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Zhang Z, Mistry D, Jetter R. Micromorphological and Chemical Characterization of Drimys winteri Leaf Surfaces: The Secondary Alcohols Forming Epicuticular Wax Crystals Are Accompanied by Alkanediol, Alkanetriol and Ketol Derivatives. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:1245-1260. [PMID: 38757823 PMCID: PMC11369817 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcae053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The cuticle is a hydrophobic coating of most aerial plant surfaces crucial for limiting non-stomatal water loss. Plant cuticles consist of the lipid polyester cutin and associated waxes with compositions varying widely between plant species and organs. Here, we aimed to provide a comparative analysis of the dark-glossy adaxial and pale-glaucous abaxial sides of Drimys winteri (Winteraceae) leaves. Scanning electron microscopy showed nanotubular wax crystals lining the entire abaxial side of the leaf (including stomatal pores), while the adaxial side had patches of mixed platelet/tubule crystals and smooth areas between them. Consecutive treatments for wax removal and cutin depolymerization revealed that the waxes were deposited on a cutin network with micron-scale cavities across the entire abaxial surface including the stomata pores, and on a microscopically smooth cutin surface on the adaxial side of the leaf. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and flame ionization detection showed that the wax mixtures on both sides of the leaf were complex mixtures of very-long-chain compounds dominated by the secondary alcohol nonacosan-10-ol and alkanediols with one hydroxyl on C-10. It is therefore very likely that the characteristic tubular wax crystals of both leaf sides are formed by these alcohols and diols. Further secondary alcohols and alkanediols, as well as ketols and alkanetriols with one functional group on C-10, were identified based on mass spectral fragmentation patterns. The similarities between all these mid-chain-functionalized compounds suggest that they are derived from nonacosan-10-ol via regio-specific hydroxylation reactions, likely catalyzed by three P450-dependent monooxygenases with different regio-specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghang Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Dwiti Mistry
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Li Y, Xiao L, Cao H, Cao Y, Zhang L. Phylogenomics and functional analysis of Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferase (GPAT) Genes: A critical role in lipid biosynthesis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14509. [PMID: 39210744 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The tung tree (Vernicia fordii Hemsl.), an economically important woody plant, is widely planted for the production of high-quality tung oil. Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (GPATs), the rate-limiting enzymes in triacylglycerol synthesis, play an important role in seed oil biosynthesis. In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis of VfGPATs. A total of 9 VfGPATs were identified from the whole tung genome, and phylogenetic analysis divided the VfGPATs into three major clades: clade II (VfGPAT9), clade III (VfATS1) and clade IV (VfGPAT1 ~ 8). Subcellular localization analysis revealed that five VfGPATs (1, 5, 6, 8, and 9) are localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, and four VfGPATs (3-1, 3-2, 3-3, and ATS1) are localized in the chloroplast. Overexpression of VfGPATs in Arabidopsis thaliana revealed that the oil content in VfGPAT8- and VfGPAT9-transgenic plants were significantly increased by 26.60 and 55.94% compared to the wild-type. Transient expression of VfGPAT8 + VfFADX and VfGPAT9 + VfFADX could promote the synthesis of α-eleostearic acid and enhance the accumulation of lipid droplets in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) leaves. We further tested the enzymatic activities of VfGPAT8 and VfGPAT9 with the yeast double mutant strain ZAFU1. The results showed that VfGPAT8 complemented the phosphatidate biosynthetic defect in the double mutant, while VfGPAT9 could not, suggesting that VfGPAT8 has a high acetyltransferase activity. However, altering serine (S) residue at position 113 of VfGPAT9 to threonine (T) could restore its enzymatic activity. This study provided important insights into the evolutionary history of VfGPATs and will promote the genetic improvement of tung trees and related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Li
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees of the Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lichuan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees of the Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Heping Cao
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Yunpeng Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees of the Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Guo Y, Chen X, Li J, Wang Q, Zhang S, Liu N, Zhang Y, Zhang T. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals a high-resolution cell atlas of petals in Prunus mume at different flowering development stages. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae189. [PMID: 39247887 PMCID: PMC11377181 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Prunus mume (mei), a traditional ornamental plant in China, is renowned for its fragrant flowers, primarily emitted by its petals. However, the cell types of mei petals and where floral volatile synthesis occurs are rarely reported. The study used single-cell RNA sequencing to characterize the gene expression landscape in petals of P. mume 'Fenhong Zhusha' at budding stage (BS) and full-blooming stage (FS). Six major cell types of petals were identified: epidermal cells (ECs), parenchyma cells (PCs), xylem parenchyma cells, phloem parenchyma cells, xylem vessels and fibers, and sieve elements and companion cells complex. Cell-specific marker genes in each cell type were provided. Floral volatiles from mei petals were measured at four flowering development stages, and their emissions increased from BS to FS, and decreased at the withering stage. Fifty-eight differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in benzenoid/phenylpropanoid pathway were screened using bulk RNA-seq data. Twenty-eight DEGs expression increased from BS to FS, indicating that they might play roles in floral volatile synthesis in P. mume, among which PmBAHD3 would participate in benzyl acetate synthesis. ScRNA-seq data showed that 27 DEGs mentioned above were expressed variously in different cell types. In situ hybridization confirmed that PmPAL2, PmCAD1, PmBAHD3,5, and PmEGS1 involved in floral volatile synthesis in mei petals are mainly expressed in EC, PC, and most vascular tissues, consistent with scRNA-seq data. The result indicates that benzyl acetate and eugenol, the characteristic volatiles in mei, are mostly synthesized in these cell types. The first petal single-cell atlas was constructed, offering new insights into the molecular mechanism of floral volatile synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Guo
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiling Chen
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jinhong Li
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shuangyu Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Nuoxuan Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanlong Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tengxun Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Moreira CJS, Escórcio R, Bento A, Bjornson M, Herold L, Tomé AS, Martins C, Fanuel M, Martins I, Bakan B, Zipfel C, Silva Pereira C. Cutin-derived oligomers induce hallmark plant immune responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:5146-5161. [PMID: 38824407 PMCID: PMC11350081 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
The cuticle constitutes the outermost defensive barrier of most land plants. It comprises a polymeric matrix-cutin, surrounded by soluble waxes. Moreover, the cuticle constitutes the first line of defense against pathogen invasion, while also protecting the plant from many abiotic stresses. Aliphatic monomers in cutin have been suggested to act as immune elicitors in plants. This study analyses the potential of cutin oligomers to activate rapid signaling outputs reminiscent of pattern-triggered immunity in the model plant Arabidopsis. Cutin oligomeric mixtures led to Ca2+ influx and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Comparable responses were measured for cutin, which was also able to induce a reactive oxygen species burst. Furthermore, cutin oligomer treatment resulted in a unique transcriptional reprogramming profile, having many archetypal features of pattern-triggered immunity. Targeted spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses of the cutin oligomers suggest that the elicitor compounds consist mostly of two up to three 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid monomers linked together through ester bonds. This study demonstrates that cutin breakdown products can act as inducers of early plant immune responses. Further investigation is needed to understand how cutin breakdowns are perceived and to explore their potential use in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J S Moreira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rita Escórcio
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Artur Bento
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marta Bjornson
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Herold
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ana S Tomé
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Celso Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Mathieu Fanuel
- PROBE research infrastructure, BIBS Facility, INRAE, Nantes, France
- Research Unit Biopolymers Interaction Assemblies, INRAE, Nantes, France
| | - Isabel Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Bénédicte Bakan
- Research Unit Biopolymers Interaction Assemblies, INRAE, Nantes, France
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Cristina Silva Pereira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
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Wang M, Pang SW. Detecting Nanotopography Induced Changes in Cell Migration Directions Using Oxygen Sensors. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:389. [PMID: 39194618 DOI: 10.3390/bios14080389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the oxygen (O2) consumption of single cells during changes in their migration direction. This is the first integration of nanotopographies with an O2 biosensor in a platform, allowing the real-time monitoring of O2 consumption in cells and the ability to distinguish cells migrating in the same direction from those migrating in the opposite direction. Advanced nanofabrication technologies were used to pattern nanoholes or nanopillars on grating ridges, and their effects were evaluated using fluorescence microscopy, cell migration assays, and O2 consumption analysis. The results revealed that cells on the nanopillars over grating ridges exhibited an enhanced migration motility and more frequent directional changes. Additionally, these cells showed an increased number of protrusions and filopodia with denser F-actin areas and an increased number of dotted F-actin structures around the nanopillars. Dynamic metabolic responses were also evident, as indicated by the fluorescence intensity peaks of platinum octaethylporphyrin ketone dye, reflecting an increased O2 consumption and higher mitochondria activities, due to the higher energy required in response to directional changes. The study emphasizes the complex interplay between O2 consumption and cell migration directional changes, providing insights into biomaterial science and regenerative medicine. It suggests innovative designs for biomaterials that guide cell migration and metabolism, advocating nanoengineered platforms to harness the intricate relationships between cells and their microenvironments for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muting Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stella W Pang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Wu W, Wang L, Huang W, Zhang X, Li Y, Guo W. A high-quality genome assembly reveals adaptations underlying glossy, wax-coated leaves in the heat-tolerant wild raspberry Rubus leucanthus. DNA Res 2024; 31:dsae024. [PMID: 39101533 PMCID: PMC11347754 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsae024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
With glossy, wax-coated leaves, Rubus leucanthus is one of the few heat-tolerant wild raspberry trees. To ascertain the underlying mechanism of heat tolerance, we generated a high-quality genome assembly with a genome size of 230.9 Mb and 24,918 protein-coding genes. Significantly expanded gene families were enriched in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway and the circadian rhythm-plant pathway, enabling survival in subtropical areas by accumulating protective flavonoids and modifying photoperiodic responses. In contrast, plant-pathogen interaction and MAPK signaling involved in response to pathogens were significantly contracted. The well-known heat response elements (HSP70, HSP90, and HSFs) were reduced in R. leucanthus compared to two other heat-intolerant species, R. chingii and R. occidentalis, with transcriptome profiles further demonstrating their dispensable roles in heat stress response. At the same time, three significantly positively selected genes in the pathway of cuticular wax biosynthesis were identified, and may contribute to the glossy, wax-coated leaves of R. leucanthus. The thick, leathery, waxy leaves protect R. leucanthus against pathogens and herbivores, supported by the reduced R gene repertoire in R. leucanthus (355) compared to R. chingii (376) and R. occidentalis (449). Our study provides some insights into adaptive divergence between R. leucanthus and other raspberry species on heat tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, Guangdong, China
| | - Longyuan Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, Guangdong, China
| | - Weicheng Huang
- Plant Science Center, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Science, , Guangzhou, 510650, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianzhi Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongquan Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Guo
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, Guangdong, China
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Jouhet J, Alves E, Boutté Y, Darnet S, Domergue F, Durand T, Fischer P, Fouillen L, Grube M, Joubès J, Kalnenieks U, Kargul JM, Khozin-Goldberg I, Leblanc C, Letsiou S, Lupette J, Markov GV, Medina I, Melo T, Mojzeš P, Momchilova S, Mongrand S, Moreira ASP, Neves BB, Oger C, Rey F, Santaeufemia S, Schaller H, Schleyer G, Tietel Z, Zammit G, Ziv C, Domingues R. Plant and algal lipidomes: Analysis, composition, and their societal significance. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 96:101290. [PMID: 39094698 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2024.101290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Plants and algae play a crucial role in the earth's ecosystems. Through photosynthesis they convert light energy into chemical energy, capture CO2 and produce oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds. Photosynthetic organisms are primary producers and synthesize the essential omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids. They have also unique and highly diverse complex lipids, such as glycolipids, phospholipids, triglycerides, sphingolipids and phytosterols, with nutritional and health benefits. Plant and algal lipids are useful in food, feed, nutraceutical, cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical industries but also for green chemistry and bioenergy. The analysis of plant and algal lipidomes represents a significant challenge due to the intricate and diverse nature of their composition, as well as their plasticity under changing environmental conditions. Optimization of analytical tools is crucial for an in-depth exploration of the lipidome of plants and algae. This review highlights how lipidomics analytical tools can be used to establish a complete mapping of plant and algal lipidomes. Acquiring this knowledge will pave the way for the use of plants and algae as sources of tailored lipids for both industrial and environmental applications. This aligns with the main challenges for society, upholding the natural resources of our planet and respecting their limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Jouhet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS/INRAE/CEA/Grenoble Alpes Univ., 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Eliana Alves
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Yohann Boutté
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR5200 CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | | | - Frédéric Domergue
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR5200 CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Pôle Chimie Balard Recherche, University of Montpellier, ENSCN, UMR 5247 CNRS, France
| | - Pauline Fischer
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Pôle Chimie Balard Recherche, University of Montpellier, ENSCN, UMR 5247 CNRS, France
| | - Laetitia Fouillen
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR5200 CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Mara Grube
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Jérôme Joubès
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR5200 CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Uldis Kalnenieks
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Joanna M Kargul
- Solar Fuels Laboratory, Center of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Inna Khozin-Goldberg
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The French Associates Institute for Dryland Agriculture and Biotechnology, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University, Midreshet Ben Gurion 8499000, Israel
| | - Catherine Leblanc
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Sophia Letsiou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of West Attica, Ag. Spiridonos str. Egaleo, 12243 Athens, Greece
| | - Josselin Lupette
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR5200 CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Gabriel V Markov
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Isabel Medina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, E-36208 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Tânia Melo
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal; CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Peter Mojzeš
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, CZ-12116 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Svetlana Momchilova
- Department of Lipid Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, bl. 9, BG-1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Sébastien Mongrand
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR5200 CNRS-Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Ana S P Moreira
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Bruna B Neves
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal; CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Pôle Chimie Balard Recherche, University of Montpellier, ENSCN, UMR 5247 CNRS, France
| | - Felisa Rey
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal; CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Sergio Santaeufemia
- Solar Fuels Laboratory, Center of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hubert Schaller
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, F-67083 Strasbourg, France
| | - Guy Schleyer
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Zipora Tietel
- Department of Food Science, Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, M.P. Negev 8531100, Israel
| | - Gabrielle Zammit
- Laboratory of Applied Phycology, Department of Biology, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Carmit Ziv
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Rosário Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal; CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal.
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8
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Huang X, Li Y, Chang Z, Yan W, Xu C, Zhang B, He Z, Wang C, Zheng M, Li Z, Xia J, Li G, Tang X, Wu J. Regulation by distinct MYB transcription factors defines the roles of OsCYP86A9 in anther development and root suberin deposition. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1972-1990. [PMID: 38506334 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 proteins (CYPs) play critical roles in plant development and adaptation to fluctuating environments. Previous reports have shown that CYP86A proteins are involved in the biosynthesis of suberin and cutin in Arabidopsis. However, the functions of these proteins in rice remain obscure. In this study, a rice mutant with incomplete male sterility was identified. Cytological analyses revealed that this mutant was defective in anther development. Cloning of the mutant gene indicated that the responsible mutation was on OsCYP86A9. OsMYB80 is a core transcription factor in the regulation of rice anther development. The expression of OsCYP86A9 was abolished in the anther of osmyb80 mutant. In vivo and in vitro experiments showed that OsMYB80 binds to the MYB-binding motifs in OsCYP86A9 promoter region and regulates its expression. Furthermore, the oscyp86a9 mutant exhibited an impaired suberin deposition in the root, and was more susceptible to drought stress. Interestingly, genetic and biochemical analyses revealed that OsCYP86A9 expression was regulated in the root by certain MYB transcription factors other than OsMYB80. Moreover, mutations in the MYB genes that regulate OsCYP86A9 expression in the root did not impair the male fertility of the plant. Taken together, these findings revealed the critical roles of OsCYP86A9 in plant development and proposed that OsCYP86A9 functions in anther development and root suberin formation via two distinct tissue-specific regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Yiqi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Zhenyi Chang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Chunjue Xu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Molecular Crop Design, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Baolei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Zhaohuan He
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer in South Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nutrient Cycling and Farmland Conservation, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China
| | - Changjian Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Minting Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Zhiai Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Jixing Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Guoliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer in South Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nutrient Cycling and Farmland Conservation, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Molecular Crop Design, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jianxin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
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9
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Gully K, Berhin A, De Bellis D, Herrfurth C, Feussner I, Nawrath C. The GPAT4/ 6/ 8 clade functions in Arabidopsis root suberization nonredundantly with the GPAT5/7 clade required for suberin lamellae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314570121. [PMID: 38739804 PMCID: PMC11127019 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314570121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipid polymers such as cutin and suberin strengthen the diffusion barrier properties of the cell wall in specific cell types and are essential for water relations, mineral nutrition, and stress protection in plants. Land plant-specific glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (GPATs) of different clades are central players in cutin and suberin monomer biosynthesis. Here, we show that the GPAT4/6/8 clade in Arabidopsis thaliana, which is known to mediate cutin formation, is also required for developmentally regulated root suberization, in addition to the established roles of GPAT5/7 in suberization. The GPAT5/7 clade is mainly required for abscisic acid-regulated suberization. In addition, the GPAT5/7 clade is crucial for the formation of the typical lamellated suberin ultrastructure observed by transmission electron microscopy, as distinct amorphous globular polyester structures were deposited in the apoplast of the gpat5 gpat7 double mutant, in contrast to the thinner but still lamellated suberin deposition in the gpat4 gpat6 gpat8 triple mutant. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the intrinsic phosphatase activity of GPAT4, GPAT6, and GPAT8, which leads to monoacylglycerol biosynthesis, contributes to suberin formation. GPAT5/7 lack an active phosphatase domain and the amorphous globular polyester structure observed in the gpat5 gpat7 double mutant was partially reverted by treatment with a phosphatase inhibitor or the expression of phosphatase-dead variants of GPAT4/6/8. Thus, GPATs that lack an active phosphatase domain synthetize lysophosphatidic acids that might play a role in the formation of the lamellated structure of suberin. GPATs with active and nonactive phosphatase domains appear to have nonredundant functions and must cooperate to achieve the efficient biosynthesis of correctly structured suberin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Gully
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, LausanneCH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Alice Berhin
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, LausanneCH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Damien De Bellis
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, LausanneCH-1015, Switzerland
- Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, LausanneCH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, GoettingenD-37077, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Goettingen, GoettingenD-37077, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, GoettingenD-37077, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Goettingen, GoettingenD-37077, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Goettingen, GoettingenD-37077, Germany
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, LausanneCH-1015, Switzerland
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10
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Tourdot E, Martin PGP, Maza E, Mauxion JP, Djari A, Gévaudant F, Chevalier C, Pirrello J, Gonzalez N. Ploidy-specific transcriptomes shed light on the heterogeneous identity and metabolism of developing tomato pericarp cells. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:997-1015. [PMID: 38281284 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Endoreduplication, during which cells increase their DNA content through successive rounds of full genome replication without cell division, is the major source of endopolyploidy in higher plants. Endoreduplication plays pivotal roles in plant growth and development and is associated with the activation of specific transcriptional programmes that are characteristic of each cell type, thereby defining their identity. In plants, endoreduplication is found in numerous organs and cell types, especially in agronomically valuable ones, such as the fleshy fruit (pericarp) of tomato presenting high ploidy levels. We used the tomato pericarp tissue as a model system to explore the transcriptomes associated with endoreduplication progression during fruit growth. We confirmed that expression globally scales with ploidy level and identified sets of differentially expressed genes presenting only developmental-specific, only ploidy-specific expression patterns or profiles resulting from an additive effect of ploidy and development. When comparing ploidy levels at a specific developmental stage, we found that non-endoreduplicated cells are defined by cell division state and cuticle synthesis while endoreduplicated cells are mainly defined by their metabolic activity changing rapidly over time. By combining this dataset with publicly available spatiotemporal pericarp expression data, we proposed a map describing the distribution of ploidy levels within the pericarp. These transcriptome-based predictions were validated by quantifying ploidy levels within the pericarp tissue. This in situ ploidy quantification revealed the dynamic progression of endoreduplication and its cell layer specificity during early fruit development. In summary, the study sheds light on the complex relationship between endoreduplication, cell differentiation and gene expression patterns in the tomato pericarp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Tourdot
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Pascal G P Martin
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Elie Maza
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales-Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits-UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Mauxion
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Anis Djari
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales-Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits-UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Frédéric Gévaudant
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Christian Chevalier
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Julien Pirrello
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales-Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits-UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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11
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Liu M, Li S. Nitrile biosynthesis in nature: how and why? Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:649-671. [PMID: 38193577 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00028a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2023Natural nitriles comprise a small set of secondary metabolites which however show intriguing chemical and functional diversity. Various patterns of nitrile biosynthesis can be seen in animals, plants, and microorganisms with the characteristics of both evolutionary divergence and convergence. These specialized compounds play important roles in nitrogen metabolism, chemical defense against herbivores, predators and pathogens, and inter- and/or intraspecies communications. Here we review the naturally occurring nitrile-forming pathways from a biochemical perspective and discuss the biological and ecological functions conferred by diversified nitrile biosyntheses in different organisms. Elucidation of the mechanisms and evolutionary trajectories of nitrile biosynthesis underpins better understandings of nitrile-related biology, chemistry, and ecology and will ultimately benefit the development of desirable nitrile-forming biocatalysts for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Shengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
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12
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Holden AC, Cohen H, Berry HM, Rickett DV, Aharoni A, Fraser PD. Carotenoid retention during post-harvest storage of Capsicum annuum: the role of the fruit surface structure. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1997-2012. [PMID: 38064717 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum) panel for post-harvest carotenoid retention was studied to elucidate underlying mechanisms associated with this commercial trait of interest. Following drying and storage, some lines within the panel had an increase in carotenoids approaching 50% compared with the initial content at the fresh fruit stage. Other lines displayed a 25% loss of carotenoids. The quantitative determination of carotenoid pigments with concurrent cellular analysis indicated that in most cases, pepper fruit with thicker (up to 4-fold) lipid exocarp layers and smooth surfaces exhibit improved carotenoid retention properties. Total cutin monomer content increased in medium/high carotenoid retention fruits and subepidermal cutin deposits were responsible for the difference in exocarp thickness. Cutin biosynthesis and cuticle precursor transport genes were differentially expressed between medium/high and low carotenoid retention genotypes, and this supports the hypothesis that the fruit cuticle can contribute to carotenoid retention. Enzymatic degradation of the cuticle and cell wall suggests that in Capsicum the carotenoids (capsanthin and its esters) are embedded in the lipidic exocarp layer. This was not the case in tomato. Collectively, the data suggest that the fruit cuticle could provide an exploitable resource for the enhancement of fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Holden
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Nella and Leon Benoziyo Building for Biological Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Harriet M Berry
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Daniel V Rickett
- Syngenta Ltd, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Nella and Leon Benoziyo Building for Biological Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Paul D Fraser
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
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13
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Zhang X, Gao H, Liu Y, Zhao H, Lü S. Function identification of Arabidopsis GPAT4 and GPAT8 in the biosynthesis of suberin and cuticular wax. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 339:111933. [PMID: 38036221 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Surface lipids in plants include cutin, cuticular wax and suberin. sn-Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (GPATs) facilitate the acylation of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) utilizing a fatty acyl group from acyl-coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) or acyl-acyl carrier protein (acyl-ACP) as substrates for the biosynthesis of plant extracellular lipids such as suberin and cutin. Here we found that Arabidopsis GPAT4 and GPAT8 are specifically expressed in endodermis cells of roots where suberin was accumulated. GPAT4 mutation significantly decreased the amounts of the C16 and C18 ω-oxidized suberin monomers, whereas the mutation of GPAT8 had little effect on the suberin production, and the functions of both were not redundant. Root suberin phenotype analysis of gpat4-1 and gpat6-1 single or double mutant revealed that GPAT4 and GPAT6 play redundant functions. Interestingly, the gpat4-1 gpat8-1 double mutant displayed a glossy stem phenotype since fewer wax crystals were accumulated. This phenotype was not shown in either parent. Further study showed that the amounts of most wax components were significantly decreased. Taken together, our findings revealed that GPAT4 has an additive effect with GPAT6 in the root suberin biosynthesis, and plays a redundant role in wax production with GPAT8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Huani Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Huayan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Shiyou Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China.
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14
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Huang NC, Tien HC, Yu TS. Arabidopsis leaf-expressed AGAMOUS-LIKE 24 mRNA systemically specifies floral meristem differentiation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:504-515. [PMID: 37766487 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Plants can record external stimuli in mobile mRNAs and systemically deliver them to distal tissues to adjust development. Despite the identification of thousands of mobile mRNAs, the functional relevance of mobile mRNAs remains limited. Many mobile mRNAs are synthesized in the source cells that perceive environmental stimuli, but specifically exert their functions upon transportation to the recipient cells. However, the translation of mobile mRNA-encoded protein in the source cells could locally activate downstream target genes. How plants avoid ectopic functions of mobile mRNAs in the source cells to achieve tissue specificity remains to be elucidated. Here, we show that Arabidopsis AGAMOUS-LIKE 24 (AGL24) is a mobile mRNA whose movement is necessary and sufficient to specify floral organ identity. Although AGL24 mRNA is expressed in vegetative tissues, AGL24 protein exclusively accumulates in the shoot apex. In leaves, AGL24 proteins are degraded to avoid ectopically activating its downstream target genes. Our results reveal how selective protein degradation in source cells provides a strategy to limit the local effects associated with proteins encoded by mobile mRNAs, which ensures that mobile mRNAs specifically trigger systemic responses only in recipient tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nien-Chen Huang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Chi Tien
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung Hsing University, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Shin Yu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
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15
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Jolliffe JB, Pilati S, Moser C, Lashbrooke JG. Beyond skin-deep: targeting the plant surface for crop improvement. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6468-6486. [PMID: 37589495 PMCID: PMC10662250 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The above-ground plant surface is a well-adapted tissue layer that acts as an interface between the plant and its surrounding environment. As such, its primary role is to protect against desiccation and maintain the gaseous exchange required for photosynthesis. Further, this surface layer provides a barrier against pathogens and herbivory, while attracting pollinators and agents of seed dispersal. In the context of agriculture, the plant surface is strongly linked to post-harvest crop quality and yield. The epidermal layer contains several unique cell types adapted for these functions, while the non-lignified above-ground plant organs are covered by a hydrophobic cuticular membrane. This review aims to provide an overview of the latest understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying crop cuticle and epidermal cell formation, with focus placed on genetic elements contributing towards quality, yield, drought tolerance, herbivory defence, pathogen resistance, pollinator attraction, and sterility, while highlighting the inter-relatedness of plant surface development and traits. Potential crop improvement strategies utilizing this knowledge are outlined in the context of the recent development of new breeding techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Bryanne Jolliffe
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
- Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, San Michele all’Adige, 38098, Italy
| | - Stefania Pilati
- Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, San Michele all’Adige, 38098, Italy
| | - Claudio Moser
- Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, San Michele all’Adige, 38098, Italy
| | - Justin Graham Lashbrooke
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
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16
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Gong W, Chen W, Gao Q, Qian L, Yuan X, Tang S, Hong Y. Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferase GPAT9 Enhanced Seed Oil Accumulation and Eukaryotic Galactolipid Synthesis in Brassica napus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16111. [PMID: 38003299 PMCID: PMC10671787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase GPAT9 catalyzes the first acylation of glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P), a committed step of glycerolipid synthesis in Arabidopsis. The role of GPAT9 in Brassica napus remains to be elucidated. Here, we identified four orthologs of GPAT9 and found that BnaGPAT9 encoded by BnaC01T0014600WE is a predominant isoform and promotes seed oil accumulation and eukaryotic galactolipid synthesis in Brassica napus. BnaGPAT9 is highly expressed in developing seeds and is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Ectopic expression of BnaGPAT9 in E. coli and siliques of Brassica napus enhanced phosphatidic acid (PA) production. Overexpression of BnaGPAT9 enhanced seed oil accumulation resulting from increased 18:2-fatty acid. Lipid profiling in developing seeds showed that overexpression of BnaGPAT9 led to decreased phosphatidylcholine (PC) and a corresponding increase in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), implying that BnaGPAT9 promotes PC flux to storage triacylglycerol (TAG). Furthermore, overexpression of BnaGPAT9 also enhanced eukaryotic galactolipids including monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), with increased 36:6-MGDG and 36:6-DGDG, and decreased 34:6-MGDG in developing seeds. Collectively, these results suggest that ER-localized BnaGPAT9 promotes PA production, thereby enhancing seed oil accumulation and eukaryotic galactolipid biosynthesis in Brassica napus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yueyun Hong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (W.G.); (W.C.); (Q.G.); (L.Q.); (X.Y.); (S.T.)
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17
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Zhou Y, Huang X, Hu T, Chen S, Wang Y, Shi X, Yin M, Li R, Wang J, Jia X. Genome-Wide Analysis of Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferase (GPAT) Family in Perilla frutescens and Functional Characterization of PfGPAT9 Crucial for Biosynthesis of Storage Oils Rich in High-Value Lipids. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15106. [PMID: 37894786 PMCID: PMC10606570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) catalyzes the first step in triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis. However, GPAT members and their functions remain poorly understood in Perilla frutescens, a special edible-medicinal plant with its seed oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (mostly α-linolenic acid, ALA). Here, 14 PfGPATs were identified from the P. frutescens genome and classified into three distinct groups according to their phylogenetic relationships. These 14 PfGPAT genes were distributed unevenly across 11 chromosomes. PfGPAT members within the same subfamily had highly conserved gene structures and four signature functional domains, despite considerable variations detected in these conserved motifs between groups. RNA-seq and RT-qPCR combined with dynamic analysis of oil and FA profiles during seed development indicated that PfGPAT9 may play a crucial role in the biosynthesis and accumulation of seed oil and PUFAs. Ex vivo enzymatic assay using the yeast expression system evidenced that PfGPAT9 had a strong GPAT enzyme activity crucial for TAG assembly and also a high substrate preference for oleic acid (OA, C18:1) and ALA (C18:3). Heterogeneous expression of PfGPAT9 significantly increased total oil and UFA (mostly C18:1 and C18:3) levels in both the seeds and leaves of the transgenic tobacco plants. Moreover, these transgenic tobacco lines exhibited no significant negative effect on other agronomic traits, including plant growth and seed germination rate, as well as other morphological and developmental properties. Collectively, our findings provide important insights into understanding PfGPAT functions, demonstrating that PfGPAT9 is the desirable target in metabolic engineering for increasing storage oil enriched with valuable FA profiles in oilseed crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Zhou
- College of Agronomy/Institute of Molecular Agriculture & Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.J.)
| | - Xusheng Huang
- College of Agronomy/Institute of Molecular Agriculture & Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.J.)
| | - Ting Hu
- College of Agronomy/Institute of Molecular Agriculture & Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.J.)
| | - Shuwei Chen
- College of Agronomy/Institute of Molecular Agriculture & Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.J.)
| | - Yao Wang
- College of Agronomy/Institute of Molecular Agriculture & Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.J.)
| | - Xianfei Shi
- College of Agronomy/Institute of Molecular Agriculture & Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.J.)
| | - Miao Yin
- College of Agronomy/Institute of Molecular Agriculture & Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.J.)
| | - Runzhi Li
- College of Agronomy/Institute of Molecular Agriculture & Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.J.)
| | - Jiping Wang
- College of Agronomy/Institute of Molecular Agriculture & Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.J.)
| | - Xiaoyun Jia
- College of Agronomy/Institute of Molecular Agriculture & Bioenergy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.J.)
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
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18
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Pramanik D, Becker A, Roessner C, Rupp O, Bogarín D, Pérez-Escobar OA, Dirks-Mulder A, Droppert K, Kocyan A, Smets E, Gravendeel B. Evolution and development of fruits of Erycina pusilla and other orchid species. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286846. [PMID: 37815982 PMCID: PMC10564159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruits play a crucial role in seed dispersal. They open along dehiscence zones. Fruit dehiscence zone formation has been intensively studied in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, little is known about the mechanisms and genes involved in the formation of fruit dehiscence zones in species outside the Brassicaceae. The dehiscence zone of A. thaliana contains a lignified layer, while dehiscence zone tissues of the emerging orchid model Erycina pusilla include a lipid layer. Here we present an analysis of evolution and development of fruit dehiscence zones in orchids. We performed ancestral state reconstructions across the five orchid subfamilies to study the evolution of selected fruit traits and explored dehiscence zone developmental genes using RNA-seq and qPCR. We found that erect dehiscent fruits with non-lignified dehiscence zones and a short ripening period are ancestral characters in orchids. Lignified dehiscence zones in orchid fruits evolved multiple times from non-lignified zones. Furthermore, we carried out gene expression analysis of tissues from different developmental stages of E. pusilla fruits. We found that fruit dehiscence genes from the MADS-box gene family and other important regulators in E. pusilla differed in their expression pattern from their homologs in A. thaliana. This suggests that the current A. thaliana fruit dehiscence model requires adjustment for orchids. Additionally, we discovered that homologs of A. thaliana genes involved in the development of carpel, gynoecium and ovules, and genes involved in lipid biosynthesis were expressed in the fruit valves of E. pusilla, implying that these genes may play a novel role in formation of dehiscence zone tissues in orchids. Future functional analysis of developmental regulators, lipid identification and quantification can shed more light on lipid-layer based dehiscence of orchid fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewi Pramanik
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia (BRIN), Central Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Annette Becker
- Development Biology of Plants, Institute for Botany, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Clemens Roessner
- Development Biology of Plants, Institute for Botany, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Oliver Rupp
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Diego Bogarín
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Jardín Botánico Lankester, Universidad de Costa Rica, Cartago, Costa Rica
| | | | - Anita Dirks-Mulder
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin Droppert
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Kocyan
- Botanical Museum, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erik Smets
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Barbara Gravendeel
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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19
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Dong J, Jiang W, Gao P, Yang T, Zhang W, Huangfu M, Zhang J, Che D. Comparison of betalain compounds in two Beta vulgaris var. cicla and BvCYP76AD27 function identification in betalain biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 199:107711. [PMID: 37116227 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Beta vulgaris var. cicla is an edible, ornamental and horticultural plant. However, the difference of components and contents of betalain in beets with different leaf color are not well understood. Here, the stress resistance and metabolites of two B. vulgaris var. cicla cultivars were determined. The differences in stress resistance between red leaf-colored chard (RC) and yellow leaf-colored chard (YC) were positively related to betacyanins (BC) and betaxathins (BX) content in the leaves. Furthermore, a total of 3615 distinct metabolites were identified by UPLC-QTOF-MS in two cultivars, including 70 alkaloids and their derivatives, 249 flavonoids, and 264 terpenoids. There were 17 metabolites attributed to betalain biosynthesis pathway, seven of nine BC were up-regulated, and eight BX showed no significant difference in RC compared with YC. The contents of celosianin II and betanin were the highest BC in RC, at approximately 84.38 and 19.97 times that of YC, respectively. The content of portulacaxanthin II was the highest BX in two beets. Additionally, the BvCYP450 genes were identified based on genome, and the members that might be involved in betalain biosynthesis were screened. BvCYP76AD27, a member of the BvCYP76AD subfamily, had a higher expression level in RC than YC under freezing, drought and shading stress. In yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, BvCYP76AD5 and BvCYP76AD27 only hydroxylated tyrosine to L-DOPA, which was transformed into portulacaxanthin II by 4,5-DOPA extradiol dioxygenase. The results contribute to illustrating the molecular mechanism of betalain biosynthesis and provide useful information for further investigation of beet chemistry and sufficient utilization of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dong
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Cold Region Landscape Plants and Applications, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Wan Jiang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Cold Region Landscape Plants and Applications, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Peng Gao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Cold Region Landscape Plants and Applications, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Tao Yang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Cold Region Landscape Plants and Applications, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Wuhua Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Cold Region Landscape Plants and Applications, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Minge Huangfu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Cold Region Landscape Plants and Applications, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jinzhu Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Cold Region Landscape Plants and Applications, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Daidi Che
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Cold Region Landscape Plants and Applications, Harbin, 150030, China.
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20
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Irish VF. My favourite flowering image: Arabidopsis conical petal epidermal cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:2940-2943. [PMID: 36932972 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian F Irish
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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21
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Yamaguchi T, Nomura T, Asano Y. Identification and characterization of cytochrome P450 CYP77A59 of loquat (Rhaphiolepis bibas) responsible for biosynthesis of phenylacetonitrile, a floral nitrile compound. PLANTA 2023; 257:114. [PMID: 37166515 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Cytochrome P450 CYP77A59 is responsible for the biosynthesis of phenylacetonitrile in loquat flowers. Flowers of some plants emit volatile nitrile compounds, but the biosynthesis of these compounds is unclear. Loquat (Rhaphiolepis bibas) flowers emit characteristic N-containing volatiles, such as phenylacetonitrile (PAN), (E/Z)-phenylacetaldoxime (PAOx), and (2-nitroethyl)benzene (NEB). These volatiles likely play a defense role against pathogens and insects. PAN and NEB are commonly biosynthesized from L-phenylalanine via (E/Z)-PAOx. Two cytochrome P450s-CYP79D80 and "promiscuous fatty acid ω-hydroxylase" CYP94A90, which catalyze the formation of (E/Z)-PAOx from L-phenylalanine and NEB from (E/Z)-PAOx, respectively-are involved in NEB biosynthesis. However, the enzymes catalyzing the formation of PAN from (E/Z)-PAOx in loquat have not been identified. In this study, we aimed to identify candidate cytochrome P450s catalyzing PAN formation in loquat flowers. Yeast whole-cell biocatalyst assays showed that among nine candidate cytochrome P450s, CYP77A58 and CYP77A59 produced PAN from (E/Z)-PAOx. CYP77As catalyzed the dehydration of aldoximes, which is atypical of cytochrome P450; the reaction was NADPH-dependent, with an optimum temperature and pH of 40 °C and 8.0, respectively. CYP77As acted on (E/Z)-PAOx, (E/Z)-4-hydroxyphenylacetaldoxime, and (E/Z)-indole-3-acetaldoxime. Previously characterized CYP77As are known to hydroxylate fatty acids; loquat CYP77As did not act on tested fatty acids. We observed higher expression of CYP77A59 in flowers than in buds; expression of CYP77A58 was remarkably reduced in the flowers. Because the flowers, but not buds, emit PAN, CYP77A59 is likely responsible for the biosynthesis of PAN in loquat flowers. This study will help us understand the biosynthesis of floral nitrile compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamaguchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan.
| | - Takuya Nomura
- Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Asano
- Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
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22
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Marinov O, Nomberg G, Sarkar S, Arya GC, Karavani E, Zelinger E, Manasherova E, Cohen H. Microscopic and metabolic investigations disclose the factors that lead to skin cracking in chili-type pepper fruit varieties. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad036. [PMID: 37799628 PMCID: PMC10548408 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The hydrophobic cuticle encasing the fruit skin surface plays critical roles during fruit development and post-harvest. Skin failure often results in the fruit surface cracking and forming a wound-periderm tissue made of suberin and lignin. The factors that make the fruit skin susceptible to cracking have yet to be fully understood. Herein, we investigated two varieties of chili peppers (Capsicum annuum L.), Numex Garnet, whose fruit has intact skin, and Vezena Slatka, whose fruit has cracked skin. Microscopical observations, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, biochemical and gene expression assays revealed that Vezena Slatka fruit form a thicker cuticle with greater levels of cutin monomers and hydroxycinnamic acids, and highly express key cutin-related genes. The skin of these fruit also had a lower epidermal cell density due to cells with very large perimeters, and highly express genes involved in epidermal cell differentiation. We demonstrate that skin cracking in the Vezena Slatka fruit is accompanied by a spatial accumulation of lignin-like polyphenolic compounds, without the formation of a typical wound-periderm tissues made of suberized cells. Lastly, we establish that skin cracking in chili-type pepper significantly affects fruit quality during post-harvest storage in a temperature-dependent manner. In conclusion, our data highlight cuticle thickness and epidermal cell density as two critical factors determining fruit skin susceptibility to cracking in chili-type pepper fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Marinov
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Gal Nomberg
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sutanni Sarkar
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Gulab Chand Arya
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Eldad Karavani
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Einat Zelinger
- Center for Scientific Imaging (CSI), The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ekaterina Manasherova
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
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23
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Quan J, Li X, Li Z, Wu M, Zhu B, Hong SB, Shi J, Zhu Z, Xu L, Zang Y. Transcriptomic Analysis of Heat Stress Response in Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis with Improved Thermotolerance through Exogenous Glycine Betaine. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076429. [PMID: 37047402 PMCID: PMC10094913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) is sensitive to high temperature, which will cause the B. rapa to remain in a semi-dormancy state. Foliar spray of GB prior to heat stress was proven to enhance B. rapa thermotolerance. In order to understand the molecular mechanisms of GB-primed resistance or adaptation towards heat stress, we investigated the transcriptomes of GB-primed and non-primed heat-sensitive B. rapa ‘Beijing No. 3’ variety by RNA-Seq analysis. A total of 582 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from GB-primed plants exposed to heat stress relative to non-primed plants under heat stress and were assigned to 350 gene ontology (GO) pathways and 69 KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways. The analysis of the KEGG enrichment pathways revealed that the most abundantly up-regulated pathways were protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum (14 genes), followed by plant hormone signal transduction (12 genes), ribosome (8 genes), MAPK signaling pathway (8 genes), homologous recombination (7 genes), nucleotide excision repair metabolism (5 genes), glutathione metabolism (4 genes), and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism (4 genes). The most abundantly down-regulated pathways were plant-pathogen interaction (14 genes), followed by phenylpropanoid biosynthesis (7 genes); arginine and proline metabolism (6 genes); cutin, suberine, and wax biosynthesis (4 genes); and tryptophan metabolism (4 genes). Several calcium sensing/transducing proteins, as well as transcription factors associated with abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), auxin, and cytokinin hormones were either up- or down-regulated in GB-primed B. rapa plants under heat stress. In particular, expression of the genes for antioxidant defense, heat shock response, and DNA damage repair systems were highly increased by GB priming. On the other hand, many of the genes involved in the calcium sensors and cell surface receptors involved in plant innate immunity and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites were down-regulated in the absence of pathogen elicitors in GB-primed B. rapa seedlings. Overall GB priming activated ABA and SA signaling pathways but deactivated auxin and cytokinin signaling pathways while suppressing the innate immunity in B. rapa seedlings exposed to heat stress. The present study provides a preliminary understanding of the thermotolerance mechanisms in GB-primed plants and is of great importance in developing thermotolerant B. rapa cultivars by using the identified DEGs through genetic modification.
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24
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Wang H, Lu Z, Xu Y, Zhang J, Han L, Chai M, Wang ZY, Yang X, Lu S, Tong J, Xiao L, Wen J, Mysore KS, Zhou C. Roles of very long-chain fatty acids in compound leaf patterning in Medicago truncatula. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:1751-1770. [PMID: 36617225 PMCID: PMC10022625 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant cuticles are composed of hydrophobic cuticular waxes and cutin. Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are components of epidermal waxes and the plasma membrane and are involved in organ morphogenesis. By screening a barrelclover (Medicago truncatula) mutant population tagged by the transposable element of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cell type1 (Tnt1), we identified two types of mutants with unopened flower phenotypes, named unopened flower1 (uof1) and uof2. Both UOF1 and UOF2 encode enzymes that are involved in the biosynthesis of VLCFAs and cuticular wax. Comparative analysis of the mutants indicated that the mutation in UOF1, but not UOF2, leads to the increased number of leaflets in M. truncatula. UOF1 was specifically expressed in the outermost cell layer (L1) of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and leaf primordia. The uof1 mutants displayed defects in VLCFA-mediated plasma membrane integrity, resulting in the disordered localization of the PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1) ortholog SMOOTH LEAF MARGIN1 (SLM1) in M. truncatula. Our work demonstrates that the UOF1-mediated biosynthesis of VLCFAs in L1 is critical for compound leaf patterning, which is associated with the polarization of the auxin efflux carrier in M. truncatula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Zhichao Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yiteng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Lu Han
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Maofeng Chai
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Zeng-Yu Wang
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xianpeng Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Shiyou Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jianhua Tong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Langtao Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Chuanen Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
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25
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Shen Y, Shen Y, Liu Y, Bai Y, Liang M, Zhang X, Chen Z. Characterization and functional analysis of AhGPAT9 gene involved in lipid synthesis in peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1144306. [PMID: 36844041 PMCID: PMC9950565 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1144306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
GPAT enzymes (glycerol-3-phosphate 1-O-acyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.15) catalyze the initial and rate-limiting step of plant glycerolipid biosynthesis for membrane homeostasis and lipid accumulation, yet little research has been done on peanuts. By reverse genetics and bioinformatics analyses, we have characterized an AhGPAT9 isozyme, of which the homologous product is isolated from cultivated peanut. QRT-PCR assay revealed a spatio-temporal expression pattern that the transcripts of AhGPAT9 accumulating in various peanut tissues are highly expressed during seed development, followed by leaves. Green fluorescent protein tagging of AhGPAT9 confirmed its subcellular accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum. Compared with the wild type control, overexpressed AhGPAT9 delayed the bolting stage of transgenic Arabidopsis, reduced the number of siliques, and increased the seed weight as well as seed area, suggesting the possibility of participating in plant growth and development. Meanwhile, the mean seed oil content from five overexpression lines increased by about 18.73%. The two lines with the largest increases in seed oil content showed a decrease in palmitic acid (C16:0) and eicosenic acid (C20:1) by 17.35% and 8.33%, respectively, and an increase in linolenic acid (C18:3) and eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3) by 14.91% and 15.94%, respectively. In addition, overexpressed AhGPAT9 had no significant effect on leaf lipid content of transgenic plants. Taken together, these results suggest that AhGPAT9 is critical for the biosynthesis of storage lipids, which contributes to the goal of modifying peanut seeds for improved oil content and fatty acid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yonghui Liu
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Man Liang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuyao Zhang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhide Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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26
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Khoudi H. SHINE clade of ERF transcription factors: A significant player in abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 195:77-88. [PMID: 36603451 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
SHINE (SHN) clade transcription factors (TFs) represents a subfamily of APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor (AP2/ERF) proteins. The latter, is characterized by its responsiveness to the phytohormone ethylene and the presence of AP2 DNA-binding domain. They are involved in many biological processes and in responses to different environmental constraints. SHN TFs were among the first identified regulators of cuticle formation. Cuticle plays crucial role in plant tolerance to drought, salinity and high temperature as well as in defense against pathogens. In addition, SHN were shown to be involved in the regulation of stomatal development which influences resistance to drought and diseases. Interestingly, recent studies have also shown that SHN TFs are involved in mediating the beneficial effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as well as disease resistance conferred by nanoparticles. To fulfill their roles, SHN TFs are controlled upstream by other TFs and they control, in their turn, different downstream genes. In this review, we highlight the role of SHN TFs in different abiotic and biotic stresses through their involvement in cuticle biosynthesis, stomatal development and molecular regulation of biochemical and physiological traits. In addition, we discuss the regulation of SHN TFs by plant hormones and their influence on hormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways. Knowledge of this complex regulation can be put into contribution to increase multiple abiotic stress tolerances through transgenesis, gene editing and classical breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Khoudi
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology and Improvement, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Route Sidi Mansour Km 6, B.P'1177', 3018, Sfax, Tunisia.
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27
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Huo X, Pan A, Lei M, Song Z, Chen Y, Wang X, Gao Y, Zhang J, Wang S, Zhao Y, Wang F, Zhang J. Genome-Wide Characterization and Functional Analysis of ABCG Subfamily Reveal Its Role in Cutin Formation in Cotton. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032379. [PMID: 36768702 PMCID: PMC9916852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter G (ABCG) has been shown to be engaged in export of broad-spectrum compounds with structural differences, but little is known concerning its role in cutin formation of cotton (Gossypium spp.). In this study, we conduct a genome-wide survey and detected 69, 71, 124 and 131 ABCG genes within G. arboretum, G. raimondii, G. hirsutum and G. barbadense, separately. The above ABCGs could be divided into four groups (Ia, Ib, Ic, II). Some ABCG genes such as GhABCG15, whose homologous gene transports cuticular lipid in Arabidopsis, was preferentially expressed in the development of fiber. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) demonstrated that GhABCG expression was significantly associated with the amount of 16-Hydroxypalmitate (a main component of cutin precursor) in cotton fibers. Further, silencing of GhABCG15 by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in cotton generated brightened and crinkled leaves as well as reduced thickness of cuticle and increased permeability. Chemical composition analysis showed the cutin content in GhABCG15-silenced leaves had decreased while the wax content had increased. Our results provide an insight for better understanding of the role of the Gossypium ABCG family and revealed the essential role of GhABCGs in cotton cutin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehan Huo
- Life Science College, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ao Pan
- College of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Mingyang Lei
- Life Science College, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Zhangqiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Life Science College, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jingxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shengli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yanxiu Zhao
- Life Science College, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Furong Wang
- Life Science College, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Life Science College, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
- Key Laboratory of Cotton Breeding and Cultivation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Industrial Crops, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (J.Z.)
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Sharma A, Sinharoy S, Bisht NC. The mysterious non-arbuscular mycorrhizal status of Brassicaceae species. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:917-930. [PMID: 36655756 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The Brassicaceae family is unique in not fostering functional symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM). The family is also special in possessing glucosinolates, a class of secondary metabolites predominantly functioning for plant defence. We have reviewed what effect the glucosinolates of this non-symbiotic host have on AM or vice versa. Isothiocyanates, the toxic degradation product of the glucosinolates, particularly the indolic and benzenic glucosinolates, are known to be involved in the inhibition of AM. Interestingly, AM colonization enhances glucosinolate production in two AM-host in the Brassicales family- Moringa oleifera and Tropaeolum spp. PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE 1 (PHR1), a central transcription factor that controls phosphate starvation response also activates the glucosinolate biosynthesis in AM non-host Arabidopsis thaliana. Recently, the advances in whole-genome sequencing, enabling extensive ecological microbiome studies have helped unravel the Brassicaceae microbiome, identifying new mutualists that compensate for the loss of AM symbiosis, and reporting cues for some influence of glucosinolates on the microbiome structure. We advocate that glucosinolate is an important candidate in determining the mycorrhizal status of Brassicaceae and has played a major role in its symbiosis-defence trade-off. We also identify key open questions in this area that remain to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aprajita Sharma
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Senjuti Sinharoy
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Naveen C Bisht
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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Moyroud E, Airoldi CA, Ferria J, Giorio C, Steimer SS, Rudall PJ, Prychid CJ, Halliwell S, Walker JF, Robinson S, Kalberer M, Glover BJ. Cuticle chemistry drives the development of diffraction gratings on the surface of Hibiscus trionum petals. Curr Biol 2022; 32:5323-5334.e6. [PMID: 36423640 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plants combine both chemical and structural means to appear colorful. We now have an extensive understanding of the metabolic pathways used by flowering plants to synthesize pigments, but the mechanisms remain obscure whereby cells produce microscopic structures sufficiently regular to interfere with light and create an optical effect. Here, we combine transgenic approaches in a novel model system, Hibiscus trionum, with chemical analyses of the cuticle, both in transgenic lines and in different species of Hibiscus, to investigate the formation of a semi-ordered diffraction grating on the petal surface. We show that regulating both cuticle production and epidermal cell growth is insufficient to determine the type of cuticular pattern produced. Instead, the chemical composition of the cuticle plays a crucial role in restricting the formation of diffraction gratings to the pigmented region of the petal. This suggests that buckling, driven by spatiotemporal regulation of cuticle chemistry, could pattern the petal surface at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwige Moyroud
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK.
| | - Chiara A Airoldi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Jordan Ferria
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Chiara Giorio
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Sarah S Steimer
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Shannon Halliwell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Joseph F Walker
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Sarah Robinson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beverley J Glover
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
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Kim RJ, Lee SB, Pandey G, Suh MC. Functional conservation of an AP2/ERF transcription factor in cuticle formation suggests an important role in the terrestrialization of early land plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7450-7466. [PMID: 36112045 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The formation of a hydrophobic cuticle layer on aerial plant parts was a critical innovation for protection from the terrestrial environment during the evolution of land plants. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying cuticle biogenesis in early terrestrial plants. Here, we report an APETALA2/Ethylene Response Factor (AP2/ERF) transcriptional activator, PpWIN1, involved in cutin and cuticular wax biosynthesis in Physcomitrium patens and Arabidopsis. The transcript levels of PpWIN1 were 2.5-fold higher in gametophores than in the protonema, and increased by approximately 3- to 4.7-fold in the protonema and gametophores under salt and osmotic stresses. PpWIN1 harbouring transcriptional activation activity is localized in the nucleus of tobacco leaf epidermal cells. Δppwin1 knockout mutants displayed a permeable cuticle, increased water loss, and cutin- and wax-deficient phenotypes. In contrast, increased total cutin and wax loads, and decreased water loss rates were observed in PpWIN1-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants. The transcript levels of genes involved in cutin or wax biosynthesis were significantly up-regulated in PpWIN1-overexpressing Arabidopsis lines, indicating that PpWIN1 acts as a transcriptional activator in cuticle biosynthesis. This study suggests that Arabidopsis WIN1/SHN1 orthologs may be functionally conserved from early to vascular land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryeo Jin Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Seat Buyl Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, JeonJu 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Garima Pandey
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Chung Suh
- Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
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Wan S, Yang M, Ni F, Chen W, Wang Y, Chu P, Guan R. A small chromosomal inversion mediated by MITE transposons confers cleistogamy in Brassica napus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1841-1853. [PMID: 36005931 PMCID: PMC9614453 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cleistogamy, self-pollination within closed flowers, can help maintain seed purity, accelerate breeding speed, and aid in the development of ornamental flowers. However, the mechanism underlying petal closing/opening behavior remains elusive. Here, we found that a Brassica napus petal closing/opening behavior was inherited in a Mendelian manner. Fine mapping and positional cloning experiments revealed that the Mendelian factor originated from a short (29.8 kb) inversion mediated by BnDTH9 miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs) on chromosome C03. This inversion led to tissue-specific gene promoter exchange between BnaC03.FBA (BnaC03G0156800ZS encoding an F-Box-associated domain-containing protein) and BnaC03.EFO1 (BnaC03G0157400ZS encoding an EARLY FLOWERING BY OVEREXPRESSION 1 protein) positioned near the respective inversion breakpoints. Our genetic transformation work demonstrated that the cleistogamy originated from high tissue-specific expression of the BnaC03.FBA gene caused by promoter changes due to the MITE-mediated inversion. BnaC03.FBA is involved in the formation of an SCF (Skp1-Cullin-F-box) complex, which participates in ubiquitin-mediated protein targeting for degradation through the ubiquitin 26S-proteasome system. Our results shed light on a molecular model of petal-closing behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubei Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mao Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fei Ni
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenjing Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yangming Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Pu Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rongzhan Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Yu J, Lei B, Zhao H, Wang B, Kakar KU, Guo Y, Zhang X, Jia M, Yang H, Zhao D. Cloning, characterization and functional analysis of NtMYB306a gene reveals its role in wax alkane biosynthesis of tobacco trichomes and stress tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1005811. [PMID: 36275561 PMCID: PMC9583951 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1005811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes are specialized hair-like organs found on epidermal cells of many terrestrial plants, which protect plant from excessive transpiration and numerous abiotic and biotic stresses. However, the genetic basis and underlying mechanisms are largely unknown in Nicotiana tabacum (common tobacco), an established model system for genetic engineering and plant breeding. In present study, we identified, cloned and characterized an unknown function transcription factor NtMYB306a from tobacco cultivar K326 trichomes. Results obtained from sequence phylogenetic tree analysis showed that NtMYB306a-encoded protein belonged to S1 subgroup of the plants' R2R3-MYB transcription factors (TFs). Observation of the green fluorescent signals from NtMYB306a-GFP fusion protein construct exhibited that NtMYB306a was localized in nucleus. In yeast transactivation assays, the transformed yeast containing pGBKT7-NtMYB306a construct was able to grow on SD/-Trp-Ade+X-α-gal selection media, signifying that NtMYB306a exhibits transcriptional activation activity. Results from qRT-PCR, in-situ hybridization and GUS staining of transgenic tobacco plants revealed that NtMYB306a is primarily expressed in tobacco trichomes, especially tall glandular trichomes (TGTs) and short glandular trichomes (SGTs). RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and qRT-PCR analysis of the NtMYB306a-overexpressing transgenic tobacco line revealed that NtMYB306a activated the expression of a set of key target genes which were associated with wax alkane biosynthesis. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) exhibited that the total alkane contents and the contents of n-C28, n-C29, n-C31, and ai-C31 alkanes in leaf exudates of NtMYB306a-OE lines (OE-3, OE-13, and OE-20) were significantly greater when compared to WT. Besides, the promoter region of NtMYB306a contained numerous stress-responsive cis-acting elements, and their differential expression towards salicylic acid and cold stress treatments reflected their roles in signal transduction and cold-stress tolerance. Together, these results suggest that NtMYB306a is necessarily a positive regulator of alkane metabolism in tobacco trichomes that does not affect the number and morphology of tobacco trichomes, and that it can be used as a candidate gene for improving stress resistance and the quality of tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, China
| | - Bo Lei
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, China
| | - Huina Zhao
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, China
| | - Kaleem U. Kakar
- Department of Microbiology, Baluchistan University of Information Technology and Managemnet Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Yushuang Guo
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaolian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, China
| | - Mengao Jia
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guiyang, China
| | - Degang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Plant Conservation Technology Center, Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
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Ge S, Qin K, Ding S, Yang J, Jiang L, Qin Y, Wang R. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Metabolite Analysis Combined with Transcriptomic and Proteomic Provide New Insights into Revealing Cuticle Formation during Pepper Development. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:12383-12397. [PMID: 36148491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle plays an important role for the quality of pepper fruit. However, the molecular mechanism of cuticle formation in pepper fruit remains unclear. Our results showed that the wax was continuously accumulated during pepper development, while the cutin monomer first increased and then decreased. Hexadecanoic acid and 10,16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid were the main components of wax and cutin, respectively. Combined with transcriptome and proteome, the formation patterns of wax and cutin polyester network for pepper cuticle was proposed. The 18 pairs of consistent expression genes and proteins involved in cuticle formation were revealed. Meanwhile, 12 key genes were screened from fatty acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, fatty acid elongation, cutin, suberine, and wax biosynthesis, glycerolipid metabolism, and transport pathway. This study would provide important candidate genes and theoretical basis for the molecular mechanism of cuticle formation, which is essential for the breeding of peppers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Ge
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Keying Qin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Shenghua Ding
- Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Jianfeng Yang
- Liuyang Hongxiu Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Liuyang 410300, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yeyou Qin
- Hunan Tantanxiang Food Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Changsha 410128, China
| | - Rongrong Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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Feng T, Wu P, Gao H, Kosma DK, Jenks MA, Lü S. Natural variation in root suberization is associated with local environment in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:385-398. [PMID: 35751382 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Genetic signature of climate adaptation has been widely recognized across the genome of many organisms; however, the eco-physiological basis for linking genomic polymorphisms with local adaptations remains largely unexplored. Using a panel of 218 world-wide Arabidopsis accessions, we characterized the natural variation in root suberization by quantifying 16 suberin monomers. We explored the associations between suberization traits and 126 climate variables. We conducted genome-wide association analysis and integrated previous genotype-environment association (GEA) to identify the genetic bases underlying suberization variation and their involvements in climate adaptation. Root suberin content displays extensive variation across Arabidopsis populations and significantly correlates with local moisture gradients and soil characteristics. Specifically, enhanced suberization is associated with drier environments, higher soil cation-exchange capacity, and lower soil pH; higher proportional levels of very-long-chain suberin is negatively correlated with moisture availability, lower soil gravel content, and higher soil silt fraction. We identified 94 putative causal loci and experimentally proved that GPAT6 is involved in C16 suberin biosynthesis. Highly significant associations between the putative genes and environmental variables were observed. Roots appear highly responsive to environmental heterogeneity via regulation of suberization, especially the suberin composition. The patterns of suberization-environment correlation and the suberin-related GEA fit the expectations of local adaptation for the polygenic suberization trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Pan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Huani Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Dylan K Kosma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Matthew A Jenks
- School of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Shiyou Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Zhang A, Huang Q, Li J, Zhu W, Liu X, Wu X, Zha D. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Gene Expression Differences in Eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.) Fruits with Different Brightness. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162506. [PMID: 36010506 PMCID: PMC9407171 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit brightness is an important quality trait that affects the market value of eggplant. However, few studies have been conducted on eggplant brightness. In this study, we aimed to identify genes related to this trait in three varieties of eggplant with different fruit brightness between 14 and 22 days after pollination. Using RNA-Seq Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses, we found that wax- and cutin-related pathways and differentially expressed genes displayed significant differences among different development stages and varieties. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the wax layer was thinner in '30-1' and 'QPCQ' than in '22-1'. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that wax content was significantly lower in '30-1' than in '22-1', which indicated that wax may be an important factor determining fruit brightness. We further identified and analyzed the KCS gene family, which encodes the rate-limiting enzyme of FA elongation in wax synthesis. The results provide an insight into the molecular mechanisms of fruit brightness in eggplants and further eggplant breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Horticultural Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Qianru Huang
- College of Life Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Jianyong Li
- Shanghai Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, Shanghai 201103, China
| | - Weimin Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Horticultural Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xuexia Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Horticultural Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Dingshi Zha
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Horticultural Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
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Saroha A, Pal D, Gomashe SS, Akash, Kaur V, Ujjainwal S, Rajkumar S, Aravind J, Radhamani J, Kumar R, Chand D, Sengupta A, Wankhede DP. Identification of QTNs Associated With Flowering Time, Maturity, and Plant Height Traits in Linum usitatissimum L. Using Genome-Wide Association Study. Front Genet 2022; 13:811924. [PMID: 35774513 PMCID: PMC9237403 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.811924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early flowering, maturity, and plant height are important traits for linseed to fit in rice fallows, for rainfed agriculture, and for economically viable cultivation. Here, Multi-Locus Genome-Wide Association Study (ML-GWAS) was undertaken in an association mapping panel of 131 accessions, genotyped using 68,925 SNPs identified by genotyping by sequencing approach. Phenotypic evaluation data of five environments comprising 3 years and two locations were used. GWAS was performed for three flowering time traits including days to 5%, 50%, and 95% flowering, days to maturity, and plant height by employing five ML-GWAS methods: FASTmrEMMA, FASTmrMLM, ISIS EM-BLASSO, mrMLM, and pLARmEB. A total of 335 unique QTNs have been identified for five traits across five environments. 109 QTNs were stable as observed in ≥2 methods and/or environments, explaining up to 36.6% phenotypic variance. For three flowering time traits, days to maturity, and plant height, 53, 30, and 27 stable QTNs, respectively, were identified. Candidate genes having roles in flower, pollen, embryo, seed and fruit development, and xylem/phloem histogenesis have been identified. Gene expression of candidate genes for flowering and plant height were studied using transcriptome of an early maturing variety Sharda (IC0523807). The present study unravels QTNs/candidate genes underlying complex flowering, days to maturity, and plant height traits in linseed.
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The Metabolism of a Novel Cytochrome P450 (CYP77B34) in Tribenuron-Methyl-Resistant Descurainia sophia L. to Herbicides with Different Mode of Actions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105812. [PMID: 35628621 PMCID: PMC9147942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Descurainia sophia L. (flixweeds) is a noxious broad-leaf weed infesting winter wheat fields in China that has evolved high resistance to tribenuron-methyl. In this work, a brand new gene CYP77B34 was cloned from tribenuron-methyl-resistant (TR) D. sophia and transferred into Arabidopsis thaliana, and the sensitivities of Arabidopsis with or without the CYP77B34 transgene to herbicides with a different mode of actions (MoAs) were tested. Compared to Arabidopsis expressing pCAMBIA1302-GFP (empty plasmid), Arabidopsis transferring pCAMBIA1302-CYP77B34 (recombinant plasmid) became resistant to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide tribenuron-methyl, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting herbicides carfentrazone-ethyl and oxyfluorfen. Cytochrome P450 inhibitor malathion could reverse the resistance to tribenuron-methyl, carfentrazone-ethyl and oxyfluorfen in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. In addition, the metabolic rates of tribenuron-methyl in Arabidopsis expressing CYP77B34 were significantly higher than those in Arabidopsis expressing pCAMBIA1302-GFP. Other than that, the transgenic plants showed some tolerance to very-long-chain fatty acid synthesis (VLCFAs)-inhibiting herbicide pretilachlor and photosystem (PS) II-inhibiting herbicide bromoxynil. Subcellular localization revealed that the CYP77B34 protein was located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These results clearly indicated that CYP77B34 mediated D. sophia resistance to tribenuron-methyl and may have been involved in D. sophia cross-resistance to carfentrazone-ethyl, oxyfluorfen, pretilachlor and bromoxynil.
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Wang J, Kambhampati S, Allen DK, Chen LQ. Comparative Metabolic Analysis Reveals a Metabolic Switch in Mature, Hydrated, and Germinated Pollen in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:836665. [PMID: 35665175 PMCID: PMC9158543 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.836665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Pollen germination is an essential process for pollen tube growth, pollination, and therefore seed production in flowering plants, and it requires energy either from remobilization of stored carbon sources, such as lipids and starches, or from secreted exudates from the stigma. Transcriptome analysis from in vitro pollen germination previously showed that 14 GO terms, including metabolism and energy, were overrepresented in Arabidopsis. However, little is understood about global changes in carbohydrate and energy-related metabolites during the transition from mature pollen grain to hydrated pollen, a prerequisite to pollen germination, in most plants, including Arabidopsis. In this study, we investigated differential metabolic pathway enrichment among mature, hydrated, and germinated pollen using an untargeted metabolomic approach. Integration of publicly available transcriptome data with metabolomic data generated as a part of this study revealed starch and sucrose metabolism increased significantly during pollen hydration and germination. We analyzed in detail alterations in central metabolism, focusing on soluble carbohydrates, non-esterified fatty acids, glycerophospholipids, and glycerolipids. We found that several metabolites, including palmitic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, quercetin, luteolin/kaempferol, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), were elevated in hydrated pollen, suggesting a potential role in activating pollen tube emergence. The metabolite levels of mature, hydrated, and germinated pollen, presented in this work provide insights on the molecular basis of pollen germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | | | - Doug K. Allen
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, United States
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Li-Qing Chen
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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Santos P, Busta L, Yim WC, Cahoon EB, Kosma DK. Structural diversity, biosynthesis, and function of plant falcarin-type polyacetylenic lipids. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2889-2904. [PMID: 35560192 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The polyacetylenic lipids falcarinol, falcarindiol, and associated derivatives, termed falcarins, have a widespread taxonomical distribution in the plant kingdom and have received increasing interest for their demonstrated health-promoting properties as anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory agents. These fatty acid-derived compounds are also linked to plant pathogen resistance through their potent antimicrobial properties. Falcarin-type polyacetylenes, which contain two conjugated triple bonds, are derived from structural modifications of the common fatty acid oleic acid. In the past half century, much progress has been made in understanding the structural diversity of falcarins in the plant kingdom, whereas limited progress has been made on elucidating falcarin function in plant-pathogen interactions. More recently, an understanding of the biosynthetic machinery underlying falcarin biosynthesis has emerged. This review provides a concise summary of the current state of knowledge on falcarin structural diversity, biosynthesis, and plant defense properties. We also present major unanswered questions about falcarin biosynthesis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Lucas Busta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Won Cheol Yim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Edgar B Cahoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Dylan K Kosma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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Chemical and Molecular Characterization of Wound-Induced Suberization in Poplar (Populus alba × P. tremula) Stem Bark. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11091143. [PMID: 35567144 PMCID: PMC9102228 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Upon mechanical damage, plants produce wound responses to protect internal tissues from infections and desiccation. Suberin, a heteropolymer found on the inner face of primary cell walls, is deposited in specific tissues under normal development, enhanced under abiotic stress conditions and synthesized by any tissue upon mechanical damage. Wound-healing suberization of tree bark has been investigated at the anatomical level but very little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying this important stress response. Here, we investigated a time course of wound-induced suberization in poplar bark. Microscopic changes showed that polyphenolics accumulate 3 days post wounding, with aliphatic suberin deposition observed 5 days post wounding. A wound periderm was formed 9 days post wounding. Chemical analyses of the suberin polyester accumulated during the wound-healing response indicated that suberin monomers increased from 0.25 to 7.98 mg/g DW for days 0 to 28, respectively. Monomer proportions varied across the wound-healing process, with an overall ratio of 2:1 (monomers:glycerol) found across the first 14 days post wounding, with this ratio increasing to 7:2 by day 28. The expression of selected candidate genes of poplar suberin metabolism was investigated using qRT-PCR. Genes queried belonging to lipid polyester and phenylpropanoid metabolism appeared to have redundant functions in native and wound-induced suberization. Our data show that, anatomically, the wounding response in poplar bark is similar to that described in periderms of other species. It also provides novel insight into this process at the chemical and molecular levels, which have not been previously studied in trees.
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Huang H, Du Y, Long Z, Li Y, Kong W, Wang H, Wei A, Du S, Yang R, Li J, Lin T, Zhang L, Liang B. Fine mapping of a novel QTL CsFSG1 for fruit skin gloss in cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.). MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2022; 42:25. [PMID: 37309465 PMCID: PMC10248622 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-022-01291-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an important vegetable crop that is popular with many people. Peel gloss is a highly valued external quality trait that affects the market value of cucumbers, and it directly influences the purchasing psychology of consumers. Nonetheless, the candidate genes and underlying genetic mechanism for this important cucumber trait are not well understood. In this study, we successfully mapped a fruit skin gloss QTL interval to chromosome 3 (26.04-26.14 Mb) using BSA and GWAS methods. Among the eleven candidate genes in the interval, the cytochrome P450 family gene CsCYP86B1 was identified as the candidate for control of fruit skin gloss in cucumber. The expression of CsCYP86B1 in 0-day fruit skin was significantly lower in the low-gloss isogenic line NIL-1334 than in the high-gloss isogenic line NIL-1325. Our findings provide new insights for improving fruit skin gloss in cucumber breeding. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-022-01291-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin Kernel Cucumber Research Institute, Tianjin, 300192 China
| | - Yuefan Du
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhiqin Long
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yuhe Li
- Institute of Cucumber Research, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300192 China
| | - Weiliang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin Kernel Cucumber Research Institute, Tianjin, 300192 China
| | - Huizhe Wang
- Institute of Cucumber Research, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300192 China
| | - Aimin Wei
- Institute of Cucumber Research, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300192 China
| | - Shengli Du
- Institute of Cucumber Research, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300192 China
| | - Ruihuan Yang
- Institute of Cucumber Research, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300192 China
| | - Jiawang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin Kernel Cucumber Research Institute, Tianjin, 300192 China
| | - Tao Lin
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Lidong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin Kernel Cucumber Research Institute, Tianjin, 300192 China
| | - Bin Liang
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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Gene Expression Analysis of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Lipoxygenase Cascade and Oxylipin Signature under Abiotic Stress. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11050683. [PMID: 35270153 PMCID: PMC8912661 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids through the lipoxygenase-catalyzed step and subsequent reactions is referred to as the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway. The components of this system, such as jasmonates, are involved in growth, development and defense reactions of plants. In this report, we focus on dynamics of expression of different LOX pathway genes and activities of target enzymes with three abiotic stress factors: darkness, salinity and herbicide toxicity. To obtain a more complete picture, the expression profiles of marker genes for salicylic acid, abscisic acid, ethylene, auxin and gibberellin-dependent signaling systems under the same stresses were also analyzed. The gene expression in Solanum tuberosum plants was analyzed using qRT-PCR, and we found that the LOX-cascade-related genes responded to darkness, salinity and herbicide toxicity in different ways. We detected activation of a number of 9-LOX pathway genes; however, in contrast to studies associated with biotic stress (infection), the 9-divinyl ether synthase branch of the LOX cascade was inhibited under all three stresses. GC-MS analysis of the oxylipin profiles also showed the main activity of the 9-LOX-cascade-related enzymes after treatment with herbicide and darkness.
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Liu YN, Liu CC, Zhu AQ, Niu KX, Guo R, Tian L, Wu YN, Sun B, Wang B. OsRAM2 Function in Lipid Biosynthesis Is Required for Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in Rice. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:187-199. [PMID: 34077267 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-21-0097-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is a mutualistic symbiosis formed between most land plants and Glomeromycotina fungi. During symbiosis, plants provide organic carbon to fungi in exchange for mineral nutrients. Previous legume studies showed that the required for arbuscular mycorrhization2 (RAM2) gene is necessary for transferring lipids from plants to AM fungi (AMF) and is also likely to play a "signaling" role at the root surface. To further explore RAM2 functions in other plant lineages, in this study, two rice (Oryza sativa) genes, OsRAM2 and OsRAM2L, were identified as orthologs of legume RAM2. Examining their expression patterns during symbiosis revealed that only OsRAM2 was strongly upregulated upon AMF inoculation. CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis was then performed to obtain three Osram2 mutant lines (-1, -2, and -3). After inoculation by AMF Rhizophagus irregularis or Funneliformis mosseae, all of the mutant lines showed extremely low colonization rates and the rarely observed arbuscules were all defective, thus supporting a conserved "nutritional" role of RAM2 between monocot and dicot lineages. As for the signaling role, although the hyphopodia numbers formed by both AMF on Osram2 mutants were indeed reduced, their morphology showed no abnormality, with fungal hyphae invading roots successfully. Promoter activities further indicated that OsRAM2 was not expressed in epidermal cells below hyphopodia or outer cortical cells enclosing fungal hyphae but instead expressed exclusively in cortical cells containing arbuscules. Therefore, this suggested an indirect role of RAM2 rather than a direct involvement in determining the symbiosis signals at the root surface.[Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 "No Rights Reserved" license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Na Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cheng-Chen Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - An-Qi Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ke-Xin Niu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Rui Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ya-Nan Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bo Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Berhin A, Nawrath C, Hachez C. Subtle interplay between trichome development and cuticle formation in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2036-2046. [PMID: 34704619 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes and cuticles are key protective epidermal specializations. This review highlights the genetic interplay existing between trichome and cuticle formation in a variety of species. Controlling trichome development, the biosynthesis of trichome-derived specialized metabolites as well as cuticle biosynthesis and deposition can be viewed as different aspects of a common defensive strategy adopted by plants to protect themselves from environmental stresses. Existence of such interplay is based on the mining of published transcriptomic data as well as on phenotypic observations in trichome or cuticle mutants where the morphology of both structures often appear to be concomitantly altered. Given the existence of several trichome developmental pathways depending on the plant species and the types of trichomes, genetic interactions between cuticle formation and trichome development are complex to decipher and not easy to generalize. Based on our review of the literature, a schematic overview of the gene network mediating this transcriptional interplay is presented for two model plant species: Arabidopsis thaliana and Solanum lycopersicum. In addition to fundamental new insights on the regulation of these processes, identifying key transcriptional switches controlling both processes could also facilitate more applied investigations aiming at improving much desired agronomical traits in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Berhin
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- Department of Molecular Plant Biology, University of Lausanne, Unil-Sorge, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Charles Hachez
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Webster C, Figueroa‐Corona L, Méndez‐González ID, Álvarez‐Soto L, Neale DB, Jaramillo‐Correa JP, Wegrzyn JL, Vázquez‐Lobo A. Comparative analysis of differential gene expression indicates divergence in ontogenetic strategies of leaves in two conifer genera. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8611. [PMID: 35222971 PMCID: PMC8848466 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In land plants, heteroblasty broadly refers to a drastic change in morphology during growth through ontogeny. Juniperus flaccida and Pinus cembroides are conifers of independent lineages known to exhibit leaf heteroblasty between the juvenile and adult life stage of development. Juvenile leaves of P. cembroides develop spirally on the main stem and appear decurrent, flattened, and needle-like; whereas adult photosynthetic leaves are triangular or semi-circular needle-like, and grow in whorls on secondary or tertiary compact dwarf shoots. By comparison, J. flaccida juvenile leaves are decurrent and needle-like, and adult leaves are compact, short, and scale-like. Comparative analyses were performed to evaluate differences in anatomy and gene expression patterns between developmental phases in both species. RNA from 12 samples was sequenced and analyzed with available software. They were assembled de novo from the RNA-Seq reads. Following assembly, 63,741 high-quality transcripts were functionally annotated in P. cembroides and 69,448 in J. flaccida. Evaluation of the orthologous groups yielded 4140 shared gene families among the four references (adult and juvenile from each species). Activities related to cell division and development were more abundant in juveniles than adults in P. cembroides, and more abundant in adults than juveniles in J. flaccida. Overall, there were 509 up-regulated and 81 down-regulated genes in the juvenile condition of P. cembroides and 14 up-regulated and 22 down-regulated genes in J. flaccida. Gene interaction network analysis showed evidence of co-expression and co-localization of up-regulated genes involved in cell wall and cuticle formation, development, and phenylpropanoid pathway, in juvenile P. cembroides leaves. Whereas in J. flaccida, differential expression and gene interaction patterns were detected in genes involved in photosynthesis and chloroplast biogenesis. Although J. flaccida and P. cembroides both exhibit leaf heteroblastic development, little overlap was detected, and unique genes and pathways were highlighted in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Webster
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticutUSA
| | - Laura Figueroa‐Corona
- Departamento de Ecología EvolutivaInstituto de EcologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Iván David Méndez‐González
- Departamento de Ecología EvolutivaInstituto de EcologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Lluvia Álvarez‐Soto
- Facultad de Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de MorelosCuernavacaMéxico
| | - David B. Neale
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Juan Pablo Jaramillo‐Correa
- Departamento de Ecología EvolutivaInstituto de EcologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Jill L. Wegrzyn
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ConnecticutStorrsConnecticutUSA
| | - Alejandra Vázquez‐Lobo
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y ConservaciónUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de MorelosCuernavacaMéxico
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Overexpression of the Panax ginseng CYP703 Alters Cutin Composition of Reproductive Tissues in Arabidopsis. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11030383. [PMID: 35161364 PMCID: PMC8839735 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) catalyzes a wide variety of monooxygenation reactions in plant primary and secondary metabolisms. Land plants contain CYP703, belonging to the CYP71 clan, which catalyzes the biochemical pathway of fatty acid hydroxylation, especially in male reproductive tissues. Korean/Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) has been regarded as one of important medicinal plant for a long time, however the molecular mechanism is less known on its development. In this study, we identified and characterized a CYP703A gene in P. ginseng (PgCYP703A4), regarding reproductive development. PgCYP703A4 shared a high-sequence identity (81–83%) with predicted amino acid as CYP703 in Dancus carota, Pistacia vera, and Camellia sinensis as well as 76% of amino acid sequence identity with reported CYP703 in Arabidopsis thaliana and 75% with Oryza sativa. Amino acid alignment and phylogenetic comparison of P. ginseng with higher plants and known A. thaliana members clearly distinguish the CYP703 members, each containing the AATDTS oxygen binding motif and PERH as a clade signature. The expression of PgCYP704B1 was only detected in P. ginseng flower buds, particularly in meiotic cells and the tapetum layer of developing anther, indicating the conserved role on male reproduction with At- and Os- CYP703. To acquire the clue of function, we transformed the PgCYP703A4 in A. thaliana. Independent overexpressing lines (PgCYP703A4ox) increased silique size and seed number, and altered the contents of fatty acids composition of cutin monomer in the siliques. Our results indicate that PgCYP703A4 is involved in fatty acid hydroxylation which affects cutin production and fruit size.
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Yang SL, Tran N, Tsai MY, Ho CMK. Misregulation of MYB16 expression causes stomatal cluster formation by disrupting polarity during asymmetric cell divisions. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:455-476. [PMID: 34718767 PMCID: PMC8774054 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal pores and the leaf cuticle regulate evaporation from the plant body and balance the tradeoff between photosynthesis and water loss. MYB16, encoding a transcription factor involved in cutin biosynthesis, is expressed in stomatal lineage ground cells, suggesting a link between cutin biosynthesis and stomatal development. Here, we show that the downregulation of MYB16 in meristemoids is directly mediated by the stomatal master transcription factor SPEECHLESS (SPCH) in Arabidopsis thaliana. The suppression of MYB16 before an asymmetric division is crucial for stomatal patterning, as its overexpression or ectopic expression in meristemoids increased stomatal density and resulted in the formation of stomatal clusters, as well as affecting the outer cell wall structure. Expressing a cutinase gene in plants ectopically expressing MYB16 reduced stomatal clustering, suggesting that cutin affects stomatal signaling or the polarity setup in asymmetrically dividing cells. The clustered stomatal phenotype was rescued by overexpressing EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR2, suggesting that stomatal signaling was still functional in these plants. Growing seedlings ectopically expressing MYB16 on high-percentage agar plates to modulate tensile strength rescued the polarity and stomatal cluster defects of these seedlings. Therefore, the inhibition of MYB16 expression by SPCH in the early stomatal lineage is required to correctly place the polarity protein needed for stomatal patterning during leaf morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Li Yang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ngan Tran
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ying Tsai
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan
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Surapaneni VA, Aust T, Speck T, Thielen M. Polarity in cuticular ridge development and insect attachment on leaf surfaces of Schismatoglottis calyptrata (Araceae). BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 12:1326-1338. [PMID: 34934607 PMCID: PMC8649201 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is a multifunctional barrier that separates the organs of the plant from the surrounding environment. Cuticular ridges are microscale wrinkle-like cuticular protrusions that occur on many flower and leaf surfaces. These microscopic ridges can help against pest insects by reducing the frictional forces experienced when they walk on the leaves and might also provide mechanical stability to the growing plant organs. Here, we have studied the development of cuticular ridges on adaxial leaf surfaces of the tropical Araceae Schismatoglottis calyptrata. We used polymer replicas of adaxial leaf surfaces at various ontogenetic stages to study the morphological changes occurring on the leaf surfaces. We characterized the replica surfaces by using confocal laser scanning microscopy and commercial surface analysis software. The development of cuticular ridges is polar and the ridge progression occurs basipetally with a specific inclination to the midrib on Schismatoglottis calyptrata leaves. Using Colorado potato beetles as model species, we performed traction experiments on freshly unrolled and adult leaves and found low walking frictional forces of insects on both of these surfaces. The changes in the micro- and macroscale morphology of the leaves should improve our understanding of the way that plants defend themselves against insect herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata A Surapaneni
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- FIT, Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- FMF, Freiburg Materials Research Center, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Aust
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- FIT, Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- FMF, Freiburg Materials Research Center, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS@ FIT- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marc Thielen
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- FIT, Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- FMF, Freiburg Materials Research Center, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Zheng J, Yang C, Zheng X, Yan S, Qu F, Zhao J, Pei Y. Lipidomic, Transcriptomic, and BSA-660K Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Profiling Reveal Characteristics of the Cuticular Wax in Wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:794878. [PMID: 34899814 PMCID: PMC8652291 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.794878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant epidermal wax helps protect plants from adverse environmental conditions, maintains the function of tissues and organs, and ensures normal plant development. However, the constituents of epidermal wax and the regulatory mechanism of their biosynthesis in wheat have not been fully understood. Wheat varieties with different wax content, Jinmai47 and Jinmai84, were selected to comparatively analyze their waxy components and genetic characteristics, using a combination of lipidomic, transcriptomic, and BSA-Wheat 660K chip analysis. Through lipidomic analysis, 1287 lipid molecules were identified representing 31 lipid subclasses. Among these, Diacylglycerols (DG), (O-acyl)-ω-hydroxy fatty acids (OAHFA), wax ester (WE), Triacylglycerols (TG), and Monoradylglycerols (MG) accounted for 96.4% of the total lipids in Jinmai84 and 94.5% in Jinmai47. DG, OAHFA, and WE were higher in Jinmai84 than in Jinmai47 with the content of OAHFA 2.88-fold greater and DG 1.66-fold greater. Transcriptome sequence and bioinformatics analysis revealed 63 differentially expressed genes related to wax biosynthesis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found to be involved with the OAHFA, DG, and MG of synthesis pathways, which enriched the wax metabolism pathway. Non-glaucous and glaucous bulks from a mapping population were used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) via 660K chip analysis. Two loci centered on chromosomes 2D and 4B were detected and the locus on 4B is likely novel. These data improve understanding of complex lipid metabolism for cuticular wax biosynthesis in wheat and lay the foundation for future detailed investigation of mechanisms regulating wax metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chenkang Yang
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xingwei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
| | - Suxian Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
| | - Fei Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
| | - Jiajia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Sustainable Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Linfen, China
| | - Yanxi Pei
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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Ayaz A, Huang H, Zheng M, Zaman W, Li D, Saqib S, Zhao H, Lü S. Molecular Cloning and Functional Analysis of GmLACS2-3 Reveals Its Involvement in Cutin and Suberin Biosynthesis along with Abiotic Stress Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9175. [PMID: 34502106 PMCID: PMC8430882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutin and wax are the main precursors of the cuticle that covers the aerial parts of plants and provide protection against biotic and abiotic stresses. Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases (LACSs) play diversified roles in the synthesis of cutin, wax, and triacylglycerol (TAG). Most of the information concerned with LACS functions is obtained from model plants, whereas the roles of LACS genes in Glycine max are less known. Here, we have identified 19 LACS genes in Glycine max, an important crop plant, and further focused our attention on 4 LACS2 genes (named as GmLACS2-1, 2, 3, 4, respectively). These GmLACS2 genes display different expression patterns in various organs and also show different responses to abiotic stresses, implying that these genes might play diversified functions during plant growth and against stresses. To further identify the role of GmLACS2-3, greatly induced by abiotic stresses, we transformed a construct containing its full length of coding sequence into Arabidopsis. The expression of GmLACS2-3 in an Arabidopsis atlacs2 mutant greatly suppressed its phenotype, suggesting it plays conserved roles with that of AtLACS2. The overexpression of GmLACS2-3 in wild-type plants significantly increased the amounts of cutin and suberin but had little effect on wax amounts, indicating the specific role of GmLACS2-3 in the synthesis of cutin and suberin. In addition, these GmLACS2-3 overexpressing plants showed enhanced drought tolerance. Taken together, our study deepens our understanding of the functions of LACS genes in different plants and also provides a clue for cultivating crops with strong drought resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Ayaz
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (A.A.); (H.H.); (M.Z.); (D.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Haodong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (A.A.); (H.H.); (M.Z.); (D.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Minglü Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (A.A.); (H.H.); (M.Z.); (D.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Wajid Zaman
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 332900, China;
| | - Donghai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (A.A.); (H.H.); (M.Z.); (D.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Saddam Saqib
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huayan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (A.A.); (H.H.); (M.Z.); (D.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Shiyou Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (A.A.); (H.H.); (M.Z.); (D.L.); (H.Z.)
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