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Perpiñán E, Sanchez-Fueyo A, Safinia N. Immunoregulation: the interplay between metabolism and redox homeostasis. FRONTIERS IN TRANSPLANTATION 2023; 2:1283275. [PMID: 38993920 PMCID: PMC11235320 DOI: 10.3389/frtra.2023.1283275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells are fundamental for the induction and maintenance of immune homeostasis, with their dysfunction resulting in uncontrolled immune responses and tissue destruction predisposing to autoimmunity, transplant rejection and several inflammatory and metabolic disorders. Recent discoveries have demonstrated that metabolic processes and mitochondrial function are critical for the appropriate functioning of these cells in health, with their metabolic adaptation, influenced by microenvironmental factors, seen in several pathological processes. Upon activation regulatory T cells rearrange their oxidation-reduction (redox) system, which in turn supports their metabolic reprogramming, adding a layer of complexity to our understanding of cellular metabolism. Here we review the literature surrounding redox homeostasis and metabolism of regulatory T cells to highlight new mechanistic insights of these interlinked pathways in immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - N. Safinia
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Institute of Liver Studies, James Black Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Meitei HT, Lal G. T cell receptor signaling in the differentiation and plasticity of CD4 + T cells. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 69:14-27. [PMID: 36028461 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are critical components of the adaptive immune system. The T cell receptor (TCR) and co-receptor signaling cascades shape the phenotype and functions of CD4+ T cells. TCR signaling plays a crucial role in T cell development, antigen recognition, activation, and differentiation upon recognition of foreign- or auto-antigens. In specific autoimmune conditions, altered TCR repertoire is reported and can predispose autoimmunity with organ-specific inflammation and tissue damage. TCR signaling modulates various signaling cascades and regulates epigenetic and transcriptional regulation during homeostasis and disease conditions. Understanding the mechanism by which coreceptors and cytokine signals control the magnitude of TCR signal amplification will aid in developing therapeutic strategies to treat inflammation and autoimmune diseases. This review focuses on the role of the TCR signaling cascade and its components in the activation, differentiation, and plasticity of various CD4+ T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Girdhari Lal
- National Centre for Cell Science, SPPU campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, MH 411007, India.
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3
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Waldman MM, Rahkola JT, Sigler AL, Chung JW, Willett BAS, Kedl RM, Friedman RS, Jacobelli J. Ena/VASP Protein-Mediated Actin Polymerization Contributes to Naïve CD8 + T Cell Activation and Expansion by Promoting T Cell-APC Interactions In Vivo. Front Immunol 2022; 13:856977. [PMID: 35757762 PMCID: PMC9222560 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.856977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Naïve T cell activation in secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes (LNs) occurs upon recognition of cognate antigen presented by antigen presenting cells (APCs). T cell activation requires cytoskeleton rearrangement and sustained interactions with APCs. Enabled/vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (Ena/VASP) proteins are a family of cytoskeletal effector proteins responsible for actin polymerization and are frequently found at the leading edge of motile cells. Ena/VASP proteins have been implicated in motility and adhesion in various cell types, but their role in primary T cell interstitial motility and activation has not been explored. Our goal was to determine the contribution of Ena/VASP proteins to T cell–APC interactions, T cell activation, and T cell expansion in vivo. Our results showed that naïve T cells from Ena/VASP-deficient mice have a significant reduction in antigen-specific T cell accumulation following Listeria monocytogenes infection. The kinetics of T cell expansion impairment were further confirmed in Ena/VASP-deficient T cells stimulated via dendritic cell immunization. To investigate the cause of this T cell expansion defect, we analyzed T cell–APC interactions in vivo by two-photon microscopy and observed fewer Ena/VASP-deficient naïve T cells interacting with APCs in LNs during priming. We also determined that Ena/VASP-deficient T cells formed conjugates with significantly less actin polymerization at the T cell–APC synapse, and that these conjugates were less stable than their WT counterparts. Finally, we found that Ena/VASP-deficient T cells have less LFA-1 polarized to the T cell–APC synapse. Thus, we conclude that Ena/VASP proteins contribute to T cell actin remodeling during T cell–APC interactions, which promotes the initiation of stable T cell conjugates during APC scanning. Therefore, Ena/VASP proteins are required for efficient activation and expansion of T cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique M Waldman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Barbara Davis Research Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jeremy T Rahkola
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ashton L Sigler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Barbara Davis Research Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Chung
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Barbara Davis Research Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Benjamin A S Willett
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ross M Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Rachel S Friedman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Barbara Davis Research Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jordan Jacobelli
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Barbara Davis Research Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
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4
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Jacobelli J, Buser AE, Heiden DL, Friedman RS. Autoimmunity in motion: Mechanisms of immune regulation and destruction revealed by in vivo imaging. Immunol Rev 2022; 306:181-199. [PMID: 34825390 PMCID: PMC9135487 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity arises when mechanisms of immune tolerance fail. Here we discuss mechanisms of T cell activation and tolerance and the dynamics of the autoimmune response at the site of disease. Live imaging of autoimmunity provides the ability to analyze immune cell dynamics at the single-cell level within the complex intact environment where disease occurs. These analyses have revealed mechanisms of T cell activation and tolerance in the lymph nodes, mechanisms of T cell entry into sites of autoimmune disease, and mechanisms leading to pathogenesis or protection in the autoimmune lesions. The overarching conclusions point to stable versus transient T cell antigen presenting cell interactions dictating the balance between T cell activation and tolerance, and T cell restimulation as a driver of pathogenesis at the site of autoimmunity. Findings from models of multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes are highlighted, however, the results have implications for basic mechanisms of T cell regulation during immune responses, tumor immunity, and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Jacobelli
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Alan E. Buser
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Dustin L. Heiden
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Rachel S. Friedman
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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5
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Lindsay RS, Whitesell JC, Dew KE, Rodriguez E, Sandor AM, Tracy D, Yannacone SF, Basta BN, Jacobelli J, Friedman RS. MERTK on mononuclear phagocytes regulates T cell antigen recognition at autoimmune and tumor sites. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20200464. [PMID: 34415994 PMCID: PMC8383814 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding mechanisms of immune regulation is key to developing immunotherapies for autoimmunity and cancer. We examined the role of mononuclear phagocytes during peripheral T cell regulation in type 1 diabetes and melanoma. MERTK expression and activity in mononuclear phagocytes in the pancreatic islets promoted islet T cell regulation, resulting in reduced sensitivity of T cell scanning for cognate antigen in prediabetic islets. MERTK-dependent regulation led to reduced T cell activation and effector function at the disease site in islets and prevented rapid progression of type 1 diabetes. In human islets, MERTK-expressing cells were increased in remaining insulin-containing islets of type 1 diabetic patients, suggesting that MERTK protects islets from autoimmune destruction. MERTK also regulated T cell arrest in melanoma tumors. These data indicate that MERTK signaling in mononuclear phagocytes drives T cell regulation at inflammatory disease sites in peripheral tissues through a mechanism that reduces the sensitivity of scanning for antigen leading to reduced responsiveness to antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin S. Lindsay
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
| | - Jennifer C. Whitesell
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Aurora, CO
| | - Kristen E. Dew
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
| | - Erika Rodriguez
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Aurora, CO
| | - Adam M. Sandor
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
| | - Dayna Tracy
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
| | - Seth F. Yannacone
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
| | | | - Jordan Jacobelli
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Aurora, CO
| | - Rachel S. Friedman
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Aurora, CO
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6
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Gern BH, Adams KN, Plumlee CR, Stoltzfus CR, Shehata L, Moguche AO, Busman-Sahay K, Hansen SG, Axthelm MK, Picker LJ, Estes JD, Urdahl KB, Gerner MY. TGFβ restricts expansion, survival, and function of T cells within the tuberculous granuloma. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:594-606.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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7
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Huang H, Long L, Zhou P, Chapman NM, Chi H. mTOR signaling at the crossroads of environmental signals and T-cell fate decisions. Immunol Rev 2020; 295:15-38. [PMID: 32212344 PMCID: PMC8101438 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) forms the distinct protein complexes mTORC1 and mTORC2 and integrates signals from the environment to coordinate downstream signaling events and various cellular processes. T cells rely on mTOR activity for their development and to establish their homeostasis and functional fitness. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of the upstream signaling and downstream targets of mTOR. We also provide an updated overview of the roles of mTOR in T-cell development, homeostasis, activation, and effector-cell fate decisions, as well as its important impacts on the suppressive activity of regulatory T cells. Moreover, we summarize the emerging roles of mTOR in T-cell exhaustion and transdifferentiation. A better understanding of the contribution of mTOR to T-cell fate decisions will ultimately aid in the therapeutic targeting of mTOR in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Huang
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Lingyun Long
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Peipei Zhou
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Nicole M. Chapman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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8
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Li K, Wei X, Zhang L, Chi H, Yang J. Raptor/mTORC1 Acts as a Modulatory Center to Regulate Anti-bacterial Immune Response in Rockfish. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2953. [PMID: 31921198 PMCID: PMC6930152 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionarily highly conserved atypical serine/threonine protein kinase, which regulates cell growth, proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, and metabolism. As a regulatory protein, Raptor is awfully important for the stability and function of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1). However, the studies about how Raptor/mTORC1 participates in and regulates immune response in lower vertebrates are still limited. In this study, we investigated the regulation of immune response by the Raptor/mTORC1 signaling pathway in rockfish Sebastes schlegelii. Sebastes schlegelii Raptor (Ss-Raptor) is a highly conserved protein during the evolution, in both primary and tertiary structure. Ss-Raptor mRNA was widely distributed in various tissues of rockfish and has a relative higher expression in spleen and blood. After infected by Micrococcus luteus or Listonella anguillarum, mRNA expression of Ss-Raptor rapidly increased within 48 h. Once Raptor/mTORC1 signaling was blocked by rapamycin, expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-8 was severely impaired, suggesting potential regulatory role of Raptor/mTORC1 signaling in the innate immune response of rockfish. In addition, Raptor/mTORC1 pathway participated in lymphocyte activation of rockfish through promoting 4EBP1 and S6 phosphorylation. Inhibition of Raptor/mTORC1 signaling crippled the lymphocyte expansion during primary adaptive immune response, manifesting by the decrease of lymphoid organ weight and lymphocyte numbers. More importantly, inhibition of Raptor/mTORC1 signaling impaired the lymphocyte mediated cytotoxic response, and made the fish more vulnerable to the bacterial infection. Together, our results suggested that Raptor and its tightly regulated mTORC1 signaling acts as modulatory center to regulate both innate and lymphocyte-mediated adaptive immune response during bacterial infection. This research has shed new light on regulatory mechanism of teleost immune response, and provide helpful evidences to understand the evolution of immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiumei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Libin Zhang
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Heng Chi
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jialong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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9
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Suto T, Karonitsch T. The immunobiology of mTOR in autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2019; 110:102373. [PMID: 31831256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a master regulator of the inflammatory response in immune and non-immune cells. In immune cells mTOR regulates metabolism to fuel cell fate decision, proliferation and effector functions. In non-immune cells, such as fibroblast, it controls inflammation-associated proliferation and migration/invasion, shapes the expression of cytokines and chemokines and promotes extracellular matrix remodeling and fibrosis. Hence, mTOR plays a critical role in chronic inflammation, where a continuous feedback between stromal cells and infiltrating immune cells result in tissue remodeling and organ damage. Activation of mTOR has been implicated in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases, especially rheumatic diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic sclerosis (SSc), sjögren syndrome (SS) and seronegative spondyloarthropathy (SpA). Here we review recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism of mTOR activation in inflammation, especially in rheumatic diseases. We further discuss recent findings regarding the beneficial and side effects of mTOR inhibition in rheumatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Suto
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Thomas Karonitsch
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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10
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Faria B, Vistulo de Abreu F. Cellular frustration algorithms for anomaly detection applications. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218930. [PMID: 31283758 PMCID: PMC6613704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular frustrated models have been developed to describe how the adaptive immune system works. They are composed by independent agents that continuously pair and unpair depending on the information that one sub-set of these agents display. The emergent dynamics is sensitive to changes in the displayed information and can be used to detect anomalies, which can be important to accomplish the immune system main function of protecting the host. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that these models could be adequate to model the immune system activation. Likewise it has been hypothesized that these models could provide inspiration to develop new artificial intelligence algorithms for data mining applications. However, computational algorithms do not need to follow strictly the immunological reality. Here, we investigate efficient implementation strategies of these immune inspired ideas for anomaly detection applications and use real data to compare the performance of cellular frustration algorithms with standard implementations of one-class support vector machines and deep autoencoders. Our results demonstrate that more efficient implementations of cellular frustration algorithms are possible and also that cellular frustration algorithms can be advantageous for semi-supervised anomaly detection applications given their robustness and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Faria
- Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- I3N Institute for Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fernao Vistulo de Abreu
- Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- I3N Institute for Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication, Aveiro, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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11
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Kotov DI, Mitchell JS, Pengo T, Ruedl C, Way SS, Langlois RA, Fife BT, Jenkins MK. TCR Affinity Biases Th Cell Differentiation by Regulating CD25, Eef1e1, and Gbp2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2535-2545. [PMID: 30858199 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Naive CD4+ T lymphocytes differentiate into various Th cell subsets following TCR binding to microbial peptide:MHC class II (p:MHCII) complexes on dendritic cells (DCs). The affinity of the TCR interaction with p:MHCII plays a role in Th differentiation by mechanisms that are not completely understood. We found that low-affinity TCRs biased mouse naive T cells to become T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, whereas higher-affinity TCRs promoted the formation of Th1 or Th17 cells. We explored the basis for this phenomenon by focusing on IL-2R signaling, which is known to promote Th1 and suppress Tfh cell differentiation. SIRP⍺+ DCs produce abundant p:MHCII complexes and consume IL-2, whereas XCR1+ DCs weakly produce p:MHCII but do not consume IL-2. We found no evidence, however, of preferential interactions between Th1 cell-prone, high-affinity T cells and XCR1+ DCs or Tfh cell-prone, low-affinity T cells and SIRP⍺+ DCs postinfection with bacteria expressing the peptide of interest. Rather, high-affinity T cells sustained IL-2R expression longer and expressed two novel Th cell differentiation regulators, Eef1e1 and Gbp2, to a higher level than low-affinity T cells. These results suggest that TCR affinity does not influence Th cell differentiation by biasing T cell interactions with IL-2-consuming DCs, but instead, directly regulates genes in naive T cells that control the differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri I Kotov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Jason S Mitchell
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,University Imaging Centers, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Thomas Pengo
- University of Minnesota Informatics Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Christiane Ruedl
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Sing Sing Way
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and.,Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Ryan A Langlois
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Brian T Fife
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; .,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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12
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Kotov DI, Pengo T, Mitchell JS, Gastinger MJ, Jenkins MK. Chrysalis: A New Method for High-Throughput Histo-Cytometry Analysis of Images and Movies. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:300-308. [PMID: 30510065 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Advances in imaging have led to the development of powerful multispectral, quantitative imaging techniques, like histo-cytometry. The utility of this approach is limited, however, by the need for time consuming manual image analysis. We therefore developed the software Chrysalis and a group of Imaris Xtensions to automate this process. The resulting automation allowed for high-throughput histo-cytometry analysis of three-dimensional confocal microscopy and two-photon time-lapse images of T cell-dendritic cell interactions in mouse spleens. It was also applied to epi-fluorescence images to quantify T cell localization within splenic tissue by using a "signal absorption" strategy that avoids computationally intensive distance measurements. In summary, this image processing and analysis software makes histo-cytometry more useful for immunology applications by automating image analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri I Kotov
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Thomas Pengo
- University of Minnesota Informatics Institute, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Jason S Mitchell
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,University Imaging Centers, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | | | - Marc K Jenkins
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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13
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de la Zerda A, Kratochvil MJ, Suhar NA, Heilshorn SC. Review: Bioengineering strategies to probe T cell mechanobiology. APL Bioeng 2018; 2:021501. [PMID: 31069295 PMCID: PMC6324202 DOI: 10.1063/1.5006599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells play a major role in adaptive immune response, and T cell dysfunction can lead to the progression of several diseases that are often associated with changes in the mechanical properties of tissues. However, the concept that mechanical forces play a vital role in T cell activation and signaling is relatively new. The endogenous T cell microenvironment is highly complex and dynamic, involving multiple, simultaneous cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. This native complexity has made it a challenge to isolate the effects of mechanical stimuli on T cell activation. In response, researchers have begun developing engineered platforms that recapitulate key aspects of the native microenvironment to dissect these complex interactions in order to gain a better understanding of T cell mechanotransduction. In this review, we first describe some of the unique characteristics of T cells and the mounting research that has shown they are mechanosensitive. We then detail the specific bioengineering strategies that have been used to date to measure and perturb the mechanical forces at play during T cell activation. In addition, we look at engineering strategies that have been used successfully in mechanotransduction studies for other cell types and describe adaptations that may make them suitable for use with T cells. These engineering strategies can be classified as 2D, so-called 2.5D, or 3D culture systems. In the future, findings from this emerging field will lead to an optimization of culture environments for T cell expansion and the development of new T cell immunotherapies for cancer and other immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi de la Zerda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | - Nicholas A Suhar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Sarah C Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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14
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Benson RA, Garcon F, Recino A, Ferdinand JR, Clatworthy MR, Waldmann H, Brewer JM, Okkenhaug K, Cooke A, Garside P, Wållberg M. Non-Invasive Multiphoton Imaging of Islets Transplanted Into the Pinna of the NOD Mouse Ear Reveals the Immediate Effect of Anti-CD3 Treatment in Autoimmune Diabetes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1006. [PMID: 29867981 PMCID: PMC5968092 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a novel and readily accessible method facilitating cellular time-resolved imaging of transplanted pancreatic islets. Grafting of islets to the mouse ear pinna allows non-invasive, in vivo longitudinal imaging of events in the islets and enables improved acquisition of experimental data and use of fewer experimental animals than is possible using invasive techniques, as the same mouse can be assessed for the presence of islet infiltrating cells before and after immune intervention. We have applied this method to investigating therapeutic protection of beta cells through the well-established use of anti-CD3 injection, and have acquired unprecedented data on the nature and rapidity of the effect on the islet infiltrating T cells. We demonstrate that infusion of anti-CD3 antibody leads to immediate effects on islet infiltrating T cells in islet grafts in the pinna of the ear, and causes them to increase their speed and displacement within 20 min of infusion. This technique overcomes several technical challenges associated with intravital imaging of pancreatic immune responses and facilitates routine study of beta islet cell development, differentiation, and function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Benson
- College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Fabien Garcon
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Asha Recino
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John R. Ferdinand
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Menna R. Clatworthy
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Herman Waldmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James M. Brewer
- College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Cooke
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Garside
- College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Maja Wållberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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15
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Hickey JW, Vicente FP, Howard GP, Mao HQ, Schneck JP. Biologically Inspired Design of Nanoparticle Artificial Antigen-Presenting Cells for Immunomodulation. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:7045-7054. [PMID: 28994285 PMCID: PMC6709596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Particles engineered to engage and interact with cell surface ligands and to modulate cells can be harnessed to explore basic biological questions as well as to devise cellular therapies. Biology has inspired the design of these particles, such as artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) for use in immunotherapy. While much has been learned about mimicking antigen presenting cell biology, as we decrease the size of aAPCs to the nanometer scale, we need to extend biomimetic design to include considerations of T cell biology-including T-cell receptor (TCR) organization. Here we describe the first quantitative analysis of particle size effect on aAPCs with both Signals 1 and 2 based on T cell biology. We show that aAPCs, larger than 300 nm, activate T cells more efficiently than smaller aAPCs, 50 nm. The 50 nm aAPCs require saturating doses or require artificial magnetic clustering to activate T cells. Increasing ligand density alone on the 50 nm aAPCs did not increase their ability to stimulate CD8+ T cells, confirming the size-dependent phenomenon. These data support the need for multireceptor ligation and activation of T-cell receptor (TCR) nanoclusters of similar sizes to 300 nm aAPCs. Quantitative analysis and modeling of a nanoparticle system provides insight into engineering constraints of aAPCs for T cell immunotherapy applications and offers a case study for other cell-modulating particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Hickey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine
- Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology
| | | | - Gregory P. Howard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology
| | - Hai-Quan Mao
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering
| | - Jonathan P. Schneck
- Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
- Corresponding Author: . Phone: 410-614-4589
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16
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Rerks-Ngarm S, Pitisuttithum P, Excler JL, Nitayaphan S, Kaewkungwal J, Premsri N, Kunasol P, Karasavvas N, Schuetz A, Ngauy V, Sinangil F, Dawson P, deCamp AC, Phogat S, Garunathan S, Tartaglia J, DiazGranados C, Ratto-Kim S, Pegu P, Eller M, Karnasuta C, Montefiori DC, Sawant S, Vandergrift N, Wills S, Tomaras GD, Robb ML, Michael NL, Kim JH, Vasan S, O'Connell RJ. Randomized, Double-Blind Evaluation of Late Boost Strategies for HIV-Uninfected Vaccine Recipients in the RV144 HIV Vaccine Efficacy Trial. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:1255-1263. [PMID: 28329190 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The RV144 ALVAC-HIV prime, AIDSVAX B/E boost afforded 60% efficacy against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition at 1 year, waning to 31.2% after 3.5 years. We hypothesized that additional vaccinations might augment immune correlates of protection. Methods In a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study of 162 HIV-negative RV144 vaccine recipients, we evaluated 2 additional boosts, given 6-8 years since RV144 vaccination, for safety and immunogenicity, at weeks 0 and 24. Study groups 1-3 received ALVAC-HIV+AIDSVAX B/E, AIDSVAX B/E, and ALVAC-HIV, respectively, or placebo. Results Vaccines were well tolerated. For groups 1 and 2, plasma immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgA, and neutralizing antibody responses at week 2 were all significantly higher than 2 weeks after the last RV144 vaccination. IgG titers against glycoprotein (gp) 70V1V2 92TH023 increased 14-fold compared with 2 weeks after the last RV144 vaccination (14069 vs 999; P < .001). Groups 1 and 2 did not differ significantly from each other, whereas group 3 was similar to placebo recipients. Responses in groups 1 and 2 declined by week 24 but were boosted by the second vaccination, albeit at lower magnitude than for week 2. Conclusions In RV144 vaccinees, AIDSVAX B/E with or without ALVAC-HIV 6-8 years after initial vaccination generated higher humoral responses than after RV144, but these responses were short-lived, and their magnitude did not increase with subsequent boost. Clinical Trials Registration NCT01435135.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jean-Louis Excler
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda
| | | | - Jaranit Kaewkungwal
- Vaccine Trial Centre, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bankok
| | - Nakorn Premsri
- Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi
| | - Prayura Kunasol
- Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi
| | - Nicos Karasavvas
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alexandra Schuetz
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand.,US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda
| | - Viseth Ngauy
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Faruk Sinangil
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | | | | | - Silvia Ratto-Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
| | - Poonam Pegu
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda
| | - Michael Eller
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda
| | | | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | | | - Merlin L Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda
| | - Nelson L Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
| | - Jerome H Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
| | - Sandhya Vasan
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda.,Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Robert J O'Connell
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand.,US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
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17
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Kamiński MM, Liedmann S, Milasta S, Green DR. Polarization and asymmetry in T cell metabolism. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:525-534. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Rubtsov AV, Rubtsova K, Kappler JW, Jacobelli J, Friedman RS, Marrack P. CD11c-Expressing B Cells Are Located at the T Cell/B Cell Border in Spleen and Are Potent APCs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:71-9. [PMID: 26034175 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the secretion of Ag-specific Abs, B cells may play an important role in the generation of immune responses by efficiently presenting Ag to T cells. We and other investigators recently described a subpopulation of CD11c(+) B cells (Age/autoimmune-associated B cells [ABCs]) that appear with age, during virus infections, and at the onset of some autoimmune diseases and participate in autoimmune responses by secreting autoantibodies. In this study, we assessed the ability of these cells to present Ag and activate Ag-specific T cells. We demonstrated that ABCs present Ag to T cells, in vitro and in vivo, better than do follicular B cells (FO cells). Our data indicate that ABCs express higher levels of the chemokine receptor CCR7, have higher responsiveness to CCL21 and CCL19 than do FO cells, and are localized at the T/B cell border in spleen. Using multiphoton microscopy, we show that, in vivo, CD11c(+) B cells form significantly more stable interactions with T cells than do FO cells. Together, these data identify a previously undescribed role for ABCs as potent APCs and suggest another potential mechanism by which these cells can influence immune responses and/or the development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly V Rubtsov
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80206;
| | - Kira Rubtsova
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80206
| | - John W Kappler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80206; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; and
| | - Jordan Jacobelli
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Rachel S Friedman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Philippa Marrack
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO 80206; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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19
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Kim KW, Chung BH, Kim BM, Cho ML, Yang CW. The effect of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition on T helper type 17 and regulatory T cell differentiation in vitro and in vivo in kidney transplant recipients. Immunology 2015; 144:68-78. [PMID: 24974886 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirolimus (SRL) is a promising alternative to calcineurin inhibitors, such as tacrolimus (TAC), in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs), but the immunological benefits of conversion from calcineurin inhibitors to SRL are not fully investigated. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of conversion from TAC to SRL on the T helper type 17/regulatory T (Th17/Treg) axis in three separate studies. First, the effect of SRL on the Th17/Treg axis was evaluated in vitro using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Second, the effect of conversion from TAC to SRL on the Th17/Treg axis was studied in KTRs. Finally, the effect of SRL on CD8(+) Treg cells was evaluated. In vitro analysis of PBMCs isolated from KTRs showed that SRL suppressed Th17 cell differentiation but TAC did not. Conversion from TAC to SRL markedly decreased the number of effector memory CD8(+) T cells and significantly increased the proportion of CD4(+) and CD8(+) Treg cells compared with TAC in KTRs. SRL treatment induced the CD8(+) Treg cells, and these cells inhibited the proliferation of allogeneic CD4(+) T cells and Th17 cells. In conclusion, conversion from TAC to SRL favourably regulates Th17 and Treg cell differentiation in KTRs. These findings provide a rationale for conversion from TAC to SRL in KTRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Woon Kim
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Seocho-gu, South Korea
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20
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Daszkiewicz L, Vázquez-Mateo C, Rackov G, Ballesteros-Tato A, Weber K, Madrigal-Avilés A, Di Pilato M, Fotedar A, Fotedar R, Flores JM, Esteban M, Martínez-A C, Balomenos D. Distinct p21 requirements for regulating normal and self-reactive T cells through IFN-γ production. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7691. [PMID: 25573673 PMCID: PMC4287747 DOI: 10.1038/srep07691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Self/non-self discrimination characterizes immunity and allows responses against pathogens but not self-antigens. Understanding the principles that govern this process is essential for designing autoimmunity treatments. p21 is thought to attenuate autoreactivity by limiting T cell expansion. Here, we provide direct evidence for a p21 role in controlling autoimmune T cell autoreactivity without affecting normal T cell responses. We studied C57BL/6, C57BL/6/lpr and MRL/lpr mice overexpressing p21 in T cells, and showed reduced autoreactivity and lymphadenopathy in C57BL/6/lpr, and reduced mortality in MRL/lpr mice. p21 inhibited effector/memory CD4(+) CD8(+) and CD4(-)CD8(-) lpr T cell accumulation without altering defective lpr apoptosis. This was mediated by a previously non-described p21 function in limiting T cell overactivation and overproduction of IFN-γ, a key lupus cytokine. p21 did not affect normal T cell responses, revealing differential p21 requirements for autoreactive and normal T cell activity regulation. The underlying concept of these findings suggests potential treatments for lupus and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, without compromising normal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Daszkiewicz
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Vázquez-Mateo
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gorjana Rackov
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - André Ballesteros-Tato
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kathrin Weber
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Madrigal-Avilés
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mauro Di Pilato
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arun Fotedar
- Cancer Cell Biology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rati Fotedar
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Juana M Flores
- Animal Biology Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Martínez-A
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dimitrios Balomenos
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, UAM Campus de Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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21
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Lindsay RS, Corbin K, Mahne A, Levitt BE, Gebert MJ, Wigton EJ, Bradley BJ, Haskins K, Jacobelli J, Tang Q, Krummel MF, Friedman RS. Antigen recognition in the islets changes with progression of autoimmune islet infiltration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:522-30. [PMID: 25505281 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In type 1 diabetes, the pancreatic islets are an important site for therapeutic intervention because immune infiltration of the islets is well established at diagnosis. Therefore, understanding the events that underlie the continued progression of the autoimmune response and islet destruction is critical. Islet infiltration and destruction is an asynchronous process, making it important to analyze the disease process on a single islet basis. To understand how T cell stimulation evolves through the process of islet infiltration, we analyzed the dynamics of T cell movement and interactions within individual islets of spontaneously autoimmune NOD mice. Using both intravital and explanted two-photon islet imaging, we defined a correlation between increased islet infiltration and increased T cell motility. Early T cell arrest was Ag dependent and due, at least in part, to Ag recognition through sustained interactions with CD11c(+) APCs. As islet infiltration progressed, T cell motility became Ag independent, with a loss of T cell arrest and sustained interactions with CD11c(+) APCs. These studies suggest that the autoimmune T cell response in the islets may be temporarily dampened during the course of islet infiltration and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin S Lindsay
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Kaitlin Corbin
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Ashley Mahne
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Bonnie E Levitt
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Matthew J Gebert
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Eric J Wigton
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Brenda J Bradley
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Kathryn Haskins
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Jordan Jacobelli
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80206
| | - Qizhi Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Matthew F Krummel
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Rachel S Friedman
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80206;
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22
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Fracchia KM, Walsh CM. Metabolic mysteries of the inflammatory response: T cell polarization and plasticity. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 34:3-18. [PMID: 25398050 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2014.974748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
While simultaneously maintaining homeostasis and reducing further harm to the host, the immune system is equipped to eliminate both tumors and pathogenic microorganisms. Bifurcated into cell-mediated and humoral immunity, the adaptive immune system requires a series of complex and coordinated signals to drive the proliferation and differentiation of appropriate subsets. These include signals that modulate cellular metabolism. When first published in the 1920s, "the Warburg effect" was used to describe a phenomenon in which most cancer cells relied on aerobic glycolysis to meet their biosynthetic demands. Despite the early observations of Warburg and his colleagues, targeting cancer cell metabolism for therapeutic purposes still remains theoretical. Notably, many T cells exhibit the same Warburg metabolism as cancer cells and the therapeutic benefit of targeting their metabolic pathways has since been reexamined. Emerging evidence suggests that specific metabolic alterations associated with T cells may be ancillary to their subset differentiation and influential in their inflammatory response. Thus, T cell lymphocyte activation leads to skewing in metabolic plasticity, and issue that will be the subject of this review.
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23
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Kumar V, Delovitch TL. Different subsets of natural killer T cells may vary in their roles in health and disease. Immunology 2014; 142:321-36. [PMID: 24428389 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T cells (NKT) can regulate innate and adaptive immune responses. Type I and type II NKT cell subsets recognize different lipid antigens presented by CD1d, an MHC class-I-like molecule. Most type I NKT cells express a semi-invariant T-cell receptor (TCR), but a major subset of type II NKT cells reactive to a self antigen sulphatide use an oligoclonal TCR. Whereas TCR-α dominates CD1d-lipid recognition by type I NKT cells, TCR-α and TCR-β contribute equally to CD1d-lipid recognition by type II NKT cells. These variable modes of NKT cell recognition of lipid-CD1d complexes activate a host of cytokine-dependent responses that can either exacerbate or protect from disease. Recent studies of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases have led to a hypothesis that: (i) although type I NKT cells can promote pathogenic and regulatory responses, they are more frequently pathogenic, and (ii) type II NKT cells are predominantly inhibitory and protective from such responses and diseases. This review focuses on a further test of this hypothesis by the use of recently developed techniques, intravital imaging and mass cytometry, to analyse the molecular and cellular dynamics of type I and type II NKT cell antigen-presenting cell motility, interaction, activation and immunoregulation that promote immune responses leading to health versus disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Kumar
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA, USA
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24
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Pape L, Ahlenstiel T. mTOR inhibitors in pediatric kidney transplantation. Pediatr Nephrol 2014; 29:1119-29. [PMID: 23740036 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-013-2505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors sirolimus and everolimus are increasingly being used in pediatric kidney transplantation in different combinations and doses. Several studies have shown beneficial effects of using mTOR inhibitors in children after pediatric renal transplantation. A switch to a low-dose calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) and mTOR inhibitor has been proven to stabilize the glomerular filtration rate. Additionally, de novo studies using a low-dose CNI and an mTOR inhibitor have shown good graft survival and a low number of rejections. Side effects of mTOR inhibitors, such as hyperlipidemia, wound healing problems, and proteinuria, mainly occur if high doses are given and if treatment is not combined with a CNI. Lower doses of mTOR inhibitors do not result in growth impairment or reduced testosterone levels. Treatment with mTOR inhibitors is also associated with a lower number of viral infections, especially cytomegalovirus. Due to their antiproliferative effect, mTOR inhibitors could theoretically reduce the risk of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. mTOR inhibitors, especially in combination with low-dose CNIs, can safely be used in children after kidney transplantation as de novo therapy or for conversion from CNI- and mycophenolate mofetil-based regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Pape
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany,
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25
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An evolving autoimmune microenvironment regulates the quality of effector T cell restimulation and function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:9223-8. [PMID: 24927530 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1322193111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining the processes of autoimmune attack of tissues is important for inhibiting continued tissue destruction. In type 1 diabetes, it is not known how cytotoxic effector T cell responses evolve over time in the pancreatic islets targeted for destruction. We used two-photon microscopy of live, intact, individual islets to investigate how progression of islet infiltration altered the behavior of infiltrating islet-specific CD8(+) T cells. During early-islet infiltration, T-cell interactions with CD11c(+) antigen-presenting cells (APCs) were stable and real-time imaging of T cell receptor (TCR) clustering provided evidence of TCR recognition in these stable contacts. Early T cell-APC encounters supported production of IFN-γ by T effectors, and T cells at this stage also killed islet APCs. At later stages of infiltration, T-cell motility accelerated, and cytokine production was lost despite the presence of higher numbers of infiltrating APCs that were able to trigger T-cell signaling in vitro. Using timed introduction of effector T cells, we demonstrate that elements of the autoimmune-tissue microenvironment control the dynamics of autoantigen recognition by T cells and their resulting pathogenic effector functions.
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26
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IL-12 is required for mTOR regulation of memory CTLs during viral infection. Genes Immun 2014; 15:413-23. [PMID: 24898389 PMCID: PMC4156562 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2014.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The induction of functional memory CTLs is a major goal of vaccination against
intracellular pathogens. IL-12 is critical for the generation of memory CTLs, and
inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin can effectively enhance the memory CTL response. Yet, the
role of IL-12 in mTOR’s regulation of memory CTL is unknown. Here, we hypothesized
that the immunostimulatory effects of mTOR on memory CTLs requires IL-12 signaling. Our
results revealed that rapamycin increased the generation of memory CTLs in vaccinia virus
infection, and this enhancement was dependent upon the IL-12 signal. Furthermore, IL-12
receptor deficiency diminished the secondary expansion of rapamycin-regulated memory, and
resultant secondary memory CTLs were abolished. Rapamycin enhanced IL-12 signaling by up
regulating IL-12 receptor β2 expression and STAT4 phosphorylation in CTLs during
early infection. In addition, rapamycin continually suppressed T-bet expression in both WT
and IL-12 receptor knockout CTLs. These results indicate an essential role for IL-12 in
the regulation of memory CTLs by mTOR, and highlight the importance of considering the
interplay between cytokines and adjuvants during vaccine design.
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27
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Pryshchep S, Zarnitsyna VI, Hong J, Evavold BD, Zhu C. Accumulation of serial forces on TCR and CD8 frequently applied by agonist antigenic peptides embedded in MHC molecules triggers calcium in T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:68-76. [PMID: 24890718 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
T cell activation by Ag is one of the key events in adaptive immunity. It is triggered by interactions of the TCR and coreceptor (CD8 or CD4) with antigenic peptides embedded in MHC (pMHC) molecules expressed on APCs. The mechanism of how signal is initiated remains unclear. In this article, we complement our two-dimensional kinetic analysis of TCR-pMHC-CD8 interaction with concurrent calcium imaging to examine how ligand engagement of TCR with and without the coengagement of CD8 initiates signaling. We found that accumulation of frequently applied forces on the TCR via agonist pMHC triggered calcium, which was further enhanced by CD8 cooperative binding. Prolonging the intermission between sequential force applications impaired calcium signals. Our data support a model where rapid accumulation of serial forces on TCR-pMHC-CD8 bonds triggers calcium in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Pryshchep
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Veronika I Zarnitsyna
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Jinsung Hong
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332; and
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332; Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332; and
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28
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The emerging role of mTOR signalling in antibacterial immunity. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:346-53. [PMID: 24518980 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central regulator of cellular metabolic homeostasis that is highly conserved in evolution. Recent evidence has revealed the existence of a complex interplay between mTOR signalling and immunity. We review here the emerging role of mTOR signalling in the regulation of Toll-like receptor-dependent innate responses and in the activation of T cells and antigen-presenting cells. We also highlight the importance of amino-acid starvation-driven mTOR inhibition in the control of autophagy and intracellular bacterial clearance.
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29
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Miskov-Zivanov N, Turner MS, Kane LP, Morel PA, Faeder JR. The duration of T cell stimulation is a critical determinant of cell fate and plasticity. Sci Signal 2013; 6:ra97. [PMID: 24194584 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2004217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Variations in T cell receptor (TCR) signal strength, as indicated by differential activation of downstream signaling pathways, determine the fate of naïve T cells after encounter with antigen. Low-strength signals favor differentiation into regulatory T (T(reg)) cells containing the transcription factor Foxp3, whereas high-strength signals favor generation of interleukin-2-producing T helper (T(H)) cells. We constructed a logic circuit model of TCR signaling pathways, a major feature of which is an incoherent feed-forward loop involving both TCR-dependent activation of Foxp3 and its inhibition by mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), leading to the transient appearance of Foxp3(+) cells under T(H) cell-generating conditions. Experiments confirmed this behavior and the prediction that the immunosuppressive cytokine TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β) could generate T(reg) cells even during continued Akt-mTOR signaling. We predicted that sustained mTOR activity could suppress FOXP3 expression upon TGF-β removal, suggesting a possible mechanism for the experimentally observed instability of Foxp3(+) cells. Our model predicted, and experiments confirmed, that transient stimulation of cells with high-dose antigen generated T(H), T(reg), and nonactivated cells in proportions depending on the duration of TCR stimulation. Experimental analysis of cells after antigen removal identified three populations that correlated with these T cell fates. Further analysis of simulations implicated a negative feedback loop involving Foxp3, the phosphatase PTEN, and Akt-mTOR in determining fate. These results suggest that there is a critical time after TCR stimulation during which heterogeneity in the differentiating population of cells leads to increased plasticity of cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Miskov-Zivanov
- 1Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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30
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Lafouresse F, Vasconcelos Z, Cotta-de-Almeida V, Dupré L. Actin cytoskeleton control of the comings and goings of T lymphocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 82:301-11. [PMID: 24131017 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes are key players of adaptive immune responses. Upon recognition of specific peptides presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules on antigen presenting cells (APC), these cells execute subset-related functions such as killing, help and regulation. The ontogeny, the activation and the effector functions of T lymphocytes are all steps of T-lymphocyte life cycle that rely on high motility properties. These cells travel through the organism in a succession of steps, including entry into tissues, interstitial migration, APC scanning, synapse formation and tissue exit. Such ability is possible because of a plastic motility behavior, which is highly controlled in time and space. The molecular basis for the adaptable motility behavior of T lymphocytes is only starting to be unraveled. The scope of this review is to discuss recent data pointing to the key role of regulators of actin cytoskeleton remodeling in tuning distinct aspects of T-lymphocyte motility during their entry, residency and exit from tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lafouresse
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France; Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France; CNRS, U5282, Toulouse, France
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31
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Eric Gershwin M, Shoenfeld Y. Abul Abbas: An epitome of scholarship. J Autoimmun 2013; 45:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Mitchell JS, Burbach BJ, Srivastava R, Fife BT, Shimizu Y. Multistage T cell-dendritic cell interactions control optimal CD4 T cell activation through the ADAP-SKAP55-signaling module. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:2372-83. [PMID: 23918975 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Ag-specific interactions between T cells and dendritic cells progress through dynamic contact stages in vivo consisting of early long-term stable contacts and later confined, yet motile, short-lived contacts. The signaling pathways that control in vivo interaction dynamics between T cells and dendritic cells during priming remain undefined. Adhesion and degranulation promoting adapter protein (ADAP) is a multifunctional adapter that regulates "inside-out" signaling from the TCR to integrins. Using two-photon microscopy, we demonstrate that, in the absence of ADAP, CD4 T cells make fewer early-stage stable contacts with Ag-laden dendritic cells, and the interactions are characterized by brief repetitive contacts. Furthermore, ADAP-deficient T cells show reduced contacts at the late motile contact phase and display less confinement around dendritic cells. The altered T cell interaction dynamics in the absence of ADAP are associated with defective early proliferation and attenuated TCR signaling in vivo. Regulation of multistage contact behaviors and optimal T cell signaling involves the interaction of ADAP with the adapter src kinase-associated phosphoprotein of 55 kDa (SKAP55). Thus, integrin activation by the ADAP-SKAP55-signaling module controls the stability and duration of T cell-dendritic cell contacts during the progressive phases necessary for optimal T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Mitchell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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33
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Gravano DM, Hoyer KK. Promotion and prevention of autoimmune disease by CD8+ T cells. J Autoimmun 2013; 45:68-79. [PMID: 23871638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, little was known about the importance of CD8+ T effectors in promoting and preventing autoimmune disease development. CD8+ T cells can oppose or promote autoimmune disease through activities as suppressor cells and as cytotoxic effectors. Studies in several distinct autoimmune models and data from patient samples are beginning to establish the importance of CD8+ T cells in these diseases and to define the mechanisms by which these cells influence autoimmunity. CD8+ effectors can promote disease via dysregulated secretion of inflammatory cytokines, skewed differentiation profiles and inappropriate apoptosis induction of target cells, and work to block disease by eliminating self-reactive cells and self-antigen sources, or as regulatory T cells. Defining the often major contribution of CD8+ T cells to autoimmune disease and identifying the mechanisms by which they alter the pathogenesis of disease is a rapidly expanding area of study and will add valuable information to our understanding of the kinetics, pathology and biology of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Gravano
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
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34
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Soliman GA. The role of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complexes signaling in the immune responses. Nutrients 2013; 5:2231-57. [PMID: 23783557 PMCID: PMC3725503 DOI: 10.3390/nu5062231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase which is a member of the PI3K related kinase (PIKK) family. mTOR emerged as a central node in cellular metabolism, cell growth, and differentiation, as well as cancer metabolism. mTOR senses the nutrients, energy, insulin, growth factors, and environmental cues and transmits signals to downstream targets to effectuate the cellular and metabolic response. Recently, mTOR was also implicated in the regulation of both the innate and adaptive immune responses. This paper will summarize the current knowledge of mTOR, as related to the immune microenvironment and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada A Soliman
- Department of Health Promotion, Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984365 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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35
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Jacobelli J, Lindsay RS, Friedman RS. Peripheral tolerance and autoimmunity: lessons from in vivo imaging. Immunol Res 2013; 55:146-54. [PMID: 22956468 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8358-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multi-photon microscopy has taken hold as a widely used technique in immunology, allowing for imaging of the kinetics of immune cell motility and cell-cell interactions, but what have we learned from this technique about the processes involved in peripheral tolerance and autoimmunity? Various studies have now looked at the dynamics of several mechanisms of peripheral T cell tolerance and efforts to examine the dynamics of the autoimmune response at the disease site are also under way. Here, we will discuss the findings of studies that use multi-photon microscopy to examine the dynamics of T cell tolerance in the lymph nodes and of the autoimmune processes involved in models of type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis. An emerging theme from these studies is that short T cell-antigen presenting cell interactions can lead to tolerance, and that autoreactive T cell restimulation at the disease site can play an important role in autoimmune disease exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Jacobelli
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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36
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Zeng H, Chi H. mTOR and lymphocyte metabolism. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:347-55. [PMID: 23722114 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Upon antigen engagement and proper co-stimulation, naïve lymphocytes exit quiescence and undergo clonal expansion and differentiate into functional effector cells, after which they either die through apoptosis or survive as memory cells. Lymphocytes at different activation stages exhibit distinct metabolic signatures. Emerging evidence highlights a central role for the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) in bridging immune signals and metabolic cues to direct lymphocyte proliferation, differentiation and survival. Here we review recent advances in understanding the functional significance and signal transduction of mTOR in T cell biology, and the interplay between mTOR signaling and metabolic programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zeng
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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37
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Mechanistic target of rapamycin inhibitors in solid organ transplantation: from benchside to clinical use. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2013; 17:626-33. [PMID: 23080066 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e32835a4be2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Here, we review recent advances and new insights in mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) biology (signalling pathway, kidney biology and immune system), and recent clinical data on mTOR inhibitors related to solid organ transplantation. RECENT FINDINGS The mTOR pathway is a major integrator of signals governing protein and lipid biosynthesis and growth factor-driven cell cycle progression. Recent findings have emphasized a critical role of mTOR in cellular homeostasis with a crucial role in podocyte function. Beyond CD8(+) and regulatory T-cell control, mTOR protein is involved in critical biological functions of T helper cells or dendritic cells. New specific inhibitors of mTORC1/C2 are available and shed new light on mTOR functions. Finally, clinical trials have better defined the use of mTOR inhibitors and emphasized their role in cancer prevention. SUMMARY The mTOR pathway is considered as a key integrator of multiple inputs that drives numerous biological processes in cell biology. mTOR inhibitors are potent immunosuppressive drugs for solid organ transplantation. Newly designed specific inhibitors of mTOR complex 1 and 2 offer promising therapeutic effects and a better understanding of the pathway. Many conditions may benefit from mTOR inhibition for a short period, but tolerance of treatment in a chronic setting remains a major concern.
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38
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Rejection of transplanted organs is a complex and highly dynamic immune process. Two-photon laser-scanning intravital microscopy (LSIM) allows for real-time, deep tissue, high-resolution imaging in physiological conditions. The recent application of this technology to study organ rejection started to provide a clearer picture of the spatiotemporal immunological dynamics of organ rejection. RECENT FINDINGS To date, LSIM has been applied to transplanted skin, islet, and kidney in mice, as well to constantly moving organs such as transplanted lung and heart. To characterize the dynamics of innate and adaptive immune cell infiltration, time-lapse imaging of various fluorescent-reporter mice was performed. Overall, these studies revealed differences between the anatomical location of infiltrating neutrophils and monocytes in various transplanted organs. In addition, the dynamics of lymphocytic infiltration revealed different transendothelial migration routes in vascularized versus nonvascularized transplanted tissues. SUMMARY LSIM is a very powerful tool that can be used to carefully dissect the immune cells dynamics in rejection and in tolerance induction in transplantation. Many dynamic biological processes can only be investigated using LSIM. Thus, LSIM promises to greatly enhance our knowledge in transplantation immunobiology and will help tailoring specific therapeutics in relation to the transplanted tissue.
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39
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Jackman RP, Muench MO, Heitman JW, Inglis HC, Law JP, Marschner S, Goodrich RP, Norris PJ. Immune modulation and lack of alloimmunization following transfusion with pathogen-reduced platelets in mice. Transfusion 2013; 53:2697-709. [PMID: 23451715 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transfusion of allogeneic blood products can lead to alloimmunization, impacting success of subsequent transfusions and solid organ transplants. Pathogen reduction using riboflavin and ultraviolet B (UVB) light has been shown to eliminate the immunogenicity of white blood cells (WBCs) in vitro through down regulation of surface adhesion molecules, effectively blocking cell-cell conjugation and direct presentation. We sought to determine if this loss of immunogenicity is extended in vivo where indirect presentation of allogeneic antigens can occur. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS BALB/cJ mice were transfused with either untreated or riboflavin and UVB-treated C57Bl/6J platelet-rich plasma (PRP) containing WBCs. Circulating alloantibody and allospecific splenocyte cytokine responses were measured. RESULTS Pathogen reduction of allogeneic WBC-enriched PRP using riboflavin and UVB light before transfusion prevented alloimmunization, with a loss of both alloantibody generation and priming of secondary cytokine responses ex vivo. When mice given treated transfusions were subsequently given untreated transfusions, they produced normal levels of alloantibodies but had reduced secondary cytokine responses ex vivo. This immune modulation was antigen specific and was dependent on the presence of WBCs in the treated product. CONCLUSIONS UVB plus riboflavin treatment of WBC-enriched PRP effectively blocks alloimmunization and modulates immune responses to subsequent exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael P Jackman
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California; Terumo BCT Biotechnologies, Lakewood, Colorado; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
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40
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Kong KF, Altman A. In and out of the bull's eye: protein kinase Cs in the immunological synapse. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:234-42. [PMID: 23428395 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The immunological synapse (IS) formed between immune cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) provides a platform for signaling. Protein kinase C (PKC)θ localizes in the T cell IS within the central supramolecular activation cluster (cSMAC), where it associates with CD28 and mediates T cell receptor (TCR)/CD28 signals leading to effector T (Teff) cell activation. In regulatory T (Treg) cells, PKCθ is sequestered away from the IS, and inhibits suppressive function. Other PKCs localizing in the IS mediate additional functions in various immune cells. Further work is needed to identify mechanisms underlying PKC recruitment or exclusion at the IS, potential redundancy among IS-localized PKCs, and the relevance of PKC localization for IS dynamics and lymphocyte activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Fai Kong
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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41
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Waickman AT, Powell JD. mTOR, metabolism, and the regulation of T-cell differentiation and function. Immunol Rev 2013; 249:43-58. [PMID: 22889214 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Upon antigen recognition, naive T cells undergo rapid expansion and activation. The energy requirements for this expansion are formidable, and T-cell activation is accompanied by dramatic changes in cellular metabolism. Furthermore, the outcome of antigen engagement is guided by multiple cues derived from the immune microenvironment. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is emerging as a central integrator of these signals playing a critical role in driving T-cell differentiation and function. Indeed, multiple metabolic programs are controlled by mTOR signaling. In this review, we discuss the role of mTOR in regulating metabolism and how these pathways intersect with the ability of mTOR to integrate cues that guide the outcome of T-cell receptor engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Waickman
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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42
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Gérard A, Beemiller P, Friedman RS, Jacobelli J, Krummel MF. Evolving immune circuits are generated by flexible, motile, and sequential immunological synapses. Immunol Rev 2013; 251:80-96. [PMID: 23278742 PMCID: PMC3539221 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is made up of a diverse collection of cells, each of which has distinct sets of triggers that elicit unique and overlapping responses. It is correctly described as a 'system' because its overall properties (e.g. 'tolerance', 'allergy') emerge from multiple interactions of its components cells. To mobilize a response where needed, the majority of the cells of the system are obligatorily highly motile and so must communicate with one another over both time and space. Here, we discuss the flexibility of the primary immunological synapse (IS) with respect to motility. We then consider the primary IS as an initiating module that licenses 'immunological circuits': the latter consisting of two or more cell-cell synaptic interactions. We discuss how two or three component immunological circuits interact might with one another in sequence and how the timing, stoichiometry, milieu, and duration of assembly of immunological circuits are likely to be key determinants in the emergent outcome and thus the system-wide immune response. An evolving consideration of immunological circuits, with an emphasis on the cell-cell modules that complement T-antigen-presenting cell interaction, provides a fundamental starting point for systems analysis of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Gérard
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0511, USA
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43
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Rossy J, Williamson DJ, Benzing C, Gaus K. The integration of signaling and the spatial organization of the T cell synapse. Front Immunol 2012. [PMID: 23189081 PMCID: PMC3504718 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Engagement of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) triggers signaling pathways that lead to T cell selection, differentiation and clonal expansion. Superimposed onto the biochemical network is a spatial organization that describes individual receptor molecules, dimers, oligomers and higher order structures. Here we discuss recent findings and new concepts that may regulate TCR organization in naïve and memory T cells. A key question that has emerged is how antigen-TCR interactions encode spatial information to direct T cell activation and differentiation. Single molecule super-resolution microscopy may become an important tool in decoding receptor organization at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Rossy
- Centre for Vascular Research and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
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44
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Mostardinha P, de Abreu FV. Positive and negative selection, self-nonself discrimination and the roles of costimulation and anergy. Sci Rep 2012; 2:769. [PMID: 23101027 PMCID: PMC3480656 DOI: 10.1038/srep00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
It is still unclear whether the adaptive immune system can perform accurate self-nonself discrimination and what could influence its performance. Starting from simple cellular interaction rules we show that it is possible to achieve perfect self-nonself discrimination in a consistent framework provided positive and negative selection operate during repertoire education, and costimulation and anergy are also considered during T cell activation. In this theory T cell receptors diversity is required for cells to sense differently different peptides; positive selection is needed to guarantee maximal lymphocyte's interactivity and to allow negative selection to reduce conjugation lifetimes maximally; costimulation is necessary to signal that an antigen presenting cell established an uncommon rate of long lived conjugations when presenting foreign peptides; anergy is required to guarantee that these stable contacts involved different T cells and not always the same. These results suggest that accurate self-nonself discrimination can have shaped the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mostardinha
- Universidade de Aveiro, Departamento de Física, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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45
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Vandenbark AA, Meza-Romero R, Benedek G, Andrew S, Huan J, Chou YK, Buenafe AC, Dahan R, Reiter Y, Mooney JL, Offner H, Burrows GG. A novel regulatory pathway for autoimmune disease: binding of partial MHC class II constructs to monocytes reduces CD74 expression and induces both specific and bystander T-cell tolerance. J Autoimmun 2012; 40:96-110. [PMID: 23026773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Treatment with partial (p)MHC class II-β1α1 constructs (also referred to as recombinant T-cell receptor ligands - RTL) linked to antigenic peptides can induce T-cell tolerance, inhibit recruitment of inflammatory cells and reverse autoimmune diseases. Here we demonstrate a novel regulatory pathway that involves RTL binding to CD11b(+) mononuclear cells through a receptor comprised of MHC class II invariant chain (CD74), cell-surface histones and MHC class II itself for treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Binding of RTL constructs with CD74 involved a previously unrecognized MHC class II-α1/CD74 interaction that inhibited CD74 expression, blocked activity of its ligand, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, and reduced EAE severity. These findings implicate binding of RTL constructs to CD74 as a key step in both antigen-driven and bystander T-cell tolerance important in treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur A Vandenbark
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Neuroimmunology Research, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, UHS-46, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Roberto Meza-Romero
- Neuroimmunology Research, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, UHS-46, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Gil Benedek
- Neuroimmunology Research, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, UHS-46, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Shayne Andrew
- Neuroimmunology Research, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, UHS-46, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jianya Huan
- Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, UHS-46, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Yuan K Chou
- Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, UHS-46, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Abigail C Buenafe
- Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, UHS-46, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Rony Dahan
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yoram Reiter
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jeffery L Mooney
- Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, UHS-46, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Gregory G Burrows
- Tykeson MS Research Laboratory, UHS-46, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Hematology & Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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46
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Waickman AT, Powell JD. Mammalian target of rapamycin integrates diverse inputs to guide the outcome of antigen recognition in T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:4721-9. [PMID: 22556133 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T cells must integrate a diverse array of intrinsic and extrinsic signals upon Ag recognition. Although these signals have canonically been categorized into three distinct events--Signal 1 (TCR engagement), Signal 2 (costimulation or inhibition), and Signal 3 (cytokine exposure)--it is now appreciated that many other environmental cues also dictate the outcome of T cell activation. These include nutrient availability, the presence of growth factors and stress signals, as well as chemokine exposure. Although all of these distinct inputs initiate unique signaling cascades, they also modulate the activity of the evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Indeed, mTOR serves to integrate these diverse environmental inputs, ultimately transmitting a signaling program that determines the fate of newly activated T cells. In this review, we highlight how diverse signals from the immune microenvironment can guide the outcome of TCR activation through the activation of the mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Waickman
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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47
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Germain RN, Robey EA, Cahalan MD. A decade of imaging cellular motility and interaction dynamics in the immune system. Science 2012; 336:1676-81. [PMID: 22745423 PMCID: PMC3405774 DOI: 10.1126/science.1221063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To mount an immune response, lymphocytes must recirculate between the blood and lymph nodes, recognize antigens upon contact with specialized presenting cells, proliferate to expand a small number of clonally relevant lymphocytes, differentiate to antibody-producing plasma cells or effector T cells, exit from lymph nodes, migrate to tissues, and engage in host-protective activities. All of these processes involve motility and cellular interactions--events that were hidden from view until recently. Introduced to immunology by three papers in this journal in 2002, in vivo live-cell imaging studies are revealing the behavior of cells mediating adaptive and innate immunity in diverse tissue environments, providing quantitative measurement of cellular motility, interactions, and response dynamics. Here, we review themes emerging from such studies and speculate on the future of immunoimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald N. Germain
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ellen A. Robey
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Michael D. Cahalan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
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48
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Nyakeriga AM, Garg H, Joshi A. TCR-induced T cell activation leads to simultaneous phosphorylation at Y505 and Y394 of p56(lck) residues. Cytometry A 2012; 81:797-805. [PMID: 22674786 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Biochemical studies have demonstrated that phosphorylation of lymphocyte cell kinase (p56(lck) ) is crucial for activation of signaling cascades following T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. However, whether phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of the activating or inhibitory tyrosine residues occurs upon activation is controversial. Recent advances in intracellular staining of phospho-epitopes and cytometric analysis, requiring few cells, have opened up novel avenues for the field of immunological signaling. Here, we assessed p56(lck) phosphorylation, using a multiparameter flow-cytometric based detection method following T cell stimulation. Fixation and permeabilization in conjunction with zenon labeling technology and/or fluorescently labeled antibodies against total p56(lck) or cognate phospho-tyrosine (pY) residues or surface receptors were used for detection purposes. Our observations showed that activation of Jurkat or primary human T cells using H(2) O(2) or TCR-induced stimulation led to simultaneous phosphorylation of the activating tyrosine residue, Y394 and the inhibitory tyrosine residue, Y505 of p56(lck) . This was followed by downstream calcium flux and expression of T cell activation markers; CD69 and CD40 ligand (CD40L). However, the extent of measurable activation readouts depended on the optimal stimulatory conditions (temperature and/or stimuli combinations). Treatment of cells with a p56(lck) -specific inhibitor, PP2, abolished phosphorylation at either residue in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these observations show that TCR-induced stimulation of T cells led to simultaneous phosphorylation of p56(lck) residues. This implies that dephosphorylation of Y505 is not crucial for p56(lck) activity. Also, it is clear that cytometric analysis provides for a rapid, sensitive, and quantitative method to supplement biochemical studies on p56(lck) signaling pathways in T cells at single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Nyakeriga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, Texas 79905, USA.
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49
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Wildenberg ME, Vos ACW, Wolfkamp SCS, Duijvestein M, Verhaar AP, Te Velde AA, van den Brink GR, Hommes DW. Autophagy attenuates the adaptive immune response by destabilizing the immunologic synapse. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:1493-503.e6. [PMID: 22370477 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Variants in the genes ATG16L1 and IRGM affect autophagy and are associated with the development of Crohn's disease. It is not clear how autophagy is linked to loss of immune tolerance in the intestine. We investigated the involvement of the immunologic synapse-the site of contact between dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells, which contains molecules involved in antigen recognition and regulates immune response. METHODS DC autophagy was reduced using small interfering RNAs or pharmacologic inhibitors. DC phenotype and function were analyzed by confocal microscopy, time-lapse microscopy, and flow cytometry. We also examined DCs isolated from patients with Crohn's disease who carried the ATG16L1 risk allele. RESULTS Immunologic synapse formation induced formation of autophagosomes in DCs; the autophagosomes were oriented toward the immunologic synapse and contained synaptic components. Knockdown of ATG16L1 and IRGM with small interfering RNAs in DCs resulted in hyperstable interactions between DCs and T cells, increased activation of T cells, and activation of a T-helper 17 cell response. LKB1 was recruited to the immunologic synapse, and induction of autophagy in DC required inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycine signaling by the LKB1-AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. DCs from patients with Crohn's disease who had an ATG16L1 risk allele had a similar hyperstability of the immunologic synapse. CONCLUSIONS Autophagy is induced upon formation of the immunologic synapse and negatively regulates T-cell activation. This mechanism might increase adaptive immunity in patients with Crohn's disease who carry ATG16L1 risk alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon E Wildenberg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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50
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Chi H. Regulation and function of mTOR signalling in T cell fate decisions. Nat Rev Immunol 2012; 12:325-38. [PMID: 22517423 DOI: 10.1038/nri3198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 728] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved kinase mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) couples cell growth and metabolism to environmental inputs in eukaryotes. T cells depend on mTOR signalling to integrate immune signals and metabolic cues for their proper maintenance and activation. Under steady-state conditions, mTOR is actively controlled by multiple inhibitory mechanisms, and this enforces normal T cell homeostasis. Antigen recognition by naive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells triggers mTOR activation, which in turn programmes the differentiation of these cells into functionally distinct lineages. This Review focuses on the signalling mechanisms of mTOR in T cell homeostatic and functional fates, and discusses the therapeutic implications of targeting mTOR in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA.
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