1
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Bragazzi NL, Del Rio D, Mayer EA, Mena P. We Are What, When, And How We Eat: The Evolutionary Impact of Dietary Shifts on Physical and Cognitive Development, Health, and Disease. Adv Nutr 2024; 15:100280. [PMID: 39067763 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
"We are what, when, and how we eat": the evolution of human dietary habits mirrors the evolution of humans themselves. Key developments in human history, such as the advent of stone tool technology, the shift to a meat-based diet, control of fire, advancements in cooking and fermentation techniques, and the domestication of plants and animals, have significantly influenced human anatomical, physiological, social, cognitive, and behavioral changes. Advancements in scientific methods, such as the analysis of microfossils like starch granules, plant-derived phytoliths, and coprolites, have yielded unprecedented insights into past diets. Nonetheless, the isolation of ancient food matrices remains analytically challenging. Future technological breakthroughs and a more comprehensive integration of paleogenomics, paleoproteomics, paleoglycomics, and paleometabolomics will enable a more nuanced understanding of early human ancestors' diets, which holds the potential to guide contemporary dietary recommendations and tackle modern health challenges, with far-reaching implications for human well-being, and ecological impact on the planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Human Nutrition Unit (HNU), Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- Human Nutrition Unit (HNU), Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Emeran A Mayer
- Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Pedro Mena
- Human Nutrition Unit (HNU), Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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2
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Cuello HA, Sinha S, Verhagen AL, Varki N, Varki A, Ghosh P. Human-specific elimination of epithelial Siglec-XII suppresses the risk of inflammation-driven colorectal cancers. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e181539. [PMID: 38990656 PMCID: PMC11343606 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.181539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Carcinomas are common in humans but rare among closely related "great apes." Plausible explanations, including human-specific genomic alterations affecting the biology of sialic acids, are proposed, but causality remains unproven. Here, an integrated evolutionary genetics-phenome-transcriptome approach studied the role of SIGLEC12 gene (encoding Siglec-XII) in epithelial transformation and cancer. Exogenous expression of the protein in cell lines and genetically engineered mice recapitulated approximately 30% of the human population in whom the protein is expressed in a form that cannot bind ligand because of a fixed, homozygous, human-universal missense mutation. Siglec-XII-null cells/mice recapitulated the remaining approximately 70% of the human population in whom an additional polymorphic frameshift mutation eliminates the entire protein. Siglec-XII expression drove several pro-oncogenic phenotypes in cell lines and increased tumor burden in mice challenged with chemical carcinogen and inflammation. Transcriptomic studies yielded a 29-gene signature of Siglec-XII-positive disease and when used as a computational tool for navigating human data sets, pinpointed with surprising precision that SIGLEC12 expression (model) recapitulates a very specific type of colorectal carcinomas (disease) that is associated with mismatch-repair defects and inflammation, disproportionately affects European Americans, and carries a favorable prognosis. They revealed a hitherto-unknown evolutionary genetic mechanism for an ethnic/environmental predisposition of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector A. Cuello
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center
| | | | - Andrea L. Verhagen
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center
| | - Nissi Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center
- Department of Pathology
| | - Ajit Varki
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center
- Department of Medicine
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine
- Department of Medicine
- Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
- HUMANOID Center of Research Excellence (CoRE), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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3
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Zhu J, Li M, Li J, Wu J. Sialic acid metabolism of oral bacteria and its potential role in colorectal cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Carbohydr Res 2024; 541:109172. [PMID: 38823062 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Sialic acid metabolism in oral bacteria is a complex process involving nutrient acquisition, immune evasion, cell surface modification, and the production of metabolites that contribute to bacterial persistence and virulence in the oral cavity. In addition to causing various periodontal diseases, certain oral pathogenic bacteria, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Fusobacterium nucleatum, can induce inflammatory reactions and influence the immunity of host cells. These associations with host cells are linked to various diseases, particularly colorectal cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Sialic acid can be found in the host oral mucosa, saliva, or food residues in the oral cavity, and it may promote the colonization of oral bacteria and contribute to disease development. This review aims to summarize the role of sialic acid metabolism in oral bacteria and discuss its effect on the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Mengyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jinfang Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jianrong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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4
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Filipsky F, Läubli H. Regulation of sialic acid metabolism in cancer. Carbohydr Res 2024; 539:109123. [PMID: 38669826 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Sialic acid, the terminal structure of cell surface glycans, has essential functions in regulating immune response, cell-to-cell communication, and cell adhesion. More importantly, an increased level of sialic acid, termed hypersialylation, has emerged as a commonly observed phenotype in cancer. Therefore, targeting sialic acid ligands (sialoglycans) and their receptors (Siglecs) may provide a new therapeutic approach for cancer immunotherapy. We highlight the complexity of the sialic acid metabolism and its involvement in malignant transformation within individual cancer subtypes. In this review, we focus on the dysregulation of sialylation, the intricate nature of sialic acid synthesis, and clinical perspective. We aim to provide a brief insight into the mechanism of hypersialylation and how our understanding of these processes can be leveraged for the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Filipsky
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Läubli
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland; Division of Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
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5
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Fang S, Wu J, Niu W, Zhang T, Hong T, Zhang H, Zhan X. Sialylation of dietary mucin modulate its digestibility and the gut microbiota of elderly individuals. Food Res Int 2024; 184:114246. [PMID: 38609225 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Food-derived mucins are glycoproteins rich in sialic acid, but their digestive properties and potential health benefits for humans have been scarcely investigated. In this work, ovomucin (OVM, rich in N-acetylneuraminic acid, about 3 %), porcine small intestinal mucin (PSIM, rich in N-glycolylneuraminic acid, about 1 %), the desialylated OVM (AOVM) and the desialylated PSIM (APSIM) were selected to examine their digestion and their impact on the gut microbiota of elderly individuals. The results shown that, the proportion of low-molecular-weight proteins increased after simulated digestion of these four mucins, with concomitant comparable antioxidant activity observed. Desialylation markedly increased the degradation and digestion rate of mucins. In vitro fecal fermentation was conducted with these mucins using fecal samples from individuals of different age groups: young, low-age and high-age elderly. Fecal fermentation with mucin digestive solution stimulated the production of organic acids in the group with fecal sample of the elderly individuals. Among them, the OVM group demonstrated the most favorable outcomes. The OVM and APSIM groups elevated the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, while diminishing the presence of pathogenic bacteria such as Klebsiella. Conversely, the probiotic effects of AOVM and PSIM were attenuated or even exhibited adverse effects. Hence, mucins originating from different sources and possessing distinct glycosylation patterns exhibit diverse biological functions. Our findings can offer valuable insights for developing a well-balanced and nutritious diet tailored to the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Fang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jianrong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Wenxuan Niu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Tiantian Hong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaobei Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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6
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Zhang SZ, Lobo A, Li PF, Zhang YF. Sialylated glycoproteins and sialyltransferases in digestive cancers: Mechanisms, diagnostic biomarkers, and therapeutic targets. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 197:104330. [PMID: 38556071 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Sialic acid (SA), as the ultimate epitope of polysaccharides, can act as a cap at the end of polysaccharide chains to prevent their overextension. Sialylation is the enzymatic process of transferring SA residues onto polysaccharides and is catalyzed by a group of enzymes known as sialyltransferases (SiaTs). It is noteworthy that the sialylation level of glycoproteins is significantly altered when digestive cancer occurs. And this alteration exhibits a close correlation with the progression of these cancers. In this review, from the perspective of altered SiaTs expression levels and changed glycoprotein sialylation patterns, we summarize the pathogenesis of gastric cancer (GC), colorectal cancer (CRC), pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Furthermore, we propose potential early diagnostic biomarkers and prognostic indicators for different digestive cancers. Finally, we summarize the therapeutic value of sialylation in digestive system cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Ze Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Amara Lobo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine Holy Family Hospital, St Andrew's Road, Bandra (West), Mumbai 400050, India
| | - Pei-Feng Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Yin-Feng Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
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7
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Domma AJ, Henderson LA, Nurdin JA, Kamil JP. Uncloaking the viral glycocalyx: How do viruses exploit glycoimmune checkpoints? Adv Virus Res 2024; 119:63-110. [PMID: 38897709 PMCID: PMC11192240 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The surfaces of cells and enveloped viruses alike are coated in carbohydrates that play multifarious roles in infection and immunity. Organisms across all kingdoms of life make use of a diverse set of monosaccharide subunits, glycosidic linkages, and branching patterns to encode information within glycans. Accordingly, sugar-patterning enzymes and glycan binding proteins play integral roles in cell and organismal biology, ranging from glycoprotein quality control within the endoplasmic reticulum to lymphocyte migration, coagulation, inflammation, and tissue homeostasis. Unsurprisingly, genes involved in generating and recognizing oligosaccharide patterns are playgrounds for evolutionary conflicts that abound in cross-species interactions, exemplified by the myriad plant lectins that function as toxins. In vertebrates, glycans bearing acidic nine-carbon sugars called sialic acids are key regulators of immune responses. Various bacterial and fungal pathogens adorn their cells in sialic acids that either mimic their hosts' or are stolen from them. Yet, how viruses commandeer host sugar-patterning enzymes to thwart immune responses remains poorly studied. Here, we review examples of viruses that interact with sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs), a family of immune cell receptors that regulate toll-like receptor signaling and govern glycoimmune checkpoints, while highlighting knowledge gaps that merit investigation. Efforts to illuminate how viruses leverage glycan-dependent checkpoints may translate into new clinical treatments that uncloak viral antigens and infected cell surfaces by removing or masking immunosuppressive sialoglycans, or by inhibiting viral gene products that induce their biosynthesis. Such approaches may hold the potential to unleash the immune system to clear long intractable chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Domma
- LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | | | - Jeffery A Nurdin
- LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Jeremy P Kamil
- LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States.
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8
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Yu Y, Chen H. Human pangenome: far-reaching implications in precision medicine. Front Med 2024; 18:403-409. [PMID: 38157192 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-023-1039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingyan Yu
- Department of General Surgery of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Hongzhuan Chen
- Shuguang Lab for Future Health, Shanghai Frontier Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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9
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Pinkeova A, Kosutova N, Jane E, Lorencova L, Bertokova A, Bertok T, Tkac J. Medical Relevance, State-of-the-Art and Perspectives of "Sweet Metacode" in Liquid Biopsy Approaches. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:713. [PMID: 38611626 PMCID: PMC11011756 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14070713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This review briefly introduces readers to an area where glycomics meets modern oncodiagnostics with a focus on the analysis of sialic acid (Neu5Ac)-terminated structures. We present the biochemical perspective of aberrant sialylation during tumourigenesis and its significance, as well as an analytical perspective on the detection of these structures using different approaches for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. We also provide a comparison to other established liquid biopsy approaches, and we mathematically define an early-stage cancer based on the overall prognosis and effect of these approaches on the patient's quality of life. Finally, some barriers including regulations and quality of clinical validations data are discussed, and a perspective and major challenges in this area are summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pinkeova
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.P.); (N.K.); (E.J.); (L.L.)
- Glycanostics, Ltd., Kudlakova 7, 841 08 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Natalia Kosutova
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.P.); (N.K.); (E.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Eduard Jane
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.P.); (N.K.); (E.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Lenka Lorencova
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.P.); (N.K.); (E.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Aniko Bertokova
- Glycanostics, Ltd., Kudlakova 7, 841 08 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Tomas Bertok
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.P.); (N.K.); (E.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Jan Tkac
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.P.); (N.K.); (E.J.); (L.L.)
- Glycanostics, Ltd., Kudlakova 7, 841 08 Bratislava, Slovakia;
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10
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Vos GM, Hooijschuur KC, Li Z, Fjeldsted J, Klein C, de Vries RP, Toraño JS, Boons GJ. Sialic acid O-acetylation patterns and glycosidic linkage type determination by ion mobility-mass spectrometry. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6795. [PMID: 37880209 PMCID: PMC10600165 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42575-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
O-acetylation is a common modification of sialic acids that has been implicated in a multitude of biological and disease processes. A lack of analytical methods that can determine exact structures of sialic acid variants is a hurdle to determine roles of distinct O-acetylated sialosides. Here, we describe a drift tube ion mobility-mass spectrometry approach that can elucidate exact O-acetylation patterns as well as glycosidic linkage types of sialosides isolated from complex biological samples. It is based on the use of a library of synthetic O-acetylated sialosides to establish intrinsic collision cross section (CCS) values of diagnostic fragment ions. The CCS values were used to characterize O-acetylated sialosides from mucins and N-linked glycans from biologicals as well as equine tracheal and nasal tissues. It uncovered contrasting sialic acid linkage types of acetylated and non-acetylated sialic acids and provided a rationale for sialic acid binding preferences of equine H7 influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaёl M Vos
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin C Hooijschuur
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Zeshi Li
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Robert P de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Javier Sastre Toraño
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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11
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Ni X, Murray NB, Archer-Hartmann S, Pepi LE, Helm RF, Azadi P, Hong P. Toward Automatic Inference of Glycan Linkages Using MS n and Machine Learning─Proof of Concept Using Sialic Acid Linkages. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:2127-2135. [PMID: 37621000 PMCID: PMC10557947 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Glycosidic linkages in oligosaccharides play essential roles in determining their chemical properties and biological activities. MSn has been widely used to infer glycosidic linkages but requires a substantial amount of starting material, which limits its application. In addition, there is a lack of rigorous research on what MSn protocols are proper for characterizing glycosidic linkages. In this work, to deliver high-quality experimental data and analysis results, we propose a machine learning-based framework to establish appropriate MSn protocols and build effective data analysis methods. We demonstrate the proof-of-principle by applying our approach to elucidate sialic acid linkages (α2'-3' and α2'-6') in a set of sialyllactose standards and NIST sialic acid-containing N-glycans as well as identify several protocol configurations for producing high-quality experimental data. Our companion data analysis method achieves nearly 100% accuracy in classifying α2'-3' vs α2'-6' using MS5, MS4, MS3, or even MS2 spectra alone. The ability to determine glycosidic linkages using MS2 or MS3 is significant as it requires substantially less sample, enabling linkage analysis for quantity-limited natural glycans and synthesized materials, as well as shortens the overall experimental time. MS2 is also more amenable than MS3/4/5 to automation when coupled to direct infusion or LC-MS. Additionally, our method can predict the ratio of α2'-3' and α2'-6' in a mixture with 8.6% RMSE (root-mean-square error) across data sets using MS5 spectra. We anticipate that our framework will be generally applicable to analysis of other glycosidic linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Ni
- Computer
Science, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Nathan B. Murray
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | | | - Lauren E. Pepi
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Richard F. Helm
- Department
of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex
Carbohydrate Research Center, University
of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Pengyu Hong
- Computer
Science, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
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12
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Moh ESX, Dalal S, Hutchinson MR, Packer NH. Mouse brain glycomics - Insights from exploring the Allen Brain Atlas and the implications for the neuroimmune brain. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 113:83-90. [PMID: 37394145 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Allen Institute Mouse Brain Atlas, with visualisation using the Brain Explorer software, offers a 3-dimensional view of region-specific RNA expression of thousands of mouse genes. In this Viewpoint, we focused on the region-specific expression of genes related to cellular glycosylation, and discuss their relevance towards psychoneuroimmunology. Using specific examples, we show that the Atlas validates existing observations reported by others, identifies previously unknown potential region-specific glycan features, and highlights the need to promote collaborations between glycobiology and psychoneuroimmunology researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S X Moh
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sagar Dalal
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark R Hutchinson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Nicolle H Packer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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13
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Pollen AA, Kilik U, Lowe CB, Camp JG. Human-specific genetics: new tools to explore the molecular and cellular basis of human evolution. Nat Rev Genet 2023; 24:687-711. [PMID: 36737647 PMCID: PMC9897628 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-022-00568-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Our ancestors acquired morphological, cognitive and metabolic modifications that enabled humans to colonize diverse habitats, develop extraordinary technologies and reshape the biosphere. Understanding the genetic, developmental and molecular bases for these changes will provide insights into how we became human. Connecting human-specific genetic changes to species differences has been challenging owing to an abundance of low-effect size genetic changes, limited descriptions of phenotypic differences across development at the level of cell types and lack of experimental models. Emerging approaches for single-cell sequencing, genetic manipulation and stem cell culture now support descriptive and functional studies in defined cell types with a human or ape genetic background. In this Review, we describe how the sequencing of genomes from modern and archaic hominins, great apes and other primates is revealing human-specific genetic changes and how new molecular and cellular approaches - including cell atlases and organoids - are enabling exploration of the candidate causal factors that underlie human-specific traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A Pollen
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Umut Kilik
- Institute of Human Biology (IHB), Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Craig B Lowe
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - J Gray Camp
- Institute of Human Biology (IHB), Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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14
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Ye Z, Wang Y, Xiang B, Wang H, Tao H, Zhang C, Zhang S, Sun D, Luo F, Song L. Roles of the Siglec family in bone and bone homeostasis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115064. [PMID: 37413904 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tremendous progress has been seen in the study of the role of sialic acid binding im-munoglobulin type lectins (Siglecs) in osteoimmunology in the past two decades. Interest in Siglecs as immune checkpoints has grown from the recognition that Siglecs have relevance to human disease. Siglecs play important roles in inflammation and cancer, and play key roles in immune cell signaling. By recognizing common sialic acid containing glycans on glycoproteins and glycolipids as regulatory receptors for immune cell signals, Siglecs are expressed on most immune cells and play important roles in normal homeostasis and self-tolerance. In this review, we describe the role that the siglec family plays in bone and bone homeostasis, including the regulation of osteoclast differentiation as well as recent advances in inflammation, cancer and osteoporosis. Particular emphasis is placed on the relevant functions of Siglecs in self-tolerance and as pattern recognition receptors in immune responses, thereby potentially providing emerging strategies for the treatment of bone related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Ye
- The Fourth Corps of Students of the Basic Medical College, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Yetong Wang
- The Fourth Corps of Students of the Basic Medical College, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Binqing Xiang
- Department of Surgical Anesthesia, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Army Border Defense 331st Brigade, Dandong 118000, China
| | - Haiyan Tao
- Health Management Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chengmin Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Fei Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Lei Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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15
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Ouyang R, Zheng S, Wang X, Li Q, Ding J, Ma X, Zhuo Z, Li Z, Xin Q, Lu X, Zhou L, Ren Z, Mei S, Liu X, Xu G. Crosstalk between Breast Milk N-Acetylneuraminic Acid and Infant Growth in a Gut Microbiota-Dependent Manner. Metabolites 2023; 13:846. [PMID: 37512553 PMCID: PMC10385641 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The healthy growth of infants during early life is associated with lifelong consequences. Breastfeeding has positive impacts on reducing obesity risk, which is likely due to the varied components of breast milk, such as N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac). However, the effect of breast milk Neu5Ac on infant growth has not been well studied. In this study, targeted metabolomic and metagenomic analyses were performed to illustrate the association between breast milk Neu5Ac and infant growth. Results demonstrated that Neu5Ac was significantly abundant in breast milk from infants with low obesity risk in two independent Chinese cohorts. Neu5Ac from breast milk altered infant gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism, resulting in a distinct fecal bile acid profile in the high-Neu5Ac group, which was characterized by reduced levels of primary bile acids and elevated levels of secondary bile acids. Taurodeoxycholic acid 3-sulfate and taurochenodeoxycholic acid 3-sulfate were correlated with high breast milk Neu5Ac and low obesity risk in infants, and their associations with healthy growth were reproduced in mice colonized with infant-derived microbiota. Parabacteroides might be linked to bile acid metabolism and act as a mediator between Neu5Ac and infant growth. These results showed the gut microbiota-dependent crosstalk between breast milk Neu5Ac and infant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runze Ouyang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Sijia Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Juan Ding
- Department of Quality Control, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Zhihong Zhuo
- Department of Pediatric, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Qi Xin
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xin Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lina Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhigang Ren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Surong Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, China
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16
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Vaill M, Kawanishi K, Varki N, Gagneux P, Varki A. Comparative physiological anthropogeny: exploring molecular underpinnings of distinctly human phenotypes. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2171-2229. [PMID: 36603157 PMCID: PMC10151058 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00040.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogeny is a classic term encompassing transdisciplinary investigations of the origins of the human species. Comparative anthropogeny is a systematic comparison of humans and other living nonhuman hominids (so-called "great apes"), aiming to identify distinctly human features in health and disease, with the overall goal of explaining human origins. We begin with a historical perspective, briefly describing how the field progressed from the earliest evolutionary insights to the current emphasis on in-depth molecular and genomic investigations of "human-specific" biology and an increased appreciation for cultural impacts on human biology. While many such genetic differences between humans and other hominids have been revealed over the last two decades, this information remains insufficient to explain the most distinctive phenotypic traits distinguishing humans from other living hominids. Here we undertake a complementary approach of "comparative physiological anthropogeny," along the lines of the preclinical medical curriculum, i.e., beginning with anatomy and considering each physiological system and in each case considering genetic and molecular components that are relevant. What is ultimately needed is a systematic comparative approach at all levels from molecular to physiological to sociocultural, building networks of related information, drawing inferences, and generating testable hypotheses. The concluding section will touch on distinctive considerations in the study of human evolution, including the importance of gene-culture interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vaill
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kunio Kawanishi
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Nissi Varki
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Pascal Gagneux
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Ajit Varki
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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17
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Ogun OJ, Soremekun OS, Thaller G, Becker D. An In Silico Functional Analysis of Non-Synonymous Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms of Bovine CMAH Gene and Potential Implication in Pathogenesis. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040591. [PMID: 37111477 PMCID: PMC10142285 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The sugar molecule N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is one of the most common sialic acids discovered in mammals. Cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) catalyses the conversion of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) to Neu5Gc, and it is encoded by the CMAH gene. On the one hand, food metabolic incorporation of Neu5Gc has been linked to specific human diseases. On the other hand, Neu5Gc has been shown to be highly preferred by some pathogens linked to certain bovine diseases. We used various computational techniques to perform an in silico functional analysis of five non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) of the bovine CMAH (bCMAH) gene identified from the 1000 Bull Genomes sequence data. The c.1271C>T (P424L) nsSNP was predicted to be pathogenic based on the consensus result from different computational tools. The nsSNP was also predicted to be critical based on sequence conservation, stability, and post-translational modification site analysis. According to the molecular dynamic simulation and stability analysis, all variations promoted stability of the bCMAH protein, but mutation A210S significantly promoted CMAH stability. In conclusion, c.1271C>T (P424L) is expected to be the most harmful nsSNP among the five detected nsSNPs based on the overall studies. This research could pave the way for more research associating pathogenic nsSNPs in the bCMAH gene with diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwamayowa Joshua Ogun
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Opeyemi S Soremekun
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe 5159, Uganda
- Molecular Bio-Computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Georg Thaller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Doreen Becker
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
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18
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Bochner BS, O'Sullivan JA, Chang AT, Youngblood BA. Siglecs in allergy and asthma. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 90:101104. [PMID: 35835621 PMCID: PMC10757266 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The term "allergic diseases" encompasses several common, IgE-mediated conditions that range from being annoying to those that are life-threatening. Available treatments include active avoidance of the instigating allergen and the use of a variety of oral, inhaled, intranasal, intraocular and injected agents. While most individuals with allergies do well with existing therapies, there are still unmet therapeutic needs. Siglecs (sialic acid-binding, immunoglobulin-like lectins) are a family of single-pass transmembrane I-type lectins found on various subsets of cells, especially those of the immune system. All Siglecs have extracellular domains recognizing sialoside ligands, and most contain cytoplasmic domains with inhibitory signaling activity. This review focuses on Siglecs that likely play a role in regulating allergic and asthmatic responses, and how specific Siglecs, expressed on cells such as eosinophils and mast cells, are being targeted for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S Bochner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Jeremy A O'Sullivan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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19
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Makarava N, Baskakov IV. Role of sialylation of N-linked glycans in prion pathogenesis. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 392:201-214. [PMID: 35088180 PMCID: PMC9329487 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03584-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian prion or PrPSc is a proteinaceous infectious agent that consists of a misfolded, self-replicating state of the prion protein or PrPC. PrPC and PrPSc are posttranslationally modified with N-linked glycans, which are sialylated at the terminal positions. More than 30 years have passed since the first characterization of the composition and structural diversity of N-linked glycans associated with the prion protein, yet the role of carbohydrate groups that constitute N-glycans and, in particular, their terminal sialic acid residues in prion disease pathogenesis remains poorly understood. A number of recent studies shed a light on the role of sialylation in the biology of prion diseases. This review article discusses several mechanisms by which terminal sialylation dictates the spread of PrPSc across brain regions and the outcomes of prion infection in an organism. In particular, relationships between the sialylation status of PrPSc and important strain-specific features including lymphotropism, neurotropism, and neuroinflammation are discussed. Moreover, emerging evidence pointing out the roles of sialic acid residues in prion replication, cross-species transmission, strain competition, and strain adaptation are reviewed. A hypothesis according to which selective, strain-specified recruitment of PrPC sialoglycoforms dictates unique strain-specific disease phenotypes is examined. Finally, the current article proposes that prion strains evolve as a result of a delicate balance between recruiting highly sialylated glycoforms to avoid an "eat-me" response by glia and limiting heavily sialylated glycoforms for enabling rapid prion replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natallia Makarava
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Ilia V Baskakov
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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20
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Angata T, Varki A. Discovery, classification, evolution and diversity of Siglecs. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 90:101117. [PMID: 35989204 PMCID: PMC9905256 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily proteins play diverse roles in vertebrates, including regulation of cellular responses by sensing endogenous or exogenous ligands. Siglecs are a family of glycan-recognizing proteins belonging to the Ig superfamily (i.e., I-type lectins). Siglecs are expressed on various leukocyte types and are involved in diverse aspects of immunity, including the regulation of inflammatory responses, leukocyte proliferation, host-microbe interaction, and cancer immunity. Sialoadhesin/Siglec-1, CD22/Siglec-2, and myelin-associated glycoprotein/Siglec-4 were among the first to be characterized as members of the Siglec family, and along with Siglec-15, they are relatively well-conserved among tetrapods. Conversely, CD33/Siglec-3-related Siglecs (CD33rSiglecs, so named as they show high sequence similarity with CD33/Siglec-3) are encoded in a gene cluster with many interspecies variations and even intraspecies variations within some lineages such as humans. The rapid evolution of CD33rSiglecs expressed on leukocytes involved in innate immunity likely reflects the selective pressure by pathogens that interact and possibly exploit these Siglecs. Human Siglecs have several additional unique and/or polymorphic properties as compared with closely related great apes, changes possibly related to the loss of the sialic acid Neu5Gc, another distinctly human event in sialobiology. Multiple changes in human CD33rSiglecs compared to great apes include many examples of human-specific expression in non-immune cells, coinciding with human-specific diseases involving such cell types. Some Siglec gene polymorphisms have dual consequences-beneficial in a situation but detrimental in another. The association of human Siglec gene polymorphisms with several infectious and non-infectious diseases likely reflects the ongoing competition between the host and microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Angata
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ajit Varki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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21
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Jajosky RP, Wu SC, Zheng L, Jajosky AN, Jajosky PG, Josephson CD, Hollenhorst MA, Sackstein R, Cummings RD, Arthur CM, Stowell SR. ABO blood group antigens and differential glycan expression: Perspective on the evolution of common human enzyme deficiencies. iScience 2023; 26:105798. [PMID: 36691627 PMCID: PMC9860303 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions and play critical roles in human health and disease. Enzyme variants and deficiencies can lead to variable expression of glycans, which can affect physiology, influence predilection for disease, and/or directly contribute to disease pathogenesis. Although certain well-characterized enzyme deficiencies result in overt disease, some of the most common enzyme deficiencies in humans form the basis of blood groups. These carbohydrate blood groups impact fundamental areas of clinical medicine, including the risk of infection and severity of infectious disease, bleeding risk, transfusion medicine, and tissue/organ transplantation. In this review, we examine the enzymes responsible for carbohydrate-based blood group antigen biosynthesis and their expression within the human population. We also consider the evolutionary selective pressures, e.g. malaria, that may account for the variation in carbohydrate structures and the implications of this biology for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Philip Jajosky
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Biconcavity Inc, Lilburn, GA, USA
| | - Shang-Chuen Wu
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Leon Zheng
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Audrey N. Jajosky
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, West Henrietta, NY, USA
| | | | - Cassandra D. Josephson
- Cancer and Blood Disorders Institute and Blood Bank/Transfusion Medicine Division, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
- Departments of Oncology and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marie A. Hollenhorst
- Department of Pathology and Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert Sackstein
- Translational Glycobiology Institute, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Connie M. Arthur
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sean R. Stowell
- Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 630E New Research Building, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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22
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Red Meat Derived Glycan, N-acetylneuraminic Acid (Neu5Ac) Is a Major Sialic Acid in Different Skeletal Muscles and Organs of Nine Animal Species-A Guideline for Human Consumers. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020337. [PMID: 36673429 PMCID: PMC9858279 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids (Sias) are acidic monosaccharides and red meat is a notable dietary source of Sia for humans. Among the Sias, N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulosonic acid (KDN) play multiple roles in immunity and brain cognition. On the other hand, N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is a non-human Sia capable of potentiating cancer and inflammation in the human body. However, their expression within the animal kingdom remains unknown. We determined Neu5Ac and KDN in skeletal muscle and organs across a range (n = 9) of species using UHPLC and found that (1) caprine skeletal muscle expressed the highest Neu5Ac (661.82 ± 187.96 µg/g protein) following by sheep, pig, dog, deer, cat, horse, kangaroo and cattle; (2) Among organs, kidney contained the most Neu5Ac (1992−3050 µg/g protein) across species; (3) ~75−98% of total Neu5Ac was conjugated, except for in dog and cat muscle (54−58%); (4) <1% of total Sia was KDN, in which ~60−100% was unconjugated, with the exception of sheep liver and goat muscle (~12−25%); (5) Neu5Ac was the major Sia in almost all tested organs. This study guides consumers to the safest red meat relating to Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc content, though the dog and cat meat are not conventional red meat globally.
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23
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Galili U. Paleo-immunology of human anti-carbohydrate antibodies preventing primate extinctions. Immunology 2023; 168:18-29. [PMID: 36161654 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Two human natural anti-carbohydrate antibodies appeared in critical evolutionary events that brought primates and hominins to brink of extinction. The first is the anti-Gal antibody, produced in Old-World monkeys (OWM), apes and humans. It binds the carbohydrate-antigen 'α-gal epitope' (Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R) on carbohydrate-chains (glycans) synthesized by non-primate mammals, lemurs and New-World monkeys (NWM). The second is anti-N-glycolylneuraminic-acid (anti-Neu5Gc) antibody binding Neu5Gc on glycans synthesized by OWM, apes and most non-primate mammals. Ancestral OWM and apes synthesized α-gal epitopes and were eliminated ~20-30 million-years-ago (mya). Only few accidentally mutated offspring lacking α-gal epitopes, produced anti-Gal and survived. Hominin-populations living ~3 mya synthesized Neu5Gc and were eliminated, but few mutated offspring that accidently lost their ability to synthesize Neu5Gc, produced natural anti-Neu5Gc antibody. These hominins survived and ultimately evolved into present-day humans. It is argued that these two near-extinction events were likely to be the result of epidemics caused by highly virulent and lethal enveloped viruses that killed parental-populations. These viruses presented α-gal epitopes or Neu5Gc synthesized in host-cells of the parental-populations. Mutated offspring survived the epidemics because they were protected from the lethal virus by the natural anti-Gal or anti-Neu5Gc antibodies they produced due to loss of immune-tolerance to α-gal epitopes or to Neu5Gc, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Galili
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, Rush University Medical College, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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24
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Angeletti A, Ravani P, Bruschi M, Ghiggeri GM. Reply to: "On the Importance of Considering Glycosylation when Evaluating Biologics". J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:1626. [PMID: 35840170 PMCID: PMC9342639 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2022050534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Angeletti
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.,Laboratory on Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pietro Ravani
- Division of Nephrology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Maurizio Bruschi
- Laboratory on Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gian Marco Ghiggeri
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy .,Laboratory on Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
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Lemaire M. On the Importance of Considering Glycosylation When Evaluating Biologic Therapies. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:1625. [PMID: 35840171 PMCID: PMC9342635 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2022040461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Lemaire
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Ogun OJ, Thaller G, Becker D. An Overview of the Importance and Value of Porcine Species in Sialic Acid Research. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060903. [PMID: 35741423 PMCID: PMC9219854 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Humans frequently interact with pigs and porcine meat is the most consumed red meat in the world. In addition, due to the many physiological and anatomical similarities shared between pigs and humans, in contrast to most mammalian species, pigs are a suitable model organism and pig organs can be used for xenotransplantation. However, one major challenge of porcine meat consumption and xenotransplantation is the xenoreactivity between red meat Neu5Gc sialic acid and human anti-Neu5Gc antibodies, which are associated with certain diseases and disorders. Furthermore, pigs express both α2-3 and α2-6 Sia linkages that could serve as viable receptors for viral infections, reassortments, and cross-species transmission of viruses. Therefore, pigs play a significant role in sialic acid research and, in general, in human health. Abstract Humans frequently interact with pigs, whose meat is also one of the primary sources of animal protein. They are one of the main species at the center of sialic acid (Sia) research. Sias are sugars at terminals of glycoconjugates, are expressed at the cell surfaces of mammals, and are important in cellular interactions. N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) are notable Sias in mammals. Cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) encodes the CMAH enzyme that biosynthesizes Neu5Gc. Although humans cannot endogenously synthesize Neu5Gc due to the inactivation of this gene by a mutation, Neu5Gc can be metabolically incorporated into human tissues from red meat consumption. Interactions between Neu5Gc and human anti-Neu5Gc antibodies have been associated with certain diseases and disorders. In this review, we summarized the sialic acid metabolic pathway, its regulation and link to viral infections, as well as the importance of the pig as a model organism in Sia research, making it a possible source of Neu5Gc antigens affecting human health. Future research in solving the structures of crucial enzymes involved in Sia metabolism, as well as their regulation and interactions with other enzymes, especially CMAH, could help to understand their function and reduce the amount of Neu5Gc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwamayowa Joshua Ogun
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany;
- Correspondence: (O.J.O.); (D.B.)
| | - Georg Thaller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Doreen Becker
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
- Correspondence: (O.J.O.); (D.B.)
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Eisenson DL, Hisadome Y, Yamada K. Progress in Xenotransplantation: Immunologic Barriers, Advances in Gene Editing, and Successful Tolerance Induction Strategies in Pig-To-Primate Transplantation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:899657. [PMID: 35663933 PMCID: PMC9157571 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.899657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ transplantation is the most effective treatment for end stage organ failure, but there are not enough organs to meet burgeoning demand. One potential solution to this organ shortage is xenotransplantation using pig tissues. Decades of progress in xenotransplantation, accelerated by the development of rapid genome editing tools, particularly the advent of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technologies, have enabled remarkable advances in kidney and heart xenotransplantation in pig-to-nonhuman primates. These breakthroughs in large animal preclinical models laid the foundation for three recent pig-to-human transplants by three different groups: two kidney xenografts in brain dead recipients deemed ineligible for transplant, and one heart xenograft in the first clinical grade study of pig-to-human transplantation. However, despite tremendous progress, recent data including the first clinical case suggest that gene-modification alone will not overcome all xenogeneic immunologic barriers, and thus an active and innovative immunologic strategy is required for successful xenotransplantation. This review highlights xenogeneic immunologic barriers, advances in gene editing, and tolerance-inducing strategies in pig-to-human xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Eisenson
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yu Hisadome
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kazuhiko Yamada
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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28
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Transgenic mouse models to study the physiological and pathophysiological roles of human Siglecs. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:935-950. [PMID: 35383825 DOI: 10.1042/bst20211203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) are important immunomodulatory receptors. Due to differences between human and mouse Siglecs, defining the in vivo roles for human Siglecs (hSiglecs) can be challenging. One solution is the development and use of hSiglec transgenic mice to assess the physiological roles of hSiglecs in health and disease. These transgenic mice can also serve as important models for the pre-clinical testing of immunomodulatory approaches that are based on targeting hSiglecs. Four general methods have been used to create hSiglec-expressing transgenic mice, each with associated advantages and disadvantages. To date, transgenic mouse models expressing hSiglec-2 (CD22), -3 (CD33), -7, -8, -9, -11, and -16 have been created. This review focuses on both the generation of these hSiglec transgenic mice, along with the important findings that have been made through their study. Cumulatively, hSiglec transgenic mouse models are providing a deeper understanding of the differences between human and mice orthologs/paralogs, mechanisms by which Siglecs regulate immune cell signaling, physiological roles of Siglecs in disease, and different paradigms where targeting Siglecs may be therapeutically advantageous.
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29
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Wang C, Zhang C, Gao X, Lin JM. Isomer-specific biomarker discovery in multiple myeloma with dual-derivatized N-glycans. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:5617-5626. [PMID: 35320367 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04010-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most important post-translational modifications, protein glycosylation plays vital role in various physiological processes. With multitudinous glycosyltransferases, N-glycans present structural diversity in linkages and branching styles. Structure-specific glycan profiling may provide more potential biological information than compositional profiling. In this work, N-glycans released from human serum samples were derivatized with reduction and methylamination prior to profiling using nanoLC-ESI-MS with PGC as stationary phase. In addition, α 2-3 neuraminidase was also applied for distinguishing the linkage types of sialic acid corresponding to different isomers. Relative abundances of 280 isomeric N-glycans were compared and 20 isomers showed significant difference between multiple myeloma cases and healthy controls. ROC was performed to assess the significantly altered isomeric glycans and 6 AUCs have exceeded 0.80, providing high diagnostic accuracy for MM. PCA is also employed to establish the differences among sample sets. Furthermore, these specific isomers have also been used for early detection of multiple myeloma, presenting important clinical application value. Isomer-specific biomarker discovery in multiple myeloma with dual-derivatized N-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chaoying Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xinchang Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jin-Ming Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Occurrence of a D-arabinose-containing complex-type free-N-glycan in the urine of cancer patients. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4889. [PMID: 35318379 PMCID: PMC8941101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08790-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary free-glycans are promising markers of disease. In this study, we attempted to identify novel tumor markers by focusing on neutral free-glycans in urine. Free-glycans extracted from the urine of normal subjects and cancer patients with gastric, colorectal, pancreatic and bile duct were fluorescently labeled with 2-aminopyridine. Profiles of these neutral free-glycans constructed using multidimensional high performance liquid chromatography separation were compared between normal controls and cancer patients. The analysis identified one glycan in the urine of cancer patients with a unique structure, which included a pentose residue. To reveal the glycan structure, the linkage fashion, monosaccharide species and enantiomer of the pentose were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry combined with several chemical treatments. The backbone of the glycan was a monoantennary complex-type free-N-glycan containing β1,4-branch. The pentose residue was attached to the antennal GlcNAc and released by α1,3/4-l-fucosidase. Intriguingly, the pentose residue was consistent with d-arabinose. Collectively, this glycan structure was determined to be Galβ1-4(d-Araβ1-3)GlcNAcβ1-4Manα1-3Manβ1-4GlcNAc-PA. Elevation of d-arabinose-containing free-glycans in the urine of cancer patients was confirmed by selected reaction monitoring. This is the first study to unequivocally show the occurrence of a d-arabinose-containing oligosaccharide in human together with its detailed structure.
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The Fate of Sialic Acid and PEG Modified Epirubicin Liposomes in Aged versus Young Cells and Tumor Mice Models. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030545. [PMID: 35335921 PMCID: PMC8955061 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In preclinical studies of young mice, nanoparticles showed excellent anti-tumor therapeutic effects by harnessing Peripheral Blood Monocytes (PBMs) and evading the immune system. However, the changes of age will inevitably affect PBMs and the immune system, and there is a serious lack of relevant research. Sialic acid (SA)-octadecylamine (ODA) was synthesized, and SA- or polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified epirubicin (EPI) liposomes (EPI-SL and EPI-PL, respectively) were prepared to explore differences in antitumor treatment using 8-month-old and 8-week-old Kunming mice. Based on presented data, 8-month-old mice had more PBMs in peripheral blood than 8-week-old mice, and age differences resulted in different anti-tumor treatment effects following EPI-SL and EPI-PL treatment. Following EPI-PL administration, the tumor volume was significantly smaller in 8-week-old mice than in 8-month-old mice (* p < 0.05). Eight-month-old mice treated with EPI-SL (8M-SL) presented no damage to healthy tissue, with a 100% survival rate, and 50% mice in 8M-SL showed ‘shedding’ of tumor tissues from the growth site. Accordingly, 8-month-old mice treated with EPI-SL achieved the best therapeutic effect at different ages and with different liposomes. EPI-SL could improve the antitumor effect of 8-week-old and 8-month-old mice.
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32
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Spedding M, Marvaud R, Marck A, Delarochelambert Q, Toussaint JF. Aging, VO 2 max, entropy, and COVID-19. Indian J Pharmacol 2022; 54:58-62. [PMID: 35343209 PMCID: PMC9012415 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_442_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The decline in human performance with age at 5000 m, an athletic event requiring high VO2 max, is remarkably precise, and unavoidable, and related to entropy, even at an individual level. Women and men show an identical age-related decline, up to ~100 years old. The precision of the decline shows the limitations for therapy of aging. Mortality incidence for COVID-19 shows a similar relationship. We propose that initial VO2 max has a critical role in COVID sensitivity because of the direct relationship of disease severity with oxygen use, and the parallel decline in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Spedding
- Spedding Research Solutions SAS, 6 Rue Ampère, 78110 Le Vésinet, France
| | - Robin Marvaud
- Spedding Research Solutions SAS, 6 Rue Ampère, 78110 Le Vésinet, France
| | - Adrien Marck
- IRMES (Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Épidémiologie du Sport), INSEP (Institut national du sport, de l'expertise et de la performance), 11, avenue du Tremblay, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Quentin Delarochelambert
- IRMES (Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Épidémiologie du Sport), INSEP (Institut national du sport, de l'expertise et de la performance), 11, avenue du Tremblay, 75012 Paris; Institut de Mathématiques de Bourgogne, UMR 5584 CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Faculté des Sciences Mirande, 9 avenue Alain Savary, 21000 Dijon; Scientific Department, French Ski Federation, 50 rue des marquisats, 74000 Annecy, France
| | - Jean Francois Toussaint
- IRMES (Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Épidémiologie du Sport), INSEP (Institut national du sport, de l'expertise et de la performance), 11, avenue du Tremblay, 75012 Paris; EA7329, Université de Paris, 12, rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006 Paris; CIMS, Hôtel-Dieu, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Parvis-Notre-Dame, 75004 Paris, France
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33
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Hugonnet M, Singh P, Haas Q, von Gunten S. The Distinct Roles of Sialyltransferases in Cancer Biology and Onco-Immunology. Front Immunol 2021; 12:799861. [PMID: 34975914 PMCID: PMC8718907 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.799861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation is a key feature of malignant transformation. Hypersialylation, the enhanced expression of sialic acid-terminated glycoconjugates on the cell surface, has been linked to immune evasion and metastatic spread, eventually by interaction with sialoglycan-binding lectins, including Siglecs and selectins. The biosynthesis of tumor-associated sialoglycans involves sialyltransferases, which are differentially expressed in cancer cells. In this review article, we provide an overview of the twenty human sialyltransferases and their roles in cancer biology and immunity. A better understanding of the individual contribution of select sialyltransferases to the tumor sialome may lead to more personalized strategies for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolaine Hugonnet
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine (BCPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pushpita Singh
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Quentin Haas
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephan von Gunten
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine (BCPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Jung J, Enterina JR, Bui DT, Mozaneh F, Lin PH, Nitin, Kuo CW, Rodrigues E, Bhattacherjee A, Raeisimakiani P, Daskhan GC, St. Laurent CD, Khoo KH, Mahal LK, Zandberg WF, Huang X, Klassen JS, Macauley MS. Carbohydrate Sulfation As a Mechanism for Fine-Tuning Siglec Ligands. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2673-2689. [PMID: 34661385 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The immunomodulatory family of Siglecs recognizes sialic acid-containing glycans as "self", which is exploited in cancer for immune evasion. The biochemical nature of Siglec ligands remains incompletely understood, with emerging evidence suggesting the importance of carbohydrate sulfation. Here, we investigate how specific sulfate modifications affect Siglec ligands by overexpressing eight carbohydrate sulfotransferases (CHSTs) in five cell lines. Overexpression of three CHSTs─CHST1, CHST2, or CHST4─significantly enhance the binding of numerous Siglecs. Unexpectedly, two other CHSTs (Gal3ST2 and Gal3ST3) diminish Siglec binding, suggesting a new mode to modulate Siglec ligands via sulfation. Results are cell type dependent, indicating that the context in which sulfated glycans are presented is important. Moreover, a pharmacological blockade of N- and O-glycan maturation reveals a cell-type-specific pattern of importance for either class of glycan. Production of a highly homogeneous Siglec-3 (CD33) fragment enabled a mass-spectrometry-based binding assay to determine ≥8-fold and ≥2-fold enhanced affinity for Neu5Acα2-3(6-O-sulfo)Galβ1-4GlcNAc and Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-4(6-O-sulfo)GlcNAc, respectively, over Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc. CD33 shows significant additivity in affinity (≥28-fold) for the disulfated ligand, Neu5Acα2-3(6-O-sulfo)Galβ1-4(6-O-sulfo)GlcNAc. Moreover, joint overexpression of CHST1 with CHST2 in cells greatly enhanced the binding of CD33 and several other Siglecs. Finally, we reveal that CHST1 is upregulated in numerous cancers, correlating with poorer survival rates and sodium chlorate sensitivity for the binding of Siglecs to cancer cell lines. These results provide new insights into carbohydrate sulfation as a general mechanism for tuning Siglec ligands on cells, including in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaesoo Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Jhon R. Enterina
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2J7, Canada
| | - Duong T. Bui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Fahima Mozaneh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Po-Han Lin
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Nitin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Chu-Wei Kuo
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Emily Rodrigues
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | | | | | - Gour C. Daskhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | | | - Kay-Hooi Khoo
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Lara K. Mahal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Wesley F. Zandberg
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - John S. Klassen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Matthew S. Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2J7, Canada
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The Mean of Milk: A Review of Human Milk Oligosaccharide Concentrations throughout Lactation. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082737. [PMID: 34444897 PMCID: PMC8398195 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are non-digestible and structurally diverse complex carbohydrates that are highly abundant in human milk. To date, more than 200 different HMO structures have been identified. Their concentrations in human milk vary according to various factors such as lactation period, mother’s genetic secretor status, and length of gestation (term or preterm). The objective of this review is to assess and rank HMO concentrations from healthy mothers throughout lactation at a global level. To this aim, published data from pooled (secretor and non-secretor) human milk samples were used. When samples were reported as secretor or non-secretor, means were converted to a pooled level, using the reported mean of approximately 80/20% secretor/non-secretor frequency in the global population. This approach provides an estimate of HMO concentrations in the milk of an average, healthy mother independent of secretor status. Mean concentrations of HMOs were extracted and categorized by pre-defined lactation periods of colostrum (0–5 days), transitional milk (6–14 days), mature milk (15–90 days), and late milk (>90 days). Further categorizations were made by gestational length at birth, mother’s ethnicity, and analytical methodology. Data were excluded if they were from preterm milk, unknown sample size and mothers with any known disease status. A total of 57 peer-reviewed articles reporting individual HMO concentrations published between 1996 and 2020 were included in the review. Pooled HMO means reported from 31 countries were analyzed. In addition to individual HMO concentrations, 12 articles reporting total HMO concentrations were also analyzed as a basis for relative HMO abundance. Total HMOs were found as 17.7 g/L in colostrum, 13.3 g/L in transitional milk, and 11.3 g/L in mature milk. The results show that HMO concentrations differ largely for each individual HMO and vary with lactation stages. For instance, while 2′-FL significantly decreased from colostrum (3.18 g/L ± 0.9) to late milk (1.64 g/L ± 0.67), 3-FL showed a significant increase from colostrum (0.37 g/L ± 0.1) to late milk (0.92 g/L ± 0.5). Although pooled human milk contains a diverse HMO profile with more than 200 structures identified, the top 10 individual HMOs make up over 70% of total HMO concentration. In mature pooled human milk, the top 15 HMOs in decreasing order of magnitude are 2′-FL, LNDFH-I (DFLNT), LNFP-I, LNFP-II, LNT, 3-FL, 6′-SL, DSLNT, LNnT, DFL (LDFT), FDS-LNH, LNFP-III, 3′-SL, LST c, and TF-LNH.
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Serum Antibodies to N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid Are Elevated in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and Correlate with Increased Disease Pathology in Cmah -/-mdx Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:1474-1486. [PMID: 34294193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Humans cannot synthesize the common mammalian sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) because of an inactivating deletion in the cytidine-5'-monophospho-(CMP)-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) gene responsible for its synthesis. Human Neu5Gc deficiency can lead to development of anti-Neu5Gc serum antibodies, the levels of which can be affected by Neu5Gc-containing diets and by disease. Metabolic incorporation of dietary Neu5Gc into human tissues in the face of circulating antibodies against Neu5Gc-bearing glycans is thought to exacerbate inflammation-driven diseases like cancer and atherosclerosis. Probing of sera with sialoglycan arrays indicated that patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) had a threefold increase in overall anti-Neu5Gc antibody titer compared with age-matched controls. These antibodies recognized a broad spectrum of Neu5Gc-containing glycans. Human-like inactivation of the Cmah gene in mice is known to modulate severity in a variety of mouse models of human disease, including the X chromosome-linked muscular dystrophy (mdx) model for DMD. Cmah-/-mdx mice can be induced to develop anti-Neu5Gc-glycan antibodies as humans do. The presence of anti-Neu5Gc antibodies, in concert with induced Neu5Gc expression, correlated with increased severity of disease pathology in Cmah-/-mdx mice, including increased muscle fibrosis, expression of inflammatory markers in the heart, and decreased survival. These studies suggest that patients with DMD who harbor anti-Neu5Gc serum antibodies might exacerbate disease severity when they ingest Neu5Gc-rich foods, like red meats.
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Szabo Z, Koczka V, Marosvolgyi T, Szabo E, Frank E, Polyak E, Fekete K, Erdelyi A, Verzar Z, Figler M. Possible Biochemical Processes Underlying the Positive Health Effects of Plant-Based Diets-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:2593. [PMID: 34444753 PMCID: PMC8398942 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-based diets are becoming more popular for many reasons, and epidemiological as well as clinical data also suggest that a well-balanced vegan diet can be adopted for the prevention, and in some cases, in the treatment of many diseases. In this narrative review, we provide an overview of the relationships between these diets and various conditions and their potential biochemical background. As whole plant foods are very rich in food-derived antioxidants and other phytochemicals, they have many positive physiological effects on different aspects of health. In the background of the beneficial health effects, several biochemical processes could stand, including the reduced formation of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) or decreased serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels and altered signaling pathways such as mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). In addition, the composition of plant-based diets may play a role in preventing lipotoxicity, avoiding N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), and reducing foodborne endotoxin intake. In this article, we attempt to draw attention to the growing knowledge about these diets and provide starting points for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Szabo
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pecs, 7621 Pecs, Hungary; (E.F.); (E.P.); (Z.V.); (M.F.)
| | - Viktor Koczka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (V.K.); (E.S.)
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pecs, 7621 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Tamas Marosvolgyi
- Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary;
- Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Eva Szabo
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (V.K.); (E.S.)
| | - Eszter Frank
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pecs, 7621 Pecs, Hungary; (E.F.); (E.P.); (Z.V.); (M.F.)
| | - Eva Polyak
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pecs, 7621 Pecs, Hungary; (E.F.); (E.P.); (Z.V.); (M.F.)
| | - Kata Fekete
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary;
| | - Attila Erdelyi
- Institute of Health Insurance, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pecs, 7621 Pecs, Hungary;
| | - Zsofia Verzar
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pecs, 7621 Pecs, Hungary; (E.F.); (E.P.); (Z.V.); (M.F.)
| | - Maria Figler
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pecs, 7621 Pecs, Hungary; (E.F.); (E.P.); (Z.V.); (M.F.)
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology Centre, Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
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38
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Severi E, Rudden M, Bell A, Palmer T, Juge N, Thomas GH. Multiple evolutionary origins reflect the importance of sialic acid transporters in the colonization potential of bacterial pathogens and commensals. Microb Genom 2021; 7. [PMID: 34184979 PMCID: PMC8461474 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Located at the tip of cell surface glycoconjugates, sialic acids are at the forefront of host-microbe interactions and, being easily liberated by sialidase enzymes, are used as metabolites by numerous bacteria, particularly by pathogens and commensals living on or near diverse mucosal surfaces. These bacteria rely on specific transporters for the acquisition of host-derived sialic acids. Here, we present the first comprehensive genomic and phylogenetic analysis of bacterial sialic acid transporters, leading to the identification of multiple new families and subfamilies. Our phylogenetic analysis suggests that sialic acid-specific transport has evolved independently at least eight times during the evolution of bacteria, from within four of the major families/superfamilies of bacterial transporters, and we propose a robust classification scheme to bring together a myriad of different nomenclatures that exist to date. The new transporters discovered occur in diverse bacteria, including Spirochaetes, Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes and Verrucomicrobia, many of which are species that have not been previously recognized to have sialometabolic capacities. Two subfamilies of transporters stand out in being fused to the sialic acid mutarotase enzyme, NanM, and these transporter fusions are enriched in bacteria present in gut microbial communities. Our analysis supports the increasing experimental evidence that competition for host-derived sialic acid is a key phenotype for successful colonization of complex mucosal microbiomes, such that a strong evolutionary selection has occurred for the emergence of sialic acid specificity within existing transporter architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuele Severi
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK.,Microbes in Health and Disease, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Andrew Bell
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Tracy Palmer
- Microbes in Health and Disease, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Nathalie Juge
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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39
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Tsai TY, Huang MT, Sung PS, Peng CY, Tao MH, Yang HI, Chang WC, Yang AS, Yu CM, Lin YP, Bau CY, Huang CJ, Pan MH, Wu CY, Hsiao CD, Yeh YH, Duan S, Paulson JC, Hsieh SL. SIGLEC-3 (CD33) serves as an immune checkpoint receptor for HBV infection. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e141965. [PMID: 34060491 DOI: 10.1172/jci141965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection is rarely eradicated by current antiviral nucleos(t)ide analogues. We found that α2,6-biantennary sialoglycans of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) bound human SIGLEC-3 (CD33) by IP and ELISA, and the binding affinity between SIGLEC-3 and α2,6-biantennary sialoglycans was determined by biolayer interferometry (equilibrium dissociation constant [KD]: 1.95 × 10-10 ± 0.21 × 10-10 M). Moreover, HBV activated SIGLEC-3 on myeloid cells and induced immunosuppression by stimulating immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif phosphorylation and SHP-1/-2 recruitment via α2,6-biantennary sialoglycans on HBsAg. An antagonistic anti-SIGLEC-3 mAb reversed this effect and enhanced cytokine production in response to TLR-7 agonist GS-9620 in PBMCs from CHB patients. Moreover, anti-SIGLEC-3 mAb alone was able to upregulate the expression of molecules involved in antigen presentation, such as CD80, CD86, CD40, MHC-I, MHC-II, and PD-L1 in CD14+ cells. Furthermore, SIGLEC-3 SNP rs12459419 C, which expressed a higher amount of SIGLEC-3, was associated with increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in CHB patients (HR: 1.256, 95% CI: 1.027-1.535, P = 0.0266). Thus, blockade of SIGLEC-3 is a promising strategy to reactivate host immunity to HBV and lower the incidence of HCC in the CHB patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Yu Tsai
- PhD Program for Translational Medicine, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan.,Center for Digestive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Pei-Shan Sung
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yuan Peng
- Center for Digestive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mi-Hua Tao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hwai-I Yang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chiao Chang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - An-Suei Yang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ming Yu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ping Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Bau
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jen Huang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hung Pan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Wu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Yi-Hung Yeh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiteng Duan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Shie-Liang Hsieh
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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40
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Sialic Acid-Siglec Axis in Human Immune Regulation, Involvement in Autoimmunity and Cancer and Potential Therapeutic Treatments. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115774. [PMID: 34071314 PMCID: PMC8198044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Siglecs are sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins. Most Siglecs function as transmembrane receptors mainly expressed on blood cells in a cell type-specific manner. They recognize and bind sialic acids in specific linkages on glycoproteins and glycolipids. Since Sia is a self-molecule, Siglecs play a role in innate immune responses by distinguishing molecules as self or non-self. Increasing evidence supports the involvement of Siglecs in immune signaling representing immune checkpoints able to regulate immune responses in inflammatory diseases as well as cancer. Although further studies are necessary to fully understand the involvement of Siglecs in pathological conditions as well as their interactions with other immune regulators, the development of therapeutic approaches that exploit these molecules represents a tremendous opportunity for future treatments of several human diseases, as demonstrated by their application in several clinical trials. In the present review, we discuss the involvement of Siglecs in the regulation of immune responses, with particular focus on autoimmunity and cancer and the chance to target the sialic acid-Siglec axis as novel treatment strategy.
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41
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Russell CJ. Hemagglutinin Stability and Its Impact on Influenza A Virus Infectivity, Pathogenicity, and Transmissibility in Avians, Mice, Swine, Seals, Ferrets, and Humans. Viruses 2021; 13:746. [PMID: 33923198 PMCID: PMC8145662 DOI: 10.3390/v13050746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically diverse influenza A viruses (IAVs) circulate in wild aquatic birds. From this reservoir, IAVs sporadically cause outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics in wild and domestic avians, wild land and sea mammals, horses, canines, felines, swine, humans, and other species. One molecular trait shown to modulate IAV host range is the stability of the hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein. The HA protein is the major antigen and during virus entry, this trimeric envelope glycoprotein binds sialic acid-containing receptors before being triggered by endosomal low pH to undergo irreversible structural changes that cause membrane fusion. The HA proteins from different IAV isolates can vary in the pH at which HA protein structural changes are triggered, the protein causes membrane fusion, or outside the cell the virion becomes inactivated. HA activation pH values generally range from pH 4.8 to 6.2. Human-adapted HA proteins tend to have relatively stable HA proteins activated at pH 5.5 or below. Here, studies are reviewed that report HA stability values and investigate the biological impact of variations in HA stability on replication, pathogenicity, and transmissibility in experimental animal models. Overall, a stabilized HA protein appears to be necessary for human pandemic potential and should be considered when assessing human pandemic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
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42
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Vieira AZ, Raittz RT, Faoro H. Origin and evolution of nonulosonic acid synthases and their relationship with bacterial pathogenicity revealed by a large-scale phylogenetic analysis. Microb Genom 2021; 7:000563. [PMID: 33848237 PMCID: PMC8208679 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonulosonic acids (NulOs) are a group of nine-carbon monosaccharides with different functions in nature. N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) is the most common NulO. It covers the membrane surface of all human cells and is a central molecule in the process of self-recognition via SIGLECS receptors. Some pathogenic bacteria escape the immune system by copying the sialylation of the host cell membrane. Neu5Ac production in these bacteria is catalysed by the enzyme NeuB. Some bacteria can also produce other NulOs named pseudaminic and legionaminic acids, through the NeuB homologues PseI and LegI, respectively. In Opisthokonta eukaryotes, the biosynthesis of Neu5Ac is catalysed by the enzyme NanS. In this study, we used publicly available data of sequences of NulOs synthases to investigate its distribution within the three domains of life and its relationship with pathogenic bacteria. We mined the KEGG database and found 425 NeuB sequences. Most NeuB sequences (58.74 %) from the KEGG orthology database were classified as from environmental bacteria; however, sequences from pathogenic bacteria showed higher conservation and prevalence of a specific domain named SAF. Using the HMM profile we identified 13 941 NulO synthase sequences in UniProt. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences showed that the synthases were divided into three main groups that can be related to the lifestyle of these bacteria: (I) predominantly environmental, (II) intermediate and (III) predominantly pathogenic. NeuB was widely distributed in the groups. However, LegI and PseI were more concentrated in groups II and III, respectively. We also found that PseI appeared later in the evolutionary process, derived from NeuB. We use this same methodology to retrieve sialic acid synthase sequences from Archaea and Eukarya. A large-scale phylogenetic analysis showed that while the Archaea sequences are spread across the tree, the eukaryotic NanS sequences were grouped in a specific branch in group II. None of the bacterial NanS sequences grouped with the eukaryotic branch. The analysis of conserved residues showed that the synthases of Archaea and Eukarya present a mutation in one of the three catalytic residues, an E134D change, related to a Neisseria meningitidis reference sequence. We also found that the conservation profile is higher between NeuB of pathogenic bacteria and NanS of eukaryotes than between NeuB of environmental bacteria and NanS of eukaryotes. Our large-scale analysis brings new perspectives on the evolution of NulOs synthases, suggesting their presence in the last common universal ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Zanatta Vieira
- Laboratory for Applied Science and Technology in Health, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz-PR, Algacyr Munhoz Mader street, 3775, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- Graduation Program on Bioinformatics – Universidade Federal do Paraná, Alcides Viera Arcoverde street 1225, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Roberto Tadeu Raittz
- Graduation Program on Bioinformatics – Universidade Federal do Paraná, Alcides Viera Arcoverde street 1225, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Helisson Faoro
- Laboratory for Applied Science and Technology in Health, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz-PR, Algacyr Munhoz Mader street, 3775, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- Graduation Program on Bioinformatics – Universidade Federal do Paraná, Alcides Viera Arcoverde street 1225, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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43
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Abstract
The surfaces of all living organisms and most secreted proteins share a common feature: They are glycosylated. As the outermost-facing molecules, glycans participate in nearly all immunological processes, including driving host-pathogen interactions, immunological recognition and activation, and differentiation between self and nonself through a complex array of pathways and mechanisms. These fundamental immunologic roles are further cast into sharp relief in inflammatory, autoimmune, and cancer disease states in which immune regulation goes awry. Here, we review the broad impact of glycans on the immune system and discuss the changes and clinical opportunities associated with the onset of immunologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Y Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7288, USA;
| | - Brian A Cobb
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7288, USA;
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44
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Highly Porous, Molecularly Imprinted Core–Shell Type Boronate Affinity Sorbent with a Large Surface Area for Enrichment and Detection of Sialic Acid Isomers. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-021-01890-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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45
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In Situ "Humanization" of Porcine Bioprostheses: Demonstration of Tendon Bioprostheses Conversion into Human ACL and Possible Implications for Heart Valve Bioprostheses. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:bioengineering8010010. [PMID: 33445522 PMCID: PMC7826727 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the first studies on successful conversion of porcine soft-tissue bioprostheses into viable permanently functional tissue in humans. This process includes gradual degradation of the porcine tissue, with concomitant neo-vascularization and reconstruction of the implanted bioprosthesis with human cells and extracellular matrix. Such a reconstruction process is referred to in this review as “humanization”. Humanization was achieved with porcine bone-patellar-tendon-bone (BTB), replacing torn anterior-cruciate-ligament (ACL) in patients. In addition to its possible use in orthopedic surgery, it is suggested that this humanization method should be studied as a possible mechanism for converting implanted porcine bioprosthetic heart-valves (BHV) into viable tissue valves in young patients. Presently, these patients are only implanted with mechanical heart-valves, which require constant anticoagulation therapy. The processing of porcine bioprostheses, which enables humanization, includes elimination of α-gal epitopes and partial (incomplete) crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. Studies on implantation of porcine BTB bioprostheses indicated that enzymatic elimination of α-gal epitopes prevents subsequent accelerated destruction of implanted tissues by the natural anti-Gal antibody, whereas the partial crosslinking by glutaraldehyde molecules results in their function as “speed bumps” that slow the infiltration of macrophages. Anti-non gal antibodies produced against porcine antigens in implanted bioprostheses recruit macrophages, which infiltrate at a pace that enables slow degradation of the porcine tissue, neo-vascularization, and infiltration of fibroblasts. These fibroblasts align with the porcine collagen-fibers scaffold, secrete their collagen-fibers and other extracellular-matrix (ECM) components, and gradually replace porcine tissues degraded by macrophages with autologous functional viable tissue. Porcine BTB implanted in patients completes humanization into autologous ACL within ~2 years. The similarities in cells and ECM comprising heart-valves and tendons, raises the possibility that porcine BHV undergoing a similar processing, may also undergo humanization, resulting in formation of an autologous, viable, permanently functional, non-calcifying heart-valves.
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46
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Benton ML, Abraham A, LaBella AL, Abbot P, Rokas A, Capra JA. The influence of evolutionary history on human health and disease. Nat Rev Genet 2021; 22:269-283. [PMID: 33408383 PMCID: PMC7787134 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-020-00305-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Nearly all genetic variants that influence disease risk have human-specific origins; however, the systems they influence have ancient roots that often trace back to evolutionary events long before the origin of humans. Here, we review how advances in our understanding of the genetic architectures of diseases, recent human evolution and deep evolutionary history can help explain how and why humans in modern environments become ill. Human populations exhibit differences in the prevalence of many common and rare genetic diseases. These differences are largely the result of the diverse environmental, cultural, demographic and genetic histories of modern human populations. Synthesizing our growing knowledge of evolutionary history with genetic medicine, while accounting for environmental and social factors, will help to achieve the promise of personalized genomics and realize the potential hidden in an individual's DNA sequence to guide clinical decisions. In short, precision medicine is fundamentally evolutionary medicine, and integration of evolutionary perspectives into the clinic will support the realization of its full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Lauren Benton
- grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.252890.40000 0001 2111 2894Department of Computer Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX USA
| | - Abin Abraham
- grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Abigail L. LaBella
- grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Patrick Abbot
- grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Antonis Rokas
- grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - John A. Capra
- grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
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47
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Functions and therapeutic targets of Siglec-mediated infections, inflammations and cancers. J Formos Med Assoc 2021; 120:5-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2019.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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48
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Pruimboom L. SARS-CoV 2; Possible alternative virus receptors and pathophysiological determinants. Med Hypotheses 2021; 146:110368. [PMID: 33189453 PMCID: PMC7645279 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) highjacks epithelial cells and infiltrates the lung, as well as other organs and tissues, is essential for developing treatment strategies and vaccines against this highly contagious virus. Another major goal is to fully elucidate the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV- 2 bypasses the innate immune system and induces a cytokine storm, and its effects on mortality. Currently, SARS- CoV-2 is thought to evade innate antiviral immunity, undergo endocytosis, and fuse with the host cell membrane by exploiting ACE2 receptors and the protease TMMPRSS2, with cathepsin B/L as alternative protease, for entry into the epithelial cells of tissues vulnerable to developing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms. However, the incorporation of new and unique binding sites, i.e., O-linked glycans, and the preservation and augmentation of effective binding sites (N-linked glycans) on the outer membrane of SARS-CoV-2 may represent other strategies of infecting the human host. Here, I will rationalize the possibility that other host molecules-i.e., sugar molecules and the sialic acidsN-glycolylneuraminic acid, N-acetylneuraminic acid, and their derivates could be viable candidates for the use as virus receptors by SARS-CoV-2 and/or serve as determinants for the adherence on ACE2 of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Pruimboom
- Pontifical University of Salamanca, Spain; PNI Europe, The Hague, The Netherlands.
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49
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van Leeuwen SS, te Poele EM, Chatziioannou AC, Benjamins E, Haandrikman A, Dijkhuizen L. Goat Milk Oligosaccharides: Their Diversity, Quantity, and Functional Properties in Comparison to Human Milk Oligosaccharides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13469-13485. [PMID: 33141570 PMCID: PMC7705968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Human milk is considered the golden standard in infant nutrition. Free oligosaccharides in human milk provide important health benefits. These oligosaccharides function as prebiotics, immune modulators, and pathogen inhibitors and were found to improve barrier function in the gut. Infant formulas nowadays often contain prebiotics but lack the specific functions of human milk oligosaccharides (hMOS). Milk from domesticated animals also contains milk oligosaccharides but at much lower levels and with less diversity. Goat milk contains significantly more oligosaccharides (gMOS) than bovine (bMOS) or sheep (sMOS) milk and also has a larger diversity of structures. This review summarizes structural studies, revealing a diversity of up to 77 annotated gMOS structures with almost 40 structures fully characterized. Quantitative studies of goat milk oligosaccharides range from 60 to 350 mg/L in mature milk and from 200 to 650 mg/L in colostrum. These levels are clearly lower than in human milk (5-20 g/L) but higher than in other domesticated dairy animals, e.g., bovine (30-60 mg/L) and sheep (20-40 mg/L). Finally, the review focuses on demonstrated and potential functionalities of gMOS. Some studies have shown anti-inflammatory effects of mixtures enriched in gMOS. Goat MOS also display prebiotic potential, particularly in stimulating growth of bifidobacteria preferentially. Although functional studies of gMOS are still limited, several structures are also found in human milk and have known functions as immune modulators and pathogen inhibitors. In conclusion, goat milk constitutes a promising alternative source for milk oligosaccharides, which can be used in infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander S. van Leeuwen
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine, Cluster Human Nutrition and Health, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands
- E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- CarbExplore
Research BV, 9747 AN Groningen, Netherlands
- Department
of Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology
Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, 9700 AB Groningen, Netherlands
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50
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Jahan M, Thomson PC, Wynn PC, Wang B. The non-human glycan, N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), is not expressed in all organs and skeletal muscles of nine animal species. Food Chem 2020; 343:128439. [PMID: 33127222 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Red meat-derived sialic acid (Sia), N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), promotes the risk of carcinoma and inflammation. Expression in skeletal muscle and organs across animal species remains unknown. We measured Neu5Gc in skeletal muscle and organ tissues from nine species using UHPLC and found that: (1) neu5Gc concentration in skeletal muscle was highest in goats (166 ± 48.7 µg/g protein), followed by cattle, pig, sheep, horse, cat and deer: >75% was conjugated. No Neu5Gc was detected in kangaroo and dog muscles; (2) total Neu5Gc in organ meats was generally about 2-54% higher than in muscle. Surprisingly Neu5Gc was absent in seven organs of female deer; (3) nine commercial ovine meat cuts contained similar Neu5Gc levels. Thus, red meat Neu5Gc concentration is tissue and species-specific and absent in muscle and organ tissue of some species. Our study provides guidelines for animal meat preferences for consumers and sheds light on the functionality of Neu5Gc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marefa Jahan
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Peter C Thomson
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney. Camden, NSW 2750, Australia
| | - Peter C Wynn
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Bing Wang
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
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