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Meng J, Mao F. On the earliest evolution of the mammaliaform teeth, jaw joint and middle ear. Clin Transl Med 2024; 14:e1768. [PMID: 39031974 PMCID: PMC11259600 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Meng
- Division of PaleontologyAmerican Museum of Natural HistoryNew York CityNew YorkUSA
- Earth and Environmental SciencesGraduate CenterCity University of New YorkNew York CityNew YorkUSA
| | - Fangyuan Mao
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human OriginsInstitute of Vertebrate Paleontology and PaleoanthropologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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Sun Q, Huang J, Tian J, Lv C, Li Y, Yu S, Liu J, Zhang J. Key Roles of Gli1 and Ihh Signaling in Craniofacial Development. Stem Cells Dev 2024; 33:251-261. [PMID: 38623785 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2024.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway orchestrates its influence through a dynamic interplay of Hh proteins, the cell surface receptor Ptch1, Smo, and Gli transcription factors, contributing to a myriad of developmental events. Indian Hedgehog (Ihh) and Gli zinc finger transcription factor 1 (Gli1) play crucial roles in developmental regulation within the Hh signaling pathway. Ihh regulates chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation, and bone formation, impacting the development of cranial bones, cartilage, and the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Losing Ihh results in cranial bone malformation and decreased ossification and affects the formation of cranial base cartilage unions, TMJ condyles, and joint discs. Gli1 is predominantly expressed during early craniofacial development, and Gli1+ cells are identified as the primary mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for craniofacial bones, crucial for cell differentiation and morphogenesis. In addition, a complex mutual regulatory mechanism exists between Gli1 and Ihh, ensuring the normal function of the Hh signaling pathway by directly or indirectly regulating each other's expression levels. And the interaction between Ihh and Gli1 significantly impacts the normal development of craniofacial tissues. This review summarizes the pivotal roles of Gli1 and Ihh in the intricate landscape of mammalian craniofacial development and outlines the molecular regulatory mechanisms and intricate interactions governing the growth of bone and cartilage exhibited by Gli1 and Ihh, which provides new insights into potential therapeutic strategies for related diseases or researches of tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, Republic of China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, Republic of China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, Republic of China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, Republic of China
| | - Jingjun Tian
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, Republic of China
| | - Changhai Lv
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, Republic of China
| | - Siyuan Yu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, Republic of China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, Republic of China
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, Republic of China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, Republic of China
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3
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She Y, Ren R, Jiang N. Mechanical stress can regulate temporomandibular joint cavitation via signalling pathways. Dev Biol 2024; 507:1-8. [PMID: 38114053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ), composed of temporal fossa, mandibular condyle and a fibrocartilage disc with upper and lower cavities, is the biggest synovial joint and biomechanical hinge of the craniomaxillofacial musculoskeletal system. The initial events that give rise to TMJ cavities across diverse species are not fully understood. Most studies focus on the pivotal role of molecules such as Indian hedgehog (Ihh) and hyaluronic acid (HA) in TMJ cavitation. Although biologists have observed that mechanical stress plays an irreplaceable role in the development of biological tissues and organs, few studies have been concerned with how mechanical stress regulates TMJ cavitation. Based on the evidence from human or other animal embryos today, it is implicated that mechanical stress plays an essential role in TMJ cavitation. In this review, we discuss the relationship between mechanical stress and TMJ cavitation from evo-devo perspectives and review the clinical features and potential pathogenesis of TMJ dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin She
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease and West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease and West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease and West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Ruscitto A, Chen P, Tosa I, Wang Z, Zhou G, Safina I, Wei R, Morel MM, Koch A, Forman M, Reeve G, Lecholop MK, Wilson M, Bonthius D, Chen M, Ono M, Wang TC, Yao H, Embree MC. Lgr5-expressing secretory cells form a Wnt inhibitory niche in cartilage critical for chondrocyte identity. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:1179-1198.e7. [PMID: 37683603 PMCID: PMC10790417 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that causes pain, degradation, and dysfunction. Excessive canonical Wnt signaling in osteoarthritis contributes to chondrocyte phenotypic instability and loss of cartilage homeostasis; however, the regulatory niche is unknown. Using the temporomandibular joint as a model in multiple species, we identify Lgr5-expressing secretory cells as forming a Wnt inhibitory niche that instruct Wnt-inactive chondroprogenitors to form the nascent synovial joint and regulate chondrocyte lineage and identity. Lgr5 ablation or suppression during joint development, aging, or osteoarthritis results in depletion of Wnt-inactive chondroprogenitors and a surge of Wnt-activated, phenotypically unstable chondrocytes with osteoblast-like properties. We recapitulate the cartilage niche and create StemJEL, an injectable hydrogel therapy combining hyaluronic acid and sclerostin. Local delivery of StemJEL to post-traumatic osteoarthritic jaw and knee joints in rabbit, rat, and mini-pig models restores cartilage homeostasis, chondrocyte identity, and joint function. We provide proof of principal that StemJEL preserves the chondrocyte niche and alleviates osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ruscitto
- Cartilage Biology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Section of Growth and Development, Division of Orthodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Peng Chen
- Clemson University-Medical University of South Carolina Joint Bioengineering Program, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Ikue Tosa
- Cartilage Biology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Section of Growth and Development, Division of Orthodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 7008525, Japan
| | - Gan Zhou
- Cartilage Biology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Section of Growth and Development, Division of Orthodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ingrid Safina
- Cartilage Biology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Section of Growth and Development, Division of Orthodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ran Wei
- Cartilage Biology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Section of Growth and Development, Division of Orthodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mallory M Morel
- Cartilage Biology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Section of Growth and Development, Division of Orthodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alia Koch
- Section of Hospital Dentistry, Division of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michael Forman
- Section of Hospital Dentistry, Division of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gwendolyn Reeve
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York Presbyterian Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael K Lecholop
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Marshall Wilson
- Clemson University-Medical University of South Carolina Joint Bioengineering Program, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Daniel Bonthius
- Clemson University-Medical University of South Carolina Joint Bioengineering Program, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Mo Chen
- Wnt Scientific, LLC, Harlem Biospace, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Mitsuaki Ono
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 7008525, Japan; Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Implantology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama 7008525, Japan
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hai Yao
- Clemson University-Medical University of South Carolina Joint Bioengineering Program, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Mildred C Embree
- Cartilage Biology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Section of Growth and Development, Division of Orthodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Xiang L, Li Y, Wang X, Liu H, Chang P, Mu X, Tianteng T, Hu M. Transcriptomic and proteomic studies of condylar ossification of the temporomandibular joint in porcine embryos. Animal Model Exp Med 2023; 6:294-305. [PMID: 37259472 PMCID: PMC10486337 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ossification mechanism of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) condyle remains unclear in human embryo. The size and structure of TMJ, shape of articular disc and the characteristics of omnivorous chewing in the pig are similar to those of humans. The pig is an ideal animal for studying the mechanism of ossification of the TMJ condyle during the embryonic period. METHOD In a previous study by our group, it was found that there was no condylar ossification on embryonic day(E) 45, but the ossification of condyle occurred between E75 and E90. In this study, a total of 12 miniature pig embryos on E45 and E85 were used. Six embryos were used for tissue sections (3 in each group). The remaining six embryos were used for transcriptomic and proteomic studies to find differential genes and proteins. The differentially expressed genes in transcriptome and proteomic analysis were verified by QPCR. RESULTS In total, 1592 differential genes comprising 1086 up-regulated genes and 506 down-regulated genes were screened for fold changes of ≥2 to ≤0.5 between E45 and E85. In the total of 4613 proteins detected by proteomic analysis, there were 419 differential proteins including 313 up-regulated proteins and 106 down-regulated proteins screened for fold changes of ≥2 to ≤0.5 between E45 and E85. A total of 36 differential genes differing in both transcriptome and proteome analysis were found. QPCR analysis showed that 14 of 15 selected genes were consistent with transcriptome analysis. CONCLUSION Condylar transcriptome and proteomic analysis during the development of TMJ in miniature pigs revealed the regulatory genes/proteins of condylar ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xiang
- Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and OrthopaedicsBeijingChina
| | - Yongfeng Li
- Department of StomatologyBeijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Institute for Laboratory Animal ResourcesNational Institutes for Food and Drug ControlBeijingChina
| | - HuaWei Liu
- Department of Stomatologythe First Medical Center of PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Ping Chang
- Department of Stomatologythe First Medical Center of PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Xiaodan Mu
- Department of Stomatologythe First Medical Center of PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Tengyue Tianteng
- State Key Laboratory of West China College of StomatologySichuan UniversityCheng DuChina
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Stomatologythe First Medical Center of PLA General HospitalBeijingChina
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Jain N, Pilmane M, Skagers A, Jain S, Fedirko P. Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis in a Girl Child: Immunochemical Evaluation of Tissue Material Obtained from Repeated Arthroplasty Surgeries. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:dj11010016. [PMID: 36661553 PMCID: PMC9858267 DOI: 10.3390/dj11010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporomandibular joint ankylosis (TMJA) is a rare, but debilitating, condition that leads to TMJ joint hypomobility. Surgery is the mainstay for treatment, which is accompanied by rehabilitative and psychological support. Despite the advances in surgical techniques, the recurrence of TMJA post-surgery has been reported as a common complication. Therefore, it becomes essential to investigate and understand the histo-morpho-pathological processes governing these ankylotic changes. Given the lack of such studies in the literature, herein we present a case of a girl child who underwent primary surgery at the age of six years, followed by a second surgery at the age of twelve years. Ankylotic tissue samples collected during both surgeries were studied using various immunohistochemical markers for tissue remodeling, inflammation, antimicrobial activity, and transcriptional regulation. The expression of MMP-2 and -9 was downregulated in repeated surgery materials, whilst MMP-13 was rarely detected in both tissues. Strong MMP-8, TIMP-2, and TIMP-4 expressions were noted in both tissues, showing their anti-inflammatory and protective roles. Moderately strong expression of bFGF, FGFR-1, IL-1α, and TNF-α could indicate sustained tissue growth in the background of inflammation (wound healing). Interestingly, the expression of β-defensin-2 was found to be constant in both tissues, thereby indicating possible ECM remodeling and collagen breakdown. Finally, a moderate expression of RUNX-2, coupled with a low expression of WNT-1 and -3a, could indicate a slow and delayed bone regeneration process. Our results showcase the complex myriad of pathways that could be involved in the progression of TMJA and post-surgery healing processes. Immunopathological studies could aid in improving the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for patients affected with TMJA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nityanand Jain
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema Street 16, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- Correspondence: (N.J.); (M.P.)
| | - Mara Pilmane
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema Street 16, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- Correspondence: (N.J.); (M.P.)
| | - Andrejs Skagers
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema Street 16, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Shivani Jain
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Implantology, Genesis Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Ferozepur 152002, Punjab, India
| | - Pavlo Fedirko
- Institute of Radiation Hygiene and Epidemiology, State Institution-National Research Center for Radiation Medicine of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Illenka Street 53, 04050 Kyiv, Ukraine
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Anthwal N, Tucker AS. Evolution and development of the mammalian jaw joint: Making a novel structure. Evol Dev 2023; 25:3-14. [PMID: 36504442 PMCID: PMC10078425 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A jaw joint between the squamosal and dentary is a defining feature of mammals and is referred to as the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in humans. Driven by changes in dentition and jaw musculature, this new joint evolved early in the mammalian ancestral lineage and permitted the transference of the ancestral jaw joint into the middle ear. The fossil record demonstrates the steps in the cynodont lineage that led to the acquisition of the TMJ, including the expansion of the dentary bone, formation of the coronoid process, and initial contact between the dentary and squamosal. From a developmental perspective, the components of the TMJ form through tissue interactions of muscle and skeletal elements, as well as through interaction between the jaw and the cranial base, with the signals involved in these interactions being both biomechanical and biochemical. In this review, we discuss the development of the TMJ in an evolutionary context. We describe the evolution of the TMJ in the fossil record and the development of the TMJ in embryonic development. We address the formation of key elements of the TMJ and how knowledge from developmental biology can inform our understanding of TMJ evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Anthwal
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentisry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, London, UK
| | - Abigail S Tucker
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentisry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, London, UK
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El Chekie MR, Nemer G, Khalil A, Macari AT, Ghafari JG. Novel genes linked to Class II Division 1 malocclusion with mandibular micrognathism. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2022; 163:667-676.e3. [PMID: 36581475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2022.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mandibular micrognathism (MM) is an underdeveloped mandible resulting from complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Prior research focused mainly on the genetic determinants of mandibular retrognathism, not necessarily reflecting micrognathism, thus supporting the need to study MM. This study aimed to explore the inheritance pattern and identify the candidate genes involved in the development and familial transmission of MM. METHODS Diagnosing probands with MM was based on clinical and lateral cephalometric data. The pedigrees were drawn for 11 identified families, 5 of whom accepted to undergo detailed data and biospecimen collection. These families included 15 MM and 13 non-MM subjects over 2-3 generations. The procedure involved the withdrawal of 5 mL of blood. Genomic DNA was isolated from blood cells to investigate protein-coding regions via whole exome sequencing. Standardized filtering steps were employed, and candidate genes were identified. RESULTS Most of the pedigrees suggested a Mendelian inheritance pattern and segregated in an autosomal-dominant manner. One of the families, which also underwent biospecimen, displayed an X-linked inheritance pattern of the trait. Genetic screening disclosed 8 potentially novel genes (GLUD2, ADGRG4, ARSH, TGIF1, FGFR3, ZNF181, INTS7, and WNT6). None of the recognized exonic regions were previously reported. CONCLUSIONS Eight novel genes were identified in association with MM in the largest number of families reported to date. The genes were X-linked in 1 family, a finding previously not observed in mandibular genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R El Chekie
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Georges Nemer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Athar Khalil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Anthony T Macari
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Joseph G Ghafari
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Penn
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Utreja A, Motevasel H, Bain C, Holland R, Robling A. The Effect of Overexpression of Lrp5 on the Temporomandibular Joint. Cartilage 2021; 13:419S-426S. [PMID: 33124433 PMCID: PMC8804854 DOI: 10.1177/1947603520968875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a unique fibrocartilaginous joint that adapts to mechanical loading through cell signaling pathways such as the Wnt pathway. Increased expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (Lrp5), a co-receptor of the Wnt pathway, is associated with a high bone mass (HBM) phenotype. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of overexpression of Lrp5 on the subchondral bone and cartilage of the TMJ in mice exhibiting the HBM phenotype. DESIGN Sixteen-week-old Lrp5 knock-in transgenic mice carrying either the A214V (EXP-A) or G171V (EXP-G) missense mutations, and wildtype controls (CTRL) were included in this study. Fluorescent bone labels, calcein, alizarin complexone, and demeclocycline were injected at 3.5, 7.5, and 11.5 weeks of age, respectively. The left mandibular condyle was used to compare the subchondral bone micro-computed tomography parameters and the right TMJ was used for histological analyses. Cartilage thickness, matrix proteoglycan accumulation, and immunohistochemical localization of Lrp5 and sclerostin were compared between the groups. RESULTS Subchondral bone volume (BV) and percent bone volume (BV/TV) were significantly increased in both EXP-A and EXP-G compared with CTRL (P < 0.05) whereas trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp) was decreased. Cartilage thickness, extracellular matrix production, and expression of Lrp5 and Sost were all increased in the experimental groups. The separation between the fluorescent bone labels indicated increased endochondral maturation between 3.5 and 7.5 weeks. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that Lrp5 overexpression leads to adaptation changes in the mandibular condylar cartilage of the TMJ to prevent cartilage degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achint Utreja
- Section of Orthodontics, Department of
Growth, Development and Structure, Southern Illinois University School of Dental
Medicine, Alton, IL, USA,Department of Orthodontics and Oral
Facial Genetics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Achint Utreja, Section of Orthodontics,
Department of Growth, Development and Structure, Southern Illinois University
School of Dental Medicine, 2800 College Avenue, Alton, IL 62002, USA.
| | - Hengameh Motevasel
- Department of Orthodontics and Oral
Facial Genetics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Carol Bain
- Histotechnology Program, Indiana
University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Robert Holland
- Department of Orthodontics and Oral
Facial Genetics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alexander Robling
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology,
Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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He Y, Zhang M, Song J, Warman ML. Cell depleted areas do not repopulate after diphtheria toxin-induced killing of mandibular cartilage chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2021; 29:1474-1484. [PMID: 34166809 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Growth of mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) is associated with cell proliferation within the polymorphic cell layer and subsequent differentiation into chondrocytes that reside along the condylar surface and along the cartilage/subchondral bone interface. We examined whether cells in the polymorphic layer would proliferate and repopulate toxin-induced cell-depleted areas in MCCs of adult mice. METHOD We induced diphtheria toxin (DTA) expression (ROSA26l-s-lDTA) to cell-autonomously kill large fractions of MCC chondrocytes throughout the cartilage or along the articular cartilage surface with Aggrecan-CreERt2 (AcanCreERt2) or Lubricin-CreERt2 (Prg4CreERt2) Cre-recombinase-inducible mice, respectively. We examined MCCs from these mice shortly after cell killing or several months later with histology and confocal microscopy for evidence of chondrocyte proliferation and repopulation. RESULTS AcanCreERt2-induced DTA expression killed an average of 53% MCC chondrocytes in adult mice after 1 week (39-66%, 95% confidence interval (CI)). Twelve weeks later, surviving chondrocytes had proliferated but not migrated to cell depleted areas. Prg4CreERt2-induced DTA expression killed an average of 24% surface chondrocytes in mice after 5 weeks (14-34% CI). After thirteen weeks there was 34% fewer surface chondrocytes (4-63% CI) in Prg4CreERt2 DTA-induced mice compared to controls. CONCLUSION In adult mice, after diphtheria toxin-mediated chondrocyte killing, cell depleted areas within MCC cartilage are not repopulated by new cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y He
- Department of Orthodontics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - M Zhang
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Song
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - M L Warman
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Li N, Hu P, Wang Y, Chen X, Wang S, Shi Y, Huang Z, Lin C, Zhang Y, Cong W, Xiao J, Liu C. Tissue interactions are indispensable for cavity formation and disc separation in the temporomandibular joint. Connect Tissue Res 2021; 62:351-358. [PMID: 31875727 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2019.1709452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Our previous study found that in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of the K14-cre; Ctnnb1ex3f mouse embryo, the morphogenesis of glenoid fossa was interrupted by the dislocated condyle. This observation suggested that the formation of the glenoid fossa required tissue interactions with condylar mesenchyme. The purpose of this study was to clarify if the interactions between other components are essential for TMJ morphogenesis.Materials and methods: We examined the gross morphology, histology, cell proliferation, and gene expression in the developing TMJ of K14-cre; Ctnnb1ex3f mice by whole-mount bone and cartilage staining, Azon staining, BrdU labeling, and in situ hybridization, respectively.Results: In K14-cre; Ctnnb1ex3f mice, the zygomatic arch was misconnected to the mandibular bone by ectopic bone formation, which disrupted the attachment of temporalis to the mandibular bone and joint capsule formation. Although the initiation and differentiation of the condylar cartilage were slightly impacted, the K14-cre; Ctnnb1ex3f TMJ lacked joint cavities and separated disc, suggesting that the tissue interactions between the joint capsule and the TMJ were indispensable for the cavity formation and disc separation. The ectopic activation of Gli2 in the cells occupying the cavities, and the enhanced PTHrP transcription in the condylar perichondrium of the K14-cre; Ctnnb1ex3f TMJ suggested that the disrupted interactions between the joint capsule and the TMJ impaired cavity formation and disc separation by altering Hh signaling.Conclusion: Joint capsule formation was essential for cavity formation and disc separation during TMJ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Oral Medicine and Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ping Hu
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Oral Medicine and Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Oral Medicine and Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Oral Medicine and Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shangqi Wang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Oral Medicine and Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yiding Shi
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Oral Medicine and Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chensheng Lin
- Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanding Zhang
- Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Cong
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Oral Medicine and Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Oral Medicine and Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Oral Medicine and Department of Oral Pathology, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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12
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Ma C, Jing Y, Li H, Wang K, Wang Z, Xu C, Sun X, Kaji D, Han X, Huang A, Feng J. Scx Lin cells directly form a subset of chondrocytes in temporomandibular joint that are sharply increased in Dmp1-null mice. Bone 2021; 142:115687. [PMID: 33059101 PMCID: PMC7749445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It has been assumed that the secondary cartilage in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), which is the most complex and mystery joint and expands rapidly after birth, is formed by periochondrium-derived chondrocytes. The TMJ condyle has rich attachment sites of tendon, which is thought to be solely responsible for joint movement with a distinct cell lineage. Here, we used a Scx-Cre ERT2 mouse line (the tracing line for progenitor and mature tendon cells) to track the fate of tendon cells during TMJ postnatal growth. Our data showed a progressive differentiation of Scx lineage cells started at tendon and the fibrous layer, to cells at the prechondroblasts (Sox9 -/Col I +), and then to cells at the chondrocytic layer (Sox9 +/Col I -). Importantly, the Scx + chondrocytes remained as "permanent" chondrocytes to maintain cartilage mass with no further cell trandifferentiation to bone cells. This notion was substantiated in an assessment of these cells in Dmp1 -null mice (a hypophosphatemic rickets model), where there was a significant increase in the number of Scx lineage cells in response to hypophosphatemia. In addition, we showed the origin of disc, which is derived from Scx + cells. Thus, we propose Scx lineage cells play an important role in TMJ postnatal growth by forming the disc and a new subset of Scx + chondrocytes that do not undergo osteogenesis as the Scx - chondrocytes and are sensitive to the level of phosphorous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yan Jing
- Department of Orthodontics, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
- Corresponding authors Yan Jing, Assistant professor, Department of Orthodontics, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, Tx, USA, , 2143707237, Jian Feng, Professor, Department of Biomedical sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, Tx, USA, , 2143707235
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chunmei Xu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xiaolin Sun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA; Zhongshan Affiliated Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Deepak Kaji
- Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Xianglong Han
- Department of Orthodontics & Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Alice Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
- Corresponding authors Yan Jing, Assistant professor, Department of Orthodontics, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, Tx, USA, , 2143707237, Jian Feng, Professor, Department of Biomedical sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, Tx, USA, , 2143707235
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13
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LOXL2 promotes aggrecan and gender-specific anabolic differences to TMJ cartilage. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20179. [PMID: 33214607 PMCID: PMC7678826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States, 5–12% of adults have at least one symptom of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, including TMJ osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA). However, there is no chondroprotective agent that is approved for clinical application. We showed that LOXL2 is elevated in the regenerative response during fracture healing in mice and has a critical role in chondrogenic differentiation. Indeed, LOXL2 is an anabolic effector that attenuates pro-inflammatory signaling in OA cartilage of the TMJ and knee joint, induces chondroprotective and regenerative responses, and attenuates NF-kB signaling. The specific goal of the study was to evaluate if adenoviral delivery of LOXL2 is anabolic to human and mouse TMJ condylar cartilage in vivo and evaluate the protective and anabolic effect on cartilage-specific factors. We employed two different models to assess TMJ-OA. In one model, clinical TMJ-OA cartilage from 5 different samples in TMJ-OA cartilage plugs were implanted subcutaneously in nude mice. Adenovirus LOXL2 -treated implants showed higher mRNA levels of LOXL2, ACAN, and other anabolic genes compared to the adenovirus-Empty-treated implants. Further characterization by RNA-seq analysis showed LOXL2 promotes proteoglycan networks and extracellular matrix in human TMJ-OA cartilage implants in vivo. In order to evaluate if LOXL2-induced functional and sex-linked differences, both male and female four-month-old chondrodysplasia (Cho/+) mice, which develop progressive TMJ-OA due to a point mutation in the Col11a1 gene, were subjected to intraperitoneal injection with Adv-RFP-LOXL2 every 2 weeks for 12 weeks. The data showed that adenovirus delivery of LOXL2 upregulated LOXL2 and aggrecan (Acan), whereas MMP13 expression was slightly downregulated. The fold change expression of Acan and Runx2 induced by Adv-RFP-LOXL2 was higher in females compared to males. Interestingly, Adv-RFP-LOXL2 injection significantly increased Rankl expression in male but there was no change in females, whereas VegfB gene expression was increased in females, but not in males, as compared to those injected with Adv-RFP-Empty in respective groups. Our findings indicate that LOXL2 can induce specifically the expression of Acan and other anabolic genes in two preclinical models in vivo. Further, LOXL2 has beneficial functions in human TMJ-OA cartilage implants and promotes gender-specific anabolic responses in Cho/+ mice with progressive TMJ-OA, suggesting its merit for further study as an anabolic therapy for TMJ-OA.
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14
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Fujikawa K, Shibata S, Nakamura M. An in situ hybridization study of the Syndecan family in the developing condylar cartilage of fetal mouse mandible. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 304:559-569. [PMID: 32602655 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mandibular condylar cartilage is a representative secondary cartilage, differing from primary cartilage in various ways. Syndecan is a cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan and speculated to be involved in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the expression patterns of the syndecan family in the developing mouse mandibular condylar cartilage. At embryonic day (E)13.0 and E14.0, syndecan-1 and -2 mRNAs were expressed in the mesenchymal cell condensation of the condylar anlage. When condylar cartilage was formed at E15.0, syndecan-1 mRNA was expressed in the embryonic zone, wherein the mesenchymal cell condensation is located. Syndecan-2 mRNA was mainly expressed in the perichondrium. At E16.0, syndecan-1 was expressed from fibrous to flattened cell zones and syndecans-2 was expressed in the lower hypertrophic cell zone. Syndecan-3 mRNA was expressed in the condylar anlage at E13.0 and E13.5 but was not expressed in the condylar cartilage at E15.0. It was later expressed in the lower hypertrophic cell zone at E16.0. Syndecan-4 mRNA was expressed in the condylar anlage at E14.0 and the condylar cartilage at E15.0 and E16.0. These findings indicated that syndecans-1 and -2 could be involved in the formation from mesenchymal cell condensation to condylar cartilage. The different expression patterns of the syndecan family in the condylar and limb bud cartilage suggest the functional heterogeneity of chondrocytes in the primary and secondary cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Fujikawa
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunichi Shibata
- Department of Maxillofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakamura
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Roberts WE, Goodacre CJ. The Temporomandibular Joint: A Critical Review of Life-Support Functions, Development, Articular Surfaces, Biomechanics and Degeneration. J Prosthodont 2020; 29:772-779. [PMID: 32424952 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint is a highly conserved articulation because it promotes survival and propagation via the essential functions of mastication, communication, and routine mating success (dentofacial esthetics). The temporomandibular joint is a unique secondary joint formed between the endochondral temporal bone and the mandibular secondary condylar cartilage via Indian hedgehog and bone morphogenetic protein signaling that is closely related to ear development. A dynamic epigenetic environment is provided by Spry1 and Spry2 genetic induction of the lateral pterygoid and temporalis muscles. Mechanical loading of the condylar periosteum during fetal development produces a superficial layer of fibrocartilage that separates from the condyle to form the interposed temporomandibular joint disc. The articular surfaces of the condyle and fossa are dynamically modified periosteum that has healing and regenerative capability. This unique tissue is composed of a superficial fibrous layer (synovial surface) with an underlying proliferative (cambium) layer that produces a cushioning layer of fibrocartilage which subsequently forms bone. Prior to occlusion of the first primary (deciduous) molars at about 16 months, facial development is dominated by primary genetic mechanisms. After achieving posterior functional occlusion, biomechanics enhances temporomandibular joint maturation, and assumes control of facial growth, development and adaptation. Concurrently, hypothalamus control of musculoskeletal physiology shifts from insulin-like growth factor IGF2 to IGF1, which affects bone via muscular loading (biomechanics). Three layers of temporomandibular joint fibrocartilage are resistant to heavy functional loading, but parafunctional clenching may result in degeneration that is first manifest as trabecular sclerosis of the mandibular condyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Eugene Roberts
- Orthodontics and Mechanical Engineering, Indiana University & Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN
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16
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Tang Y, Hong C, Cai Y, Zhu J, Hu X, Tian Y, Song X, Song Z, Jiang R, Kang F. HIF-1α Mediates Osteoclast-Induced Mandibular Condyle Growth via AMPK Signaling. J Dent Res 2020; 99:1377-1386. [PMID: 32600097 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520935788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During the mandibular condylar growth, the absorption of calcified cartilage matrix induced by osteoclasts is crucial for the continuous endochondral osteogenesis. Meanwhile, recent studies showed that subchondral bone resided within the low-oxygen microenvironment, and our previous study revealed that hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1α (HIF-1α) promoted osteoclastogenesis under hypoxia. However, whether HIF-1α regulates the function of osteoclasts in the mandibular condyle cartilage remains elusive. Our study indicated that severe deformity of the mandibular condyle was displayed in 10-wk-old osteoclast-specific HIF-1α conditional knockout (CKO) mice, accompanied by shortened length of condylar process and disorganized fibrocartilage. In 1-, 2-, and 4-wk-old CKO mice, the size of the hypertrophic layer and chondrocytic layer was significantly thickened. In the chondrocytic layer, chondrocytes were atrophied, showing a form of apoptosis in 4-wk-old CKO mice. Furthermore, an increase in the thickness of the fibrous and proliferating layer was observed in 10-wk-old CKO mice, as well as a significant decrease in that of the chondrocytic and hypertrophic chondrocyte layers. Interestingly, the articular surface of the condylar process abnormally presented a horizontal concave shape, and a disk-like acellular connective tissue appeared. In addition, genetic ablation of HIF-1α blunted cartilage matrix loss by subchondral osteoclast deficiency, resulting in a high subchondral bone mass phenotype, accompanied with a decreased number of blood vessels, alkaline phosphatase staining, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. Mechanistically, the number of osteoclasts in the center of the condyle in CKO mice was significantly reduced by attenuated expression of adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling. These findings reveal a novel influence of HIF-1α function in osteoclasts on maintenance of osteoclast-induced resorption of calcified cartilage matrix via AMPK signaling, as well as subchondral bone formation through VEGF-dependent angiogenesis in bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Tang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - C. Hong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Y. Cai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - J. Zhu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - X. Hu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Y. Tian
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - X. Song
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Z. Song
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - R. Jiang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - F. Kang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
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17
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Anthwal N, Tucker AS. The TMJ Disc Is a Common Ancestral Feature in All Mammals, as Evidenced by the Presence of a Rudimentary Disc During Monotreme Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:356. [PMID: 32509783 PMCID: PMC7248220 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel mammalian jaw joint, known in humans as the temporomandibular joint or TMJ, is cushioned by a fibrocartilage disc. This disc is secondarily absent in therian mammals that have lost their dentition, such as giant anteaters and some baleen whales. The disc is also absent in all monotremes. However, it is not known if the absence in monotremes is secondary to the loss of dentition, or if it is an ancestral absence. We use museum held platypus and echidna histological sections to demonstrate that the developing monotreme jaw joint forms a disc primordium that fails to mature and become separated from the mandibular condyle. We then show that monotreme developmental anatomy is similar to that observed in transgenic mouse mutants with reduced cranial musculature. We therefore suggest that the absence of the disc on monotremes is a consequence of the changes in jaw musculature associated with the loss of adult teeth. Taken together, these data indicate that the ancestors of extant monotremes likely had a jaw joint disc, and that the disc evolved in the last common ancestor of all mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Anthwal
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Ruscitto A, Morel MM, Shawber CJ, Reeve G, Lecholop MK, Bonthius D, Yao H, Embree MC. Evidence of vasculature and chondrocyte to osteoblast transdifferentiation in craniofacial synovial joints: Implications for osteoarthritis diagnosis and therapy. FASEB J 2020; 34:4445-4461. [PMID: 32030828 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902287r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) leads to permanent cartilage destruction, jaw dysfunction, and compromises the quality of life. However, the pathological mechanisms governing TMJ OA are poorly understood. Unlike appendicular articular cartilage, the TMJ has two distinct functions as the synovial joint of the craniofacial complex and also as the site for endochondral jaw bone growth. The established dogma of endochondral bone ossification is that hypertrophic chondrocytes undergo apoptosis, while invading vasculature with osteoprogenitors replace cartilage with bone. However, contemporary murine genetic studies support the direct differentiation of chondrocytes into osteoblasts and osteocytes in the TMJ. Here we sought to characterize putative vasculature and cartilage to bone transdifferentiation using healthy and diseased TMJ tissues from miniature pigs and humans. During endochondral ossification, the presence of fully formed vasculature expressing CD31+ endothelial cells and α-SMA+ vascular smooth muscle cells were detected within all cellular zones in growing miniature pigs. Arterial, endothelial, venous, angiogenic, and mural cell markers were significantly upregulated in miniature pig TMJ tissues relative to donor matched knee meniscus fibrocartilage tissue. Upon surgically creating TMJ OA in miniature pigs, we discovered increased vasculature and putative chondrocyte to osteoblast transformation dually marked by COL2 and BSP or RUNX2 within the vascular bundles. Pathological human TMJ tissues also exhibited increased vasculature, while isolated diseased human TMJ cells exhibited marked increased in vasculature markers relative to control 293T cells. Our study provides evidence to suggest that the TMJ in higher order species are in fact vascularized. There have been no reports of cartilage to bone transdifferentiation or vasculature in human-relevant TMJ OA large animal models or in human TMJ tissues and cells. Therefore, these findings may potentially alter the clinical management of TMJ OA by defining new drugs that target angiogenesis or block the cartilage to bone transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ruscitto
- Cartilage Biology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mallory M Morel
- Cartilage Biology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carrie J Shawber
- Department of OB/GYN, Division of Reproductive Sciences, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gwendolyn Reeve
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York Presbyterian Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael K Lecholop
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Daniel Bonthius
- Clemson-MUSC Bioengineering Program, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Hai Yao
- Clemson-MUSC Bioengineering Program, Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Greenville, SC, USA.,Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Mildred C Embree
- Cartilage Biology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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19
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The Roles of Indian Hedgehog Signaling in TMJ Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246300. [PMID: 31847127 PMCID: PMC6941023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is an intricate structure composed of the mandibular condyle, articular disc, and glenoid fossa in the temporal bone. Apical condylar cartilage is classified as a secondary cartilage, is fibrocartilaginous in nature, and is structurally distinct from growth plate and articular cartilage in long bones. Condylar cartilage is organized in distinct cellular layers that include a superficial layer that produces lubricants, a polymorphic/progenitor layer that contains stem/progenitor cells, and underlying layers of flattened and hypertrophic chondrocytes. Uniquely, progenitor cells reside near the articular surface, proliferate, undergo chondrogenesis, and mature into hypertrophic chondrocytes. During the past decades, there has been a growing interest in the molecular mechanisms by which the TMJ develops and acquires its unique structural and functional features. Indian hedgehog (Ihh), which regulates skeletal development including synovial joint formation, also plays pivotal roles in TMJ development and postnatal maintenance. This review provides a description of the many important recent advances in Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in TMJ biology. These include studies that used conventional approaches and those that analyzed the phenotype of tissue-specific mouse mutants lacking Ihh or associated molecules. The recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanism regulating TMJ development are impressive and these findings will have major implications for future translational medicine tools to repair and regenerate TMJ congenital anomalies and acquired diseases, such as degenerative damage in TMJ osteoarthritic conditions.
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20
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Kantaputra PN, Pruksametanan A, Phondee N, Hutsadaloi A, Intachai W, Kawasaki K, Ohazama A, Ngamphiw C, Tongsima S, Ketudat Cairns JR, Tripuwabhrut P. ADAMTSL1
and mandibular prognathism. Clin Genet 2019; 95:507-515. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piranit N. Kantaputra
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
- Dentaland Clinic; Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Apitchaya Pruksametanan
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Nattapol Phondee
- Department of Dental Health; Srisangwan Hospital; Mae Hon Son Thailand
| | | | - Worrachet Intachai
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Katsushig Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
| | - Atsushi Ohazama
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
| | - Chumpol Ngamphiw
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC); Thailand Science Park, Khlong Luang; Pathum Thani Thailand
| | - Sissades Tongsima
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC); Thailand Science Park, Khlong Luang; Pathum Thani Thailand
| | - James R. Ketudat Cairns
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, and Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application; Suranaree University of Technology; Nakhon Ratchasima Thailand
| | - Polbhat Tripuwabhrut
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
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21
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) are expressed throughout all stages of skeletal development. In the limb bud and in cranial mesenchyme, FGF signaling is important for formation of mesenchymal condensations that give rise to bone. Once skeletal elements are initiated and patterned, FGFs regulate both endochondral and intramembranous ossification programs. In this chapter, we review functions of the FGF signaling pathway during these critical stages of skeletogenesis, and explore skeletal malformations in humans that are caused by mutations in FGF signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| | - Pierre J Marie
- UMR-1132 Inserm (Institut national de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) and University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
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22
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Cerrizuela S, Vega-López GA, Palacio MB, Tríbulo C, Aybar MJ. Gli2 is required for the induction and migration of Xenopus laevis neural crest. Mech Dev 2018; 154:219-239. [PMID: 30086335 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a multipotent migratory embryonic population that is formed during late gastrulation and gives rise to a wide array of derivatives, including cells from the peripheral nervous system (PNS), the craniofacial bones and cartilages, peripheral glial cells, and melanocyte cells, among others. In this work we analyzed the role of the Hedgehog signaling pathway effector gli2 in Xenopus NC. We provide evidence that the gli2 gene is expressed in the prospective, premigratory and migratory NC. The use of a specific morpholino against gli2 and the pharmacological specific inhibitor GANT61 in different experimental approaches allowed us to determine that gli2 is required for the induction and specification of NC cells as a transcriptional activator. Moreover, gli2 also acts by reducing apoptosis in the NC without affecting its cell proliferation status. We also demonstrated that gli2 is required cell-autonomously for NC migration, and for the formation of NC derivatives such as the craniofacial cartilages, melanocytes and the cranial ganglia. Altogether, our results showed that gli2 is a key transcriptional activator to accomplish the proper specification and development of Xenopus NC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Cerrizuela
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
| | - Guillermo A Vega-López
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina; Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
| | - María Belén Palacio
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Celeste Tríbulo
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina; Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
| | - Manuel J Aybar
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina; Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
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23
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Investigate the developmental physiology of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), a unique articulation between the cranium and the mandible. RECENT FINDINGS Principal regulatory factors for TMJ and disc development are Indian hedgehog (IHH) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-2). The mechanism is closely associated with ear morphogenesis. Secondary condylar cartilage emerges as a subperiosteal blastema on the medial surface of the posterior mandible. The condylar articular surface is immunoreactive for tenascin-C, so it is a modified fibrous periosteum with an underlying proliferative zone (cambrium layer) that differentiates into fibrocartilage. The latter cushions high loads and subsequently produces endochondral bone. The TMJ is a heavily loaded joint with three cushioning layers of fibrocartilage in the disc, as well as in subarticular zones in the fossa and mandibular condyle. The periosteal articular surface produces fibrocartilage to resist heavy loads, and has unique healing and adaptive properties for maintaining life support functions under adverse environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Stocum
- School of Science, Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - W Eugene Roberts
- School of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics & Orofacial Genetics, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Department of Orthodontics, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
- Advanced Dental Education, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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24
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Ferri J, Potier J, Maes JM, Rakotomalala H, Lauwers L, Cotelle M, Nicot R. Les arthrites de l’articulation temporomandibulaire : mise au point et attitude pratique en ODMF et ODF. Int Orthod 2018; 16:545-561. [PMID: 30017771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joël Ferri
- Département universitaire de chirurgie maxillofaciale et stomatologie, hôpital Roger-Salengro, CHU de Lille, boulevard du Prof.-Émile-Laine, 59037 Lille cedex, France; Université de Lille, U1008, médicaments et biomatériaux à liberation contrôlée, 59000 Lille, France; Association internationale de médecine orale et maxillofaciale (AIMOM), 7 bis, rue de la Créativité, 59650 Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France.
| | - Julien Potier
- Département universitaire de chirurgie maxillofaciale et stomatologie, hôpital Roger-Salengro, CHU de Lille, boulevard du Prof.-Émile-Laine, 59037 Lille cedex, France
| | - Jean-Michel Maes
- Département universitaire de chirurgie maxillofaciale et stomatologie, hôpital Roger-Salengro, CHU de Lille, boulevard du Prof.-Émile-Laine, 59037 Lille cedex, France
| | - Hervey Rakotomalala
- Département universitaire de chirurgie maxillofaciale et stomatologie, hôpital Roger-Salengro, CHU de Lille, boulevard du Prof.-Émile-Laine, 59037 Lille cedex, France
| | - Ludovic Lauwers
- Département universitaire de chirurgie maxillofaciale et stomatologie, hôpital Roger-Salengro, CHU de Lille, boulevard du Prof.-Émile-Laine, 59037 Lille cedex, France; Association internationale de médecine orale et maxillofaciale (AIMOM), 7 bis, rue de la Créativité, 59650 Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
| | - Mickael Cotelle
- Département universitaire de chirurgie maxillofaciale et stomatologie, hôpital Roger-Salengro, CHU de Lille, boulevard du Prof.-Émile-Laine, 59037 Lille cedex, France
| | - Romain Nicot
- Département universitaire de chirurgie maxillofaciale et stomatologie, hôpital Roger-Salengro, CHU de Lille, boulevard du Prof.-Émile-Laine, 59037 Lille cedex, France
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25
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Abstract
Rheumatic diseases (RD) of the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) are increasingly frequent affections and unfortunately often confused with "classic" manducatory dysfunctions (disk dislocation, myofascial pain syndroms). Their diagnosis is mandatory, given the major subsequent craniofacial disorders, which may occur (mandibular condylar hypoplasia, facial hyperdivergence, remodelling of the condylar unit, ankylosis), although the clinical implementation remains unspecific. The delayed diagnosis may be explained by the embryologic, anatomical and physiological characteristics of this joint. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), scans and more recently cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) allow to diagnose its early signs (alteration of the disc-ligament complex, intra-articular effusion, osteochondral lesions). The treatment of TMJ rheumatic diseases (RD) is not consensual, and often includes a non surgical phase (hygiene and dietary rules, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAI), occlusal splints, and/or a surgical phase for the advanced stages (joint washing, orthognathic surgery, or joint surgery), and non responding patients to the medical treatment of inflammatory rheumatism. Orthodontics will be useful to correct dento-alveolar compensations, while monitoring, however, the impact on joint function.
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26
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Karamesinis K, Basdra EK. The biological basis of treating jaw discrepancies: An interplay of mechanical forces and skeletal configuration. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:1675-1683. [PMID: 29454076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Jaw discrepancies and malrelations affect a large proportion of the general population and their treatment is of utmost significance for individuals' health and quality of life. The aim of their therapy is the modification of aberrant jaw development mainly by targeting the growth potential of the mandibular condyle through its cartilage, and the architectural shape of alveolar bone through a suture type of structure, the periodontal ligament. This targeted treatment is achieved via external mechanical force application by using a wide variety of intraoral and extraoral appliances. Condylar cartilage and sutures exhibit a remarkable plasticity due to the mechano-responsiveness of the chondrocytes and the multipotent mesenchymal cells of the sutures. The tissues respond biologically and adapt to mechanical force application by a variety of signaling pathways and a final interplay between the proliferative activity and the differentiation status of the cells involved. These targeted therapeutic functional alterations within temporo-mandibular joint ultimately result in the enhancement or restriction of mandibular growth, while within the periodontal ligament lead to bone remodeling and change of its architectural structure. Depending on the form of the malrelation presented, the above treatment approaches, in conjunction or separately, lead to the total correction of jaw discrepancies and the achievement of facial harmony and function. Overall, the treatment of craniofacial and jaw anomalies can be seen as an interplay of mechanical forces and adaptations occurring within temporo-mandibular joint and alveolar bone. The aim of the present review is to present up-to-date knowledge on the mechano-biology behind jaw growth modification and alveolar bone remodeling. Furthermore, future molecular targeted therapeutic strategies are discussed aiming at the improvement of mechanically-driven chondrogenesis and osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Karamesinis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Unit, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Efthimia K Basdra
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Unit, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
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27
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Kurio N, Saunders C, Bechtold TE, Salhab I, Nah HD, Sinha S, Billings PC, Pacifici M, Koyama E. Roles of Ihh signaling in chondroprogenitor function in postnatal condylar cartilage. Matrix Biol 2018; 67:15-31. [PMID: 29447948 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Condylar articular cartilage in mouse temporomandibular joint develops from progenitor cells near the articulating surface that proliferate, undergo chondrogenesis and mature into hypertrophic chondrocytes. However, it remains unclear how these processes are regulated, particularly postnatally. Here we focused on the apical polymorphic layer rich in progenitors and asked whether the phenotype and fate of the cells require signaling by Indian hedgehog (Ihh) previously studied in developing long bones. In condyles in newborn mice, the apical polymorphic/progenitor cell layer was ~10 cell layer-thick and expressed the articular matrix marker Tenascin-C (Tn-C), and the underlying thick cell layer expressed Tn-C as well as the chondrogenic master regulator Sox9. By 1 month, condylar cartilage had gained its full width, but became thinner along its main longitudinal axis and displayed hypertrophic chondrocytes. By 3 months, articular cartilage consisted of a 2-3 cell layer-thick zone of superficial cells and chondroprogenitors expressing both Tn-C and Sox9 and a bottom zone of chondrocytes displaying vertical matrix septa. EdU cell tracing in juvenile mice revealed that conversion of chondroprogenitors into chondrocytes and hypertrophic chondrocytes required about 48 and 72 h, respectively. Notably, EdU injection in 3 month-old mice labeled both progenitors and maturing chondrocytes by 96 h. Conditional ablation of Ihh in juvenile/early adult mice compromised chondroprogenitor organization and function and led to reduced chondroprogenitor and chondrocyte proliferation. The phenotype of mutant condyles worsened over time as indicated by apoptotic chondrocyte incidence, ectopic chondrocyte hypertrophy, chondrocyte column derangement and subchondral bone deterioration. In micromass cultures of condylar apical cells, hedgehog (Hh) treatment stimulated chondrogenesis and alkaline phosphatase (APase) activity, while treatment with HhAntag inhibited both. Our findings indicate that the chondroprogenitor layer is continuously engaged in condylar growth postnatally and its organization and functioning depend on hedgehog signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naito Kurio
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School, 2-5-1, Okayama, Japan
| | - Cheri Saunders
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Till E Bechtold
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Orofacial Orthopaedics, Center of Dentistry and Oral Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Imad Salhab
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hyun-Duck Nah
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sayantani Sinha
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Paul C Billings
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Maurizio Pacifici
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eiki Koyama
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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28
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Tucker AS. Major evolutionary transitions and innovations: the tympanic middle ear. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2015.0483. [PMID: 27994124 PMCID: PMC5182415 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most amazing transitions and innovations during the evolution of mammals was the formation of a novel jaw joint and the incorporation of the original jaw joint into the middle ear to create the unique mammalian three bone/ossicle ear. In this review, we look at the key steps that led to this change and other unusual features of the middle ear and how developmental biology has been providing an understanding of the mechanisms involved. This starts with an overview of the tympanic (air-filled) middle ear, and how the ear drum (tympanic membrane) and the cavity itself form during development in amniotes. This is followed by an investigation of how the ear is connected to the pharynx and the relationship of the ear to the bony bulla in which it sits. Finally, the novel mammalian jaw joint and versatile dentary bone will be discussed with respect to evolution of the mammalian middle ear.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evo-devo in the genomics era, and the origins of morphological diversity'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail S Tucker
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Floor 27 Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, UK
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29
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Strassman A, Schnütgen F, Dai Q, Jones JC, Gomez AC, Pitstick L, Holton NE, Moskal R, Leslie ER, von Melchner H, Beier DR, Bjork BC. Generation of a multipurpose Prdm16 mouse allele by targeted gene trapping. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:909-922. [PMID: 28424158 PMCID: PMC5536910 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.029561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene trap mutagenesis is a powerful tool to create loss-of-function mutations in mice and other model organisms. Modifications of traditional gene trap cassettes, including addition of conditional features in the form of Flip-excision (FlEx) arrays to enable directional gene trap cassette inversions by Cre and Flpe site-specific recombinases, greatly enhanced their experimental potential. By taking advantage of these conditional gene trap cassettes, we developed a generic strategy for generating conditional mutations and validated this strategy in mice carrying a multipurpose allele of the Prdm16 transcription factor gene. We demonstrate that the gene trap insertion creates a null mutation replicating the Pierre Robin sequence-type cleft palate phenotype of other Prdm16 mutant mice. Consecutive breeding to Flpe and Emx1IREScre deleter mice spatially restricted Prdm16 loss to regions of the forebrain expressing the homeobox gene Emx1, demonstrating the utility of the technology for the analysis of tissue-specific gene functions. Summary: Described is the first targeting of an invertible gene trap to generate a conditional Prdm16 mouse allele and its use to assess phenotypic consequences of Prdm16 loss during craniofacial and brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Strassman
- Department of Biochemistry, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Frank Schnütgen
- Department for Molecular Hematology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Qi Dai
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The University of Stockholm, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jennifer C Jones
- Department of Biochemistry, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Angela C Gomez
- Department of Biochemistry, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Lenore Pitstick
- Department of Biochemistry, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Nathan E Holton
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Russell Moskal
- Department of Anatomy, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Erin R Leslie
- Department of Anatomy, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Harald von Melchner
- Department for Molecular Hematology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - David R Beier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.,Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Bryan C Bjork
- Department of Biochemistry, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
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30
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Boughner JC. Implications of Vertebrate Craniodental Evo-Devo for Human Oral Health. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2017; 328:321-333. [PMID: 28251806 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Highly processed diets eaten by postindustrial modern human populations coincide with higher frequencies of third molar impaction, malocclusion, and temporomandibular joint disorders that affect millions of people worldwide each year. Current treatments address symptoms, not causes, because the multifactorial etiologies of these three concerns mask which factors incline certain people to malocclusion, impaction, and/or joint issues. Deep scientific curiosity about the origins of jaws and dentitions continues to yield rich insights about the developmental genetic mechanisms that underpin healthy craniodental morphogenesis and integration. Mounting evidence from evolution and development (Evo-Devo) studies suggests that function is another mechanism important to healthy craniodental integration and fit. Starting as early as weaning, softer diets and thus lower bite forces appear to relax or disrupt integration of oral tissues, alter development and growth, and catalyze impaction, malocclusion, and jaw joint disorders. How developing oral tissues respond to bite forces remains poorly understood, but biomechanical feedback seems to alter balances of local bone resorption and deposition at the tooth-bone interface as well as affect tempos and amounts of facial outgrowth. Also, behavioral changes in jaw function and parafunction contribute to degeneration and pain in joint articular cartilages and masticatory muscles. The developmental genetic contribution to craniodental misfits and disorders is undeniable but still unclear; however, at present, human diet and jaw function remain important and much more actionable clinical targets. New Evo-Devo studies are needed to explain how function interfaces with craniodental phenotypic plasticity, variation, and evolvability to yield a spectrum of healthy and mismatched dentitions and jaws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Boughner
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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31
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Smeeton J, Askary A, Crump JG. Building and maintaining joints by exquisite local control of cell fate. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 6:10.1002/wdev.245. [PMID: 27581688 PMCID: PMC5877473 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We owe the flexibility of our bodies to sophisticated articulations between bones. Establishment of these joints requires the integration of multiple tissue types: permanent cartilage that cushions the articulating bones, synovial membranes that enclose a lubricating fluid-filled cavity, and a fibrous capsule and ligaments that provide structural support. Positioning the prospective joint region involves establishment of an "interzone" region of joint progenitor cells within a nascent cartilage condensation, which is achieved through the interplay of activators and inhibitors of multiple developmental signaling pathways. Within the interzone, tight regulation of BMP and TGFβ signaling prevents the hypertrophic maturation of joint chondrocytes, in part through downstream transcriptional repressors and epigenetic modulators. Synovial cells then acquire further specializations through expression of genes that promote lubrication, as well as the formation of complex structures such as cavities and entheses. Whereas genetic investigations in mice and humans have uncovered a number of regulators of joint development and homeostasis, recent work in zebrafish offers a complementary reductionist approach toward understanding joint positioning and the regulation of chondrocyte fate at joints. The complexity of building and maintaining joints may help explain why there are still few treatments for osteoarthritis, one of the most common diseases in the human population. A major challenge will be to understand how developmental abnormalities in joint structure, as well as postnatal roles for developmental genes in joint homeostasis, contribute to birth defects and degenerative diseases of joints. WIREs Dev Biol 2017, 6:e245. doi: 10.1002/wdev.245 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Smeeton
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amjad Askary
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J. Gage Crump
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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32
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Liang W, Li X, Chen H, Shao X, Lin X, Shen J, Ding S, Kang J, Li C. Expressing human SHOX in Shox2SHOX KI/KI mice leads to congenital osteoarthritis‑like disease of the temporomandibular joint in postnatal mice. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:3676-82. [PMID: 27601064 PMCID: PMC5042736 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ), a unique synovial joint whose development differs from that of other synovial joints, develops from two distinct mesenchymal condensations that grow toward each other and ossify through different mechanisms. The short stature homeobox 2 (Shox2) gene serves an important role in TMJ development and previous studies have demonstrated that Shox2SHOX KI/KI mice display a TMJ defective phenotype, congenital dysplasia and premature eroding of the articular disc, which is clinically defined as a TMJ disorder. In the present study, Shox2SHOX KI/KI mouse models were used to investigate the mechanisms of congenital osteoarthritis (OA)-like disease during postnatal TMJ growth. Shox2SHOX KI/KI mice were observed to develop a severe muscle wasting syndrome from day 7 postnatal. Histological examination indicated that the condyle and glenoid fossa of Shox2SHOX KI/KI mice was reduced in size in the second week after birth. The condyles of Shox2SHOX KI/KI mice exhibited reduced expression levels of collagen type II and Indian hedgehog, and increased expression of collagen type I. A marked increase in matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and MMP13 in the condyles was also observed. These cellular and molecular defects may contribute to the observed (OA)-like phenotype of Shox2SHOX KI/KI mouse TMJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenna Liang
- Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Xihai Li
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Houhuang Chen
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Shao
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Xuejuan Lin
- Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Jianying Shen
- Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Ding
- Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Jie Kang
- Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Candong Li
- Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
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33
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A Joint Less Ordinary: Intriguing Roles for Hedgehog Signalling in the Development of the Temporomandibular Synovial Joint. J Dev Biol 2016; 4:jdb4030025. [PMID: 29615589 PMCID: PMC5831777 DOI: 10.3390/jdb4030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the essential role of Hedgehog (Hh) signalling in the developmental steps of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) formation. We review evidence for intra- and potentially inter-tissue Hh signaling as well as Glioma-Associated Oncogene Homolog (GLI) dependent and independent functions. Morphogenesis and maturation of the TMJ’s individual components and the general landscape of Hh signalling is also covered. Comparison of the appendicular knee and axial TMJ also reveals interesting differences and similarities in their mechanisms of development, chondrogenesis and reliance on Hh signalling.
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34
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Conditional Deletion of Fgfr3 in Chondrocytes leads to Osteoarthritis-like Defects in Temporomandibular Joint of Adult Mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24039. [PMID: 27041063 PMCID: PMC4819201 DOI: 10.1038/srep24039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a common degenerative disease in adult, which is characterized by progressive destruction of the articular cartilage. To investigate the role of FGFR3 in the homeostasis of TMJ cartilage during adult stage, we generated Fgfr3f/f; Col2a1-CreERT2 (Fgfr3 cKO) mice, in which Fgfr3 was deleted in chondrocytes at 2 months of age. OA-like defects were observed in Fgfr3 cKO TMJ cartilage. Immunohistochemical staining and quantitative real-time PCR analyses revealed a significant increase in expressions of COL10, MMP13 and AMAMTS5. In addition, there was a sharp increase in chondrocyte apoptosis at the Fgfr3 cKO articular surface, which was accompanied by a down-regulation of lubricin expression. Importantly, the expressions of RUNX2 and Indian hedgehog (IHH) were up-regulated in Fgfr3 cKO TMJ. Primary Fgfr3 cKO chondrocytes were treated with IHH signaling inhibitor, which significantly reduced expressions of Runx2, Col10, Mmp13 and Adamts5. Furthermore, the IHH signaling inhibitor partially alleviated OA-like defects in the TMJ of Fgfr3 cKO mice, including restoration of lubricin expression and improvement of the integrity of the articular surface. In conclusion, our study proposes that FGFR3/IHH signaling pathway plays a critical role in maintaining the homeostasis of TMJ articular cartilage during adult stage.
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Liang W, Li X, Gao B, Gan H, Lin X, Liao L, Li C. Observing the development of the temporomandibular joint in embryonic and post-natal mice using various staining methods. Exp Ther Med 2015; 11:481-489. [PMID: 26893634 PMCID: PMC4734204 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a specialized synovial joint that is essential for the movement and function of the mammalian jaw. The TMJ develops from two mesenchymal condensations, and is composed of the glenoid fossa that originates from the otic capsule by intramembranous ossification, the mandibular condyle of the temporal bone and a fibrocartilagenous articular disc derived from a secondary cartilaginous joint by endochondral ossification. However, the development of the TMJ remains unclear. In the present study, the formation and development of the mouse TMJ was investigated between embryonic day 13.5 and post-natal day 180 in order to elucidate the morphological and molecular alterations that occur during this period. TMJ formation appeared to proceed in three stages: Initiation or blastema stage; growth and cavitation stage; and the maturation or completion stage. In order to investigate the activity of certain transcription factors on TMJ formation and development, the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM), sex determining region Y-box 9, runt-related transcription factor 2, Indian hedgehog homolog, Osterix, collagen I, collagen II, aggrecan, total matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), MMP-9 and MMP-13 were detected in the TMJ using in situ and/or immunohistochemistry. The results indicate that the transcription factors, ECM and MMP serve critical functions in the formation and development of the mouse TMJ. In summary, the development of the mouse TMJ was investigated, and the molecular regulation of mouse TMJ formation was partially characterized. The results of the present study may aid the systematic understanding of the physiological processes underlying TMJ formation and development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenna Liang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Xihai Li
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Institute of Bone Diseases, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Bizhen Gao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Huijuan Gan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Xuejuan Lin
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Linghong Liao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Candong Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
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Malhotra R, Warne JP, Salas E, Xu AW, Debnath J. Loss of Atg12, but not Atg5, in pro-opiomelanocortin neurons exacerbates diet-induced obesity. Autophagy 2015; 11:145-54. [PMID: 25585051 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2014.998917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The autophagy-related proteins ATG12 and ATG5 form a covalent complex essential for autophagy. Here, we demonstrate that ATG12 has distinct functions from ATG5 in pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing neurons. Upon high-fat diet (HFD) consumption, mice lacking Atg12 in POMC-positive neurons exhibit accelerated weight gain, adiposity, and glucose intolerance, which is associated with increased food intake, reduced ambulation, and decreased LEP/leptin sensitivity. Importantly, although genetic deletion of either Atg12 or Atg5 renders POMC neurons autophagy-deficient, mice lacking Atg5 in POMC neurons do not exhibit these phenotypes. Hence, we propose nonautophagic functions for ATG12 in POMC neurons that counteract excessive weight gain in response to HFD consumption.
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Key Words
- AGRP, agouti-related peptide
- ATG12
- ATG5
- BAC, bacterial artificial chromosome
- BMD, bone mineral density
- BafA, bafilomycin A1
- CLAMS, Comprehensive Lab Animal Monitoring System
- DEXA, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
- HBSS, Hank's balanced salt solution
- HFD, high-fat diet
- LC3-II, phosphatidylethanolamine conjugated isoform of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
- LEP, leptin
- MAP1LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
- MEFs, mouse embryonic fibroblasts
- NBR1, neighbor of BRCA1 gene 1
- NPY, neuropeptide Y
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PE, phosphatidylethanolamine
- POMC
- POMC/ACTH, pro-opiomelanocortin-α (in mice), proopiomelanocortin (in humans)
- SQSTM1/p62, sequestosome 1
- SV40Tag, simian virus 40 T antigen
- UBL, ubiquitin-like molecule
- autophagy
- diet-induced obesity
- hypothalamus
- leptin
- pSTAT3, phosphorylated form of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (acute-phase response factor)
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Malhotra
- a Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center ; University of California ; San Francisco , CA USA
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Anthwal N, Peters H, Tucker AS. Species-specific modifications of mandible shape reveal independent mechanisms for growth and initiation of the coronoid. EvoDevo 2015; 6:35. [PMID: 26568815 PMCID: PMC4644282 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-015-0030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The variation in mandibular morphology of mammals reflects specialisations for different diets. Omnivorous and carnivorous mammals posses large mandibular coronoid processes, while herbivorous mammals have proportionally smaller or absent coronoids. This is correlated with the relative size of the temporalis muscle that forms an attachment to the coronoid process. The role of this muscle attachment in the development of the variation of the coronoid is unclear. Results By comparative developmental biology and mouse knockout studies, we demonstrate here that the initiation and growth of the coronoid are two independent processes, with initiation being intrinsic to the ossifying bone and growth dependent upon the extrinsic effect of muscle attachment. A necessary component of the intrinsic patterning is identified as the paired domain transcription factor Pax9. We also demonstrate that Sox9 plays a role independent of chondrogenesis in the growth of the coronoid process in response to muscle interaction. Conclusions The mandibular coronoid process is initiated by intrinsic factors, but later growth is dependent on extrinsic signals from the muscle. These extrinsic influences are hypothesised to be the basis of the variation in coronoid length seen across the mammalian lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Anthwal
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT UK
| | - Heiko Peters
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ UK
| | - Abigail S Tucker
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT UK
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Augmented Indian hedgehog signaling in cranial neural crest cells leads to craniofacial abnormalities and dysplastic temporomandibular joint in mice. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 364:105-15. [PMID: 26553654 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2306-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Extensive studies have pinpointed the crucial role of Indian hedgehog (Ihh) signaling in the development of the appendicular skeleton and the essential function of Ihh in the formation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). In this study, we have investigated the effect of augmented Ihh signaling in TMJ development. We took a transgenic gain-of-function approach by overexpressing Ihh in the cranial neural crest (CNC) cells using a conditional Ihh transgenic allele and the Wnt1-Cre allele. We found that Wnt1-Cre-mediated tissue-specific overexpression of Ihh in the CNC lineage caused severe craniofacial abnormalities, including cleft lip/palate, encephalocele, anophthalmos, micrognathia, and defective TMJ development. In the mutant TMJ, the glenoid fossa was completely absent, whereas the condyle and the articular disc appeared relatively normal with slightly delayed chondrocyte differentiation. Our findings thus demonstrate that augmented Ihh signaling is detrimental to craniofacial development, and that finely tuned Ihh signaling is critical for TMJ formation. Our results also provide additional evidence that the development of the condyle and articular disc is independent of the glenoid fossa.
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Hinton RJ, Jing J, Feng JQ. Genetic Influences on Temporomandibular Joint Development and Growth. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 115:85-109. [PMID: 26589922 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a small synovial joint at which the mandible articulates with the skull during movements involved in speaking and mastication. However, the secondary cartilage lining its joint surfaces is indicative of a very different developmental history than limb cartilages. This review summarizes our current knowledge of genes that regulate the formation of primary components of the TMJ, as well as genes that regulate postnatal growth of the TMJ. Although the TMJ is regulated by some of the same genes that are important in limb joints, others appear unique to the TMJ or have different actions. Runx2, Sox9, and members of the TGF-β/BMP family are critical drivers of chondrogenesis during condylar cartilage morphogenesis, and Indian hedgehog (Ihh) is important for formation of the articular disc and cavitation. Osterix (Osx) is a critical regulator of endochondral bone formation during postnatal TMJ growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Hinton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA.
| | - Junjun Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jian Q Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- P Purcell
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - P A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathways are essential regulators of vertebrate skeletal development. FGF signaling regulates development of the limb bud and formation of the mesenchymal condensation and has key roles in regulating chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and bone and mineral homeostasis. This review updates our review on FGFs in skeletal development published in Genes & Development in 2002, examines progress made on understanding the functions of the FGF signaling pathway during critical stages of skeletogenesis, and explores the mechanisms by which mutations in FGF signaling molecules cause skeletal malformations in humans. Links between FGF signaling pathways and other interacting pathways that are critical for skeletal development and could be exploited to treat genetic diseases and repair bone are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Pierre J Marie
- UMR-1132, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Hopital Lariboisiere, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
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Suzuki A, Iwata J. Mouse genetic models for temporomandibular joint development and disorders. Oral Dis 2015; 22:33-8. [PMID: 26096083 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a synovial joint essential for hinge and sliding movements of the mammalian jaw. Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) are dysregulations of the muscles or the TMJ in structure, function, and physiology, and result in pain, limited mandibular mobility, and TMJ noise and clicking. Although approximately 40-70% adults in the USA have at least one sign of TMD, the etiology of TMD remains largely unknown. Here, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of TMD in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Suzuki
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Craniofacial Research, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA.,Center for Craniofacial Research, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
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Li X, Liang W, Ye H, Weng X, Liu F, Lin P, Liu X. Overexpression of Indian hedgehog partially rescues short stature homeobox 2-overexpression-associated congenital dysplasia of the temporomandibular joint in mice. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:4157-4164. [PMID: 26096903 PMCID: PMC4526079 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of short stature homeobox 2 (shox2) in the development and homeostasis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has been well documented. Shox2 is known to be expressed in the progenitor cells and perichondrium of the developing condyle. A previous study by our group reported that overexpression of shox2 leads to congenital dysplasia of the TMJ via downregulation of the Indian hedgehog (Ihh) signaling pathway, which is essential for embryonic disc primordium formation and mandibular condylar growth. To determine whether overexpression of Ihh may rescue the overexpression of shox2 leading to congenital dysplasia of the TMJ, a mouse model in which Ihh and shox2 were overexpressed (Wnt1-Cre; pMes-stop shox2; pMes-stop Ihh mice) was utilized to assess the consequences of this overexpression on TMJ development during post-natal life. The results showed that the developmental process and expression levels of runt-related transcription factor 2 and sex determining region Y-box 9 in the TMJ of the Wnt1-Cre; pMes-stop shox2; pMes-stop Ihh mice were similar to those in wild-type mice. Overexpression of Ihh rescued shox2 overexpression-associated reduction of extracellular matrix components. However, overexpression of Ihh did not inhibit the shox2 overexpression-associated increase of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) MMP9, MMP13 and apoptosis in the TMJ. These combinatory cellular and molecular defects appeared to account for the observed congenital dysplasia of TMJ, suggesting that overexpression of Ihh partially rescued shox2 overexpression-associated congenital dysplasia of the TMJ in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihai Li
- Institute of Bone Diseases, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Wenna Liang
- Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Hongzhi Ye
- Institute of Bone Diseases, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Xiaping Weng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Fayuan Liu
- Institute of Bone Diseases, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Pingdong Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatrics, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Xianxiang Liu
- Institute of Bone Diseases, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
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Ning Z, McLellan AS, Ball M, Wynne F, O'Neill C, Mills W, Quinn JP, Kleinjan DA, Anney RJ, Carmody RJ, O'Keeffe G, Moore T. Regulation of SPRY3 by X chromosome and PAR2-linked promoters in an autism susceptibility region. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:5126-41. [PMID: 26089202 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sprouty proteins are regulators of cell growth and branching morphogenesis. Unlike mouse Spry3, which is X-linked, human SPRY3 maps to the pseudoautosomal region 2; however, the human Y-linked allele is not expressed due to epigenetic silencing by an unknown mechanism. SPRY3 maps adjacent to X-linked Trimethyllysine hydroxylase epsilon (TMLHE), recently identified as an autism susceptibility gene. We report that Spry3 is highly expressed in central and peripheral nervous system ganglion cells in mouse and human, including cerebellar Purkinje cells and retinal ganglion cells. Transient over-expression or knockdown of Spry3 in cultured mouse superior cervical ganglion cells inhibits and promotes, respectively, neurite growth and branching. A 0.7 kb gene fragment spanning the human SPRY3 transcriptional start site recapitulates the endogenous Spry3-expression pattern in LacZ reporter mice. In the human and mouse the SPRY3 promoter contains an AG-rich repeat and we found co-expression, and promoter binding and/or regulation of SPRY3 expression by transcription factors MAZ, EGR1, ZNF263 and PAX6. We identified eight alleles of the human SPRY3 promoter repeat in Caucasians, and similar allele frequencies in autism families. We characterized multiple SPRY3 transcripts originating at two CpG islands in the X-linked F8A3-TMLHE region, suggesting X chromosome regulation of SPRY3. These findings provide an explanation for differential regulation of X and Y-linked SPRY3 alleles. In addition, the presence of a SPRY3 transcript exon in a previously described X chromosome deletion associated with autism, and the cerebellar interlobular variation in Spry3 expression coincident with the reported pattern of Purkinje cell loss in autism, suggest SPRY3 as a candidate susceptibility locus for autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfei Ning
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Andrew S McLellan
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Melanie Ball
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Freda Wynne
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Cora O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Walter Mills
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - John P Quinn
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Dirk A Kleinjan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Richard J Anney
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Ruaidhre J Carmody
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK and
| | - Gerard O'Keeffe
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Tom Moore
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Western Road, Cork, Ireland,
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Sangani D, Suzuki A, VonVille H, Hixson JE, Iwata J. Gene Mutations Associated with Temporomandibular Joint Disorders: A Systematic Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2. [PMID: 27695703 PMCID: PMC5045035 DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1101583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a bilateral synovial joint between the mandible and the temporal bone of the skull. TMJ disorders (TMDs) are a set of complicated and poorly understood clinical conditions, in which TMDs are associated with a number of symptoms including pain and limited jaw movement. The increasing scientific evidence suggests that genetic factors play a significant role in the pathology of TMDs. However, the underlying mechanism of TMDs remains largely unknown. Objective The study aimed to determine the associated genes to TMDs in humans and animals. Methods The literature search was conducted through databases including Medline (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), and PubMed (NLM) by using scientific terms for TMDs and genetics in March 2015. Additional studies were identified by searching bibliographies of highly relevant articles and Scopus (Elsevier). Results Our systematic analyses identified 31 articles through literature searches. A total of 112 genes were identified to be significantly and specifically associated with TMDs. Conclusion Our systematic review provides a list of accurate genes associated with TMDs and suggests a genetic contribution to the pathology of TMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruvee Sangani
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Helena VonVille
- The University of Texas School of Public Health Library, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James E Hixson
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Junichi Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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46
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Hill A, Duran J, Purcell P. Lubricin protects the temporomandibular joint surfaces from degeneration. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106497. [PMID: 25188282 PMCID: PMC4154713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a specialized synovial joint essential for the mobility and function of the mammalian jaw. The TMJ is composed of the mandibular condyle, the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone, and a fibrocartilagenous disc interposed between these bones. A fibrous capsule, lined on the luminal surface by the synovial membrane, links these bones and retains synovial fluid within the cavity. The major component of synovial fluid is lubricin, a glycoprotein encoded by the gene proteoglycan 4 (Prg4), which is synthesized by chondrocytes at the surface of the articular cartilage and by synovial lining cells. We previously showed that in the knee joint, Prg4 is crucial for maintenance of cartilage surfaces and for regulating proliferation of the intimal cells in the synovium. Consequently, the objective of this study was to determine the role of lubricin in the maintenance of the TMJ. We found that mice lacking lubricin have a normal TMJ at birth, but develop degeneration resembling TMJ osteoarthritis by 2 months, increasing in severity over time. Disease progression in Prg4−/− mice results in synovial hyperplasia, deterioration of cartilage in the condyle, disc and fossa with an increase in chondrocyte number and their redistribution in clusters with loss of superficial zone chondrocytes. All articular surfaces of the joint had a prominent layer of protein deposition. Compared to the knee joint, the osteoarthritis-like phenotype was more severe and manifested earlier in the TMJ. Taken together, the lack of lubricin in the TMJ causes osteoarthritis-like degeneration that affects the articular cartilage as well as the integrity of multiple joint tissues. Our results provide the first molecular evidence of the role of lubricin in the TMJ and suggest that Prg4−/− mice might provide a valuable new animal model for the study of the early events of TMJ osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Hill
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Juanita Duran
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Patricia Purcell
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gu S, Wu W, Liu C, Yang L, Sun C, Ye W, Li X, Chen J, Long F, Chen Y. BMPRIA mediated signaling is essential for temporomandibular joint development in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101000. [PMID: 25093411 PMCID: PMC4122352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The central importance of BMP signaling in the development and homeostasis of synovial joint of appendicular skeleton has been well documented, but its role in the development of temporomandibular joint (TMJ), also classified as a synovial joint, remains completely unknown. In this study, we investigated the function of BMPRIA mediated signaling in TMJ development in mice by transgenic loss-of- and gain-of-function approaches. We found that BMPRIA is expressed in the cranial neural crest (CNC)-derived developing condyle and glenoid fossa, major components of TMJ, as well as the interzone mesenchymal cells. Wnt1-Cre mediated tissue specific inactivation of BmprIa in CNC lineage led to defective TMJ development, including failure of articular disc separation from a hypoplastic condyle, persistence of interzone cells, and failed formation of a functional fibrocartilage layer on the articular surface of the glenoid fossa and condyle, which could be at least partially attributed to the down-regulation of Ihh in the developing condyle and inhibition of apoptosis in the interzone. On the other hand, augmented BMPRIA signaling by Wnt1-Cre driven expression of a constitutively active form of BmprIa (caBmprIa) inhibited osteogenesis of the glenoid fossa and converted the condylar primordium from secondary cartilage to primary cartilage associated with ectopic activation of Smad-dependent pathway but inhibition of JNK pathway, leading to TMJ agenesis. Our results present unambiguous evidence for an essential role of finely tuned BMPRIA mediated signaling in TMJ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Gu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Weijie Wu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America; Department of Dentistry, ZhongShan Hospital, FuDan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Sun
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Wenduo Ye
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Xihai Li
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America; Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Jianquan Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Fanxin Long
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - YiPing Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
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48
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Li X, Liang W, Ye H, Weng X, Liu F, Liu X. Overexpression of Shox2 leads to congenital dysplasia of the temporomandibular joint in mice. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:13135-50. [PMID: 25062348 PMCID: PMC4159784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150813135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study reported that inactivation of Shox2 led to dysplasia and ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and that replacing Shox2 with human Shox partially rescued the phenotype with a prematurely worn out articular disc. However, the mechanisms of Shox2 activity in TMJ development remain to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the molecular and cellular basis for the congenital dysplasia of TMJ in Wnt1-Cre; pMes-stop Shox2 mice. We found that condyle and glenoid fossa dysplasia occurs primarily in the second week after the birth. The dysplastic TMJ of Wnt1-Cre; pMes-stop Shox2 mice exhibits a loss of Collagen type I, Collagen type II, Ihh and Gli2. In situ zymography and immunohistochemistry further demonstrate an up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), MMP9 and MMP13, accompanied by a significantly increased cell apoptosis. In addition, the cell proliferation and expressions of Sox9, Runx2 and Ihh are no different in the embryonic TMJ between the wild type and mutant mice. Our results show that overexpression of Shox2 leads to the loss of extracellular matrix and the increase of cell apoptosis in TMJ dysplasia by up-regulating MMPs and down-regulating the Ihh signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihai Li
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Wenna Liang
- Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Hongzhi Ye
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Xiaping Weng
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Fayuan Liu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Xianxiang Liu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China.
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49
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Hinton RJ. Genes that regulate morphogenesis and growth of the temporomandibular joint: A review. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:864-74. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Hinton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Texas A&M Baylor College of Dentistry; Dallas Texas
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50
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Pollard AS, McGonnell IM, Pitsillides AA. Mechanoadaptation of developing limbs: shaking a leg. J Anat 2014; 224:615-23. [PMID: 24635640 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The proportion of total limb length taken up by the individual skeletal elements (limb proportionality), varies widely between species. These diverse skeletal forms have evolved to allow for a range of limb uses and they first emerge as the embryo develops, to achieve the characteristic skeletal architecture of each species. During this time, the developing skeleton experiences mechanical loading as a result of embryonic muscle contraction. The possibility that adaptation to such mechanical input may allow embryos to coordinate the appearance of skeletal design with their expanding range of movements has so far received little attention. This is surprising, given the critical role exerted by embryo movement in normal skeletal development; stage-specific in ovo immobilisation of embryonic chicks results in joint contractures and a reduction in longitudinal bone growth in the limbs. Epigenetic mechanisms allow for selective activation of genes in response to environmental signals, resulting in the production of phenotypic complexity in morphogenesis; mechanical loading of bone during movement appears to be one such signal. It may be that 'mechanosensitive' genes under regulation of mechanical input adjust proportionality along the bone's proximo-distal axis, introducing a level of phenotypic plasticity. If this hypothesis is upheld, species with more elongated distal limb elements will have a greater dependence on mechanical input for the differences in their growth, and mechanosensitive bone growth in the embryo may have evolved as an additional source of phenotypic diversity during skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Pollard
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
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