This attenuation might result from the enhanced ability of fermented oat β-glucan to stimulate Dectin-1 receptors. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase treatment enhances the fermentability of oat β-glucan and attenuates pro-inflammatory responses. Hence, this study shows that especially enzyme-treated oat β-glucans have a high potential for supplementation of infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Akkerman
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (B.J.d.H.); (M.M.F.); (P.d.V.)
- Correspondence: (R.A.); (M.J.L.)
| | - Madelon J. Logtenberg
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: (R.A.); (M.J.L.)
| | - Ran An
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; (R.A.); (E.Z.)
| | | | - Bart J. de Haan
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (B.J.d.H.); (M.M.F.); (P.d.V.)
| | - Marijke M. Faas
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (B.J.d.H.); (M.M.F.); (P.d.V.)
| | - Erwin Zoetendal
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; (R.A.); (E.Z.)
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; (B.J.d.H.); (M.M.F.); (P.d.V.)
| | - Henk A. Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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Decara J, Rivera P, López-Gambero AJ, Serrano A, Pavón FJ, Baixeras E, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Suárez J. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors: Experimental Targeting for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:730. [PMID: 32536865 PMCID: PMC7266982 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of nuclear receptor proteins that promote ligand-dependent transcription of target genes that regulate energy production, lipid metabolism, and inflammation. The PPAR superfamily comprises three subtypes, PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARβ/δ, with differential tissue distributions. In addition to their different roles in the regulation of energy balance and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, an emerging function of PPARs includes normal homeostasis of intestinal tissue. PPARα activation represses NF-κB signaling, which decreases the inflammatory cytokine production by different cell types, while PPARγ ligands can inhibit activation of macrophages and the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and Il-1β. In this regard, the anti-inflammatory responses induced by PPAR activation might restore physiopathological imbalances associated with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Thus, PPARs and their ligands have important therapeutic potential. This review briefly discusses the roles of PPARs in the physiopathology and therapies of the most important IBDs, ulcerative colitis (UC), and Crohn's disease (CD), as well some new experimental compounds with PPAR activity as promising drugs for IBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Decara
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Patricia Rivera
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Fundación Investigación Biomédica del Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Jesús López-Gambero
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonia Serrano
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Pavón
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV) and UGC del Corazón, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Elena Baixeras
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Suárez
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Hughes KR, Schofield Z, Dalby MJ, Caim S, Chalklen L, Bernuzzi F, Alcon-Giner C, Le Gall G, Watson AJM, Hall LJ. The early life microbiota protects neonatal mice from pathological small intestinal epithelial cell shedding. FASEB J 2020; 34:7075-7088. [PMID: 32253791 PMCID: PMC7610993 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000042r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The early life gut microbiota plays a crucial role in regulating and maintaining the intestinal barrier, with disturbances in these communities linked to dysregulated renewal and replenishment of intestinal epithelial cells. Here we sought to determine pathological cell shedding outcomes throughout the postnatal developmental period, and which host and microbial factors mediate these responses. Surprisingly, neonatal mice (Day 14 and 21) were highly refractory to induction of cell shedding after intraperitoneal administration of liposaccharide (LPS), with Day 29 mice showing strong pathological responses, more similar to those observed in adult mice. These differential responses were not linked to defects in the cellular mechanisms and pathways known to regulate cell shedding responses. When we profiled microbiota and metabolites, we observed significant alterations. Neonatal mice had high relative abundances of Streptococcus, Escherichia, and Enterococcus and increased primary bile acids. In contrast, older mice were dominated by Candidatus Arthromitus, Alistipes, and Lachnoclostridium, and had increased concentrations of SCFAs and methyamines. Antibiotic treatment of neonates restored LPS-induced small intestinal cell shedding, whereas adult fecal microbiota transplant alone had no effect. Our findings further support the importance of the early life window for microbiota-epithelial interactions in the presence of inflammatory stimuli and highlights areas for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Hughes
- Gut Microbes & Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Zoe Schofield
- Gut Microbes & Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - Matthew J Dalby
- Gut Microbes & Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - Shabhonam Caim
- Gut Microbes & Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | - Lisa Chalklen
- Gut Microbes & Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Gwénaëlle Le Gall
- Gut Microbes & Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Lindsay J Hall
- Gut Microbes & Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Liu H, Zeng X, Zhang G, Hou C, Li N, Yu H, Shang L, Zhang X, Trevisi P, Yang F, Liu Z, Qiao S. Maternal milk and fecal microbes guide the spatiotemporal development of mucosa-associated microbiota and barrier function in the porcine neonatal gut. BMC Biol 2019; 17:106. [PMID: 31852478 PMCID: PMC6921401 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-019-0729-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early-life microbiota exerts a profound and lifelong impact on host health. Longitudinal studies in humans have been informative but are mostly based on the analysis of fecal samples and cannot shed direct light on the early development of mucosa-associated intestinal microbiota and its impact on GI function. Using piglets as a model for human infants, we assess here the succession of mucosa-associated microbiota across the intestinal tract in the first 35 days after birth. RESULTS Although sharing a similar composition and predicted functional profile at birth, the mucosa-associated microbiome in the small intestine (jejunum and ileum) remained relatively stable, while that of the large intestine (cecum and colon) quickly expanded and diversified by day 35. Among detected microbial sources (milk, vagina, areolar skin, and feces of sows, farrowing crate, and incubator), maternal milk microbes were primarily responsible for the colonization of the small intestine, contributing approximately 90% bacteria throughout the first 35 days of the neonatal life. Although maternal milk microbes contributed greater than 90% bacteria to the large intestinal microbiota of neonates upon birth, their presence gradually diminished, and they were replaced by maternal fecal microbes by day 35. We found strong correlations between the relative abundance of specific mucosa-associated microbes, particularly those vertically transmitted from the mother, and the expression levels of multiple intestinal immune and barrier function genes in different segments of the intestinal tract. CONCLUSION We revealed spatially specific trajectories of microbial colonization of the intestinal mucosa in the small and large intestines, which can be primarily attributed to the colonization by vertically transmitted maternal milk and intestinal microbes. Additionally, these maternal microbes may be involved in the establishment of intestinal immune and barrier functions in neonates. Our findings strengthen the notion that studying fecal samples alone is insufficient to fully understand the co-development of the intestinal microbiota and immune system and suggest the possibility of improving neonatal health through the manipulation of maternal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Feed Additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Present Address: Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Feed Additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Chengli Hou
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Feed Additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Feed Additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Feed Additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Feed Additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Paolo Trevisi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Feiyun Yang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Zuohua Liu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Feed Additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Bhagwat A, Annapure US. Maternal-neonatal transmission of Enterococcus strains during delivery. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-019-0029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Cesarean delivery (c-section) is on the rise globally. C-section is generally preferred if complications prevail in a vaginal delivery. Some private institutions conduct it unnecessarily for economic gains. This has led to a severe risk to a child’s health. The neonate’s gut microbiota has been observed to be influenced by the mode of delivery. Lactobacilli and other bacteria are very vital for developing healthy gut flora. An attempt has been made to investigate the passage of lactic acid bacteria to the infant via delivery. The vaginal swabs of the mothers and fresh meconium samples of the newborns post-delivery were examined for the presence of lactobacilli through culture techniques.
Results
The present investigation revealed that c-section-delivered infants lacked these bacteria in comparison with vaginally delivered infants. Biochemical tests and 16S rRNA sequencing showed similarity with groups 1, 2, 3, and 5 of Enterococcus genus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed more than 98% similarity with several Enterococcus species. E. canintestini, E.rivorum, and E. dispar were transferred frequently from mother to infants born via vaginal delivery. The strains were submitted to the NCBI GenBank database under accession numbers KX830968–KX830982.
Conclusion
The study supports the hypothesis of maternal-neonatal transmission of bacteria during delivery and also possibilities of isolating newer strains for probiotic use.
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Qiu D, Xia Z, Deng J, Jiao X, Liu L, Li J. Glucorticoid-induced obesity individuals have distinct signatures of the gut microbiome. Biofactors 2019; 45:892-901. [PMID: 31588658 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The human intestine and its resident microbiota are known to play an essential role in the pathogenesis of primary obesity. However, a little is known of the gut microbiota profiles in individuals with obesity induced by glucocorticoid (GC) therapy. Here, we recruited 28 people with GC-induced obesity and 27 age- and gender-matched healthy controls, whose feces have been collected separately, to delineate the gut microbial characteristics in GC-induced obesity individuals. High-throughput Illumina sequencing targeting the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene has been applied to analyze the structure of the intestinal microbiome. Gas chromatography was also used to measure levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), a subset of key gut microbial metabolites mainly produced by Bacteroidetes. We found dramatically decreased gut microbial diversity in individuals with GC-induced obesity. In addition, the bacterial communities of the GC-induced obesity group were enriched in Firmicutes (e.g., genus Streptococcus) and depleted in Bacteroidetes. Furthermore, SCFA content was decreased in GC-induced obesity status. Overall, this study conducted a case-control study with 55 participants in which we analyzed gut microbiota to develop intestinal microbial profiles of patients undergoing long-term treatment with GCs. Concomitantly, the level of SCFAs was also detected in those study participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hunan Province, Central South University, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiwei Xia
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hunan Province, Central South University, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Deng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hunan Province, Central South University, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hunan Province, Central South University, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Lanzhi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hunan Province, Central South University, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
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Takahashi K, Nakagawasai O, Nemoto W, Odaira T, Sakuma W, Onogi H, Nishijima H, Furihata R, Nemoto Y, Iwasa H, Tan-No K, Tadano T. Effect of Enterococcus faecalis 2001 on colitis and depressive-like behavior in dextran sulfate sodium-treated mice: involvement of the brain-gut axis. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:201. [PMID: 31672153 PMCID: PMC6822456 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1580-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including those with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, have higher rates of psychiatric disorders, such as depression and anxiety; however, the mechanism of psychiatric disorder development remains unclear. Mice with IBD induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water exhibit depressive-like behavior. The presence of Lactobacillus in the gut microbiota is associated with major depressive disorder. Therefore, we examined whether Enterococcus faecalis 2001 (EF-2001), a biogenic lactic acid bacterium, prevents DSS-induced depressive-like behavior and changes in peripheral symptoms. METHODS We evaluated colon inflammation and used the tail suspension test to examine whether EF-2001 prevents IBD-like symptoms and depressive-like behavior in DSS-treated mice. The protein expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), and cleaved caspase-3 in the rectum and hippocampus was assessed by western blotting. Hippocampal neurogenesis, altered nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) p65 morphometry, and the localization of activated NFκB p65 and XIAP were examined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Treatment with 1.5% DSS for 7 days induced IBD-like pathology and depressive-like behavior, increased TNF-α and IL-6 expression in the rectum and hippocampus, activated caspase-3 in the hippocampus, and decreased hippocampal neurogenesis. Interestingly, these changes were reversed by 20-day administration of EF-2001. Further, EF-2001 administration enhanced NFκB p65 expression in the microglial cells and XIAP expression in the hippocampus of DSS-treated mice. CONCLUSION EF-2001 prevented IBD-like pathology and depressive-like behavior via decreased rectal and hippocampal inflammatory cytokines and facilitated the NFκB p65/XIAP pathway in the hippocampus. Our findings suggest a close relationship between IBD and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Takahashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
| | - Osamu Nakagawasai
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Japan.
| | - Wataru Nemoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Japan
| | - Takayo Odaira
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Japan
| | - Wakana Sakuma
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Onogi
- Faculty of Health Science, Tohoku Fukushi University, 1-8-1 Kunimi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nishijima
- Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Ryuji Furihata
- Department of Psychiatry, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Yukio Nemoto
- Kampo and Herbal Medicine Research Center, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matanocho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Iwasa
- Nihon Berm Co, Ltd, 2-14-3 Nagatachou, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0014, Japan
| | - Koichi Tan-No
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tadano
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 981-8558, Japan.,Complementary and Alternative Medicine Clinical Research and Development, Graduate School of Medicine Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan
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Roslund MI, Rantala S, Oikarinen S, Puhakka R, Hui N, Parajuli A, Laitinen OH, Hyöty H, Rantalainen AL, Sinkkonen A. Endocrine disruption and commensal bacteria alteration associated with gaseous and soil PAH contamination among daycare children. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 130:104894. [PMID: 31220749 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are priority environmental pollutants that cause adverse health effects. PAHs belong to endocrine signaling disruptors to which children are sensitive to. Recent evidence suggests that PAH pollution alters the abundance of environmental bacteria that is associated with health outcomes. The alteration of environmental and commensal microbiota by PAH pollution has never been connected to endocrine signaling pathways. To estimate the risk of endocrine disruption in daycare children, we measured PAHs from soil and air of eleven urban daycare centres in Finland. We analyzed daycare yards' soil and children's gut and skin bacterial communities with 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding and used Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes database to categorize endocrine signaling pathways. We also assessed the PAH hazard to children's health based on the current risk assesments. We observed associations between signaling pathways in endocrine system and gaseous PAH levels in ambient air. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and adipocytokine signaling pathway decreased with higher chrysene concentration in the air. Soil PAH contamination was associated with altered Actinobacteria, Bacteoridetes and Proteobacteria communities on children's skin and in daycare yard soil. However, adjusted genera were not the same in soil and on skin, with the exception of Mycobacterium that was associated with higher PAH concentrations both in soil and on the skin. Even though fluoranhtene levels were above the current threshold values, total PAHs were below safety threshold values and based on current risk assessments there is a minor risk for child health. Our findings indicate that PAH concentrations that are considered safe may interfere with endocrine signaling by commensal microbiota and alter both environmental and commensal bacterial communities. The imbalance in human microbiota and the decrease in signaling pathways may contribute to emerging public health problems, including inflammatory disorders, obesity and diabetes. Therefore, the optimal risk assessments of PAHs and theoretically also other contaminants shaping commensal microbiota may need to take into account the possibility of the disruption of endocrine signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja I Roslund
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland.
| | - Sonja Rantala
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Riikka Puhakka
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland
| | - Nan Hui
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland
| | - Anirudra Parajuli
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland
| | - Olli H Laitinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anna-Lea Rantalainen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland
| | - Aki Sinkkonen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland
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40
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Schoch JJ, Monir RL, Satcher KG, Harris J, Triplett E, Neu J. The infantile cutaneous microbiome: A review. Pediatr Dermatol 2019; 36:574-580. [PMID: 31332846 DOI: 10.1111/pde.13870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent focus on the neonatal intestinal microbiome has advanced our knowledge of the complex interplay between the intestinal barrier, the developing immune system, and commensal and pathogenic organisms. Despite the parallel role of the infant skin in serving as both a barrier and an interface for priming the immune system, large gaps exist in our understanding of the infantile cutaneous microbiome. The skin microbiome changes and matures throughout infancy, becoming more diverse and developing the site specificity known to exist in adults. Delivery method initially determines the composition of the cutaneous microbiome, though this impact appears transient. Cutaneous microbes play a critical role in immune system development, particularly during the neonatal period, and microbes and immune cells have closely intertwined, reciprocal effects. The unique structure of newborn skin influences cutaneous microbial colonization and the development of dermatologic pathology. The development of the infantile skin barrier and cutaneous microbiome contributes to future skin pathology. Atopic dermatitis flares and seborrheic dermatitis have been linked to dysbiosis, while erythema toxicum neonatorum is an immune response to the establishment of normal bacterial skin flora. Physicians who care for infants should be aware of the impact of the infantile skin microbiome and its role in the development of pathology. A better understanding of the origin and evolution of the skin microbiome will lead to more effective prevention and treatment of pediatric skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Schoch
- Department of Dermatology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Reesa L Monir
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kerrie G Satcher
- Department of Dermatology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jessica Harris
- Department of Dermatology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Eric Triplett
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesvillle, Florida
| | - Josef Neu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
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41
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Oh HYP, Visvalingam V, Wahli W. The PPAR-microbiota-metabolic organ trilogy to fine-tune physiology. FASEB J 2019; 33:9706-9730. [PMID: 31237779 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802681rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human gut is colonized by commensal microorganisms, predominately bacteria that have coevolved in symbiosis with their host. The gut microbiota has been extensively studied in recent years, and many important findings on how it can regulate host metabolism have been unraveled. In healthy individuals, feeding timing and type of food can influence not only the composition but also the circadian oscillation of the gut microbiota. Host feeding habits thus influence the type of microbe-derived metabolites produced and their concentrations throughout the day. These microbe-derived metabolites influence many aspects of host physiology, including energy metabolism and circadian rhythm. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate various metabolic processes such as fatty acid metabolism. Similar to the gut microbiota, PPAR expression in various organs oscillates diurnally, and studies have shown that the gut microbiota can influence PPAR activities in various metabolic organs. For example, short-chain fatty acids, the most abundant type of metabolites produced by anaerobic fermentation of dietary fibers by the gut microbiota, are PPAR agonists. In this review, we highlight how the gut microbiota can regulate PPARs in key metabolic organs, namely, in the intestines, liver, and muscle. Knowing that the gut microbiota impacts metabolism and is altered in individuals with metabolic diseases might allow treatment of these patients using noninvasive procedures such as gut microbiota manipulation.-Oh, H. Y. P., Visvalingam, V., Wahli, W. The PPAR-microbiota-metabolic organ trilogy to fine-tune physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yun Penny Oh
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Institute for Health Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Vivegan Visvalingam
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Walter Wahli
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1331, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-ToxAlim, Toulouse, France.,Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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42
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Peralta-Sánchez JM, Martín-Platero AM, Ariza-Romero JJ, Rabelo-Ruiz M, Zurita-González MJ, Baños A, Rodríguez-Ruano SM, Maqueda M, Valdivia E, Martínez-Bueno M. Egg Production in Poultry Farming Is Improved by Probiotic Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1042. [PMID: 31178831 PMCID: PMC6543855 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most serious threats for human health in the near future. Livestock has played an important role in the appearance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, intestinal dysbiosis in farming animals, or the spread of AMR among pathogenic bacteria of human concern. The development of alternatives like probiotics is focused on maintaining or improving production levels while diminishing these negative effects of antibiotics. To this end, we supplied the potential probiotic Enterococcus faecalis UGRA10 in the diet of laying hens at a final concentration of 108 Colony Forming Units per gram (CFU/g) of fodder. Its effects have been analyzed by: (i) investigating the response of the ileum and caecum microbiome; and (ii) analyzing the outcome on eggs production. During the second half of the experimental period (40 to 76 days), hens fed E. faecalis UGRA10 maintained egg production, while control animals dropped egg production. Supplementation diet with E. faecalis UGRA10 significantly increased ileum and caecum bacterial diversity (higher bacterial operational taxonomic unit richness and Faith’s diversity index) of laying hens, with animals fed the same diet showing a higher similarity in microbial composition. These results point out to the beneficial effects of E. faecalis UGRA10 in egg production. Future experiments are necessary to unveil the underlying mechanisms that mediate the positive response of animals to this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alberto Baños
- Departamento de Microbiología y Biotecnología - DMC Research Center, Granada, Spain
| | - Sonia María Rodríguez-Ruano
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Mercedes Maqueda
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Eva Valdivia
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Martínez-Bueno
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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43
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Abstract
Scientific and commercial interest of probiotics, prebiotics and their effect on human health and disease has increased in the last decade. The aim of this review article is to evaluate the role of pro- and prebiotics on the normal function of healthy skin as well as their role in the prevention and therapy of skin disease. Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium are the most commonly used probiotics and thought to mediate skin inflammation, treat atopic dermatitis (AD) and prevent allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Probiotics are shown to decolonise skin pathogens (e.g., P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, A. Vulgaris, etc.) while kefir is also shown to support the immunity of the skin and treat skin pathogens through the production of antimicrobial substances and prebiotics. Finally, prebiotics (e.g., Fructo-oligosaccharides, galacto-oligosaccharides and konjac glucomannan hydrolysates) can contribute to the treatment of diseases including ACD, acne and photo aging primarily by enhancing the growth of probiotics.
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Baccouri O, Boukerb AM, Farhat LB, Zébré A, Zimmermann K, Domann E, Cambronel M, Barreau M, Maillot O, Rincé I, Muller C, Marzouki MN, Feuilloley M, Abidi F, Connil N. Probiotic Potential and Safety Evaluation of Enterococcus faecalis OB14 and OB15, Isolated From Traditional Tunisian Testouri Cheese and Rigouta, Using Physiological and Genomic Analysis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:881. [PMID: 31105672 PMCID: PMC6491886 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains OB14 and OB15 were isolated from traditional Tunisian fermented dairy products, Testouri cheese and Rigouta, respectively. They were identified as Enterococcus faecalis by the MALDI TOF-MS (matrix assisted laser desorption-ionization time of flight mass spectrometry) biotyper system and molecular assays (species-specific PCR). These new isolates were evaluated for probiotic properties, compared to E. faecalis Symbioflor 1 clone DSM 16431, as reference. The bacteria were found to be tolerant to the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract (acidity and bile salt). They were low to moderate biofilm producers, can adhere to Caco-2/TC7 intestinal cells and strengthen the intestinal barrier through the increase of the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER). Susceptibility to ampicillin, vancomycin, gentamicin and erythromycin has been tested using the broth microdilutions method. The results demonstrated that E. faecalis OB14 and OB15 were sensitive to the clinically important ampicillin (MIC = 1 μg/mL) and vancomycin (MIC = 2 μg/mL) antibiotics. However, Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) showed the presence of tetracycline resistance and cytolysin genes in E. faecalis OB14, and this led to high mortality of Galleria Mellonella larvae in the virulence test. Hierarchical cluster analysis by MALDI TOF-MS biotyper showed that E. faecalis OB15 was closely related to the E. faecalis Symbioflor 1 probiotic strain than to OB14, and this has been confirmed by WGS using the average nucleotide identity (ANI) and Genome-to-Genome Hybridization similarity methods. According to these results, E. faecalis OB15 seems to be reliable for future development as probiotic, in food or feed industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olfa Baccouri
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Bioactive Molecules (LIP-MB), National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amine Mohamed Boukerb
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM) EA 4312, Normandie Université – Université de Rouen, Évreux, France
| | - Leila Ben Farhat
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Bioactive Molecules (LIP-MB), National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Arthur Zébré
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM) EA 4312, Normandie Université – Université de Rouen, Évreux, France
| | | | - Eugen Domann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Centre for Infection Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mélyssa Cambronel
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM) EA 4312, Normandie Université – Université de Rouen, Évreux, France
| | - Magalie Barreau
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM) EA 4312, Normandie Université – Université de Rouen, Évreux, France
| | - Olivier Maillot
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM) EA 4312, Normandie Université – Université de Rouen, Évreux, France
| | | | | | - Mohamed Nejib Marzouki
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Bioactive Molecules (LIP-MB), National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Marc Feuilloley
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM) EA 4312, Normandie Université – Université de Rouen, Évreux, France
| | - Ferid Abidi
- Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Bioactive Molecules (LIP-MB), National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nathalie Connil
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement (LMSM) EA 4312, Normandie Université – Université de Rouen, Évreux, France
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45
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Jahn D, Dorbath D, Schilling AK, Gildein L, Meier C, Vuille-Dit-Bille RN, Schmitt J, Kraus D, Fleet JC, Hermanns HM, Geier A. Intestinal vitamin D receptor modulates lipid metabolism, adipose tissue inflammation and liver steatosis in obese mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1567-1578. [PMID: 30905785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypovitaminosis D is common in the obese population and patients suffering from obesity-associated disorders such as type 2 diabetes and fatty liver disease, resulting in suggestions for vitamin D supplementation as a potential therapeutic option. However, the pathomechanistic contribution of the vitamin D-vitamin D receptor (VDR) axis to metabolic disorders is largely unknown. METHODS We analyzed the pathophysiological role of global and intestinal VDR signaling in diet-induced obesity (DIO) using global Vdr-/- mice and mice re-expressing an intestine-specific human VDR transgene in the Vdr deficient background (Vdr-/- hTg). RESULTS Vdr-/- mice were protected from DIO, hepatosteatosis and metabolic inflammation in adipose tissue and liver. Furthermore, Vdr-/- mice displayed a decreased adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity and a reduced capacity to harvest triglycerides from the circulation. Intriguingly, all these phenotypes were partially reversed in Vdr-/- hTg animals. This clearly suggested an intestine-based VDR activity on systemic lipid homeostasis. Scrutinizing this hypothesis, we identified the potent LPL inhibitor angiopoietin-like 4 (Angptl4) as a novel transcriptional target of VDR. CONCLUSION Our study suggests a VDR-mediated metabolic cross-talk between gut and adipose tissue, which significantly contributes to systemic lipid homeostasis. These results have important implications for use of the intestinal VDR as a therapeutic target for obesity and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jahn
- University Hospital Würzburg, Division of Hepatology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Donata Dorbath
- University Hospital Würzburg, Division of Hepatology, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Lisa Gildein
- University Hospital Würzburg, Division of Hepatology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chantal Meier
- University of Zürich, Institute of Physiology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Johannes Schmitt
- University Hospital Würzburg, Division of Hepatology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Kraus
- University Hospital Würzburg, Division of Nephrology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - James C Fleet
- Purdue University, Department of Nutrition Science, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Heike M Hermanns
- University Hospital Würzburg, Division of Hepatology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Geier
- University Hospital Würzburg, Division of Hepatology, Würzburg, Germany; University Hospital Zürich, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zürich, Switzerland.
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46
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De Almeida CV, Lulli M, di Pilato V, Schiavone N, Russo E, Nannini G, Baldi S, Borrelli R, Bartolucci G, Menicatti M, Taddei A, Ringressi MN, Niccolai E, Prisco D, Rossolini GM, Amedei A. Differential Responses of Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines to Enterococcus faecalis' Strains Isolated from Healthy Donors and Colorectal Cancer Patients. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8030388. [PMID: 30897751 PMCID: PMC6463247 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8030388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolites produced by the host’s gut microbiota have an important role in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, but can also act as toxins and induce DNA damage in colorectal epithelial cells increasing the colorectal cancer (CRC) chance. In this scenario, the impact of some of the components of the natural human gastrointestinal microbiota, such as Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), at the onset of CRC progression remains controversial. Since under dysbiotic conditions it could turn into a pathogen, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of E. faecalis’ strains (isolated from CRC patients and healthy subjects’ stools) on the proliferation of different colorectal cells lines. First, we isolated and genotyping characterized the Enterococcus faecalis’ strains. Then, we analyzed the proliferation index (by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay) of three tumor and one normal intestinal cell lines, previously exposed to E. faecalis strains pre-cultured medium. Stool samples of CRC patients demonstrated a reduced frequency of E. faecalis compared to healthy subjects. In addition, the secreted metabolites of E. faecalis’ strains, isolated from healthy donors, decreased the human ileocecal adenocarcinoma cell line HCT-8 and human colon carcinoma cell line HCT-116 cell proliferation without effects on human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line SW620 and on normal human diploid cell line CLR-1790. Notably, the metabolites of the strains isolated from CRC patients did not influence the cell growth of CRC cell lines. Our results demonstrated a new point of view in the investigation of E. faecalis’ role in CRC development, which raises awareness of the importance of not only associating the presence/absence of a unique microorganism, but also in defining the specific characteristics of the different investigated strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matteo Lulli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo di Pilato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Nicola Schiavone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Edda Russo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Giulia Nannini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Simone Baldi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Rossella Borrelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Bartolucci
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Marta Menicatti
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Antonio Taddei
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Maria Novella Ringressi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Elena Niccolai
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Domenico Prisco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Gian Maria Rossolini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
- Department of Microbiology and Virology Unit, Florence Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
- Department of Biomedicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), 50134 Florence, Italy.
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47
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Kyriachenko Y, Falalyeyeva T, Korotkyi O, Molochek N, Kobyliak N. Crosstalk between gut microbiota and antidiabetic drug action. World J Diabetes 2019; 10:154-168. [PMID: 30891151 PMCID: PMC6422856 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v10.i3.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a disorder characterized by chronic inflated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia), at first due to insulin resistance and unregulated insulin secretion but with tendency towards global spreading. The gut microbiota is recognized to have an influence on T2D, although surveys have not formed a clear overview to date. Because of the interactions between gut microbiota and host homeostasis, intestinal bacteria are believed to play a large role in various diseases, including metabolic syndrome, obesity and associated disease. In this review, we highlight the animal and human studies which have elucidated the roles of metformin, α-glucosidase inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ agonists, inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4, sodium/glucose cotransporter inhibitors, and other less studied medications on gut microbiota. This review is dedicated to one of the most widespread diseases, T2D, and the currently used antidiabetic drugs and most promising new findings. In general, the gut microbiota has been shown to have an influence on host metabolism, food consumption, satiety, glucose homoeostasis, and weight gain. Altered intestinal microbiota composition has been noticed in cardiovascular diseases, colon cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, T2D, and obesity. Therefore, the main effect of antidiabetic drugs is on the microbiome composition, basically increasing the short-chain fatty acids-producing bacteria, responsible for losing weight and suppressing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevheniia Kyriachenko
- Educational and Scientific Centre “Institute of Biology and Medicine”, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Tetyana Falalyeyeva
- Educational and Scientific Centre “Institute of Biology and Medicine”, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr Korotkyi
- Educational and Scientific Centre “Institute of Biology and Medicine”, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Nataliia Molochek
- Educational and Scientific Centre “Institute of Biology and Medicine”, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Nazarii Kobyliak
- Endocrinology Department, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
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48
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Modulation of Gut Microbiota Composition by Serotonin Signaling Influences Intestinal Immune Response and Susceptibility to Colitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 7:709-728. [PMID: 30716420 PMCID: PMC6462823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) is synthesized mainly within enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the gut, and tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1) is the rate-limiting enzyme for 5-HT synthesis in EC cells. Accumulating evidence suggests the importance of gut microbiota in intestinal inflammation. Considering the close proximity of EC cells and the microbes, we investigated the influence of gut-derived 5-HT on the microbiota and the susceptibility to colitis. METHODS Gut microbiota of Tph1-/- and Tph1+/- mice were investigated by deep sequencing. Direct influence of 5-HT on bacteria was assessed by using in vitro system of isolated commensals. The indirect influence of 5-HT on microbiota was assessed by measuring antimicrobial peptides, specifically β-defensins, in the colon of mice and HT-29 colonic epithelial cells. The impact of gut microbiota on the development of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis was assessed by transferring gut microbiota from Tph1-/- mice to Tph1+/- littermates and vice versa, as well as in germ-free mice. RESULTS A significant difference in microbial composition between Tph1-/- and Tph1+/- littermates was observed. 5-HT directly stimulated and inhibited the growth of commensal bacteria in vitro, exhibiting a concentration-dependent and species-specific effect. 5-HT also inhibited β-defensin production by HT-29 cells. Microbial transfer from Tph1-/- to Tph1+/- littermates and vice versa altered colitis severity, with microbiota from Tph1-/- mice mediating the protective effects. Furthermore, germ-free mice colonized with microbiota from Tph1-/- mice exhibited less severe dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate a novel role of gut-derived 5-HT in shaping gut microbiota composition in relation to susceptibility to colitis, identifying 5-HT-microbiota axis as a potential new therapeutic target in intestinal inflammatory disorders.
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Nuclear Receptors in the Pathogenesis and Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:2624941. [PMID: 30804707 PMCID: PMC6360586 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2624941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-dependent transcription factors that regulate the transcription of target genes. Previous epidemiological and genetic studies have documented the association of NRs with the risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although the mechanisms of action of NRs in IBD have not been fully established, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that NRs play complicated roles in regulating intestinal immunity, mucosal barriers, and intestinal flora. As one of the first-line medications for the treatment of IBD, 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) to attenuate colitis. The protective roles of rifaximin and rifampicin partly depend on promoting pregnane X receptor (PXR) expression. The aims of this review are to discuss the roles of several important NRs, such as PPARγ, PXR, vitamin D receptor (VDR), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), and RAR-related orphan receptor gammat (RORγt), in the pathogenesis of IBD and management strategies based on targeting these receptors.
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50
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Interactions between Host PPARs and Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020387. [PMID: 30658440 PMCID: PMC6359605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract is inhabited by many types of microbiota, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Dysregulations of their microenvironment are associated with various health problems, not only limited to gastrointestinal disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease, but to impacts beyond the intestine. For example, intestinal microbiota can affect the liver in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, visceral adipose tissue during adipogenesis, and the heart in atherosclerosis. The factors contributing to these pathogeneses involve the gut microbiota and the effector organs of the host, and everything in between. The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are pivotal for the modulation of many of the pathogeneses mentioned above. It is, therefore, conceivable that, in the process of host-microbiota interactions, PPARs play important roles. In this review, we focus on the interactions between host PPARs in different organs and gut microbiota and their impacts on maintaining health and various diseases.
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