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Craig EM, Oprea F, Alam S, Grodsky A, Miller KE. A simple active fluid model unites cytokinesis, cell crawling, and axonal outgrowth. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.22.595337. [PMID: 38826455 PMCID: PMC11142150 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.22.595337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Axonal outgrowth, cell crawling, and cytokinesis utilize actomyosin, microtubule-based motors, cytoskeletal dynamics, and substrate adhesions to produce traction forces and bulk cellular motion. While it has long been appreciated that growth cones resemble crawling cells and that the mechanisms that drive cytokinesis help power cell crawling, they are typically viewed as unique processes. To better understand the relationship between these modes of motility, here, we developed a unified active fluid model of cytokinesis, amoeboid migration, mesenchymal migration, neuronal migration, and axonal outgrowth in terms of cytoskeletal flow, adhesions, viscosity, and force generation. Using numerical modeling, we fit subcellular velocity profiles of the motions of cytoskeletal structures and docked organelles from previously published studies to infer underlying patterns of force generation and adhesion. Our results indicate that, during cytokinesis, there is a primary converge zone at the cleavage furrow that drives flow towards it; adhesions are symmetric across the cell, and as a result, cells are stationary. In mesenchymal, amoeboid, and neuronal migration, the site of the converge zone shifts, and differences in adhesion between the front and back of the cell drive crawling. During neuronal migration and axonal outgrowth, the primary convergence zone lies within the growth cone, which drives actin retrograde flow in the P-domain and bulk anterograde flow of the axonal shaft. They differ in that during neuronal migration, the cell body is weakly attached to the substrate and thus moves forward at the same velocity as the axon. In contrast, during axonal outgrowth, the cell body strongly adheres to the substrate and remains stationary, resulting in a decrease in flow velocity away from the growth cone. The simplicity with which cytokinesis, cell crawling, and axonal outgrowth can be modeled by varying coefficients in a simple model suggests a deep connection between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Craig
- Central Washington University, Department of Physics, 400 E. University Way, Ellensburg, WA 98926-7422, USA
| | - Francesca Oprea
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sajid Alam
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Ania Grodsky
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Kyle E Miller
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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2
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Fierro Morales JC, Redfearn C, Titus MA, Roh-Johnson M. Reduced PaxillinB localization to cell-substrate adhesions promotes cell migration in Dictyostelium. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.19.585764. [PMID: 38562712 PMCID: PMC10983970 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.19.585764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Many cells adhere to extracellular matrix for efficient cell migration. This adhesion is mediated by focal adhesions, a protein complex linking the extracellular matrix to the intracellular cytoskeleton. Focal adhesions have been studied extensively in mesenchymal cells, but recent research in physiological contexts and amoeboid cells suggest focal adhesion regulation differs from the mesenchymal focal adhesion paradigm. We used Dictyostelium discoideum to uncover new mechanisms of focal adhesion regulation, as Dictyostelium are amoeboid cells that form focal adhesion-like structures for migration. We show that PaxillinB, the Dictyostelium homologue of Paxillin, localizes to dynamic focal adhesion-like structures during Dictyostelium migration. Unexpectedly, reduced PaxillinB recruitment to these structures increases Dictyostelium cell migration. Quantitative analysis of focal adhesion size and dynamics show that lack of PaxillinB recruitment to focal adhesions does not alter focal adhesion size, but rather increases focal adhesion turnover. These findings are in direct contrast to Paxillin function at focal adhesions during mesenchymal migration, challenging the established focal adhesion model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chandler Redfearn
- Department of Kinesiology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Margaret A Titus
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Minna Roh-Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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3
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Ruiz-Trillo I, Kin K, Casacuberta E. The Origin of Metazoan Multicellularity: A Potential Microbial Black Swan Event. Annu Rev Microbiol 2023; 77:499-516. [PMID: 37406343 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-032421-120023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of animals from their unicellular ancestors is a major evolutionary event. Thanks to the study of diverse close unicellular relatives of animals, we now have a better grasp of what the unicellular ancestor of animals was like. However, it is unclear how that unicellular ancestor of animals became the first animals. To explain this transition, two popular theories, the choanoblastaea and the synzoospore, have been proposed. We will revise and expose the flaws in these two theories while showing that, due to the limits of our current knowledge, the origin of animals is a biological black swan event. As such, the origin of animals defies retrospective explanations. Therefore, we should be extra careful not to fall for confirmation biases based on few data and, instead, embrace this uncertainty and be open to alternative scenarios. With the aim to broaden the potential explanations on how animals emerged, we here propose two novel and alternative scenarios. In any case, to find the answer to how animals evolved, additional data will be required, as will the hunt for microscopic creatures that are closely related to animals but have not yet been sampled and studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain;
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Koryu Kin
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Elena Casacuberta
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain;
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4
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Barrera-Redondo J, Lotharukpong JS, Drost HG, Coelho SM. Uncovering gene-family founder events during major evolutionary transitions in animals, plants and fungi using GenEra. Genome Biol 2023; 24:54. [PMID: 36964572 PMCID: PMC10037820 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-02895-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We present GenEra ( https://github.com/josuebarrera/GenEra ), a DIAMOND-fueled gene-family founder inference framework that addresses previously raised limitations and biases in genomic phylostratigraphy, such as homology detection failure. GenEra also reduces computational time from several months to a few days for any genome of interest. We analyze the emergence of taxonomically restricted gene families during major evolutionary transitions in plants, animals, and fungi. Our results indicate that the impact of homology detection failure on inferred patterns of gene emergence is lineage-dependent, suggesting that plants are more prone to evolve novelty through the emergence of new genes compared to animals and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Barrera-Redondo
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology, Max-Planck-Ring 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Jaruwatana Sodai Lotharukpong
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology, Max-Planck-Ring 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hajk-Georg Drost
- Computational Biology Group, Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology, Max-Planck-Ring 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Susana M Coelho
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology, Max-Planck-Ring 5, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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5
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Torruella G, Galindo LJ, Moreira D, Ciobanu M, Heiss AA, Yubuki N, Kim E, López-García P. Expanding the molecular and morphological diversity of Apusomonadida, a deep-branching group of gliding bacterivorous protists. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2023; 70:e12956. [PMID: 36453005 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Apusomonads are cosmopolitan bacterivorous biflagellate protists usually gliding on freshwater and marine sediment or wet soils. These nanoflagellates form a sister lineage to opisthokonts and may have retained ancestral features helpful to understanding the early evolution of this large supergroup. Although molecular environmental analyses indicate that apusomonads are genetically diverse, few species have been described. Here, we morphologically characterize 11 new apusomonad strains. Based on molecular phylogenetic analyses of the rRNA gene operon, we describe four new strains of the known species Multimonas media, Podomonas capensis, Apusomonas proboscidea, and Apusomonas australiensis, and rename Thecamonas oxoniensis as Mylnikovia oxoniensis n. gen., n. comb. Additionally, we describe four new genera and six new species: Catacumbia lutetiensis n. gen. n. sp., Cavaliersmithia chaoae n. gen. n. sp., Singekia montserratensis n. gen. n. sp., Singekia franciliensis n. gen. n. sp., Karpovia croatica n. gen. n. sp., and Chelonemonas dolani n. sp. Our comparative analysis suggests that apusomonad ancestor was a fusiform biflagellate with a dorsal pellicle, a plastic ventral surface, and a sleeve covering the anterior flagellum, that thrived in marine, possibly oxygen-poor, environments. It likely had a complex cell cycle with dormant and multiple fission stages, and sex. Our results extend known apusomonad diversity, allow updating their taxonomy, and provide elements to understand early eukaryotic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifré Torruella
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France.,Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC-CNS), Barcelona, Spain.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Javier Galindo
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France.,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Moreira
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
| | - Maria Ciobanu
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France
| | - Aaron A Heiss
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York City, New York, USA.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Naoji Yubuki
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, Orsay, France.,Bioimaging Facility, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eunsoo Kim
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York City, New York, USA.,Department of Life Science & Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
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6
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Brunet T, Booth DS. Cell polarity in the protist-to-animal transition. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 154:1-36. [PMID: 37100515 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
A signature feature of the animal kingdom is the presence of epithelia: sheets of polarized cells that both insulate the organism from its environment and mediate interactions with it. Epithelial cells display a marked apico-basal polarity, which is highly conserved across the animal kingdom, both in terms of morphology and of molecular regulators. How did this architecture first evolve? Although the last eukaryotic common ancestor almost certainly possessed a simple form of apico-basal polarity (marked by the presence of one or several flagella at a single cellular pole), comparative genomics and evolutionary cell biology reveal that the polarity regulators of animal epithelial cells have a surprisingly complex and stepwise evolutionary history. Here, we retrace their evolutionary assembly. We suggest that the "polarity network" that polarized animal epithelial cells evolved by integration of initially independent cellular modules that evolved at distinct steps of our evolutionary ancestry. The first module dates back to the last common ancestor of animals and amoebozoans and involved Par1, extracellular matrix proteins, and the integrin-mediated adhesion complex. Other regulators, such as Cdc42, Dlg, Par6 and cadherins evolved in ancient unicellular opisthokonts, and might have first been involved in F-actin remodeling and filopodial dynamics. Finally, the bulk of "polarity proteins" as well as specialized adhesion complexes evolved in the metazoan stem-line, in concert with the newly evolved intercellular junctional belts. Thus, the polarized architecture of epithelia can be understood as a palimpsest of components of distinct histories and ancestral functions, which have become tightly integrated in animal tissues.
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7
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Wright BA, Kvansakul M, Schierwater B, Humbert PO. Cell polarity signalling at the birth of multicellularity: What can we learn from the first animals. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1024489. [PMID: 36506100 PMCID: PMC9729800 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1024489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The innovation of multicellularity has driven the unparalleled evolution of animals (Metazoa). But how is a multicellular organism formed and how is its architecture maintained faithfully? The defining properties and rules required for the establishment of the architecture of multicellular organisms include the development of adhesive cell interactions, orientation of division axis, and the ability to reposition daughter cells over long distances. Central to all these properties is the ability to generate asymmetry (polarity), coordinated by a highly conserved set of proteins known as cell polarity regulators. The cell polarity complexes, Scribble, Par and Crumbs, are considered to be a metazoan innovation with apicobasal polarity and adherens junctions both believed to be present in all animals. A better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms regulating cell polarity and tissue architecture should provide key insights into the development and regeneration of all animals including humans. Here we review what is currently known about cell polarity and its control in the most basal metazoans, and how these first examples of multicellular life can inform us about the core mechanisms of tissue organisation and repair, and ultimately diseases of tissue organisation, such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bree A. Wright
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bernd Schierwater
- Institute of Animal Ecology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg, Hannover, Germany
| | - Patrick O. Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Patrick O. Humbert,
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8
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Ndinyanka Fabrice T, Bianda C, Zhang H, Jayachandran R, Ruer-Laventie J, Mori M, Moshous D, Fucile G, Schmidt A, Pieters J. An evolutionarily conserved coronin-dependent pathway defines cell population size. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabo5363. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abo5363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of cell population size is fundamental to the proper functioning of multicellular organisms. Here, we describe a cell-intrinsic cell density–sensing pathway that enabled T cells to reach and maintain an appropriate population size. This pathway operated “kin-to-kin” or between identical or similar T cell populations occupying a niche within a tissue or organ, such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and blood. We showed that this pathway depended on the cell density–dependent abundance of the evolutionarily conserved protein coronin 1, which coordinated prosurvival signaling with the inhibition of cell death until the cell population reached threshold densities. At or above threshold densities, coronin 1 expression peaked and remained stable, thereby resulting in the initiation of apoptosis through kin-to-kin intercellular signaling to return the cell population to the appropriate cell density. This cell population size-controlling pathway was conserved from amoeba to humans, thus providing evidence for the existence of a coronin-regulated, evolutionarily conserved mechanism by which cells are informed of and coordinate their relative population size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haiyan Zhang
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Mayumi Mori
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Despina Moshous
- Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR1163, Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Geoffrey Fucile
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, sciCORE Computing Center, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jean Pieters
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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9
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Jirsová D, Wideman JG. Evolution: Divergent trajectories predate the origins of animals and fungi. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R1242-R1244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Xiong X, Yang H, Ding C, Qin B, Deng Y, Xiong L, Liu X, Li Y, Xiao T, Lv Z. Functional and expression analysis reveals the involvement of integrin αvβ3 in antiviral immunity of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 129:52-63. [PMID: 35995370 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are α-β heterodimeric cell receptors that can bind the protein components of pathogens, and play crucial roles in mammalian immune responses, but the immune functions mediated by integrins remains largely unknown in teleost fish. In this study, an integrin αvβ3 (GCαvβ3) originally assembled by αv (GCαv) and β3 (GCβ3) subunits, was identified from a teleost fish grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. The pairwise alignment analyses showed that the amino acid sequences of GCαv and GCβ3 shared high similarity (75.2-95.1%) and identity (58.6-90.7%) with their homologs from other vertebrates. Both GCαv and GCβ3 harbored the conserved protein domains and motifs, and were clustered in fish branch of the phylogenetic tree containing the counterparts from various vertebrates. Co-immunoprecipitation displayed that GCβ3 could interact with the grass carp reovirus (GCRV) outer capsid protein VP5. Two incubation experiments revealed that the interaction of GCRV or VP5 proteins with GCβ3 could induce the expressions of type I interferons (IFNs) including IFN2 and IFN3 in grass carp ovary cell line. The functional analysis demonstrated that GCαvβ3 served as a receptor of viral protein components to be involved in antiviral immunity as human integrin αvβ3 did. In addition, both GCαv and GCβ3 were significantly upregulated in various tissues of grass carp after GCRV infection. This study might provide fundamental basis for understanding the molecular characteristics and immune functions of GCαvβ3, and offer a new insight into the antiviral immune mechanism specific to the integrins in grass carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Xiong
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Chunhua Ding
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Beibei Qin
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yadong Deng
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Liming Xiong
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yaoguo Li
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Tiaoyi Xiao
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Zhao Lv
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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11
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Fierro Morales JC, Xue Q, Roh-Johnson M. An evolutionary and physiological perspective on cell-substrate adhesion machinery for cell migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:943606. [PMID: 36092727 PMCID: PMC9453864 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.943606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-substrate adhesion is a critical aspect of many forms of cell migration. Cell adhesion to an extracellular matrix (ECM) generates traction forces necessary for efficient migration. One of the most well-studied structures cells use to adhere to the ECM is focal adhesions, which are composed of a multilayered protein complex physically linking the ECM to the intracellular actin cytoskeleton. Much of our understanding of focal adhesions, however, is primarily derived from in vitro studies in Metazoan systems. Though these studies provide a valuable foundation to the cell-substrate adhesion field, the evolution of cell-substrate adhesion machinery across evolutionary space and the role of focal adhesions in vivo are largely understudied within the field. Furthering investigation in these areas is necessary to bolster our understanding of the role cell-substrate adhesion machinery across Eukaryotes plays during cell migration in physiological contexts such as cancer and pathogenesis. In this review, we review studies of cell-substrate adhesion machinery in organisms evolutionary distant from Metazoa and cover the current understanding and ongoing work on how focal adhesions function in single and collective cell migration in an in vivo environment, with an emphasis on work that directly visualizes cell-substrate adhesions. Finally, we discuss nuances that ought to be considered moving forward and the importance of future investigation in these emerging fields for application in other fields pertinent to adhesion-based processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Minna Roh-Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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12
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Jacques F, Baratchart E, Pienta KJ, Hammarlund EU. Origin and evolution of animal multicellularity in the light of phylogenomics and cancer genetics. Med Oncol 2022; 39:160. [PMID: 35972622 PMCID: PMC9381480 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01740-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The rise of animals represents a major but enigmatic event in the evolutionary history of life. In recent years, numerous studies have aimed at understanding the genetic basis of this transition. However, genome comparisons of diverse animal and protist lineages suggest that the appearance of gene families that were previously considered animal specific indeed preceded animals. Animals' unicellular relatives, such as choanoflagellates, ichthyosporeans, and filastereans, demonstrate complex life cycles including transient multicellularity as well as genetic toolkits for temporal cell differentiation, cell-to-cell communication, apoptosis, and cell adhesion. This has warranted further exploration of the genetic basis underlying transitions in cellular organization. An alternative model for the study of transitions in cellular organization is tumors, which exploit physiological programs that characterize both unicellularity and multicellularity. Tumor cells, for example, switch adhesion on and off, up- or downregulate specific cell differentiation states, downregulate apoptosis, and allow cell migration within tissues. Here, we use insights from both the fields of phylogenomics and tumor biology to review the evolutionary history of the regulatory systems of multicellularity and discuss their overlap. We claim that while evolutionary biology has contributed to an increased understanding of cancer, broad investigations into tissue-normal and transformed-can also contribute the framework for exploring animal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Jacques
- Tissue Development and Evolution (TiDE), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Etienne Baratchart
- Tissue Development and Evolution (TiDE), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kenneth J Pienta
- The Cancer Ecology Center, Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Emma U Hammarlund
- Tissue Development and Evolution (TiDE), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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13
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Succar BB, Saldanha-Gama RFG, Valle AS, Wermelinger LS, Barja-Fidalgo C, Kurtenbach E, Zingali RB. The recombinant disintegrin, jarastatin, inhibits platelet adhesion and endothelial cell migration. Toxicon 2022; 217:87-95. [PMID: 35981667 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are transmembrane heterodimeric glycoproteins, present in most cell types that act as mechanoreceptors, connecting extracellular matrix proteins to the cytoskeleton of the cell, mediating several physiological and pathological processes. The disintegrins are peptides capable of modulating the activity of integrins, such as αIIbβ3, responsible for the platelet aggregation and αvβ3, related to angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to produce the recombinant disintegrin jarastatin (rJast), to evaluate its secondary structure and biological activity. rJast was expressed in the yeast Komagataella phaffii (earlier Pichia pastoris) purified using molecular exclusion chromatography and the internal sequence and molecular mass were confirmed by mass spectrometry. The yield was approximately 40 mg/L of culture. rJast inhibited platelet aggregation induced by 2-4 μM ADP, 10 nM thrombin, and 1 μg/mL collagen (IC50 of 244.8 nM, 166.3 nM and 223.5 nM, respectively). It also blocked the adhesion of platelets to collagen under continuous flow in approximately 60% when used 1 μM. We also evaluated the effect of rJast on HMEC-1 cells. rJast significantly inhibited the adhesion of these cells to vitronectin, as well as cell migration (IC50 1.77 μM) without changing the viability. Conclusions: rJast was successfully expressed with activity in human platelets aggregation identical to the native molecule. Also, rJast inhibits adhesion and migration of endothelial cells. Thus, being relevant for the development of anti-thrombotic and anti-angiogenic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Barbosa Succar
- Laboratório de Hemostase e Venenos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, And Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (Inbeb) - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro -UFRJ, RJ, Brazil
| | - Roberta F G Saldanha-Gama
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Celular e Molecular, IBRAG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UERJ, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aline Sol Valle
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Bioquímica de Proteínas, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana Serrão Wermelinger
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, RJ, Brazil
| | - Christina Barja-Fidalgo
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Celular e Molecular, IBRAG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UERJ, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eleonora Kurtenbach
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Bioquímica de Proteínas, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, RJ, Brazil
| | - Russolina Benedeta Zingali
- Laboratório de Hemostase e Venenos, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, And Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (Inbeb) - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro -UFRJ, RJ, Brazil.
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14
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Ain U, Firdaus H. Parvin: A hub of intracellular signalling pathways regulating cellular behaviour and disease progression. Acta Histochem 2022; 124:151935. [PMID: 35932544 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2022.151935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
α-actinin superfamily houses the family of parvins, comprising α, β and γ isoforms in the vertebrates and a single orthologue in the invertebrates. Parvin as an adaptor protein is a member of the ternary IPP-complex including Integrin Linked Kinase (ILK) and particularly-interesting-Cys-His-rich protein (PINCH). Each of the complex proteins showed a conserved lineage and was principally used by the evolutionarily primitive integrin-adhesome machinery to regulate cellular behaviour and signalling pathways. Parvin facilitated integrin mediated integration of the extracellular matrix with cytoskeletal framework culminating in regulation of cellular adhesion and spreading, cytoskeleton reorganisation and cell survival. Studies have established role of parvin in pregnancy, lactation, matrix degradation, blood vessel formation and in several diseases such as cancer, NAFLD and cardiac diseases etc. This review narrates the history of parvin discovery, its elaborate gene structure and conservation across phyla including cellular expression, localisation and interacting partners in vertebrates as well as invertebrates. The review further discusses how parvin acts as an epicentre of signalling pathways, its associated mutants and diseased conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ushashi Ain
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, CTI Campus, Ratu-Lohardaga Road, Ranchi 835205, India
| | - Hena Firdaus
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, CTI Campus, Ratu-Lohardaga Road, Ranchi 835205, India.
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15
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Mijanović L, Weber I. Adhesion of Dictyostelium Amoebae to Surfaces: A Brief History of Attachments. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:910736. [PMID: 35721508 PMCID: PMC9197732 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.910736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dictyostelium amoebae adhere to extracellular material using similar mechanisms to metazoan cells. Notably, the cellular anchorage loci in Amoebozoa and Metazoa are both arranged in the form of discrete spots and incorporate a similar repertoire of intracellular proteins assembled into multicomponent complexes located on the inner side of the plasma membrane. Surprisingly, however, Dictyostelium lacks integrins, the canonical transmembrane heterodimeric receptors that dominantly mediate adhesion of cells to the extracellular matrix in multicellular animals. In this review article, we summarize the current knowledge about the cell-substratum adhesion in Dictyostelium, present an inventory of the involved proteins, and draw parallels with the situation in animal cells. The emerging picture indicates that, while retaining the basic molecular architecture common to their animal relatives, the adhesion complexes in free-living amoeboid cells have evolved to enable less specific interactions with diverse materials encountered in their natural habitat in the deciduous forest soil. Dissection of molecular mechanisms that underlay short lifetime of the cell-substratum attachments and high turnover rate of the adhesion complexes in Dictyostelium should provide insight into a similarly modified adhesion phenotype that accompanies the mesenchymal-amoeboid transition in tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Mijanović
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Igor Weber
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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16
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Phillips JE, Santos M, Konchwala M, Xing C, Pan D. Genome editing in the unicellular holozoan Capsaspora owczarzaki suggests a premetazoan role for the Hippo pathway in multicellular morphogenesis. eLife 2022; 11:e77598. [PMID: 35659869 PMCID: PMC9170242 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal development is mediated by a surprisingly small set of canonical signaling pathways such as Wnt, Hedgehog, TGF-beta, Notch, and Hippo pathways. Although once thought to be present only in animals, recent genome sequencing has revealed components of these pathways in the closest unicellular relatives of animals. These findings raise questions about the ancestral functions of these developmental pathways and their potential role in the emergence of animal multicellularity. Here, we provide the first functional characterization of any of these developmental pathways in unicellular organisms by developing techniques for genetic manipulation in Capsaspora owczarzaki, a close unicellular relative of animals that displays aggregative multicellularity. We then use these tools to characterize the Capsaspora ortholog of the Hippo signaling nuclear effector YAP/TAZ/Yorkie (coYki), a key regulator of tissue size in animals. In contrast to what might be expected based on studies in animals, we show that coYki is dispensable for cell proliferation but regulates cytoskeletal dynamics and the three-dimensional (3D) shape of multicellular structures. We further demonstrate that the cytoskeletal abnormalities of individual coYki mutant cells underlie the abnormal 3D shape of coYki mutant aggregates. Taken together, these findings implicate an ancestral role for the Hippo pathway in cytoskeletal dynamics and multicellular morphogenesis predating the origin of animal multicellularity, which was co-opted during evolution to regulate cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Phillips
- Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Maribel Santos
- Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Mohammed Konchwala
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth & Development, Departments of Bioinformatics and Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Chao Xing
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth & Development, Departments of Bioinformatics and Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Duojia Pan
- Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
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17
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Ancient Origins of Cytoskeletal Crosstalk: Spectraplakin-like Proteins Precede the Emergence of Cortical Microtubule Stabilization Complexes as Crosslinkers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105594. [PMID: 35628404 PMCID: PMC9145010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) is one of the prerequisites for multicellularity, motility, and tissue specialization. Focal adhesions (FAs) are defined as protein complexes that mediate signals from the ECM to major components of the cytoskeleton (microtubules, actin, and intermediate filaments), and their mutual communication determines a variety of cellular processes. In this study, human cytoskeletal crosstalk proteins were identified by comparing datasets with experimentally determined cytoskeletal proteins. The spectraplakin dystonin was the only protein found in all datasets. Other proteins (FAK, RAC1, septin 9, MISP, and ezrin) were detected at the intersections of FAs, microtubules, and actin cytoskeleton. Homology searches for human crosstalk proteins as queries were performed against a predefined dataset of proteomes. This analysis highlighted the importance of FA communication with the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton, as these crosstalk proteins exhibit the highest degree of evolutionary conservation. Finally, phylogenetic analyses elucidated the early evolutionary history of spectraplakins and cortical microtubule stabilization complexes (CMSCs) as model representatives of the human cytoskeletal crosstalk. While spectraplakins probably arose at the onset of opisthokont evolution, the crosstalk between FAs and microtubules is associated with the emergence of metazoans. The multiprotein complexes contributing to cytoskeletal crosstalk in animals gradually gained in complexity from the onset of metazoan evolution.
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18
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Ikeshima-Kataoka H, Sugimoto C, Tsubokawa T. Integrin Signaling in the Central Nervous System in Animals and Human Brain Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031435. [PMID: 35163359 PMCID: PMC8836133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The integrin family is involved in various biological functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration, and also in the pathogenesis of disease. Integrins are multifunctional receptors that exist as heterodimers composed of α and β subunits and bind to various ligands, including extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins; they are found in many animals, not only vertebrates (e.g., mouse, rat, and teleost fish), but also invertebrates (e.g., planarian flatworm, fruit fly, nematodes, and cephalopods), which are used for research on genetics and social behaviors or as models for human diseases. In the present paper, we describe the results of a phylogenetic tree analysis of the integrin family among these species. We summarize integrin signaling in teleost fish, which serves as an excellent model for the study of regenerative systems and possesses the ability for replacing missing tissues, especially in the central nervous system, which has not been demonstrated in mammals. In addition, functions of astrocytes and reactive astrocytes, which contain neuroprotective subpopulations that act in concert with the ECM proteins tenascin C and osteopontin via integrin are also reviewed. Drug development research using integrin as a therapeutic target could result in breakthroughs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and brain injury in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Ikeshima-Kataoka
- Department of Biology, Keio University, 4-1-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama-shi 223-8521, Japan; (C.S.); (T.T.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Chikatoshi Sugimoto
- Department of Biology, Keio University, 4-1-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama-shi 223-8521, Japan; (C.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Tatsuya Tsubokawa
- Department of Biology, Keio University, 4-1-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama-shi 223-8521, Japan; (C.S.); (T.T.)
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19
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Hock N, Racaniello GF, Aspinall S, Denora N, Khutoryanskiy VV, Bernkop‐Schnürch A. Thiolated Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications: Mimicking the Workhorses of Our Body. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2102451. [PMID: 34773391 PMCID: PMC8728822 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Advances in nanotechnology have generated a broad range of nanoparticles (NPs) for numerous biomedical applications. Among the various properties of NPs are functionalities being related to thiol substructures. Numerous biological processes that are mediated by cysteine or cystine subunits of proteins representing the workhorses of the bodies can be transferred to NPs. This review focuses on the interface between thiol chemistry and NPs. Pros and cons of different techniques for thiolation of NPs are discussed. Furthermore, the various functionalities gained by thiolation are highlighted. These include overall bio- and mucoadhesive, cellular uptake enhancing, and permeation enhancing properties. Drugs being either covalently attached to thiolated NPs via disulfide bonds or being entrapped in thiolated polymeric NPs that are stabilized via inter- and intrachain crosslinking can be released at the diseased tissue or in target cells under reducing conditions. Moreover, drugs, targeting ligands, biological analytes, and enzymes bearing thiol substructures can be immobilized on noble metal NPs and quantum dots for therapeutic, theranostic, diagnostic, biosensing, and analytical reasons. Within this review a concise summary and analysis of the current knowledge, future directions, and potential clinical use of thiolated NPs are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Hock
- Thiomatrix Forschungs und Beratungs GmbHTrientlgasse 65Innsbruck6020Austria
| | | | - Sam Aspinall
- Reading School of PharmacyUniversity of ReadingWhiteknights PO Box 224, Room 122 (Chemistry and Pharmacy Building)ReadingRG66DXUK
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy – Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Bari “Aldo Moro”Bari70125Italy
| | - Vitaliy V. Khutoryanskiy
- Reading School of PharmacyUniversity of ReadingWhiteknights PO Box 224, Room 122 (Chemistry and Pharmacy Building)ReadingRG66DXUK
| | - Andreas Bernkop‐Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of PharmacyUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/82Innsbruck6020Austria
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20
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Taylor E, Heyland A. Evolution of non-genomic nuclear receptor function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 539:111468. [PMID: 34610359 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are responsible for the regulation of diverse developmental and physiological systems in metazoans. NR actions can be the result of genomic and non-genomic mechanisms depending on whether they act inside or outside of the nucleus respectively. While the actions of both mechanisms have been shown to be crucial to NR functions, non-genomic actions are considered less frequently than genomic actions. Furthermore, hypotheses on the origin and evolution of non-genomic NR signaling pathways are rarely discussed in the literature. Here we summarize non-genomic NR signaling mechanisms in the context of NR protein family evolution and animal phyla. We find that NRs across groups and phyla act via calcium flux as well as protein phosphorylation cascades (MAPK/PI3K/PKC). We hypothesize and discuss a possible synapomorphy of NRs in the NR1 and NR3 families, including the thyroid hormone receptor, vitamin D receptor, ecdysone receptor, retinoic acid receptor, steroid receptors, and others. In conclusion, we propose that the advent of non-genomic NR signaling may have been a driving force behind the expansion of NR diversity in Cnidarians, Placozoans, and Bilaterians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Taylor
- University of Guelph, College of Biological Sciences, Integrative Biology, Guelph, ON N1G-2W1, Canada.
| | - Andreas Heyland
- University of Guelph, College of Biological Sciences, Integrative Biology, Guelph, ON N1G-2W1, Canada.
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21
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Beaudoin CA, Hamaia SW, Huang CLH, Blundell TL, Jackson AP. Can the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Bind Integrins Independent of the RGD Sequence? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:765300. [PMID: 34869067 PMCID: PMC8637727 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.765300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The RGD motif in the Severe Acute Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein has been predicted to bind RGD-recognizing integrins. Recent studies have shown that the spike protein does, indeed, interact with αVβ3 and α5β1 integrins, both of which bind to RGD-containing ligands. However, computational studies have suggested that binding between the spike RGD motif and integrins is not favourable, even when unfolding occurs after conformational changes induced by binding to the canonical host entry receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Furthermore, non-RGD-binding integrins, such as αx, have been suggested to interact with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Other viral pathogens, such as rotaviruses, have been recorded to bind integrins in an RGD-independent manner to initiate host cell entry. Thus, in order to consider the potential for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to bind integrins independent of the RGD sequence, we investigate several factors related to the involvement of integrins in SARS-CoV-2 infection. First, we review changes in integrin expression during SARS-CoV-2 infection to identify which integrins might be of interest. Then, all known non-RGD integrin-binding motifs are collected and mapped to the spike protein receptor-binding domain and analyzed for their 3D availability. Several integrin-binding motifs are shown to exhibit high sequence similarity with solvent accessible regions of the spike receptor-binding domain. Comparisons of these motifs with other betacoronavirus spike proteins, such as SARS-CoV and RaTG13, reveal that some have recently evolved while others are more conserved throughout phylogenetically similar betacoronaviruses. Interestingly, all of the potential integrin-binding motifs, including the RGD sequence, are conserved in one of the known pangolin coronavirus strains. Of note, the most recently recorded mutations in the spike protein receptor-binding domain were found outside of the putative integrin-binding sequences, although several mutations formed inside and close to one motif, in particular, may potentially enhance binding. These data suggest that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein may interact with integrins independent of the RGD sequence and may help further explain how SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses can evolve to bind to integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Beaudoin
- Department of Biochemistry, Sanger Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Samir W Hamaia
- Department of Biochemistry, Hopkins Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher L-H Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Hopkins Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tom L Blundell
- Department of Biochemistry, Sanger Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Antony P Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry, Hopkins Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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22
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Abstract
Talins are cytoskeletal linker proteins that consist of an N-terminal head domain, a flexible neck region and a C-terminal rod domain made of 13 helical bundles. The head domain binds integrin β-subunit cytoplasmic tails, which triggers integrin conformational activation to increase affinity for extracellular matrix proteins. The rod domain links to actin filaments inside the cell to transmit mechanical loads and serves as a mechanosensitive signalling hub for the recruitment of many other proteins. The α-helical bundles function as force-dependent switches - proteins that interact with folded bundles are displaced when force induces unfolding, exposing previously cryptic binding sites for other ligands. This leads to the notion of a talin code. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we propose that the multiple switches within the talin rod function to process and store time- and force-dependent mechanical and chemical information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T. Goult
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Nicholas H. Brown
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 1DY, UK
| | - Martin A. Schwartz
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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23
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Cole A, Buckler S, Marcucci J, Artemenko Y. Differential Roles of Actin Crosslinking Proteins Filamin and α-Actinin in Shear Flow-Induced Migration of Dictyostelium discoideum. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:743011. [PMID: 34485315 PMCID: PMC8415421 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.743011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Shear flow-induced migration is an important physiological phenomenon experienced by multiple cell types, including leukocytes and cancer cells. However, molecular mechanisms by which cells sense and directionally migrate in response to mechanical perturbation are not well understood. Dictyostelium discoideum social amoeba, a well-established model for studying amoeboid-type migration, also exhibits directional motility when exposed to shear flow, and this behavior is preceded by rapid and transient activation of the same signal transduction network that is activated by chemoattractants. The initial response, which can also be observed following brief 2 s stimulation with shear flow, requires an intact actin cytoskeleton; however, what aspect of the cytoskeletal network is responsible for sensing and/or transmitting the signal is unclear. We investigated the role of actin crosslinkers filamin and α-actinin by analyzing initial shear flow-stimulated responses in cells with or without these proteins. Both filamin and α-actinin showed rapid and transient relocalization from the cytosol to the cortex following shear flow stimulation. Using spatiotemporal analysis of Ras GTPase activation as a readout of signal transduction network activity, we demonstrated that lack of α-actinin did not reduce, and, in fact, slightly improved the response to acute mechanical stimulation compared to cells expressing α-actinin. In contrast, shear flow-induced Ras activation was significantly more robust in filamin-null cells rescued with filamin compared to cells expressing empty vector. Reduced responsiveness appeared to be specific to mechanical stimuli and was not due to a change in the basal activity since response to global stimulation with a chemoattractant and random migration was comparable between cells with or without filamin. Finally, while filamin-null cells rescued with filamin efficiently migrated upstream when presented with continuous flow, cells lacking filamin were defective in directional migration. Overall, our study suggests that filamin, but not α-actinin, is involved in sensing and/or transmitting mechanical stimuli that drive directed migration; however, other components of the actin cytoskeleton likely also contribute to the initial response since filamin-null cells were still able to activate the signal transduction network. These findings could have implications for our fundamental understanding of shear flow-induced migration of leukocytes, cancer cells and other amoeboid-type cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Cole
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York Oswego, Oswego, NY, United States
| | - Sarah Buckler
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York Oswego, Oswego, NY, United States
| | - Jack Marcucci
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York Oswego, Oswego, NY, United States
| | - Yulia Artemenko
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York Oswego, Oswego, NY, United States
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24
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The evolution of multicellularity and cancer: views and paradigms. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:1505-1518. [PMID: 32677677 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Conceptually and mechanistically, the evolution of multicellularity required the integration of single cells into new functionally, reproductively and evolutionary stable multicellular individuals. As part of this process, a change in levels of selection occurred, with selection at the multicellular level overriding selection at the cell level. The stability of multicellular individuals is dependent on a combination of mechanisms that supress within-group evolution, by both reducing the occurrence of somatic mutations as well as supressing somatic selection. Nevertheless, mutations that, in a particular microenvironment, confer mutant lineages a fitness advantage relative to normal somatic cells do occur, and can result in cancer. This minireview highlights several views and paradigms that relate the evolution of multicellularity to cancer. As a phenomenon, cancer is generally understood as a failure of multicellular systems to suppress somatic evolution. However, as a disease, cancer is interpreted in different frameworks: (i) a breakdown of cooperative behaviors underlying the evolution of multicellularity, (ii) a disruption of molecular networks established during the emergence of multicellularity to impose constraints on single-celled units, or (iii) an atavistic state resulting from reactivating primitive programs that originated in the earliest unicellular species. A number of assumptions are common in all the views relating cancer as a disease to the evolution of multicellularity. For instance, cancer is considered a reversal to unicellularity, and cancer cells are thought to both resemble unicellular organisms and benefit from ancestral-like traits. Nevertheless, potential limitations of current paradigms should be acknowledged as different perspectives can provide novel insights with potential therapeutic implications.
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25
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Kang S, Tice AK, Stairs CW, Jones RE, Lahr DJG, Brown MW. The integrin-mediated adhesive complex in the ancestor of animals, fungi, and amoebae. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3073-3085.e3. [PMID: 34077702 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are transmembrane receptors that activate signal transduction pathways upon extracellular matrix binding. The integrin-mediated adhesive complex (IMAC) mediates various cell physiological processes. Although the IMAC was thought to be specific to animals, in the past ten years these complexes were discovered in other lineages of Obazoa, the group containing animals, fungi, and several microbial eukaryotes. Very recently, many genomes and transcriptomes from Amoebozoa (the eukaryotic supergroup sister to Obazoa), other obazoans, orphan protist lineages, and the eukaryotes' closest prokaryotic relatives, have become available. To increase the resolution of where and when IMAC proteins exist and have emerged, we surveyed these newly available genomes and transcriptomes for the presence of IMAC proteins. Our results highlight that many of these proteins appear to have evolved earlier in eukaryote evolution than previously thought and that co-option of this apparently ancient protein complex was key to the emergence of animal-type multicellularity. The role of the IMACs in amoebozoans is unknown, but they play critical adhesive roles in at least some unicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungho Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA; Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing & Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Alexander K Tice
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA; Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing & Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Courtney W Stairs
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Robert E Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA; Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing & Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Daniel J G Lahr
- Department of Zoology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matthew W Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA; Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing & Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA.
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26
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Isaksson H, Conlin PL, Kerr B, Ratcliff WC, Libby E. The Consequences of Budding versus Binary Fission on Adaptation and Aging in Primitive Multicellularity. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:661. [PMID: 33924996 PMCID: PMC8145350 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Early multicellular organisms must gain adaptations to outcompete their unicellular ancestors, as well as other multicellular lineages. The tempo and mode of multicellular adaptation is influenced by many factors including the traits of individual cells. We consider how a fundamental aspect of cells, whether they reproduce via binary fission or budding, can affect the rate of adaptation in primitive multicellularity. We use mathematical models to study the spread of beneficial, growth rate mutations in unicellular populations and populations of multicellular filaments reproducing via binary fission or budding. Comparing populations once they reach carrying capacity, we find that the spread of mutations in multicellular budding populations is qualitatively distinct from the other populations and in general slower. Since budding and binary fission distribute age-accumulated damage differently, we consider the effects of cellular senescence. When growth rate decreases with cell age, we find that beneficial mutations can spread significantly faster in a multicellular budding population than its corresponding unicellular population or a population reproducing via binary fission. Our results demonstrate that basic aspects of the cell cycle can give rise to different rates of adaptation in multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Isaksson
- Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;
- Integrated Science Lab, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Peter L. Conlin
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (P.L.C.); (W.C.R.)
| | - Ben Kerr
- Department of Biology, BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - William C. Ratcliff
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; (P.L.C.); (W.C.R.)
| | - Eric Libby
- Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;
- Integrated Science Lab, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
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Fukuda K, Lu F, Qin J. Molecular basis for Ras suppressor-1 binding to PINCH-1 in focal adhesion assembly. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100685. [PMID: 33891945 PMCID: PMC8141872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras suppressor-1 (Rsu-1) is a leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing protein that is crucial for regulating cell adhesion and is involved in such physiological and pathological processes as focal adhesion assembly and tumor metastasis. Rsu-1 interacts with zinc-finger type multi-LIM domain-containing adaptor protein PINCH-1, known to be involved in the integrin-mediated consensus adhesome, but not with its highly homologous family member PINCH-2. However, the structural basis for and regulatory mechanisms of this specific interaction remain unclear. Here, we determined the crystal structures of Rsu-1 and its complex with the PINCH-1 LIM4-5 domains. Rsu-1 displays an arc-shaped solenoid architecture, with eight LRRs shielded by N- and C-terminal capping modules. We showed that the conserved concave surface of the Rsu-1 LRR domain binds and stabilizes the PINCH-1 LIM5 domain via salt bridge and hydrophobic interactions, while the C-terminal non-LIM region of PINCH-2 sterically disfavors Rsu-1 binding. We also showed that Rsu-1 can be assembled, via PINCH-1-binding, into a heteropentamer complex comprising Rsu-1, PINCH-1, ILK, Parvin, and Kindlin-2, which constitute a major consensus integrin adhesome crucial for focal adhesion assembly. Our mutagenesis and cell biological data emphasize the significance of the Rsu-1/PINCH-1 interaction in focal adhesion assembly and cell spreading, providing crucial molecular insights into Rsu-1-mediated cell adhesion with implications for disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Fukuda
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, USA
| | - Fan Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, USA; Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jun Qin
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, USA; Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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Strother PK, Brasier MD, Wacey D, Timpe L, Saunders M, Wellman CH. A possible billion-year-old holozoan with differentiated multicellularity. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2658-2665.e2. [PMID: 33852871 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sediments of the Torridonian sequence of the Northwest Scottish Highlands contain a wide array of microfossils, documenting life in a non-marine setting a billion years ago (1 Ga).1-4 Phosphate nodules from the Diabaig Formation at Loch Torridon preserve microorganisms with cellular-level fidelity,5,6 allowing for partial reconstruction of the developmental stages of a new organism, Bicellum brasieri gen. et sp. nov. The mature form of Bicellum consists of a solid, spherical ball of tightly packed cells (a stereoblast) of isodiametric cells enclosed in a monolayer of elongated, sausage-shaped cells. However, two populations of naked stereoblasts show mixed cell shapes, which we infer to indicate incipient development of elongated cells that were migrating to the periphery of the cell mass. These simple morphogenetic movements could be explained by differential cell-cell adhesion.7,8 In fact, the basic morphology of Bicellum is topologically similar to that of experimentally produced cell masses that were shown to spontaneously segregate into two distinct domains based on differential cadherin-based cell adhesion.9 The lack of rigid cell walls in the stereoblast renders an algal affinity for Bicellum unlikely: its overall morphology is more consistent with a holozoan origin. Unicellular holozoans are known today to form multicellular stages within complex life cycles,10-13 so the occurrence of such simple levels of transient multicellularity seen here is consistent with a holozoan affinity. Regardless of precise phylogenetic placement, these fossils demonstrate simple cell differentiation and morphogenic processes that are similar to those seen in some metazoans today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K Strother
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Weston Observatory of Boston College, 381 Concord Road, Weston, MA 02493, USA.
| | - Martin D Brasier
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
| | - David Wacey
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Leslie Timpe
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Martin Saunders
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Charles H Wellman
- Department of Animal & Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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29
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Prostak SM, Robinson KA, Titus MA, Fritz-Laylin LK. The actin networks of chytrid fungi reveal evolutionary loss of cytoskeletal complexity in the fungal kingdom. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1192-1205.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Ros-Rocher N, Pérez-Posada A, Leger MM, Ruiz-Trillo I. The origin of animals: an ancestral reconstruction of the unicellular-to-multicellular transition. Open Biol 2021; 11:200359. [PMID: 33622103 PMCID: PMC8061703 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
How animals evolved from a single-celled ancestor, transitioning from a unicellular lifestyle to a coordinated multicellular entity, remains a fascinating question. Key events in this transition involved the emergence of processes related to cell adhesion, cell–cell communication and gene regulation. To understand how these capacities evolved, we need to reconstruct the features of both the last common multicellular ancestor of animals and the last unicellular ancestor of animals. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the characterization of these ancestors, inferred by comparative genomic analyses between the earliest branching animals and those radiating later, and between animals and their closest unicellular relatives. We also provide an updated hypothesis regarding the transition to animal multicellularity, which was likely gradual and involved the use of gene regulatory mechanisms in the emergence of early developmental and morphogenetic plans. Finally, we discuss some new avenues of research that will complement these studies in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Ros-Rocher
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alberto Pérez-Posada
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide), Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Andalusia, Spain
| | - Michelle M Leger
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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31
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Ruiz-Trillo I, de Mendoza A. Towards understanding the origin of animal development. Development 2020; 147:147/23/dev192575. [PMID: 33272929 DOI: 10.1242/dev.192575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Almost all animals undergo embryonic development, going from a single-celled zygote to a complex multicellular adult. We know that the patterning and morphogenetic processes involved in development are deeply conserved within the animal kingdom. However, the origins of these developmental processes are just beginning to be unveiled. Here, we focus on how the protist lineages sister to animals are reshaping our view of animal development. Most intriguingly, many of these protistan lineages display transient multicellular structures, which are governed by similar morphogenetic and gene regulatory processes as animal development. We discuss here two potential alternative scenarios to explain the origin of animal embryonic development: either it originated concomitantly at the onset of animals or it evolved from morphogenetic processes already present in their unicellular ancestors. We propose that an integrative study of several unicellular taxa closely related to animals will allow a more refined picture of how the last common ancestor of animals underwent embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain .,Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex de Mendoza
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, London E1 4DQ, UK
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32
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Nagy LG, Varga T, Csernetics Á, Virágh M. Fungi took a unique evolutionary route to multicellularity: Seven key challenges for fungal multicellular life. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Bodor DL, Pönisch W, Endres RG, Paluch EK. Of Cell Shapes and Motion: The Physical Basis of Animal Cell Migration. Dev Cell 2020; 52:550-562. [PMID: 32155438 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Motile cells have developed a variety of migration modes relying on diverse traction-force-generation mechanisms. Before the behavior of intracellular components could be easily imaged, cell movements were mostly classified by different types of cellular shape dynamics. Indeed, even though some types of cells move without any significant change in shape, most cell propulsion mechanisms rely on global or local deformations of the cell surface. In this review, focusing mostly on metazoan cells, we discuss how different types of local and global shape changes underlie distinct migration modes. We then discuss mechanical differences between force-generation mechanisms and finish by speculating on how they may have evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dani L Bodor
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wolfram Pönisch
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Robert G Endres
- Department of Life Sciences and Centre for Integrative Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ewa K Paluch
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
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34
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Tikhonenkov DV, Mikhailov KV, Hehenberger E, Karpov SA, Prokina KI, Esaulov AS, Belyakova OI, Mazei YA, Mylnikov AP, Aleoshin VV, Keeling PJ. New Lineage of Microbial Predators Adds Complexity to Reconstructing the Evolutionary Origin of Animals. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4500-4509.e5. [PMID: 32976804 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The origin of animals is one of the most intensely studied evolutionary events, and our understanding of this transition was greatly advanced by analyses of unicellular relatives of animals, which have shown many "animal-specific" genes actually arose in protistan ancestors long before the emergence of animals [1-3]. These genes have complex distributions, and the protists have diverse lifestyles, so understanding their evolutionary significance requires both a robust phylogeny of animal relatives and a detailed understanding of their biology [4, 5]. But discoveries of new animal-related lineages are rare and historically biased to bacteriovores and parasites. Here, we characterize the morphology and transcriptome content of a new animal-related lineage, predatory flagellate Tunicaraptor unikontum. Tunicaraptor is an extremely small (3-5 μm) and morphologically simple cell superficially resembling some fungal zoospores, but it survives by preying on other eukaryotes, possibly using a dedicated but transient "mouth," which is unique for unicellular opisthokonts. The Tunicaraptor transcriptome encodes a full complement of flagellar genes and the flagella-associated calcium channel, which is only common to predatory animal relatives and missing in microbial parasites and grazers. Tunicaraptor also encodes several major classes of animal cell adhesion molecules, as well as transcription factors and homologs of proteins involved in neurodevelopment that have not been found in other animal-related lineages. Phylogenomics, including Tunicaraptor, challenges the existing framework used to reconstruct the evolution of animal-specific genes and emphasizes that the diversity of animal-related lineages may be better understood only once the smaller, more inconspicuous animal-related lineages are better studied. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis V Tikhonenkov
- Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok 152742, Russia; Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Kirill V Mikhailov
- Belozersky Institute for Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia; Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 127051, Russia.
| | - Elisabeth Hehenberger
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, RD3, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Duesternbrookerweg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sergei A Karpov
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia; Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Kristina I Prokina
- Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok 152742, Russia; Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Anton S Esaulov
- Department of Zoology and Ecology, Penza State University, Penza 440026, Russia
| | - Olga I Belyakova
- Department of Zoology and Ecology, Penza State University, Penza 440026, Russia
| | - Yuri A Mazei
- Department of General Ecology and Hydrobiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Alexander P Mylnikov
- Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok 152742, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Aleoshin
- Belozersky Institute for Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia; Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 127051, Russia
| | - Patrick J Keeling
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Alam T, Alazmi M, Naser R, Huser F, Momin AA, Astro V, Hong S, Walkiewicz KW, Canlas CG, Huser R, Ali AJ, Merzaban J, Adamo A, Jaremko M, Jaremko Ł, Bajic VB, Gao X, Arold ST. Proteome-level assessment of origin, prevalence and function of leucine-aspartic acid (LD) motifs. Bioinformatics 2020; 36:1121-1128. [PMID: 31584626 PMCID: PMC7703752 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivation Leucine-aspartic acid (LD) motifs are short linear interaction motifs (SLiMs) that link paxillin family proteins to factors controlling cell adhesion, motility and survival. The existence and importance of LD motifs beyond the paxillin family is poorly understood. Results To enable a proteome-wide assessment of LD motifs, we developed an active learning based framework (LD motif finder; LDMF) that iteratively integrates computational predictions with experimental validation. Our analysis of the human proteome revealed a dozen new proteins containing LD motifs. We found that LD motif signalling evolved in unicellular eukaryotes more than 800 Myr ago, with paxillin and vinculin as core constituents, and nuclear export signal as a likely source of de novo LD motifs. We show that LD motif proteins form a functionally homogenous group, all being involved in cell morphogenesis and adhesion. This functional focus is recapitulated in cells by GFP-fused LD motifs, suggesting that it is intrinsic to the LD motif sequence, possibly through their effect on binding partners. Our approach elucidated the origin and dynamic adaptations of an ancestral SLiM, and can serve as a guide for the identification of other SLiMs for which only few representatives are known. Availability and implementation LDMF is freely available online at www.cbrc.kaust.edu.sa/ldmf; Source code is available at https://github.com/tanviralambd/LD/. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvir Alam
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences & Engineering (CEMSE), Saudi Arabia
| | - Meshari Alazmi
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences & Engineering (CEMSE), Saudi Arabia
| | - Rayan Naser
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Saudi Arabia
| | - Franceline Huser
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaque A Momin
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Saudi Arabia
| | - Veronica Astro
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Saudi Arabia
| | - SeungBeom Hong
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Saudi Arabia
| | - Katarzyna W Walkiewicz
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Raphaël Huser
- Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences & Engineering (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal J Ali
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Saudi Arabia
| | - Jasmeen Merzaban
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Saudi Arabia
| | - Antonio Adamo
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Saudi Arabia
| | - Łukasz Jaremko
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Saudi Arabia
| | - Vladimir B Bajic
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences & Engineering (CEMSE), Saudi Arabia
| | - Xin Gao
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences & Engineering (CEMSE), Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefan T Arold
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Saudi Arabia
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Parra-Acero H, Harcet M, Sánchez-Pons N, Casacuberta E, Brown NH, Dudin O, Ruiz-Trillo I. Integrin-Mediated Adhesion in the Unicellular Holozoan Capsaspora owczarzaki. Curr Biol 2020; 30:4270-4275.e4. [PMID: 32857975 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In animals, cell-matrix adhesions are essential for cell migration, tissue organization, and differentiation, which have central roles in embryonic development [1-6]. Integrins are the major cell surface adhesion receptors mediating cell-matrix adhesion in animals. They are heterodimeric transmembrane proteins that bind extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules on one side and connect to the actin cytoskeleton on the other [7]. Given the importance of integrin-mediated cell-matrix adhesion in development of multicellular animals, it is of interest to discover when and how this machinery arose during evolution. Comparative genomic analyses have shown that core components of the integrin adhesome pre-date the emergence of animals [8-11]; however, whether it mediates cell adhesion in non-metazoan taxa remains unknown. Here, we investigate cell-substrate adhesion in Capsaspora owczarzaki, the closest unicellular relative of animals with the most complete integrin adhesome [11, 12]. Previous work described that the life cycle of C. owczarzaki (hereafter, Capsaspora) includes three distinct life stages: adherent; cystic; and aggregative [13]. Using an adhesion assay, we show that, during the adherent life stage, C. owczarzaki adheres to surfaces using actin-dependent filopodia. We show that integrin β2 and its associated protein vinculin localize as distinct patches in the filopodia. We also demonstrate that substrate adhesion and integrin localization are enhanced by mammalian fibronectin. Finally, using a specific antibody for integrin β2, we inhibited cell adhesion to a fibronectin-coated surface. Our results suggest that adhesion to the substrate in C. owczarzaki is mediated by integrins. We thus propose that integrin-mediated adhesion pre-dates the emergence of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Parra-Acero
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Matija Harcet
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Laboratory for Molecular Genetics, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Núria Sánchez-Pons
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Elena Casacuberta
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nicholas H Brown
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Omaya Dudin
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 645, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Lv Z, Qiu L, Wang W, Liu Z, Liu Q, Wang L, Song L. The Members of the Highly Diverse Crassostrea gigas Integrin Family Cooperate for the Generation of Various Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1420. [PMID: 32793197 PMCID: PMC7390872 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on invertebrate immune receptors can provide insights into characteristics specific to innate immune system. Here, eight α and three β integrins are identified from an invertebrate, the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, and their possible immune functions are studied. Oyster α/β integrins exhibit a higher degree of sequence and structural variability than the members from Homo sapiens and Drosophila melanogaster. The analysis reveals that oyster RGD- and laminin-binding receptor homologs are present in the phylogenetic tree of α integrins, but the other six oyster α integrins mainly form a species-specific branch; meanwhile, oyster β integrins are clustered with insect β integrins but distinct from a member from the mollusk Biomphalaria glabrata. Although phylogenetically lacking the important α integrin branches of LDV-binding, PS3-type, and αI-containing integrins, oyster integrins can bind to most ECM ligands, including RGDCP, LDVCP, GFOGERCP, and laminin protein in a distinct binding pattern. Besides, oyster integrins are distributed in different hemocyte subpopulations, while only specific integrins are selectively involved in hemocyte phagocytosis, migration, and encapsulation, and some of them participate in more than one immune response in a sophisticated pattern. Especially, oyster β integrins are arranged in the core to mediate complex immune responses, unlike the counterparts in humans that mainly depend on αI-containing integrins to incite immune reactions. This study represents the first comprehensive attempt to reveal the structural and evolutionary features of the integrin family and their involvement in cellular immune responses in the non-model invertebrate C. gigas and sheds light on the characteristics specific to the innate immune system in the integrin family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Limei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhaoqun Liu
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
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Merle NS, Singh P, Rahman J, Kemper C. Integrins meet complement: The evolutionary tip of an iceberg orchestrating metabolism and immunity. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:2754-2770. [PMID: 32562277 PMCID: PMC8359198 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunologists have recently realized that there is more to the classic innate immune sensor systems than just mere protection against invading pathogens. It is becoming increasingly clear that such sensors, including the inflammasomes, toll-like receptors, and the complement system, are heavily involved in the regulation of basic cell physiological processes and particularly those of metabolic nature. In fact, their "non-canonical" activities make sense as no system directing immune cell activity can perform such task without the need for energy. Further, many of these ancient immune sensors appeared early and concurrently during evolution, particularly during the developmental leap from the single-cell organisms to multicellularity, and therefore crosstalk heavily with each other. Here, we will review the current knowledge about the emerging cooperation between the major inter-cell communicators, integrins, and the cell-autonomous intracellularly and autocrine-active complement, the complosome, during the regulation of single-cell metabolism. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Canonical and non-canonical functions of the complement system in health and disease. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas S Merle
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Parul Singh
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jubayer Rahman
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Claudia Kemper
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Kuncha SK, Venkadasamy VL, Amudhan G, Dahate P, Kola SR, Pottabathini S, Kruparani SP, Shekar PC, Sankaranarayanan R. Genomic innovation of ATD alleviates mistranslation associated with multicellularity in Animalia. eLife 2020; 9:58118. [PMID: 32463355 PMCID: PMC7302879 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multicellularity in Animalia is associated with increase in ROS and expansion of tRNA-isodecoders. tRNA expansion leads to misselection resulting in a critical error of L-Ala mischarged onto tRNAThr, which is proofread by Animalia-specific-tRNA Deacylase (ATD) in vitro. Here we show that in addition to ATD, threonyl-tRNA synthetase (ThrRS) can clear the error in cellular scenario. This two-tier functional redundancy for translation quality control breaks down during oxidative stress, wherein ThrRS is rendered inactive. Therefore, ATD knockout cells display pronounced sensitivity through increased mistranslation of threonine codons leading to cell death. Strikingly, we identify the emergence of ATD along with the error inducing tRNA species starting from Choanoflagellates thus uncovering an important genomic innovation required for multicellularity that occurred in unicellular ancestors of animals. The study further provides a plausible regulatory mechanism wherein the cellular fate of tRNAs can be switched from protein biosynthesis to non-canonical functions. The first animals evolved around 750 million years ago from single-celled ancestors that were most similar to modern-day organisms called the Choanoflagellates. As animals evolved they developed more complex body plans consisting of multiple cells organized into larger structures known as tissues and organs. Over time cells also evolved increased levels of molecules called reactive oxygen species, which are involved in many essential cell processes but are toxic at high levels. Animal cells also contain more types of molecules known as transfer ribonucleic acids, or tRNAs for short, than Choanoflagellate cells and other single-celled organisms. These molecules deliver building blocks known as amino acids to the machinery that produces new proteins. To ensure the proteins are made correctly, it is important that tRNAs deliver specific amino acids to the protein-building machinery in the right order. Each type of tRNA usually only pairs with a specific type of amino acid, but sometimes the enzymes involved in this process can make mistakes. Therefore, cells contain proofreading enzymes that help remove incorrect amino acids on tRNAs. One such enzyme – called ATD – is only found in animals. Experiments in test tubes reported that ATD removes an amino acid called alanine from tRNAs that are supposed to carry threonine, but its precise role in living cells remained unclear. To address this question, Kuncha et al. studied proofreading enzymes in human kidney cells. The experiments showed that, in addition to ATD, a second enzyme known as ThrRS was also able to correct alanine substitutions for threonines on tRNAs. However, reactive oxygen species inactivated the proofreading ability of ThrRS, suggesting ATD plays an essential role in correcting errors in cells containing high levels of reactive oxygen species. These findings suggest that as organisms evolved multiple cells and the levels of tRNA and oxidative stress increased, this led to the appearance of a new proofreading enzyme. Further studies found that ATD originated around 900 million years ago, before Choanoflagellates and animals diverged, indicating these enzymes might have helped to shape the evolution of animals. The next step following on from this work will be to understand the role of ATD in the cells of organs that are known to have particularly high levels of reactive oxygen species, such as testis and ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Kuncha
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | | | | | - Priyanka Dahate
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sankara Rao Kola
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | - P Chandra Shekar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
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Tan SJ, Chang AC, Anderson SM, Miller CM, Prahl LS, Odde DJ, Dunn AR. Regulation and dynamics of force transmission at individual cell-matrix adhesion bonds. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaax0317. [PMID: 32440534 PMCID: PMC7228748 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Integrin-based adhesion complexes link the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and are central to the construction of multicellular animal tissues. How biological function emerges from the tens to thousands of proteins present within a single adhesion complex remains unclear. We used fluorescent molecular tension sensors to visualize force transmission by individual integrins in living cells. These measurements revealed an underlying functional modularity in which integrin class controlled adhesion size and ECM ligand specificity, while the number and type of connections between integrins and F-actin determined the force per individual integrin. In addition, we found that most integrins existed in a state of near-mechanical equilibrium, a result not predicted by existing models of cytoskeletal force transduction. A revised model that includes reversible cross-links within the F-actin network can account for this result and suggests one means by which cellular mechanical homeostasis can arise at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Tan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alice C. Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sarah M. Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physical Sciences–Oncology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Cayla M. Miller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Louis S. Prahl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physical Sciences–Oncology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David J. Odde
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physical Sciences–Oncology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Alexander R. Dunn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Corresponding author.
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41
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Kadry YA, Calderwood DA. Chapter 22: Structural and signaling functions of integrins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183206. [PMID: 31991120 PMCID: PMC7063833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The integrin family of transmembrane adhesion receptors is essential for sensing and adhering to the extracellular environment. Integrins are heterodimers composed of non-covalently associated α and β subunits that engage extracellular matrix proteins and couple to intracellular signaling and cytoskeletal complexes. Humans have 24 different integrin heterodimers with differing ligand binding specificities and non-redundant functions. Complex structural rearrangements control the ability of integrins to engage ligands and to activate diverse downstream signaling networks, modulating cell adhesion and dynamics, processes which are crucial for metazoan life and development. Here we review the structural and signaling functions of integrins focusing on recent advances which have enhanced our understanding of how integrins are activated and regulated, and the cytoplasmic signaling networks downstream of integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin A Kadry
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States of America
| | - David A Calderwood
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States of America; Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States of America..
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42
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Pastor-Pareja JC. Atypical basement membranes and basement membrane diversity - what is normal anyway? J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/8/jcs241794. [PMID: 32317312 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.241794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of basement membranes (BMs) played an essential role in the organization of animal cells into tissues and diversification of body plans. The archetypal BM is a compact extracellular matrix polymer containing laminin, nidogen, collagen IV and perlecan (LNCP matrix) tightly packed into a homogenously thin planar layer. Contrasting this clear-cut morphological and compositional definition, there are numerous examples of LNCP matrices with unusual characteristics that deviate from this planar organization. Furthermore, BM components are found in non-planar matrices that are difficult to categorize as BMs at all. In this Review, I discuss examples of atypical BM organization. First, I highlight atypical BM structures in human tissues before describing the functional dissection of a plethora of BMs and BM-related structures in their tissue contexts in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster To conclude, I summarize our incipient understanding of the mechanisms that provide morphological, compositional and functional diversity to BMs. It is becoming increasingly clear that atypical BMs are quite prevalent, and that even typical planar BMs harbor a lot of diversity that we do not yet comprehend.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C Pastor-Pareja
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China .,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
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43
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Conformationally active integrin endocytosis and traffic: why, where, when and how? Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:83-93. [PMID: 32065228 PMCID: PMC7054750 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal control of integrin-mediated cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM) is critical for physiological and pathological events in multicellular organisms, such as embryonic development, angiogenesis, platelet aggregation, leukocytes extravasation, and cancer cell metastatic dissemination. Regulation of integrin adhesive function and signaling relies on the modulation of both conformation and traffic. Indeed, integrins exist in a dynamic equilibrium between a bent/closed (inactive) and an extended/open (active) conformation, respectively endowed with low and high affinity for ECM ligands. Increasing evidence proves that, differently to what hypothesized in the past, detachment from the ECM and conformational inactivation are not mandatory for integrin to get endocytosed and trafficked. Specific transmembrane and cytosolic proteins involved in the control of ECM proteolytic fragment-bound active integrin internalization and recycling exist. In the complex masterplan that governs cell behavior, active integrin traffic is key to the turnover of ECM polymers and adhesion sites, the polarized secretion of endogenous ECM proteins and modifying enzymes, the propagation of motility and survival endosomal signals, and the control of cell metabolism.
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44
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Khan RB, Goult BT. Adhesions Assemble!-Autoinhibition as a Major Regulatory Mechanism of Integrin-Mediated Adhesion. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:144. [PMID: 31921890 PMCID: PMC6927945 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of cell-cell and cell-extracellular adhesion enabled cells to interact in a coherent manner, forming larger structures and giving rise to the development of tissues, organs and complex multicellular life forms. The development of such organisms required tight regulation of dynamic adhesive structures by signaling pathways that coordinate cell attachment. Integrin-mediated adhesion to the extracellular matrix provides cells with support, survival signals and context-dependent cues that enable cells to run different cellular programs. One mysterious aspect of the process is how hundreds of proteins assemble seemingly spontaneously onto the activated integrin. An emerging concept is that adhesion assembly is regulated by autoinhibition of key proteins, a highly dynamic event that is modulated by a variety of signaling events. By enabling precise control of the activation state of proteins, autoinhibition enables localization of inactive proteins and the formation of pre-complexes. In response to the correct signals, these proteins become active and interact with other proteins, ultimately leading to development of cell-matrix junctions. Autoinhibition of key components of such adhesion complexes—including core components integrin, talin, vinculin, and FAK and important peripheral regulators such as RIAM, Src, and DLC1—leads to a view that the majority of proteins involved in complex assembly might be regulated by intramolecular interactions. Autoinhibition is relieved via multiple different signals including post-translation modification and proteolysis. More recently, mechanical forces have been shown to stabilize and increase the lifetimes of active conformations, identifying autoinhibition as a means of encoding mechanosensitivity. The complexity and scope for nuanced adhesion dynamics facilitated via autoinhibition provides numerous points of regulation. In this review, we discuss what is known about this mode of regulation and how it leads to rapid and tightly controlled assembly and disassembly of cell-matrix adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rejina B Khan
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Goult
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
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45
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Wilken S, Yung CCM, Hamilton M, Hoadley K, Nzongo J, Eckmann C, Corrochano-Luque M, Poirier C, Worden AZ. The need to account for cell biology in characterizing predatory mixotrophs in aquatic environments. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190090. [PMID: 31587652 PMCID: PMC6792458 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis in eukaryotes first arose through phagocytotic processes wherein an engulfed cyanobacterium was not digested, but instead became a permanent organelle. Other photosynthetic lineages then arose when eukaryotic cells engulfed other already photosynthetic eukaryotic cells. Some of the resulting lineages subsequently lost their ability for phagocytosis, while many others maintained the ability to do both processes. These mixotrophic taxa have more complicated ecological roles, in that they are both primary producers and consumers that can shift more towards producing the organic matter that forms the base of aquatic food chains, or towards respiring and releasing CO2. We still have much to learn about which taxa are predatory mixotrophs as well as about the physiological consequences of this lifestyle, in part, because much of the diversity of unicellular eukaryotes in aquatic ecosystems remains uncultured. Here, we discuss existing methods for studying predatory mixotrophs, their individual biases, and how single-cell approaches can enhance knowledge of these important taxa. The question remains what the gold standard should be for assigning a mixotrophic status to ill-characterized or uncultured taxa-a status that dictates how organisms are incorporated into carbon cycle models and how their ecosystem roles may shift in future lakes and oceans. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Single cell ecology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Wilken
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1090GE Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM)-CSIC, 08003 Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Charmaine C. M. Yung
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148 Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Maria Hamilton
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
- Division of Physical and Biological Sciences, UC Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Kenneth Hoadley
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148 Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Juliana Nzongo
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
- Division of Physical and Biological Sciences, UC Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Charlotte Eckmann
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
- Division of Physical and Biological Sciences, UC Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | | | - Camille Poirier
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148 Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Alexandra Z. Worden
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
- Ocean EcoSystems Biology Unit, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148 Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
- Division of Physical and Biological Sciences, UC Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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López-Escardó D, Grau-Bové X, Guillaumet-Adkins A, Gut M, Sieracki ME, Ruiz-Trillo I. Reconstruction of protein domain evolution using single-cell amplified genomes of uncultured choanoflagellates sheds light on the origin of animals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190088. [PMID: 31587642 PMCID: PMC6792448 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the origins of animal multicellularity is a fundamental biological question. Recent genome data have unravelled the role that co-option of pre-existing genes played in the origin of animals. However, there were also some important genetic novelties at the onset of Metazoa. To have a clear understanding of the specific genetic innovations and how they appeared, we need the broadest taxon sampling possible, especially among early-branching animals and their unicellular relatives. Here, we take advantage of single-cell genomics to expand our understanding of the genomic diversity of choanoflagellates, the sister-group to animals. With these genomes, we have performed an updated and taxon-rich reconstruction of protein evolution from the Last Eukaryotic Common Ancestor (LECA) to animals. Our novel data re-defines the origin of some genes previously thought to be metazoan-specific, like the POU transcription factor, which we show appeared earlier in evolution. Moreover, our data indicate that the acquisition of new genes at the stem of Metazoa was mainly driven by duplications and protein domain rearrangement processes at the stem of Metazoa. Furthermore, our analysis allowed us to reveal protein domains that are essential to the maintenance of animal multicellularity. Our analyses also demonstrate the utility of single-cell genomics from uncultured taxa to address evolutionary questions. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Single cell ecology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- David López-Escardó
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xavier Grau-Bové
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Amy Guillaumet-Adkins
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Gut
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Leichner C, Jelkmann M, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Thiolated polymers: Bioinspired polymers utilizing one of the most important bridging structures in nature. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 151-152:191-221. [PMID: 31028759 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thiolated polymers designated "thiomers" are obtained by covalent attachment of thiol functionalities on the polymeric backbone of polymers. In 1998 these polymers were first described as mucoadhesive and in situ gelling compounds forming disulfide bonds with cysteine-rich substructures of mucus glycoproteins and crosslinking through inter- and intrachain disulfide bond formation. In the following, it was shown that thiomers are able to form disulfides with keratins and membrane-associated proteins exhibiting also cysteine-rich substructures. Furthermore, permeation enhancing, enzyme inhibiting and efflux pump inhibiting properties were demonstrated. Because of these capabilities thiomers are promising tools for drug delivery guaranteeing a strongly prolonged residence time as well as sustained release on mucosal membranes. Apart from that, thiomers are used as drugs per se. In particular, for treatment of dry eye syndrome various thiolated polymers are in development and a first product has already reached the market. Within this review an overview about the thiomer-technology and its potential for different applications is provided discussing especially the outcome of studies in non-rodent animal models and that of numerous clinical trials. Moreover, an overview on product developments is given.
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48
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Mitchell JM, Nichols SA. Diverse cell junctions with unique molecular composition in tissues of a sponge (Porifera). EvoDevo 2019; 10:26. [PMID: 31687123 PMCID: PMC6820919 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-019-0139-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The integrity and organization of animal tissues depend upon specialized protein complexes that mediate adhesion between cells with each other (cadherin-based adherens junctions), and with the extracellular matrix (integrin-based focal adhesions). Reconstructing how and when these cell junctions evolved is central to understanding early tissue evolution in animals. We examined focal adhesion protein homologs in tissues of the freshwater sponge, Ephydatia muelleri (phylum Porifera; class Demospongiae). Our principal findings are that (1) sponge focal adhesion homologs (integrin, talin, focal adhesion kinase, etc.) co-precipitate as a complex, separate from adherens junction proteins; (2) that actin-based structures resembling focal adhesions form at the cell–substrate interface, and their abundance is dynamically regulated in response to fluid shear; (3) focal adhesion proteins localize to both cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix adhesions, and; (4) the adherens junction protein β-catenin is co-distributed with focal adhesion proteins at cell–cell junctions everywhere except the choanoderm, and at novel junctions between cells with spicules, and between cells with environmental bacteria. These results clarify the diversity, distribution and molecular composition of cell junctions in tissues of E. muelleri, but raise new questions about their functional properties and ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennyfer M Mitchell
- 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, 2101 E. Wesley Ave. SGM 203, Denver, CO 80208 USA.,2Present Address: University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E. 17th Ave. RC1S, 11401G, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Scott A Nichols
- 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, 2101 E. Wesley Ave. SGM 203, Denver, CO 80208 USA
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Modelling the early evolution of extracellular matrix from modern Ctenophores and Sponges. Essays Biochem 2019; 63:389-405. [DOI: 10.1042/ebc20180048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAnimals (metazoans) include some of the most complex living organisms on Earth, with regard to their multicellularity, numbers of differentiated cell types, and lifecycles. The metazoan extracellular matrix (ECM) is well-known to have major roles in the development of tissues during embryogenesis and in maintaining homoeostasis throughout life, yet insight into the ECM proteins which may have contributed to the transition from unicellular eukaryotes to multicellular animals remains sparse. Recent phylogenetic studies place either ctenophores or poriferans as the closest modern relatives of the earliest emerging metazoans. Here, we review the literature and representative genomic and transcriptomic databases for evidence of ECM and ECM-affiliated components known to be conserved in bilaterians, that are also present in ctenophores and/or poriferans. Whereas an extensive set of related proteins are identifiable in poriferans, there is a strikingly lack of conservation in ctenophores. From this perspective, much remains to be learnt about the composition of ctenophore mesoglea. The principal ECM-related proteins conserved between ctenophores, poriferans, and bilaterians include collagen IV, laminin-like proteins, thrombospondin superfamily members, integrins, membrane-associated proteoglycans, and tissue transglutaminase. These are candidates for a putative ancestral ECM that may have contributed to the emergence of the metazoans.
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Elhasi T, Blomberg A. Integrins in disguise - mechanosensors in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as functional integrin analogues. MICROBIAL CELL 2019; 6:335-355. [PMID: 31404395 PMCID: PMC6685044 DOI: 10.15698/mic2019.08.686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability to sense external mechanical stimuli is vital for all organisms. Integrins are transmembrane receptors that mediate bidirectional signalling between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the cytoskeleton in animals. Thus, integrins can sense changes in ECM mechanics and can translate these into internal biochemical responses through different signalling pathways. In the model yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae there are no proteins with sequence similarity to mammalian integrins. However, we here emphasise that the WSC-type (Wsc1, Wsc2, and Wsc3) and the MID-type (Mid2 and Mtl1) mechanosensors in yeast act as partial functional integrin analogues. Various environmental cues recognised by these mechanosensors are transmitted by a conserved signal transduction cascade commonly referred to as the PKC1-SLT1 cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway. We exemplify the WSC- and MID-type mechanosensors functional analogy to integrins with a number of studies where they resemble the integrins in terms of both mechanistic and molecular features as well as in the overall phenotypic consequences of their activity. In addition, many important components in integrin-dependent signalling in humans are conserved in yeast; for example, Sla1 and Sla2 are homologous to different parts of human talin, and we propose that they together might be functionally similar to talin. We also propose that the yeast cell wall is a prominent cellular feature involved in sensing a number of external factors and subsequently activating different signalling pathways. In a hypothetical model, we propose that nutrient limitations modulate cell wall elasticity, which is sensed by the mechanosensors and results in filamentous growth. We believe that mechanosensing is a somewhat neglected aspect of yeast biology, and we argue that the physiological and molecular consequences of signal transduction initiated at the cell wall deserve more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Elhasi
- Dept. of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Univ. of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Blomberg
- Dept. of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Univ. of Gothenburg, Sweden
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