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Ng XY, Cao M. Dysfunction of synaptic endocytic trafficking in Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2649-2660. [PMID: 38595283 PMCID: PMC11168511 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by the selective degeneration of dopamine neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway and dopamine deficiency in the striatum. The precise reasons behind the specific degeneration of these dopamine neurons remain largely elusive. Genetic investigations have identified over 20 causative PARK genes and 90 genomic risk loci associated with both familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease. Notably, several of these genes are linked to the synaptic vesicle recycling process, particularly the clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway. This suggests that impaired synaptic vesicle recycling might represent an early feature of Parkinson's disease, followed by axonal degeneration and the eventual loss of dopamine cell bodies in the midbrain via a "dying back" mechanism. Recently, several new animal and cellular models with Parkinson's disease-linked mutations affecting the endocytic pathway have been created and extensively characterized. These models faithfully recapitulate certain Parkinson's disease-like features at the animal, circuit, and cellular levels, and exhibit defects in synaptic membrane trafficking, further supporting the findings from human genetics and clinical studies. In this review, we will first summarize the cellular and molecular findings from the models of two Parkinson's disease-linked clathrin uncoating proteins: auxilin (DNAJC6/PARK19) and synaptojanin 1 (SYNJ1/PARK20). The mouse models carrying these two PARK gene mutations phenocopy each other with specific dopamine terminal pathology and display a potent synergistic effect. Subsequently, we will delve into the involvement of several clathrin-mediated endocytosis-related proteins (GAK, endophilin A1, SAC2/INPP5F, synaptotagmin-11), identified as Parkinson's disease risk factors through genome-wide association studies, in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. We will also explore the direct or indirect roles of some common Parkinson's disease-linked proteins (alpha-synuclein (PARK1/4), Parkin (PARK2), and LRRK2 (PARK8)) in synaptic endocytic trafficking. Additionally, we will discuss the emerging novel functions of these endocytic proteins in downstream membrane traffic pathways, particularly autophagy. Given that synaptic dysfunction is considered as an early event in Parkinson's disease, a deeper understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying synaptic vesicle endocytic trafficking may unveil novel targets for early diagnosis and the development of interventional therapies for Parkinson's disease. Future research should aim to elucidate why generalized synaptic endocytic dysfunction leads to the selective degeneration of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi Ng
- Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mian Cao
- Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Kokotos AC, Antoniazzi AM, Unda SR, Ko MS, Park D, Eliezer D, Kaplitt MG, De Camilli P, Ryan TA. Phosphoglycerate kinase is a central leverage point in Parkinson's disease-driven neuronal metabolic deficits. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn6016. [PMID: 39167658 PMCID: PMC11338267 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn6016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Although certain drivers of familial Parkinson's disease (PD) compromise mitochondrial integrity, whether metabolic deficits underly other idiopathic or genetic origins of PD is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), a gene in the PARK12 susceptibility locus, is rate limiting in neuronal glycolysis and that modestly increasing PGK1 expression boosts neuronal adenosine 5'-triphosphate production kinetics that is sufficient to suppress PARK20-driven synaptic dysfunction. We found that this activity enhancement depends on the molecular chaperone PARK7/DJ-1, whose loss of function significantly disrupts axonal bioenergetics. In vivo, viral expression of PGK1 confers protection of striatal dopamine axons against metabolic lesions. These data support the notion that bioenergetic deficits may underpin PD-associated pathologies and point to improving neuronal adenosine 5'-triphosphate production kinetics as a promising path forward in PD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros C. Kokotos
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Aldana M. Antoniazzi
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Santiago R. Unda
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Myung Soo Ko
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daehun Park
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Departments of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - David Eliezer
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael G. Kaplitt
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Pietro De Camilli
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Departments of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Timothy A. Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
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3
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Chiu CC, Chen YL, Weng YH, Liu SY, Li HL, Yeh TH, Wang HL. Downregulation of Protease Cathepsin D and Upregulation of Pathologic α-Synuclein Mediate Paucity of DNAJC6-Induced Degeneration of Dopaminergic Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6711. [PMID: 38928416 PMCID: PMC11204255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A homozygous mutation of the DNAJC6 gene causes autosomal recessive familial type 19 of Parkinson's disease (PARK19). To test the hypothesis that PARK19 DNAJC6 mutations induce the neurodegeneration of dopaminergic cells by reducing the protein expression of functional DNAJC6 and causing DNAJC6 paucity, an in vitro PARK19 model was constructed by using shRNA-mediated gene silencing of endogenous DANJC6 in differentiated human SH-SY5Y dopaminergic neurons. shRNA targeting DNAJC6 induced the neurodegeneration of dopaminergic cells. DNAJC6 paucity reduced the level of cytosolic clathrin heavy chain and the number of lysosomes in dopaminergic neurons. A DNAJC6 paucity-induced reduction in the lysosomal number downregulated the protein level of lysosomal protease cathepsin D and impaired macroautophagy, resulting in the upregulation of pathologic α-synuclein or phospho-α-synucleinSer129 in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. The expression of α-synuclein shRNA or cathepsin D blocked the DNAJC6 deficiency-evoked degeneration of dopaminergic cells. An increase in ER α-synuclein or phospho-α-synucleinSer129 caused by DNAJC6 paucity activated ER stress, the unfolded protein response and ER stress-triggered apoptotic signaling. The lack of DNAJC6-induced upregulation of mitochondrial α-synuclein depolarized the mitochondrial membrane potential and elevated the mitochondrial level of superoxide. The DNAJC6 paucity-evoked ER stress-related apoptotic cascade, mitochondrial malfunction and oxidative stress induced the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons via activating mitochondrial pro-apoptotic signaling. In contrast with the neuroprotective function of WT DNAJC6, the PARK19 DNAJC6 mutants (Q789X or R927G) failed to attenuate the tunicamycin- or rotenone-induced upregulation of pathologic α-synuclein and stimulation of apoptotic signaling. Our data suggest that PARK19 mutation-induced DNAJC6 paucity causes the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons via downregulating protease cathepsin D and upregulating neurotoxic α-synuclein. Our results also indicate that PARK19 mutation (Q789X or R927G) impairs the DNAJC6-mediated neuroprotective function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chi Chiu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
- Healthy Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ling Chen
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Hsin Weng
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
- Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yu Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
| | - Hon-Lun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
| | - Tu-Hsueh Yeh
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Li Wang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
- Healthy Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
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Abela L, Gianfrancesco L, Tagliatti E, Rossignoli G, Barwick K, Zourray C, Reid KM, Budinger D, Ng J, Counsell J, Simpson A, Pearson TS, Edvardson S, Elpeleg O, Brodsky FM, Lignani G, Barral S, Kurian MA. Neurodevelopmental and synaptic defects in DNAJC6 parkinsonism, amenable to gene therapy. Brain 2024; 147:2023-2037. [PMID: 38242634 PMCID: PMC11146427 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
DNAJC6 encodes auxilin, a co-chaperone protein involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) at the presynaptic terminal. Biallelic mutations in DNAJC6 cause a complex, early-onset neurodegenerative disorder characterized by rapidly progressive parkinsonism-dystonia in childhood. The disease is commonly associated with additional neurodevelopmental, neurological and neuropsychiatric features. Currently, there are no disease-modifying treatments for this condition, resulting in significant morbidity and risk of premature mortality. To investigate the underlying disease mechanisms in childhood-onset DNAJC6 parkinsonism, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from three patients harbouring pathogenic loss-of-function DNAJC6 mutations and subsequently developed a midbrain dopaminergic neuronal model of disease. When compared to age-matched and CRISPR-corrected isogenic controls, the neuronal cell model revealed disease-specific auxilin deficiency as well as disturbance of synaptic vesicle recycling and homeostasis. We also observed neurodevelopmental dysregulation affecting ventral midbrain patterning and neuronal maturation. To explore the feasibility of a viral vector-mediated gene therapy approach, iPSC-derived neuronal cultures were treated with lentiviral DNAJC6 gene transfer, which restored auxilin expression and rescued CME. Our patient-derived neuronal model provides deeper insights into the molecular mechanisms of auxilin deficiency as well as a robust platform for the development of targeted precision therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Abela
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Lorita Gianfrancesco
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Erica Tagliatti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Milano, Italy
| | - Giada Rossignoli
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Katy Barwick
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Clara Zourray
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Kimberley M Reid
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Dimitri Budinger
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Joanne Ng
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
- Genetic Therapy Accelerator Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - John Counsell
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Arlo Simpson
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Toni S Pearson
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032-3784, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Neurology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Simon Edvardson
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah, Hebrew University Medical Center, 9574869 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Orly Elpeleg
- Department of Genetics, Hadassah, Hebrew University Medical Center, 9574869 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Frances M Brodsky
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Gabriele Lignani
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Serena Barral
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1DZ, UK
- Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
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5
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Coukos R, Krainc D. Key genes and convergent pathogenic mechanisms in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:393-413. [PMID: 38600347 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00812-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder marked by the preferential dysfunction and death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The onset and progression of PD is influenced by a diversity of genetic variants, many of which lack functional characterization. To identify the most high-yield targets for therapeutic intervention, it is important to consider the core cellular compartments and functional pathways upon which the varied forms of pathogenic dysfunction may converge. Here, we review several key PD-linked proteins and pathways, focusing on the mechanisms of their potential convergence in disease pathogenesis. These dysfunctions primarily localize to a subset of subcellular compartments, including mitochondria, lysosomes and synapses. We discuss how these pathogenic mechanisms that originate in different cellular compartments may coordinately lead to cellular dysfunction and neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Coukos
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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6
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Thöny B, Ng J, Kurian MA, Mills P, Martinez A. Mouse models for inherited monoamine neurotransmitter disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis 2024; 47:533-550. [PMID: 38168036 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Several mouse models have been developed to study human defects of primary and secondary inherited monoamine neurotransmitter disorders (iMND). As the field continues to expand, current defects in corresponding mouse models include enzymes and a molecular co-chaperone involved in monoamine synthesis and metabolism (PAH, TH, PITX3, AADC, DBH, MAOA, DNAJC6), tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) cofactor synthesis and recycling (adGTPCH1/DRD, arGTPCH1, PTPS, SR, DHPR), and vitamin B6 cofactor deficiency (ALDH7A1), as well as defective monoamine neurotransmitter packaging (VMAT1, VMAT2) and reuptake (DAT). No mouse models are available for human DNAJC12 co-chaperone and PNPO-B6 deficiencies, disorders associated with recessive variants that result in decreased stability and function of the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases and decreased neurotransmitter synthesis, respectively. More than one mutant mouse is available for some of these defects, which is invaluable as different variant-specific (knock-in) models may provide more insights into underlying mechanisms of disorders, while complete gene inactivation (knock-out) models often have limitations in terms of recapitulating complex human diseases. While these mouse models have common phenotypic traits also observed in patients, reflecting the defective homeostasis of the monoamine neurotransmitter pathways, they also present with disease-specific manifestations with toxic accumulation or deficiency of specific metabolites related to the specific gene affected. This review provides an overview of the currently available models and may give directions toward selecting existing models or generating new ones to investigate novel pathogenic mechanisms and precision therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Thöny
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Joanne Ng
- Genetic Therapy Accelerator Centre, University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Philippa Mills
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Aurora Martinez
- Department of Biomedicine and Center for Translational Research in Parkinson's Disease, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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7
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Rademacher K, Nakamura K. Role of dopamine neuron activity in Parkinson's disease pathophysiology. Exp Neurol 2024; 373:114645. [PMID: 38092187 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Neural activity is finely tuned to produce normal behaviors, and disruptions in activity likely occur early in the course of many neurodegenerative diseases. However, how neural activity is altered, and how these changes influence neurodegeneration is poorly understood. Here, we focus on evidence that the activity of dopamine neurons is altered in Parkinson's disease (PD), either as a compensatory response to degeneration or as a result of circuit dynamics or pathologic proteins, based on available human data and studies in animal models of PD. We then discuss how this abnormal activity may augment other neurotoxic phenomena in PD, including mitochondrial deficits, protein aggregation and spread, dopamine toxicity, and excitotoxicity. A more complete picture of how activity is altered and the resulting effects on dopaminergic neuron health and function may inform future therapeutic interventions to target and protect dopamine neurons from degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Rademacher
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA.; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
| | - Ken Nakamura
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA.; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA.
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8
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Song DY, Yuan L, Cui N, Feng C, Meng L, Wang XH, Xiang M, Liu D, Wang C, Zhang Z, Li JY, Li W. α-Synuclein induces deficiency in clathrin-mediated endocytosis through inhibiting synaptojanin1 expression. J Neurochem 2023; 167:461-484. [PMID: 37788328 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related chronic neurological disorder, mainly characterized by the pathological feature of α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation, with the exact disease pathogenesis unclear. During the onset and progression of PD, synaptic dysfunction, including dysregulation of axonal transport, impaired exocytosis, and endocytosis are identified as crucial events of PD pathogenesis. It has been reported that over-expression of α-syn impairs clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in the synapses. However, the underlying mechanisms still needs to be explored. In this study, we investigated the molecular events underlying the synaptic dysfunction caused by over-expression of wild-type human α-syn and its mutant form, involving series of proteins participating in CME. We found that excessive human α-syn causes impaired fission and uncoating of clathrin-coated vesicles during synaptic vesicle recycling, leading to reduced clustering of synaptic vesicles near the active zone and increased size of plasma membrane and number of endocytic intermediates. Furthermore, over-expressed human α-syn induced changes of CME-associated proteins, among which synaptojanin1 (SYNJ1) showed significant reduction in various brain regions. Over-expression of SYNJ1 in primary hippocampal neurons from α-syn transgenic mice recovered the synaptic vesicle density, clustering and endocytosis. Using fluorescence-conjugated transferrin, we demonstrated that SYNJ1 re-boosted the CME activity by restoring the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate homeostasis. Our data suggested that over-expression of α-syn disrupts synaptic function through interfering with vesicle recycling, which could be alleviated by re-availing of SYNJ1. Our study unrevealed a molecular mechanism of the synaptic dysfunction in PD pathogenesis and provided a potential therapeutic target for treating PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yan Song
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- Laboratory of Research in Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders, Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Laboratory of Research in Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders, Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Cui
- Laboratory of Research in Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders, Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Cong Feng
- Laboratory of Research in Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders, Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lanxia Meng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin-He Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Man Xiang
- Laboratory of Research in Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders, Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Di Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Laboratory of Research in Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders, Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Laboratory of Research in Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders, Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Wen Li
- Laboratory of Research in Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders, Health Sciences Institute, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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9
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Alizadeh P, Terroba-Chambi C, Achen B, Bruno V. Pain in monogenic Parkinson's disease: a comprehensive review. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1248828. [PMID: 38020640 PMCID: PMC10643218 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1248828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain, a challenging symptom experienced by individuals diagnosed with Parkinson's disease (PD), still lacks a comprehensive understanding of its underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. A systematic investigation of its prevalence and impact on the quality of life in patients affected by monogenic forms of PD has yet to be undertaken. This comprehensive review aims to provide an overview of the association between pain and monogenic forms of PD, specifically focusing on pathogenic variants in SNCA, PRKN, PINK1, PARK7, LRRK2, GBA1, VPS35, ATP13A2, DNAJC6, FBXO7, and SYNJ1. Sixty-three articles discussing pain associated with monogenic PD were identified and analyzed. The included studies exhibited significant heterogeneity in design, sample size, and pain outcome measures. Nonetheless, the findings of this review suggest that patients with monogenic PD may experience specific types of pain depending on the pathogenic variant present, distinguishing them from non-carriers. For instance, individuals with SNCA pathogenic variants have reported painful dystonia, lower extremity pain, dorsal pain, and upper back pain. However, these observations are primarily based on case reports with unclear prevalence. Painful lower limb dystonia and lower back pain are prominent symptoms in PRKN carriers. A continual correlation has been noted between LRRK2 mutations and the emergence of pain, though the conflicting research outcomes pose challenges in reaching definitive conclusions. Individuals with PINK1 mutation carriers also frequently report experiencing pain. Pain has been frequently reported as an initial symptom and the most troublesome one in GBA1-PD patients compared to those with idiopathic PD. The evidence regarding pain in ATP13A2, PARK7, VPS35, DNAJC6, FBXO7, and SYNJ1pathogenic variants is limited and insufficient. The potential linkage between genetic profiles and pain outcomes holds promising clinical implications, allowing for the potential stratification of patients in clinical trials and the development of personalized treatments for pain in monogenic PD. In conclusion, this review underscores the need for further research to unravel the intricate relationship between pain and monogenic forms of PD. Standardized methodologies, larger sample sizes, and longitudinal studies are essential to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and develop targeted therapeutic interventions for pain management in individuals with monogenic PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Alizadeh
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Beatrice Achen
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Veronica Bruno
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
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10
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Cheng X, Tang Y, Vidyadhara D, Li BZ, Zimmerman M, Pak A, Nareddula S, Edens PA, Chandra SS, Chubykin AA. Impaired pre-synaptic plasticity and visual responses in auxilin-knockout mice. iScience 2023; 26:107842. [PMID: 37766983 PMCID: PMC10520332 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Auxilin (DNAJC6/PARK19), an endocytic co-chaperone, is essential for maintaining homeostasis in the readily releasable pool (RRP) by aiding clathrin-mediated uncoating of synaptic vesicles. Its loss-of-function mutations, observed in familial Parkinson's disease (PD), lead to basal ganglia motor deficits and cortical dysfunction. We discovered that auxilin-knockout (Aux-KO) mice exhibited impaired pre-synaptic plasticity in layer 4 to layer 2/3 pyramidal cell synapses in the primary visual cortex (V1), including reduced short-term facilitation and depression. Computational modeling revealed increased RRP refilling during short repetitive stimulation, which diminished during prolonged stimulation. Silicon probe recordings in V1 of Aux-KO mice demonstrated disrupted visual cortical circuit responses, including reduced orientation selectivity, compromised visual mismatch negativity, and shorter visual familiarity-evoked theta oscillations. Pupillometry analysis revealed an impaired optokinetic response. Auxilin-dependent pre-synaptic endocytosis dysfunction was associated with deficits in pre-synaptic plasticity, visual cortical functions, and eye movement prodromally or at the early stage of motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue Autism Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yu Tang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue Autism Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - D.J. Vidyadhara
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, CT, USA
| | - Ben-Zheng Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Colorado, Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Michael Zimmerman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue Autism Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Alexandr Pak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue Autism Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sanghamitra Nareddula
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue Autism Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Paige Alyssa Edens
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue Autism Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sreeganga S. Chandra
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, CT, USA
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University, CT, USA
| | - Alexander A. Chubykin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue Autism Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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11
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Mohamed W. Leveraging genetic diversity to understand monogenic Parkinson's disease's landscape in AfrAbia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE 2023; 12:108-122. [PMID: 37736165 PMCID: PMC10509492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease may be caused by a single highly deleterious and penetrant pathogenic variant in 5-10% of cases (monogenic). Research into these mutational disorders yields important pathophysiological insights. This article examines the phenotype, genotype, pathophysiology, and geographic and ethnic distribution of genetic forms of disease. Well established Parkinson's disease (PD) causal variants can follow an autosomal dominant (SNCA, LRRK2, and VPS35) and autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance (PRKN, PINK1, and DJ). Parkinson's disease is a worldwide condition, yet the AfrAbia population is understudied in this regard. No prevalence or incidence investigations have been conducted yet. Few studies on genetic risk factors for PD in AfrAbia communities have been reported which supported the notion that the prevalence and incidence rates of PD in AfrAbia are generally lower than those reported for European and North American populations. There have been only a handful of documented genetic studies of PD in AfrAbia and very limited cohort and case-control research studies on PD have been documented. In this article, we provide a summary of prior conducted research on monogenic PD in Africa and highlight data gaps and promising new research directions. We emphasize that monogenic Parkinson's disease is influenced by distinctions in ethnicity and geography, thereby reinforcing the need for global initiatives to aggregate large numbers of patients and identify novel candidate genes. The current article increases our knowledge of the genetics of Parkinson's disease (PD) and helps to further our knowledge on the genetic factors that contribute to PD, such as the lower penetrance and varying clinical expressivity of known genetic variants, particularly in AfrAbian PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Mohamed
- Basic Medical Science Department, Kulliyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
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12
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Kim SH, Chang MY. Application of Human Brain Organoids-Opportunities and Challenges in Modeling Human Brain Development and Neurodevelopmental Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12528. [PMID: 37569905 PMCID: PMC10420018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain organoids are three-dimensional (3D) structures derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) that reflect early brain organization. These organoids contain different cell types, including neurons and glia, similar to those found in the human brain. Human brain organoids provide unique opportunities to model features of human brain development that are not well-reflected in animal models. Compared with traditional cell cultures and animal models, brain organoids offer a more accurate representation of human brain development and function, rendering them suitable models for neurodevelopmental diseases. In particular, brain organoids derived from patients' cells have enabled researchers to study diseases at different stages and gain a better understanding of disease mechanisms. Multi-brain regional assembloids allow for the investigation of interactions between distinct brain regions while achieving a higher level of consistency in molecular and functional characterization. Although organoids possess promising features, their usefulness is limited by several unresolved constraints, including cellular stress, hypoxia, necrosis, a lack of high-fidelity cell types, limited maturation, and circuit formation. In this review, we discuss studies to overcome the natural limitations of brain organoids, emphasizing the importance of combinations of all neural cell types, such as glia (astrocyte, oligodendrocytes, and microglia) and vascular cells. Additionally, considering the similarity of organoids to the developing brain, regionally patterned brain organoid-derived neural stem cells (NSCs) could serve as a scalable source for cell replacement therapy. We highlight the potential application of brain organoid-derived cells in disease cell therapy within this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-hyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea;
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Yoon Chang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea;
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Department of Premedicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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13
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Shyamasundar S, Ramya S, Kandilya D, Srinivasan DK, Bay BH, Ansari SA, Dheen ST. Maternal Diabetes Deregulates the Expression of Mecp2 via miR-26b-5p in Mouse Embryonic Neural Stem Cells. Cells 2023; 12:1516. [PMID: 37296636 PMCID: PMC10252249 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal diabetes has been associated with a greater risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring. It has been established that hyperglycemia alters the expression of genes and microRNAs (miRNAs) regulating the fate of neural stem cells (NSCs) during brain development. In this study, the expression of methyl-CpG-binding protein-2 (Mecp2), a global chromatin organizer and a crucial regulator of synaptic proteins, was analyzed in NSCs obtained from the forebrain of embryos of diabetic mice. Mecp2 was significantly downregulated in NSCs derived from embryos of diabetic mice when compared to controls. miRNA target prediction revealed that the miR-26 family could regulate the expression of Mecp2, and further validation confirmed that Mecp2 is a target of miR-26b-5p. Knockdown of Mecp2 or overexpression of miR-26b-5p altered the expression of tau protein and other synaptic proteins, suggesting that miR-26b-5p alters neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis via Mecp2. This study revealed that maternal diabetes upregulates the expression of miR-26b-5p in NSCs, resulting in downregulation of its target, Mecp2, which in turn perturbs neurite outgrowth and expression of synaptic proteins. Overall, hyperglycemia dysregulates synaptogenesis that may manifest as neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring from diabetic pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Shyamasundar
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117594, Singapore
| | - Seshadri Ramya
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117594, Singapore
| | - Deepika Kandilya
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117594, Singapore
| | - Dinesh Kumar Srinivasan
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117594, Singapore
| | - Boon Huat Bay
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117594, Singapore
| | - Suraiya Anjum Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - S Thameem Dheen
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117594, Singapore
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14
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Muraleedharan A, Vanderperre B. The endo-lysosomal system in Parkinson's disease: expanding the horizon. J Mol Biol 2023:168140. [PMID: 37148997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease, and its prevalence is increasing with age. A wealth of genetic evidence indicates that the endo-lysosomal system is a major pathway driving PD pathogenesis with a growing number of genes encoding endo-lysosomal proteins identified as risk factors for PD, making it a promising target for therapeutic intervention. However, detailed knowledge and understanding of the molecular mechanisms linking these genes to the disease are available for only a handful of them (e.g. LRRK2, GBA1, VPS35). Taking on the challenge of studying poorly characterized genes and proteins can be daunting, due to the limited availability of tools and knowledge from previous literature. This review aims at providing a valuable source of molecular and cellular insights into the biology of lesser-studied PD-linked endo-lysosomal genes, to help and encourage researchers in filling the knowledge gap around these less popular genetic players. Specific endo-lysosomal pathways discussed range from endocytosis, sorting, and vesicular trafficking to the regulation of membrane lipids of these membrane-bound organelles and the specific enzymatic activities they contain. We also provide perspectives on future challenges that the community needs to tackle and propose approaches to move forward in our understanding of these poorly studied endo-lysosomal genes. This will help harness their potential in designing innovative and efficient treatments to ultimately re-establish neuronal homeostasis in PD but also other diseases involving endo-lysosomal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitha Muraleedharan
- Centre d'Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines - Fondation Courtois and Biological Sciences Department, Université du Québec à Montréal
| | - Benoît Vanderperre
- Centre d'Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines - Fondation Courtois and Biological Sciences Department, Université du Québec à Montréal
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15
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Capella P, Asensio J, Troncoso M, Sosa MA, Seltzer AM. Evidence on differential role for alpha 1 and alpha 2 subtypes of AP-2 adaptin in the Central Nervous System. Neurosci Lett 2023; 808:137282. [PMID: 37127089 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Two subtypes of alpha (α)subunits , α1and α2, belonging to AP-2 complex have been described in the central nervous system (CNS). The specific role of each subtype is still unclear. In this study, we evaluated the expression and interaction with cell membranes of both subtypes in the postnatal developing cerebral cortex and cerebellum in two rat strains that display distinct developmental features. We observed that α2 displays higher variations than α1 during development, and at lesser extent in the rats with delayed rate of development. Additionally, by in vitro binding assays we evaluated the interaction of α subunits with bovine brain membranes. Both subtypes displayed clear differences in their performance, maximum binding of α1 was higher and α2 reached it faster than α1. In addition, both subtypes displayed different binding to membranes when bivalent cations or nucleotides were added. We conclude that both subtypes interact differently with membranes and that they may play different roles in clathrin-mediated endocytosis in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Capella
- Laboratorio de Biología y Fisiología Celular "Dr. Francisco Bertini"- Instituto de Histología y Embriología - FCM, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - J Asensio
- Plataforma de Neurobiología- Instituto de Histología y Embriología (CONICET), Mendoza. Argentina
| | - M Troncoso
- Laboratorio de Biología y Fisiología Celular "Dr. Francisco Bertini"- Instituto de Histología y Embriología - FCM, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - M A Sosa
- Laboratorio de Biología y Fisiología Celular "Dr. Francisco Bertini"- Instituto de Histología y Embriología - FCM, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - A M Seltzer
- Plataforma de Neurobiología- Instituto de Histología y Embriología (CONICET), Mendoza. Argentina.
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16
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Yahya V, Di Fonzo A, Monfrini E. Genetic Evidence for Endolysosomal Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease: A Critical Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076338. [PMID: 37047309 PMCID: PMC10094484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in the aging population, and no disease-modifying therapy has been approved to date. The pathogenesis of PD has been related to many dysfunctional cellular mechanisms, however, most of its monogenic forms are caused by pathogenic variants in genes involved in endolysosomal function (LRRK2, VPS35, VPS13C, and ATP13A2) and synaptic vesicle trafficking (SNCA, RAB39B, SYNJ1, and DNAJC6). Moreover, an extensive search for PD risk variants revealed strong risk variants in several lysosomal genes (e.g., GBA1, SMPD1, TMEM175, and SCARB2) highlighting the key role of lysosomal dysfunction in PD pathogenesis. Furthermore, large genetic studies revealed that PD status is associated with the overall “lysosomal genetic burden”, namely the cumulative effect of strong and weak risk variants affecting lysosomal genes. In this context, understanding the complex mechanisms of impaired vesicular trafficking and dysfunctional endolysosomes in dopaminergic neurons of PD patients is a fundamental step to identifying precise therapeutic targets and developing effective drugs to modify the neurodegenerative process in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidal Yahya
- Dino Ferrari Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Alessio Di Fonzo
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Edoardo Monfrini
- Dino Ferrari Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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17
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Vidyadhara DJ, Somayaji M, Wade N, Yücel B, Zhao H, Shashaank N, Ribaudo J, Gupta J, Lam TT, Sames D, Greene LE, Sulzer DL, Chandra SS. Dopamine transporter and synaptic vesicle sorting defects underlie auxilin-associated Parkinson's disease. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112231. [PMID: 36920906 PMCID: PMC10127800 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Auxilin participates in the uncoating of clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs), thereby facilitating synaptic vesicle (SV) regeneration at presynaptic sites. Auxilin (DNAJC6/PARK19) loss-of-function mutations cause early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, we utilized auxilin knockout (KO) mice to elucidate the mechanisms through which auxilin deficiency and clathrin-uncoating deficits lead to PD. Auxilin KO mice display cardinal features of PD, including progressive motor deficits, α-synuclein pathology, nigral dopaminergic loss, and neuroinflammation. Significantly, treatment with L-DOPA ameliorated motor deficits. Unbiased proteomic and neurochemical analyses of auxilin KO brains indicated dopamine dyshomeostasis. We validated these findings by demonstrating slower dopamine reuptake kinetics in vivo, an effect associated with dopamine transporter misrouting into axonal membrane deformities in the dorsal striatum. Defective SV protein sorting and elevated synaptic autophagy also contribute to ineffective dopamine sequestration and compartmentalization, ultimately leading to neurodegeneration. This study provides insights into how presynaptic endocytosis deficits lead to dopaminergic vulnerability and pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Vidyadhara
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mahalakshmi Somayaji
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nigel Wade
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Betül Yücel
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Helen Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - N Shashaank
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph Ribaudo
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jyoti Gupta
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - TuKiet T Lam
- Keck MS and Proteomics Resource, Departments of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dalibor Sames
- Department of Chemistry and NeuroTechnology Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lois E Greene
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David L Sulzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Departments of Neurology and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Sreeganga S Chandra
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA; Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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18
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Krishnan S, Klingauf J. The readily retrievable pool of synaptic vesicles. Biol Chem 2023; 404:385-397. [PMID: 36867726 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2022-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
In the CNS communication between neurons occurs at synapses by secretion of neurotransmitter via exocytosis of synaptic vesicles (SVs) at the active zone. Given the limited number of SVs in presynaptic boutons a fast and efficient recycling of exocytosed membrane and proteins by triggered compensatory endocytosis is required to maintain neurotransmission. Thus, pre-synapses feature a unique tight coupling of exo- and endocytosis in time and space resulting in the reformation of SVs with uniform morphology and well-defined molecular composition. This rapid response requires early stages of endocytosis at the peri-active zone to be well choreographed to ensure reformation of SVs with high fidelity. The pre-synapse can address this challenge by a specialized membrane microcompartment, where a pre-sorted and pre-assembled readily retrievable pool (RRetP) of endocytic membrane patches is formed, consisting of the vesicle cargo, presumably bound within a nucleated Clathrin and adaptor complex. This review considers evidence for the RRetP microcompartment to be the primary organizer of presynaptic triggered compensatory endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Krishnan
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Robert-Koch Strasse 31, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jürgen Klingauf
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Robert-Koch Strasse 31, D-48149, Münster, Germany.,Center for Soft Nanoscience, Busso-Peus Strasse 10, D-48149, Münster, Germany
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19
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Ng XY, Wu Y, Lin Y, Yaqoob SM, Greene LE, De Camilli P, Cao M. Mutations in Parkinsonism-linked endocytic proteins synaptojanin1 and auxilin have synergistic effects on dopaminergic axonal pathology. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:26. [PMID: 36792618 PMCID: PMC9932162 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by defective dopaminergic (DAergic) input to the striatum. Mutations in two genes encoding synaptically enriched clathrin-uncoating factors, synaptojanin 1 (SJ1) and auxilin, have been implicated in atypical Parkinsonism. SJ1 knock-in (SJ1-KIRQ) mice carrying a disease-linked mutation display neurological manifestations reminiscent of Parkinsonism. Here we report that auxilin knockout (Aux-KO) mice display dystrophic changes of a subset of nigrostriatal DAergic terminals similar to those of SJ1-KIRQ mice. Furthermore, Aux-KO/SJ1-KIRQ double mutant mice have shorter lifespan and more severe synaptic defects than single mutant mice. These include increase in dystrophic striatal nerve terminals positive for DAergic markers and for the PD risk protein SV2C, as well as adaptive changes in striatal interneurons. The synergistic effect of the two mutations demonstrates a special lability of DAergic neurons to defects in clathrin uncoating, with implications for PD pathogenesis in at least some forms of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi Ng
- Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yumei Wu
- Departments of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Youneng Lin
- Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sidra Mohamed Yaqoob
- Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lois E Greene
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pietro De Camilli
- Departments of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Mian Cao
- Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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20
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Jacquemyn J, Kuenen S, Swerts J, Pavie B, Vijayan V, Kilic A, Chabot D, Wang YC, Schoovaerts N, Corthout N, Verstreken P. Parkinsonism mutations in DNAJC6 cause lipid defects and neurodegeneration that are rescued by Synj1. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:19. [PMID: 36739293 PMCID: PMC9899244 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00459-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence links dysfunctional lipid metabolism to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, but the mechanisms are not resolved. Here, we generated a new Drosophila knock-in model of DNAJC6/Auxilin and find that the pathogenic mutation causes synaptic dysfunction, neurological defects and neurodegeneration, as well as specific lipid metabolism alterations. In these mutants, membrane lipids containing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, including phosphatidylinositol lipid species that are key for synaptic vesicle recycling and organelle function, are reduced. Overexpression of another protein mutated in Parkinson's disease, Synaptojanin-1, known to bind and metabolize specific phosphoinositides, rescues the DNAJC6/Auxilin lipid alterations, the neuronal function defects and neurodegeneration. Our work reveals a functional relation between two proteins mutated in Parkinsonism and implicates deregulated phosphoinositide metabolism in the maintenance of neuronal integrity and neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Jacquemyn
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Mission Lucidity, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Department of Physiology, Department of Cell Biology, Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sabine Kuenen
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Mission Lucidity, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jef Swerts
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Mission Lucidity, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Pavie
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Mission Lucidity, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB-Bioimaging Core, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vinoy Vijayan
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Mission Lucidity, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ayse Kilic
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Mission Lucidity, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dries Chabot
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Mission Lucidity, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yu-Chun Wang
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Mission Lucidity, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Technology Watch, Technology Innovation Laboratory, VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Nils Schoovaerts
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Mission Lucidity, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nikky Corthout
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Mission Lucidity, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB-Bioimaging Core, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrik Verstreken
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Mission Lucidity, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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21
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Ravinther AI, Dewadas HD, Tong SR, Foo CN, Lin YE, Chien CT, Lim YM. Molecular Pathways Involved in LRRK2-Linked Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911744. [PMID: 36233046 PMCID: PMC9569706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases affecting the ageing population, with a prevalence that has doubled over the last 30 years. As the mechanism of the disease is not fully elucidated, the current treatments are unable to effectively prevent neurodegeneration. Studies have found that mutations in Leucine-rich-repeat-kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common cause of familial Parkinson’s disease (PD). Moreover, aberrant (higher) LRRK2 kinase activity has an influence in idiopathic PD as well. Hence, the aim of this review is to categorize and synthesize current information related to LRRK2-linked PD and present the factors associated with LRRK2 that can be targeted therapeutically. A systematic review was conducted using the databases PubMed, Medline, SCOPUS, SAGE, and Cochrane (January 2016 to July 2021). Search terms included “Parkinson’s disease”, “mechanism”, “LRRK2”, and synonyms in various combinations. The search yielded a total of 988 abstracts for initial review, 80 of which met the inclusion criteria. Here, we emphasize molecular mechanisms revealed in recent in vivo and in vitro studies. By consolidating the recent updates in the field of LRRK2-linked PD, researchers can further evaluate targets for therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailyn Irvita Ravinther
- Centre for Cancer Research, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hemaniswarri Dewi Dewadas
- Centre for Biomedical and Nutrition Research, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar 31900, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Shi Ruo Tong
- Centre for Cancer Research, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chai Nien Foo
- Centre for Cancer Research, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Population Medicine, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yu-En Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ting Chien
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yang Mooi Lim
- Centre for Cancer Research, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, M. Kandiah Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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22
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Imbriani P, Martella G, Bonsi P, Pisani A. Oxidative stress and synaptic dysfunction in rodent models of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 173:105851. [PMID: 36007757 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial disorder involving a complex interplay between a variety of genetic and environmental factors. In this scenario, mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress are widely accepted as crucial neuropathogenic mechanisms, as also evidenced by the identification of PD-associated genes that are directly involved in mitochondrial function. The concept of mitochondrial dysfunction is closely linked to that of synaptic dysfunction. Indeed, compelling evidence supports the role of mitochondria in synaptic transmission and plasticity, although many aspects have not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we will provide a brief overview of the most relevant evidence obtained in different neurotoxin-based and genetic rodent models of PD, focusing on mitochondrial impairment and synaptopathy, an early central event preceding overt nigrostriatal neurodegeneration. The identification of early deficits occurring in PD pathogenesis is crucial in view of the development of potential disease-modifying therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Imbriani
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Martella
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Bonsi
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
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23
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Meisgen S, Hedlund M, Ambrosi A, Folkersen L, Ottosson V, Forsberg D, Thorlacius GE, Biavati L, Strandberg L, Mofors J, Ramskold D, Ruhrmann S, Meneghel L, Nyberg W, Espinosa A, Hamilton RM, Franco-Cereceda A, Hamsten A, Olsson T, Greene L, Eriksson P, Gemzell-Danielsson K, Salomonsson S, Kuchroo VK, Herlenius E, Kockum I, Sonesson SE, Wahren-Herlenius M. Auxilin is a novel susceptibility gene for congenital heart block which directly impacts fetal heart function. Ann Rheum Dis 2022; 81:1151-1161. [PMID: 35470161 PMCID: PMC9279836 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-221714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neonatal lupus erythematosus (NLE) may develop after transplacental transfer of maternal autoantibodies with cardiac manifestations (congenital heart block, CHB) including atrioventricular block, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, and cardiomyopathies. The association with anti-Ro/SSA antibodies is well established, but a recurrence rate of only 12%-16% despite persisting maternal autoantibodies suggests that additional factors are required for CHB development. Here, we identify fetal genetic variants conferring risk of CHB and elucidate their effects on cardiac function. METHODS A genome-wide association study was performed in families with at least one case of CHB. Gene expression was analysed by microarrays, RNA sequencing and PCR and protein expression by western blot, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Calcium regulation and connectivity were analysed in primary cardiomyocytes and cells induced from pleuripotent stem cells. Fetal heart performance was analysed by Doppler/echocardiography. RESULTS We identified DNAJC6 as a novel fetal susceptibility gene, with decreased cardiac expression of DNAJC6 associated with the disease risk genotype. We further demonstrate that fetal cardiomyocytes deficient in auxilin, the protein encoded by DNAJC6, have abnormal connectivity and Ca2+ homoeostasis in culture, as well as decreased cell surface expression of the Cav1.3 calcium channel. Doppler echocardiography of auxilin-deficient fetal mice revealed cardiac NLE abnormalities in utero, including abnormal heart rhythm with atrial and ventricular ectopias, as well as a prolonged atrioventricular time intervals. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies auxilin as the first genetic susceptibility factor in NLE modulating cardiac function, opening new avenues for the development of screening and therapeutic strategies in CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Meisgen
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Hedlund
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aurelie Ambrosi
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lasse Folkersen
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Vijole Ottosson
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Forsberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gudny Ella Thorlacius
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luca Biavati
- Department of Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Linn Strandberg
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johannes Mofors
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Ramskold
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sabrina Ruhrmann
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lauro Meneghel
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William Nyberg
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Espinosa
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Anders Hamsten
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lois Greene
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Per Eriksson
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Stina Salomonsson
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric Herlenius
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Kockum
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven-Erik Sonesson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Wahren-Herlenius
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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24
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Kim J, Lee M. RMR-Related DNAJC6 Expression Suppresses Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081331. [PMID: 35456010 PMCID: PMC9031806 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity causes various complications such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, fatty liver, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. In a pilot GWAS study, we screened the DNAJC6 gene which is significantly related to the resting metabolic rate (RMR) in childhood obesity. With DNAJC6-overexpressed 3T3-L1 cells (TgHsp), we investigated the new obesity mechanism caused by an energy imbalance. After differentiation, lipid droplets (Oil red O staining) were not formed in TgHsp cells compared to the control. TgHsp preadipocyte fibroblast morphology was also not clearly observed in the cell morphology assay (DAPI/BODIPY). In TgHsp cells, the expression of PPARγ, C/EBPα, and aP2 (adipogenesis-related biomarkers) decreased 3-, 39-, and 200-fold, respectively. The expression of the adipokines leptin and adiponectin from adipose tissues also decreased 2.4- and 840-fold, respectively. In addition, the levels of pHSL(Ser563) and free glycerol, which are involved in lipolysis, were significantly lower in TgHsp cells than in the control. The reduction in insulin receptor expression in TgHsp cells suppressed insulin signaling systems such as AKT phosphorylation, and GLUT4 expression. Degradation of IRS-1 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was caused by chronic exposure to insulin, but not TgHsp. Mitochondrial functions such as oxygen consumption and ATP production, as well as proton leak and UCP1 protein expression, decreased in TgHsp cells compared to the control. Moreover, autophagy was observed by increasing autophagosomal proteins, LC3, on Day 8 of differentiation in TgHsp cells. Through our first report on the DNAJC6 gene related to RMR, we found a new mechanism related to energy metabolism in obesity. DNAJC6 expression positively suppressed adipogenesis, leading to the subsequent resistance of lipolysis, adipokine expression, insulin signaling, and mitochondrial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Kim
- Department of Food & Nutrition, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul 01133, Korea;
- Medical Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul 04514, Korea
| | - Myoungsook Lee
- Department of Food & Nutrition, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul 01133, Korea;
- Research Institute of Obesity Sciences, Sungshin Women’s University, Kangbuk-ku, Seoul 01133, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-920-7211
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25
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Kolarikova K, Vodicka R, Vrtel R, Stellmachova J, Prochazka M, Mensikova K, Kanovsky P. Whole Exome Sequencing Study in Isolated South-Eastern Moravia (Czechia) Population Indicates Heterogenous Genetic Background for Parkinsonism Development. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:817713. [PMID: 35368288 PMCID: PMC8968137 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.817713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinsonism belongs to the most common neurodegenerative disease. Genetic predisposition could be one of the significant risk factor for disease development. It has been described higher prevalence of parkinsonism in large pedigree from southeastern Moravia region. The study aims were to select accessible subfamily trios from the pedigree suitable for segregation genetic analyses to perform whole exome sequencing (WES) in trio individuals and further to evaluate genetic variants in the each trio. We used IonTorrent platform for WES for five subfamily trios (1–5). Each trio included two affected and one healthy person (as control). Found variants were filtered with respect to MAF < 1% (minor allele frequency), variants effect (based on prediction tools) and disease filter (Parkinsonism responsible genes). Finally, the variants from each trio were assessed with respect to the presence in the patients. There were found no one founder mutation in the subfamilies from the pedigree. Trio 1 shares two variants with trio 2:MC1R:c.322G > A (p.A108T) and MTCL1:c.1445C > T (p.A482V), trio 3 shares two variants with trio 5: DNAJC6:c.1817A > C (p.H606P) and HIVEP3:c.3856C > A (p.R1286W). In trios 4 and 5, there were found two variants in gene CSMD1:c.3335A > G (p.E1112G) and c.4071C > G (p.I1357M) respectively. As the most potentially damaging, we evaluated the non-shared variant SLC18A2:c.583G > A (p.G195S). The variant could affect dopamine transport in dopaminergic neurons. The study of the parkinsonism genetic background in isolated Moravian population suggested that there could be significant accumulation of many risk genetic factors. For verification of the variants influence, it would be appropriate to perform a more extensive population study and suitable functional analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Kolarikova
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Radek Vodicka
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Radek Vodicka,
| | - Radek Vrtel
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Julia Stellmachova
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Martin Prochazka
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Katerina Mensikova
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Petr Kanovsky
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
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26
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Monogenic Parkinson’s Disease: Genotype, Phenotype, Pathophysiology, and Genetic Testing. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030471. [PMID: 35328025 PMCID: PMC8950888 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease may be caused by a single pathogenic variant (monogenic) in 5–10% of cases, but investigation of these disorders provides valuable pathophysiological insights. In this review, we discuss each genetic form with a focus on genotype, phenotype, pathophysiology, and the geographic and ethnic distribution. Well-established Parkinson’s disease genes include autosomal dominant forms (SNCA, LRRK2, and VPS35) and autosomal recessive forms (PRKN, PINK1 and DJ1). Furthermore, mutations in the GBA gene are a key risk factor for Parkinson’s disease, and there have been major developments for X-linked dystonia parkinsonism. Moreover, atypical or complex parkinsonism may be due to mutations in genes such as ATP13A2, DCTN1, DNAJC6, FBXO7, PLA2G6, and SYNJ1. Furthermore, numerous genes have recently been implicated in Parkinson’s disease, such as CHCHD2, LRP10, TMEM230, UQCRC1, and VPS13C. Additionally, we discuss the role of heterozygous mutations in autosomal recessive genes, the effect of having mutations in two Parkinson’s disease genes, the outcome of deep brain stimulation, and the role of genetic testing. We highlight that monogenic Parkinson’s disease is influenced by ethnicity and geographical differences, reinforcing the need for global efforts to pool large numbers of patients and identify novel candidate genes.
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27
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Wang J, Wang C, Wei Y, Zhao Y, Wang C, Lu C, Feng J, Li S, Cong B. Circular RNA as a Potential Biomarker for Forensic Age Prediction. Front Genet 2022; 13:825443. [PMID: 35198010 PMCID: PMC8858837 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.825443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In forensic science, accurate estimation of the age of a victim or suspect can facilitate the investigators to narrow a search and aid in solving a crime. Aging is a complex process associated with various molecular regulations on DNA or RNA levels. Recent studies have shown that circular RNAs (circRNAs) upregulate globally during aging in multiple organisms such as mice and C.elegans because of their ability to resist degradation by exoribonucleases. In the current study, we attempted to investigate circRNAs’ potential capability of age prediction. Here, we identified more than 40,000 circRNAs in the blood of thirteen Chinese unrelated healthy individuals with ages of 20–62 years according to their circRNA-seq profiles. Three methods were applied to select age-related circRNA candidates including the false discovery rate, lasso regression, and support vector machine. The analysis uncovered a strong bias for circRNA upregulation during aging in human blood. A total of 28 circRNAs were chosen for further validation in 30 healthy unrelated subjects by RT-qPCR, and finally, 5 age-related circRNAs were chosen for final age prediction models using 100 samples of 19–73 years old. Several different algorithms including multivariate linear regression (MLR), regression tree, bagging regression, random forest regression (RFR), and support vector regression (SVR) were compared based on root mean square error (RMSE) and mean average error (MAE) values. Among five modeling methods, regression tree and RFR performed better than the others with MAE values of 8.767 years (S.rho = 0.6983) and 9.126 years (S.rho = 0.660), respectively. Sex effect analysis showed age prediction models significantly yielded smaller prediction MAE values for males than females (MAE = 6.133 years for males, while 10.923 years for females in the regression tree model). In the current study, we first used circRNAs as additional novel age-related biomarkers for developing forensic age estimation models. We propose that the use of circRNAs to obtain additional clues for forensic investigations and serve as aging indicators for age prediction would become a promising field of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Forensic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Physical Examination Center of Shijiazhuang First Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yangyan Wei
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Forensic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yanhao Zhao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Forensic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Can Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Forensic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chaolong Lu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Forensic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jin Feng
- Physical Examination Center of Shijiazhuang First Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shujin Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Forensic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Shujin Li, , ; Bin Cong,
| | - Bin Cong
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Research Unit of Digestive Tract Microecosystem Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Forensic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Shujin Li, , ; Bin Cong,
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28
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Investigating the Endo-Lysosomal System in Major Neurocognitive Disorders Due to Alzheimer's Disease, Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration and Lewy Body Disease: Evidence for SORL1 as a Cross-Disease Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413633. [PMID: 34948429 PMCID: PMC8704369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctions in the endo-lysosomal system have been hypothesized to underlie neurodegeneration in major neurocognitive disorders due to Alzheimer's disease (AD), Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD), and Lewy body disease (DLB). The aim of this study is to investigate whether these diseases share genetic variability in the endo-lysosomal pathway. In AD, DLB, and FTLD patients and in controls (948 subjects), we performed a targeted sequencing of the top 50 genes belonging to the endo-lysosomal pathway. Genetic analyses revealed (i) four previously reported disease-associated variants in the SORL1 (p.N1246K, p.N371T, p.D2065V) and DNAJC6 genes (p.M133L) in AD, FTLD, and DLB, extending the previous knowledge attesting SORL1 and DNAJC6 as AD- and PD-related genes, respectively; (ii) three predicted null variants in AD patients in the SORL1 (p.R985X in early onset familial AD, p.R1207X) and PPT1 (p.R48X in early onset familial AD) genes, where loss of function is a known disease mechanism. A single variant and gene burden analysis revealed some nominally significant results of potential interest for SORL1 and DNAJC6 genes. Our data highlight that genes controlling key endo-lysosomal processes (i.e., protein sorting/transport, clathrin-coated vesicle uncoating, lysosomal enzymatic activity regulation) might be involved in AD, FTLD and DLB pathogenesis, thus suggesting an etiological link behind these diseases.
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29
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Luo JK, Melland H, Nithianantharajah J, Gordon SL. Postsynaptic Neuroligin-1 Mediates Presynaptic Endocytosis During Neuronal Activity. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:744845. [PMID: 34690694 PMCID: PMC8531268 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.744845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Fast, high-fidelity neurotransmission and synaptic efficacy requires tightly regulated coordination of pre- and postsynaptic compartments and alignment of presynaptic release sites with postsynaptic receptor nanodomains. Neuroligin-1 (Nlgn1) is a postsynaptic cell-adhesion protein exclusively localised to excitatory synapses that is crucial for coordinating the transsynaptic alignment of presynaptic release sites with postsynaptic AMPA receptors as well as postsynaptic transmission and plasticity. However, little is understood about whether the postsynaptic machinery can mediate the molecular architecture and activity of the presynaptic nerve terminal, and thus it remains unclear whether there are presynaptic contributions to Nlgn1-dependent control of signalling and plasticity. Here, we employed a presynaptic reporter of neurotransmitter release and synaptic vesicle dynamics, synaptophysin-pHluorin (sypHy), to directly assess the presynaptic impact of loss of Nlgn1. We show that lack of Nlgn1 had no effect on the size of the readily releasable or entire recycling pool of synaptic vesicles, nor did it impact exocytosis. However, we observed significant changes in the retrieval of synaptic vesicles by compensatory endocytosis, specifically during activity. Our data extends growing evidence that synaptic adhesion molecules critical for forming transsynaptic scaffolds are also important for regulating activity-induced endocytosis at the presynapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Keith Luo
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Holly Melland
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jess Nithianantharajah
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah L Gordon
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Link F, Borges AR, Jones NG, Engstler M. To the Surface and Back: Exo- and Endocytic Pathways in Trypanosoma brucei. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:720521. [PMID: 34422837 PMCID: PMC8377397 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.720521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei is one of only a few unicellular pathogens that thrives extracellularly in the vertebrate host. Consequently, the cell surface plays a critical role in both immune recognition and immune evasion. The variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) coats the entire surface of the parasite and acts as a flexible shield to protect invariant proteins against immune recognition. Antigenic variation of the VSG coat is the major virulence mechanism of trypanosomes. In addition, incessant motility of the parasite contributes to its immune evasion, as the resulting fluid flow on the cell surface drags immunocomplexes toward the flagellar pocket, where they are internalized. The flagellar pocket is the sole site of endo- and exocytosis in this organism. After internalization, VSG is rapidly recycled back to the surface, whereas host antibodies are thought to be transported to the lysosome for degradation. For this essential step to work, effective machineries for both sorting and recycling of VSGs must have evolved in trypanosomes. Our understanding of the mechanisms behind VSG recycling and VSG secretion, is by far not complete. This review provides an overview of the trypanosome secretory and endosomal pathways. Longstanding questions are pinpointed that, with the advent of novel technologies, might be answered in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Link
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alyssa R Borges
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicola G Jones
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Engstler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Bastioli G, Regoni M, Cazzaniga F, De Luca CMG, Bistaffa E, Zanetti L, Moda F, Valtorta F, Sassone J. Animal Models of Autosomal Recessive Parkinsonism. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070812. [PMID: 34356877 PMCID: PMC8301401 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder. The neuropathological hallmark of the disease is the loss of dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta. The clinical manifestations of PD are bradykinesia, rigidity, resting tremors and postural instability. PD patients often display non-motor symptoms such as depression, anxiety, weakness, sleep disturbances and cognitive disorders. Although, in 90% of cases, PD has a sporadic onset of unknown etiology, highly penetrant rare genetic mutations in many genes have been linked with typical familial PD. Understanding the mechanisms behind the DA neuron death in these Mendelian forms may help to illuminate the pathogenesis of DA neuron degeneration in the more common forms of PD. A key step in the identification of the molecular pathways underlying DA neuron death, and in the development of therapeutic strategies, is the creation and characterization of animal models that faithfully recapitulate the human disease. In this review, we outline the current status of PD modeling using mouse, rat and non-mammalian models, focusing on animal models for autosomal recessive PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guendalina Bastioli
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (G.B.); (M.R.); (L.Z.); (F.V.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Regoni
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (G.B.); (M.R.); (L.Z.); (F.V.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Cazzaniga
- Division of Neurology 5 and Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (C.M.G.D.L.); (E.B.); (F.M.)
| | - Chiara Maria Giulia De Luca
- Division of Neurology 5 and Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (C.M.G.D.L.); (E.B.); (F.M.)
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Edoardo Bistaffa
- Division of Neurology 5 and Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (C.M.G.D.L.); (E.B.); (F.M.)
| | - Letizia Zanetti
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (G.B.); (M.R.); (L.Z.); (F.V.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Moda
- Division of Neurology 5 and Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (C.M.G.D.L.); (E.B.); (F.M.)
| | - Flavia Valtorta
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (G.B.); (M.R.); (L.Z.); (F.V.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Jenny Sassone
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (G.B.); (M.R.); (L.Z.); (F.V.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Zou L, Tian Y, Zhang Z. Dysfunction of Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Parkinson's Disease. Front Integr Neurosci 2021; 15:619160. [PMID: 34093144 PMCID: PMC8172812 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2021.619160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s disease. It is a chronic and progressive disorder estimated to affect at least 4 million people worldwide. Although the etiology of PD remains unclear, it has been found that the dysfunction of synaptic vesicle endocytosis (SVE) in neural terminal happens before the loss of dopaminergic neurons. Recently, accumulating evidence reveals that the PD-linked synaptic genes, including DNAJC6, SYNJ1, and SH3GL2, significantly contribute to the disruptions of SVE, which is vital for the pathogenesis of PD. In addition, the proteins encoded by other PD-associated genes such as SNCA, LRRK2, PRKN, and DJ-1 also play key roles in the regulation of SVE. Here we present the facts about SVE-related genes and discussed their potential relevance to the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zou
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Gcwensa NZ, Russell DL, Cowell RM, Volpicelli-Daley LA. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Synaptic and Axon Degeneration in Parkinson's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:626128. [PMID: 33737866 PMCID: PMC7960781 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.626128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that impairs movement as well as causing multiple other symptoms such as autonomic dysfunction, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder, hyposmia, and cognitive changes. Loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and loss of dopamine terminals in the striatum contribute to characteristic motor features. Although therapies ease the symptoms of PD, there are no treatments to slow its progression. Accumulating evidence suggests that synaptic impairments and axonal degeneration precede neuronal cell body loss. Early synaptic changes may be a target to prevent disease onset and slow progression. Imaging of PD patients with radioligands, post-mortem pathologic studies in sporadic PD patients, and animal models of PD demonstrate abnormalities in presynaptic terminals as well as postsynaptic dendritic spines. Dopaminergic and excitatory synapses are substantially reduced in PD, and whether other neuronal subtypes show synaptic defects remains relatively unexplored. Genetic studies implicate several genes that play a role at the synapse, providing additional support for synaptic dysfunction in PD. In this review article we: (1) provide evidence for synaptic defects occurring in PD before neuron death; (2) describe the main genes implicated in PD that could contribute to synapse dysfunction; and (3) show correlations between the expression of Snca mRNA and mouse homologs of PD GWAS genes demonstrating selective enrichment of Snca and synaptic genes in dopaminergic, excitatory and cholinergic neurons. Altogether, these findings highlight the need for novel therapeutics targeting the synapse and suggest that future studies should explore the roles for PD-implicated genes across multiple neuron types and circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwazi Z Gcwensa
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Civitan International Research Center, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Drèson L Russell
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Civitan International Research Center, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Rita M Cowell
- Department of Neuroscience, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Laura A Volpicelli-Daley
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Civitan International Research Center, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Wulansari N, Darsono WHW, Woo HJ, Chang MY, Kim J, Bae EJ, Sun W, Lee JH, Cho IJ, Shin H, Lee SJ, Lee SH. Neurodevelopmental defects and neurodegenerative phenotypes in human brain organoids carrying Parkinson's disease-linked DNAJC6 mutations. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabb1540. [PMID: 33597231 PMCID: PMC7888924 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations of DNAJC6, encoding HSP40 auxilin, have recently been identified in patients with early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). To study the roles of DNAJC6 in PD pathogenesis, we used human embryonic stem cells with CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene editing. Here, we show that DNAJC6 mutations cause key PD pathologic features, i.e., midbrain-type dopamine (mDA) neuron degeneration, pathologic α-synuclein aggregation, increase of intrinsic neuronal firing frequency, and mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunctions in human midbrain-like organoids (hMLOs). In addition, neurodevelopmental defects were also manifested in hMLOs carrying the mutations. Transcriptomic analyses followed by experimental validation revealed that defects in DNAJC6-mediated endocytosis impair the WNT-LMX1A signal during the mDA neuron development. Furthermore, reduced LMX1A expression during development caused the generation of vulnerable mDA neurons with the pathologic manifestations. These results suggest that the human model of DNAJC6-PD recapitulates disease phenotypes and reveals mechanisms underlying disease pathology, providing a platform for assessing therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noviana Wulansari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wahyu Handoko Wibowo Darsono
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ji Woo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Yoon Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinil Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Bae
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Joo Cho
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Yonsei-KIST Convergence Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyogeun Shin
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Parkinson's Disease Master Regulators on Substantia Nigra and Frontal Cortex and Their Use for Drug Repositioning. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:1517-1534. [PMID: 33211252 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02203-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is among the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases. Available evidences support the view of PD as a complex disease, being the outcome of interactions between genetic and environmental factors. In face of diagnosis and therapy challenges, and the elusive PD etiology, the use of alternative methodological approaches for the elucidation of the disease pathophysiological mechanisms and proposal of novel potential therapeutic interventions has become increasingly necessary. In the present study, we first reconstructed the transcriptional regulatory networks (TN), centered on transcription factors (TF), of two brain regions affected in PD, the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the frontal cortex (FCtx). Then, we used case-control studies data from these regions to identify TFs working as master regulators (MR) of the disease, based on region-specific TNs. Twenty-nine regulatory units enriched with differentially expressed genes were identified for the SNc, and twenty for the FCtx, all of which were considered MR candidates for PD. Three consensus MR candidates were found for SNc and FCtx, namely ATF2, SLC30A9, and ZFP69B. In order to search for novel potential therapeutic interventions, we used these consensus MR candidate signatures as input to the Connectivity Map (CMap), a computational drug repositioning webtool. This analysis resulted in the identification of four drugs that reverse the expression pattern of all three MR consensus simultaneously, benperidol, harmaline, tubocurarine chloride, and vorinostat, thus suggested as novel potential PD therapeutic interventions.
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Erb ML, Moore DJ. LRRK2 and the Endolysosomal System in Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 10:1271-1291. [PMID: 33044192 PMCID: PMC7677880 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-202138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) cause autosomal dominant familial Parkinson’s disease (PD), with pathogenic mutations enhancing LRRK2 kinase activity. There is a growing body of evidence indicating that LRRK2 contributes to neuronal damage and pathology both in familial and sporadic PD, making it of particular interest for understanding the molecular pathways that underlie PD. Although LRRK2 has been extensively studied to date, our understanding of the seemingly diverse functions of LRRK2 throughout the cell remains incomplete. In this review, we discuss the functions of LRRK2 within the endolysosomal pathway. Endocytosis, vesicle trafficking pathways, and lysosomal degradation are commonly disrupted in many neurodegenerative diseases, including PD. Additionally, many PD-linked gene products function in these intersecting pathways, suggesting an important role for the endolysosomal system in maintaining protein homeostasis and neuronal health in PD. LRRK2 activity can regulate synaptic vesicle endocytosis, lysosomal function, Golgi network maintenance and sorting, vesicular trafficking and autophagy, with alterations in LRRK2 kinase activity serving to disrupt or regulate these pathways depending on the distinct cell type or model system. LRRK2 is critically regulated by at least two proteins in the endolysosomal pathway, Rab29 and VPS35, which may serve as master regulators of LRRK2 kinase activity. Investigating the function and regulation of LRRK2 in the endolysosomal pathway in diverse PD models, especially in vivo models, will provide critical insight into the cellular and molecular pathophysiological mechanisms driving PD and whether LRRK2 represents a viable drug target for disease-modification in familial and sporadic PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalynn L Erb
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Darren J Moore
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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Overhoff M, De Bruyckere E, Kononenko NL. Mechanisms of neuronal survival safeguarded by endocytosis and autophagy. J Neurochem 2020; 157:263-296. [PMID: 32964462 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple aspects of neuronal physiology crucially depend on two cellular pathways, autophagy and endocytosis. During endocytosis, extracellular components either unbound or recognized by membrane-localized receptors (termed "cargo") become internalized into plasma membrane-derived vesicles. These can serve to either recycle the material back to the plasma membrane or send it for degradation to lysosomes. Autophagy also uses lysosomes as a terminal degradation point, although instead of degrading the plasma membrane-derived cargo, autophagy eliminates detrimental cytosolic material and intracellular organelles, which are transported to lysosomes by means of double-membrane vesicles, referred to as autophagosomes. Neurons, like all non-neuronal cells, capitalize on autophagy and endocytosis to communicate with the environment and maintain protein and organelle homeostasis. Additionally, the highly polarized, post-mitotic nature of neurons made them adopt these two pathways for cell-specific functions. These include the maintenance of the synaptic vesicle pool in the pre-synaptic terminal and the long-distance transport of signaling molecules. Originally discovered independently from each other, it is now clear that autophagy and endocytosis are closely interconnected and share several common participating molecules. Considering the crucial role of autophagy and endocytosis in cell type-specific functions in neurons, it is not surprising that defects in both pathways have been linked to the pathology of numerous neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we highlight the recent knowledge of the role of endocytosis and autophagy in neurons with a special focus on synaptic physiology and discuss how impairments in genes coding for autophagy and endocytosis proteins can cause neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Overhoff
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elodie De Bruyckere
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Natalia L Kononenko
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Clathrin light chain diversity regulates membrane deformation in vitro and synaptic vesicle formation in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:23527-23538. [PMID: 32907943 PMCID: PMC7519287 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003662117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reveals that diversity of clathrin light chain (CLC) subunits alters clathrin properties and demonstrates that the two neuronal CLC subunits work together for optimal clathrin function in synaptic vesicle formation. Our findings establish a role for CLC diversity in synaptic transmission and illustrate how CLC variability expands the complexity of clathrin to serve tissue-specific functions. Clathrin light chain (CLC) subunits in vertebrates are encoded by paralogous genes CLTA and CLTB, and both gene products are alternatively spliced in neurons. To understand how this CLC diversity influences neuronal clathrin function, we characterized the biophysical properties of clathrin comprising individual CLC variants for correlation with neuronal phenotypes of mice lacking either CLC-encoding gene. CLC splice variants differentially influenced clathrin knee conformation within assemblies, and clathrin with neuronal CLC mixtures was more effective in membrane deformation than clathrin with single neuronal isoforms nCLCa or nCLCb. Correspondingly, electrophysiological recordings revealed that neurons from mice lacking nCLCa or nCLCb were both defective in synaptic vesicle replenishment. Mice with only nCLCb had a reduced synaptic vesicle pool and impaired neurotransmission compared to WT mice, while nCLCa-only mice had increased synaptic vesicle numbers, restoring normal neurotransmission. These findings highlight differences between the CLC isoforms and show that isoform mixing influences tissue-specific clathrin activity in neurons, which requires their functional balance.
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Ng J, Cortès‐Saladelafont E, Abela L, Termsarasab P, Mankad K, Sudhakar S, Gorman KM, Heales SJ, Pope S, Biassoni L, Csányi B, Cain J, Rakshi K, Coutts H, Jayawant S, Jefferson R, Hughes D, García‐Cazorla À, Grozeva D, Raymond FL, Pérez‐Dueñas B, De Goede C, Pearson TS, Meyer E, Kurian MA. DNAJC6 Mutations Disrupt Dopamine Homeostasis in Juvenile Parkinsonism-Dystonia. Mov Disord 2020; 35:1357-1368. [PMID: 32472658 PMCID: PMC8425408 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Juvenile forms of parkinsonism are rare conditions with onset of bradykinesia, tremor and rigidity before the age of 21 years. These atypical presentations commonly have a genetic aetiology, highlighting important insights into underlying pathophysiology. Genetic defects may affect key proteins of the endocytic pathway and clathrin‐mediated endocytosis (CME), as in DNAJC6‐related juvenile parkinsonism. Objective To report on a new patient cohort with juvenile‐onset DNAJC6 parkinsonism‐dystonia and determine the functional consequences on auxilin and dopamine homeostasis. Methods Twenty‐five children with juvenile parkinsonism were identified from a research cohort of patients with undiagnosed pediatric movement disorders. Molecular genetic investigations included autozygosity mapping studies and whole‐exome sequencing. Patient fibroblasts and CSF were analyzed for auxilin, cyclin G–associated kinase and synaptic proteins. Results We identified 6 patients harboring previously unreported, homozygous nonsense DNAJC6 mutations. All presented with neurodevelopmental delay in infancy, progressive parkinsonism, and neurological regression in childhood. 123I‐FP‐CIT SPECT (DaTScan) was performed in 3 patients and demonstrated reduced or absent tracer uptake in the basal ganglia. CSF neurotransmitter analysis revealed an isolated reduction of homovanillic acid. Auxilin levels were significantly reduced in both patient fibroblasts and CSF. Cyclin G–associated kinase levels in CSF were significantly increased, whereas a number of presynaptic dopaminergic proteins were reduced. Conclusions DNAJC6 is an emerging cause of recessive juvenile parkinsonism‐dystonia. DNAJC6 encodes the cochaperone protein auxilin, involved in CME of synaptic vesicles. The observed dopamine dyshomeostasis in patients is likely to be multifactorial, secondary to auxilin deficiency and/or neurodegeneration. Increased patient CSF cyclin G–associated kinase, in tandem with reduced auxilin levels, suggests a possible compensatory role of cyclin G–associated kinase, as observed in the auxilin knockout mouse. DNAJC6 parkinsonism‐dystonia should be considered as a differential diagnosis for pediatric neurotransmitter disorders associated with low homovanillic acid levels. Future research in elucidating disease pathogenesis will aid the development of better treatments for this pharmacoresistant disorder. © 2020 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Ng
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences ProgrammeUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUnited Kingdom
- Gene Transfer Technology GroupUCL Institute for Women's HealthLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Elisenda Cortès‐Saladelafont
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences ProgrammeUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Lucia Abela
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences ProgrammeUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Pichet Termsarasab
- Department of NeurologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUSA
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi HospitalMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Kshitij Mankad
- Department of RadiologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation TrustLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Sniya Sudhakar
- Department of RadiologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation TrustLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Kathleen M. Gorman
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences ProgrammeUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of NeurologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation TrustLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Simon J.R. Heales
- Neurometabolic UnitNational Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Simon Pope
- Neurometabolic UnitNational Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Biassoni
- Department of RadiologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation TrustLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Barbara Csányi
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences ProgrammeUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - John Cain
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and ImagingLancashire Teaching Hospitals, NHS Foundation TrustPrestonUnited Kingdom
| | - Karl Rakshi
- Department of PaediatricsEast Lancashire Hospital NHS TrustLancashireUnited Kingdom
| | - Helen Coutts
- Department of PaediatricsEast Lancashire Hospital NHS TrustLancashireUnited Kingdom
| | - Sandeep Jayawant
- Department of Paediatric NeurologyJohn Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University, NHS Foundation TrustLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Rosalind Jefferson
- Department of PaediatricsRoyal Berkshire Hospital, NHS Foundation TrustReadingUnited Kingdom
| | - Deborah Hughes
- Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston LaboratoriesInstitute of NeurologyQueen SquareLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Àngels García‐Cazorla
- Department of NeurologyNeurometabolic Unit and CIBERER Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de LlobregatBarcelonaSpain
| | - Detelina Grozeva
- Medical GeneticsCambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- UK10K Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger InstituteHinxtonCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - F. Lucy Raymond
- Medical GeneticsCambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- UK10K Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger InstituteHinxtonCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Belén Pérez‐Dueñas
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences ProgrammeUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUnited Kingdom
- Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Christian De Goede
- Department of Paediatric NeurologyRoyal Preston Hospital, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals, NHS Foundation TrustLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Toni S. Pearson
- Department of NeurologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUSA
- Department of NeurologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Esther Meyer
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences ProgrammeUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Manju A. Kurian
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences ProgrammeUCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of NeurologyGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation TrustLondonUnited Kingdom
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Cunningham LA, Moore DJ. Endosomal sorting pathways in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 252:271-306. [PMID: 32247367 PMCID: PMC7206894 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The identification of Parkinson's disease (PD)-associated genes has created a powerful platform to begin to understand and nominate pathophysiological disease mechanisms. Herein, we discuss the genetic and experimental evidence supporting endolysosomal dysfunction as a major pathway implicated in PD. Well-studied familial PD-linked gene products, including LRRK2, VPS35, and α-synuclein, demonstrate how disruption of different aspects of endolysosomal sorting pathways by disease-causing mutations may manifest into PD-like phenotypes in many disease models. Newly-identified PD-linked genes, including auxilin, synaptojanin-1 and Rab39b, as well as putative risk genes for idiopathic PD (endophilinA1, Rab29, GAK), further support endosomal sorting deficits as being central to PD. LRRK2 may represent a nexus by regulating many distinct features of endosomal sorting, potentially via phosphorylation of key endocytosis machinery (i.e., auxilin, synaptojanin-1, endoA1) and Rab GTPases (i.e., Rab29, Rab8A, Rab10) that function within these pathways. In turn, LRRK2 kinase activity is critically regulated by Rab29 at the Golgi complex and retromer-associated VPS35 at endosomes. Taken together, the known functions of PD-associated gene products, the impact of disease-linked mutations, and the emerging functional interactions between these proteins points to endosomal sorting pathways as a key point of convergence in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Cunningham
- Van Andel Institute Graduate School, Grand Rapids, MI, United States; Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Darren J Moore
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.
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Narasimhan M, Johnson A, Prizak R, Kaufmann WA, Tan S, Casillas-Pérez B, Friml J. Evolutionarily unique mechanistic framework of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in plants. eLife 2020; 9:52067. [PMID: 31971511 PMCID: PMC7012609 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, clathrin mediated endocytosis (CME) represents the major route for cargo internalisation from the cell surface. It has been assumed to operate in an evolutionary conserved manner as in yeast and animals. Here we report characterisation of ultrastructure, dynamics and mechanisms of plant CME as allowed by our advancement in electron microscopy and quantitative live imaging techniques. Arabidopsis CME appears to follow the constant curvature model and the bona fide CME population generates vesicles of a predominantly hexagonal-basket type; larger and with faster kinetics than in other models. Contrary to the existing paradigm, actin is dispensable for CME events at the plasma membrane but plays a unique role in collecting endocytic vesicles, sorting of internalised cargos and directional endosome movement that itself actively promote CME events. Internalized vesicles display a strongly delayed and sequential uncoating. These unique features highlight the independent evolution of the plant CME mechanism during the autonomous rise of multicellularity in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Johnson
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Roshan Prizak
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria.,Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | | | - Shutang Tan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
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Germer EL, Imhoff S, Vilariño-Güell C, Kasten M, Seibler P, Brüggemann N, Klein C, Trinh J. The Role of Rare Coding Variants in Parkinson's Disease GWAS Loci. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1284. [PMID: 31920912 PMCID: PMC6923768 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified multiple loci associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) risk. The presence of rare variants within these loci that may account for the increased susceptibility requires further investigation. Methods: Using exome sequencing, we performed a comprehensive rare variant screen of genes located within 56 novel PD loci. We first analyzed exomes from 109 subjects in the discovery cohort (85 diagnosed with PD and 24 healthy controls) and filtered for rare coding variants with minor allele frequency <0.01 and combined annotation-dependent depletion > 15. Further investigation of exome data from a replication cohort of 2,859 European patients with PD (International Parkinson's Disease Genomics Consortium) and 24,146 non-Finnish European controls from gnomAD were used for association testing of specific rare variants found in the discovery cohort. Results: Our genetic screening identified 54 potential disease-relevant variants in 71 genes in 109 subjects. Six out of 54 variants were found in two or more patients and were not observed in healthy controls: DNAH1 p.A3639T, STAB1 p.S1089G, ANK2 p.V3634D, ANK2 p.R3906W, SH3GL2 p.G276V, and NOD2 p.G908R. Replication in the International Parkinson's Disease Genomics Consortium (IPDGC) confirmed the association with PD risk for three out of the six identified variants (STAB1 p.S1089G, SH3GL2 p.G276V, and NOD2 p.G908R) (p < 10−3). Conclusion: Our study suggests that some of the associations identified in PD risk loci can be ascribed to rare variants with likely functional effects that modify PD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophie Imhoff
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Carles Vilariño-Güell
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Meike Kasten
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Philip Seibler
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Joanne Trinh
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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43
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Niemann N, Jankovic J. Juvenile parkinsonism: Differential diagnosis, genetics, and treatment. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019; 67:74-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Wong Y, Luk K, Purtell K, Nanni SB, Stoessl AJ, Trudeau LE, Yue Z, Krainc D, Oertel W, Obeso JA, Volpicelli-Daley L. Neuronal vulnerability in Parkinson disease: Should the focus be on axons and synaptic terminals? Mov Disord 2019; 34:1406-1422. [PMID: 31483900 PMCID: PMC6879792 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While current effective therapies are available for the symptomatic control of PD, treatments to halt the progressive neurodegeneration still do not exist. Loss of dopamine neurons in the SNc and dopamine terminals in the striatum drive the motor features of PD. Multiple lines of research point to several pathways which may contribute to dopaminergic neurodegeneration. These pathways include extensive axonal arborization, mitochondrial dysfunction, dopamine's biochemical properties, abnormal protein accumulation of α-synuclein, defective autophagy and lysosomal degradation, and synaptic impairment. Thus, understanding the essential features and mechanisms of dopaminergic neuronal vulnerability is a major scientific challenge and highlights an outstanding need for fostering effective therapies against neurodegeneration in PD. This article, which arose from the Movement Disorders 2018 Conference, discusses and reviews the possible mechanisms underlying neuronal vulnerability and potential therapeutic approaches in PD. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Wong
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Kelvin Luk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4283, USA
| | - Kerry Purtell
- Department of Neurology, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, Hess Research Center 9th Floor, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Samuel Burke Nanni
- CNS Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - A. Jon Stoessl
- University of British Columbia and Vancouver Coastal Health, Pacific Parkinson’s Research Centre & National Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, 2221 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Louis-Eric Trudeau
- CNS Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zhenyu Yue
- Department of Neurology, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, Hess Research Center 9th Floor, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Wolfgang Oertel
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstraße 1, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jose A. Obeso
- HM CINAC, HM Puerta del Sur, Hospitales de Madrid, Mostoles Medical School, CEU-San Pablo University, and CIBERNED, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Volpicelli-Daley
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by selective and progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons. Genetic and environmental risk factors are associated with this disease. The genetic factors are composed of approximately 20 genes, such as SNCA, parkin, PTEN-induced kinase1 (pink1), leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), ATP13A2, MAPT, VPS35, and DJ-1, whereas the environmental factors consist of oxidative stress-induced toxins such as 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), rotenone, and paraquat. The analyses of their functions and mechanisms have provided important insights into the disease process, which has demonstrated that these factors cause oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. The most invaluable studies have been performed using disease model organisms, such as mice, fruit flies, and worms. Among them, Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as an excellent model organism to study both environmental and genetic factors and provide insights to the pathways relevant for PD pathogenesis, facilitating development of therapeutic strategies. In this review, we have focused on the fly model organism to summarize recent progress, including pathogenesis, neuro-protective compounds, and newer approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binod Aryal
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, BK21 PLUS Project, Seoul 02707, Korea
| | - Youngseok Lee
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, Kookmin University, BK21 PLUS Project, Seoul 02707, Korea
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Vidyadhara DJ, Lee JE, Chandra SS. Role of the endolysosomal system in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2019; 150:487-506. [PMID: 31287913 PMCID: PMC6707858 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, affecting 1-1.5% of the total population. While progress has been made in understanding the neurodegenerative mechanisms that lead to cell death in late stages of PD, mechanisms for early, causal pathogenic events are still elusive. Recent developments in PD genetics increasingly point at endolysosomal (E-L) system dysfunction as the early pathomechanism and key pathway affected in PD. Clathrin-mediated synaptic endocytosis, an integral part of the neuronal E-L system, is probably the main early target as evident in auxilin, RME-8, and synaptojanin-1 mutations that cause PD. Autophagy, another important pathway in the E-L system, is crucial in maintaining proteostasis and a healthy mitochondrial pool, especially in neurons considering their inability to divide and requirement to function an entire life-time. PINK1 and Parkin mutations severely perturb autophagy of dysfunctional mitochondria (mitophagy), both in the cell body and synaptic terminals of dopaminergic neurons, leading to PD. Endolysosomal sorting and trafficking is also crucial, which is complex in multi-compartmentalized neurons. VPS35 and VPS13C mutations noted in PD target these mechanisms. Mutations in GBA comprise the most common risk factor for PD and initiate pathology by compromising lysosomal function. This is also the case for ATP13A2 mutations. Interestingly, α-synuclein and LRRK2, key proteins involved in PD, function in different steps of the E-L pathway and target their components to induce disease pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss these E-L system genes that are linked to PD and how their dysfunction results in PD pathogenesis. This article is part of the Special Issue "Synuclein".
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Vidyadhara
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - John E Lee
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sreeganga S Chandra
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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47
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Roosen DA, Blauwendraat C, Cookson MR, Lewis PA. DNAJC
proteins and pathways to parkinsonism. FEBS J 2019; 286:3080-3094. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorien A. Roosen
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics National Institute on AgingNational Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
- School of Pharmacy University of Reading UK
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics National Institute on AgingNational Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics National Institute on AgingNational Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
| | - Patrick A. Lewis
- School of Pharmacy University of Reading UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease UCL Institute of Neurology London UK
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48
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Follett J, Fox JD, Gustavsson EK, Kadgien C, Munsie LN, Cao LP, Tatarnikov I, Milnerwood AJ, Farrer MJ. DNAJC13 p.Asn855Ser, implicated in familial parkinsonism, alters membrane dynamics of sorting nexin 1. Neurosci Lett 2019; 706:114-122. [PMID: 31082451 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
DNAJC13 (RME-8) is a core co-chaperone that facilitates membrane recycling and cargo sorting of endocytosed proteins. DNAJ/Hsp40 (heat shock protein 40) proteins are highly conserved throughout evolution and mediate the folding of nascent proteins, and the unfolding, refolding or degradation of misfolded proteins while assisting in associated-membrane translocation. DNAJC13 is one of five DNAJ 'C' class chaperone variants implicated in monogenic parkinsonism. Here we examine the effect of the DNAJC13 disease-linked mutation (p.Asn855Ser) on its interacting partners, focusing on sorting nexin 1 (SNX1) membrane dynamics in primary cortical neurons derived from a novel Dnajc13 p.Asn855Ser knock-in (DKI) mouse model. Dnajc13 p.Asn855Ser mutant and wild type protein expression were equivalent in mature heterozygous cultures (DIV21). While SNX1-positive puncta density, area, and WASH-retromer assembly were comparable between cultures derived from DKI and wild type littermates, the formation of SNX1-enriched tubules in DKI neuronal cultures was significantly increased. Thus, Dnajc13 p.Asn855Ser disrupts SNX1 membrane-tubulation and trafficking, analogous to results from RME-8 depletion studies. The data suggest the mutation confers a dominant-negative gain-of-function in RME-8. Implications for the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Follett
- Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.
| | - Jesse D Fox
- Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Emil K Gustavsson
- Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada; Department of Neurology, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Chelsie Kadgien
- Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Lise N Munsie
- Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Li Ping Cao
- Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Igor Tatarnikov
- Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Austen J Milnerwood
- Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Matthew J Farrer
- Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
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49
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From Flat to Curved Clathrin: Controlling a Plastic Ratchet. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:241-256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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50
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Benson DL, Huntley GW. Are we listening to everything the PARK genes are telling us? J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:1527-1540. [PMID: 30680728 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cardinal motor symptoms that define Parkinson's disease (PD) clinically have been recognized for over 200 years. That these symptoms arise following the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra has been known for the last 50. These long-established facts have fueled a broadly held expectation that degenerating dopaminergic neurons alone hold the key to understanding and curing PD. This prevalent expectation is at odds with the observation that many nonmotor symptoms, including depression and cognitive inflexibility among others, can appear years earlier than the overt dopaminergic neuron degeneration that drives motor abnormalities and are not improved by levodopa treatment. Thus, preserving or rescuing dopamine neuron health and function is of paramount importance, but this alone fails to capture the underlying neurobiology of earlier-appearing nonmotor symptoms. Insight into the complete landscape of disease-related abnormalities and the context in which they arise can be gleaned from a more comprehensive consideration of the PARK genes that are known to cause PD. Here, we make the case that a full incorporation of research showing when and where PARK genes are expressed as well as the impact of gene mutation on function throughout life, in tandem with research studying how dopaminergic neuron degeneration begins, is essential for a full understanding of the multi-dimensional etiology of PD. A broad view may also reveal something about long-term adjustments cells and systems make in response to gene mutation and help to identify mechanisms conferring the resilience or susceptibility of some cells and systems over others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna L Benson
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - George W Huntley
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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