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Woods R, Lorusso J, Fletcher J, ElTaher H, McEwan F, Harris I, Kowash H, D'Souza SW, Harte M, Hager R, Glazier JD. Maternal immune activation and role of placenta in the prenatal programming of neurodevelopmental disorders. Neuronal Signal 2023; 7:NS20220064. [PMID: 37332846 PMCID: PMC10273029 DOI: 10.1042/ns20220064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal infection during pregnancy, leading to maternal immune activation (mIA) and cytokine release, increases the offspring risk of developing a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including schizophrenia. Animal models have provided evidence to support these mechanistic links, with placental inflammatory responses and dysregulation of placental function implicated. This leads to changes in fetal brain cytokine balance and altered epigenetic regulation of key neurodevelopmental pathways. The prenatal timing of such mIA-evoked changes, and the accompanying fetal developmental responses to an altered in utero environment, will determine the scope of the impacts on neurodevelopmental processes. Such dysregulation can impart enduring neuropathological changes, which manifest subsequently in the postnatal period as altered neurodevelopmental behaviours in the offspring. Hence, elucidation of the functional changes that occur at the molecular level in the placenta is vital in improving our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis of NDDs. This has notable relevance to the recent COVID-19 pandemic, where inflammatory responses in the placenta to SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy and NDDs in early childhood have been reported. This review presents an integrated overview of these collective topics and describes the possible contribution of prenatal programming through placental effects as an underlying mechanism that links to NDD risk, underpinned by altered epigenetic regulation of neurodevelopmental pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Woods
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Jarred M. Lorusso
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Jennifer Fletcher
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Heidi ElTaher
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Francesca McEwan
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Isabella Harris
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Hager M. Kowash
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, U.K
| | - Stephen W. D'Souza
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, U.K
| | - Michael Harte
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Reinmar Hager
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Jocelyn D. Glazier
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
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Dong X, Zhou A. Associations of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain with risk of offspring neurodevelopment at 2 years: A Chinese birth cohort study. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1165743. [PMID: 37144148 PMCID: PMC10151668 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1165743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In recent decades, there has been a surge in both obesity and developmental impairments. Only a few research have looked at the relationship between gestational weight growth and pre-pregnancy BMI in mothers and the neurobehavioral development of their infants. The current research investigates the associations among maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, GWG, and the risk of child neural development at 2 years of age depending on a Chinese birth prospective study. Methods The study population was 3,115 mother-infant pairs were registered in the Wuhan Health Baby cohort between September 2013 and October 2018, and data from this cohort was used in this investigation. The Chinese classification was used to group maternal BMI before conception. Based on the 2019 Life Cycle Project-Maternal Obesity and Childhood Outcomes Study Group, categories for GWG were created. The outcome was an assessment of child neural development at age 2 which was measured by employing a Chinese translation of the Bayley scales (BSID-CR). The multivariate regression models were used to calculate the beta (β) coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for estimating the associations between continuous Bayley scores and maternal pre-pregnancy BMI categories, as same as in GWG categories. Results Infants of overweight and obese moms exhibited lower MDI scores than those of mothers with normal pre-pregnancy BMI (β = -2.510, 95%CI = -4.821 to -0.200) in the entire sample. Meanwhile, we find among the normal pre-pregnancy BMI mothers, infants of inadequate GWG mothers had lower MDI scores (β = -3.952, 95%CI = -7.809 to -0.094) compared with the referenced adequate GWG mothers, as well as the infants of excessive GWG mothers among the underweight pre-pregnancy BMI mothers (β = -5.173, 95%CI = -9.803 to -0.543). The PDI scores of the infants were not affected by the maternal pre-pregnancy BMI or GWG. Conclusion For Chinese babies aged 2 in this nationally representative sample, aberrant pre-pregnancy BMI and GWG can impair infants' mental development, but not psychomotor development. Such results are significant given the incidence of overweight and obesity as well as the long-term effects of early brain development. In this study we found optimal GWG recommendations proposed by 2019 Life Cycle Project-Maternal Obesity and Childhood Outcomes Study Group were more suitable for Chinese women than 2009 Institute of Medicine(IOM) guidelines. Additionally, women should be given general advice on how to achieve their ideal pre-pregnancy BMI and GWG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wuhan Children’s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Aifen Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wuhan Children’s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Maternal and Child Health, Wuhan Children’s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
- Correspondence: Aifen Zhou
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Brennan EJ, DeWitte SN. Sexual stature difference fluctuations in pre- and post-Black Death London as an indicator of living standards. Am J Hum Biol 2022; 34:e23783. [PMID: 35851510 PMCID: PMC9787904 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The degree of sexual stature difference (SSD), the ratio of male to female height, is argued to be an indicator of living standards based on evidence that physical growth for males is more sensitive to environmental fluctuations. In a resource-poor environment, the degree of SSD is expected to be relatively low. The aim of this study is to comparatively assess SSD in medieval London in the context of repeated famine events and other environmental stressors before the Black Death (BD) and the improved living conditions that characterized the post-Black Death period. METHODS To test the hypothesis that a poor nutritional environment resulted in decreased SSD in medieval London, this study compares adult individuals from early pre-Black Death (c. 1000-1200), late pre-Black Death (c. 1200-1250) and post-Black Death (c. 1350-1540) cemetery contexts from London. Maximum tibial,femoral, and lower limb lengths were used as a proxy for stature, and SSD was calculated using the Chakraborty and Majumber index. RESULTS Compared to the late pre-BD period, we find a slighter higher degree of SSD in the post-BD period for all three stature proxies used. This increase is attributed to more exaggerated increases in stature for estimated males post-BD. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the importance of examining variables that are considered indicators of living standards in light of factors like selective mortality, catch-up growth, and urban migration patterns. Future research needs to further investigate how cultural and biological processes influence the mechanisms that produce adult stature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Brennan
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSouth CarolinaUSA
| | - Sharon N. DeWitte
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaSouth CarolinaUSA
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Reinwald H, Alvincz J, Salinas G, Schäfers C, Hollert H, Eilebrecht S. Toxicogenomic profiling after sublethal exposure to nerve- and muscle-targeting insecticides reveals cardiac and neuronal developmental effects in zebrafish embryos. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132746. [PMID: 34748799 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
For specific primary modes of action (MoA) in environmental non-target organisms, EU legislation restricts the usage of active substances of pesticides or biocides. Corresponding regulatory hazard assessments are costly, time consuming and require large numbers of non-human animal studies. Currently, predictive toxicology of development compounds relies on their chemical structure and provides little insights into toxicity mechanisms that precede adverse effects. Using the zebrafish embryo model, we characterized transcriptomic responses to a range of sublethal concentrations of six nerve- and muscle-targeting insecticides with different MoA (abamectin, carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, fipronil, imidacloprid & methoxychlor). Our aim was to identify affected biological processes and suitable biomarker candidates for MoA-specific signatures. Abamectin showed the most divergent signature among the tested insecticides, linked to lipid metabolic processes. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after imidacloprid exposure were primarily associated with immune system and inflammation. In total, 222 early responsive genes to either MoA were identified, many related to three major processes: (1) cardiac muscle cell development and functioning (tcap, desma, bag3, hspb1, hspb8, flnca, myoz3a, mybpc2b, actc2, tnnt2c), (2) oxygen transport and hypoxic stress (alas2, hbbe1.1, hbbe1.3, hbbe2, hbae3, igfbp1a, hif1al) and (3) neuronal development and plasticity (npas4a, egr1, btg2, ier2a, vgf). The thyroidal function related gene dio3b was upregulated by chlorpyrifos and downregulated by higher abamectin concentrations. Important regulatory genes for cardiac muscle (tcap) and forebrain development (npas4a) were the most frequently ifferentially expressed across all insecticide treatments. We consider the identified gene sets as useful early warning biomarker candidates, i.e. for developmental toxicity targeting heart and brain in aquatic vertebrates. Our findings provide a better understanding about early molecular events in response to the analyzed MoA. Perceptively, this promotes the development for sensitive and informative biomarker-based in vitro assays for toxicological MoA prediction and AOP refinement, without the suffering of adult fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Reinwald
- Fraunhofer Attract Eco'n'OMICs, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany; Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julia Alvincz
- Fraunhofer Attract Eco'n'OMICs, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- NGS-Services for Integrative Genomics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Schäfers
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eilebrecht
- Fraunhofer Attract Eco'n'OMICs, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schmallenberg, Germany.
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Woods RM, Lorusso JM, Potter HG, Neill JC, Glazier JD, Hager R. Maternal immune activation in rodent models: A systematic review of neurodevelopmental changes in gene expression and epigenetic modulation in the offspring brain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 129:389-421. [PMID: 34280428 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Maternal immune activation (mIA) during pregnancy is hypothesised to disrupt offspring neurodevelopment and predispose offspring to neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia. Rodent models of mIA have explored possible mechanisms underlying this paradigm and provide a vital tool for preclinical research. However, a comprehensive analysis of the molecular changes that occur in mIA-models is lacking, hindering identification of robust clinical targets. This systematic review assesses mIA-driven transcriptomic and epigenomic alterations in specific offspring brain regions. Across 118 studies, we focus on 88 candidate genes and show replicated changes in expression in critical functional areas, including elevated inflammatory markers, and reduced myelin and GABAergic signalling proteins. Further, disturbed epigenetic markers at nine of these genes support mIA-driven epigenetic modulation of transcription. Overall, our results demonstrate that current outcome measures have direct relevance for the hypothesised pathology of schizophrenia and emphasise the importance of mIA-models in contributing to the understanding of biological pathways impacted by mIA and the discovery of new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Woods
- Division of Evolution & Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Center, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
| | - Jarred M Lorusso
- Division of Evolution & Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Center, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Harry G Potter
- Division of Evolution & Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Center, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna C Neill
- Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Center, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Jocelyn D Glazier
- Division of Evolution & Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Center, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Reinmar Hager
- Division of Evolution & Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Center, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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Curtis GH, Nogueiro S, Schneider S, Bernhofer M, McDermott M, Nixon E, Perez KN, Reeve RE, Easterling MR, Crespi EJ. Trans-ovo permethrin exposure affects growth, brain morphology and cardiac development in quail. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:1447-1456. [PMID: 33844419 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Permethrin is a commonly used, highly effective pesticide in poultry agriculture, and has recently been trialed in conservation efforts to protect Galápagos finch hatchlings from an invasive ectoparasite. Although permethrin is considered safe for adults, pesticides can have health consequences when animals are exposed during early life stages. The few studies that have examined permethrin's effects in embryonic chicks and rats have shown hydrocephaly, anencephaly, reduced cellular energy conversion, and disruption of developing heart muscle. To test whether trans-ovo exposure of permethrin affects early development in birds, we exposed Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) eggs to cotton treated with 1% permethrin that was incorporated into nests in two amounts (0.2, 0.8 g), each with a paired untreated cotton control group. When measured on incubation Day 15, we found permethrin-treated developing birds were smaller and showed signs of microcephaly, although mortality rates were the same. Despite no difference in heart mass, ventricular tissue was less compact, cardiac arteries were reduced and heart rates were slower in permethrin-treated birds. Differences in heart development were also observed at 5 days of incubation, indicating that abnormalities are present from early in cardiac development. Future studies are needed to examine permethrin's effects on developmental pathways and to determine if these effects persist after hatching to affect offspring health. This study provides evidence that permethrin can cross the eggshell to cause non-lethal but adverse effects on embryonic development, and studies should look beyond hatching when monitoring the efficacy of permethrin on wild bird populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace H Curtis
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Sara Nogueiro
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Sydney Schneider
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Marissa Bernhofer
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Mara McDermott
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Erin Nixon
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Kylie Noelle Perez
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Robyn E Reeve
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Marietta R Easterling
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erica J Crespi
- School of Biological Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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7
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Pla L, Illa M, Loreiro C, Lopez MC, Vázquez-Aristizabal P, Kühne BA, Barenys M, Eixarch E, Gratacós E. Structural Brain Changes during the Neonatal Period in a Rabbit Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction. Dev Neurosci 2021; 42:217-229. [PMID: 33677448 DOI: 10.1159/000512948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with abnormal neurodevelopment, but the associated structural brain changes are poorly documented. The aim of this study was to describe in an animal model the brain changes at the cellular level in the gray and white matter induced by IUGR during the neonatal period. METHODS The IUGR model was surgically induced in pregnant rabbits by ligating 40-50% of the uteroplacental vessels in 1 horn, whereas the uteroplacental vessels of the contralateral horn were not ligated. After 5 days, IUGR animals from the ligated horn and controls from the nonligated were delivered. On the day of delivery, perinatal data and placentas were collected. On postnatal day 1, functional changes were first evaluated, and thereafter, neuronal arborization in the frontal cortex and density of pre-oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia in the corpus callosum were evaluated. RESULTS Higher stillbirth in IUGR fetuses together with a reduced birth weight as compared to controls was evidenced. IUGR animals showed poorer functional results, an altered neuronal arborization pattern, and a decrease in the pre-oligodendrocytes, with no differences in microglia and astrocyte densities. CONCLUSIONS Overall, in the rabbit model used, IUGR is related to functional and brain changes evidenced already at birth, including changes in the neuronal arborization and abnormal oligodendrocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pla
- BCNatal
- Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Illa
- BCNatal
- Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, .,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain,
| | - Carla Loreiro
- BCNatal
- Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mari Carmen Lopez
- BCNatal
- Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Vázquez-Aristizabal
- BCNatal
- Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Britta Anna Kühne
- BCNatal
- Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,GRET, INSA-UB and Toxicology Unit, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Barenys
- GRET, INSA-UB and Toxicology Unit, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisenda Eixarch
- BCNatal
- Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Gratacós
- BCNatal
- Fetal Medicine Research Center (Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBER-ER), Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Ham AC, Temple DH, Klaus HD, Hunt DR. Evaluating life history trade-offs through the presence of linear enamel hypoplasia at Pueblo Bonito and Hawikku: A biocultural study of early life stress and survival in the Ancestral Pueblo Southwest. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 33:e23506. [PMID: 32924230 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Due to the indelible nature of enamel, bioarchaeologists use linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) to detect early investments in surviving stress and have identified an association between LEH presence and constraints in growth and maintenance as well as an increased susceptibility to future stress events. This study evaluates heterogenous frailty and susceptibility to death in relation to episodes of early life stress, as reflected by LEH presence, in the Ancestral Pueblo Southwest. This study hypothesizes that LEH presence will be associated with decreased survivorship and an increased likelihood of mortality in both samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study uses two samples, one from Pueblo Bonito (A.D. 800-1200; n = 28) and the second from Hawikku (A.D. 1300-1680; n = 103). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis with a log-rank test was used to evaluate the effect of LEH presence on survivorship for the two samples. RESULTS Survival analysis reveals statistically significant differences in mortality risk between individuals with and without LEH for the Hawikku sample, but no significant differences for the Pueblo Bonito sample. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate differences in the response to early life stress at the Hawikku and Pueblo Bonito sites, likely reflecting context. The Pueblo Bonito sample represents a high-status group, and survival following LEH may be the result of cultural buffering. Hawikku dates to a period associated with increased levels of disease and malnutrition as well as Spanish colonization. This environment may have exacerbated mortality risk for individuals in the region who survived early life stress and signifies the consequences of European colonialism in the New World.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison C Ham
- Department of Anthropology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel H Temple
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Haagen D Klaus
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - David R Hunt
- Physical Anthropology Division, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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9
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Marcelle ET, Oliva MT, Hinshaw SP. Gestational Smoking and Hypertension as Predictors of Working Memory Functioning in Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1950. [PMID: 33041878 PMCID: PMC7518085 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition affecting between 5 and 8% of all children and adolescents, characterized by impairing levels of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Existing cognitive models of ADHD have placed working memory (WM) deficits at the core of ADHD and suggest that primary WM deficits may also underlie the additional deficits associated with the condition. Although not all children with ADHD show WM deficits, those with such deficits have been found to have worse functional outcomes when compared to their diagnosed peers with typical WM functioning. Even so, contributors to the variability of impaired WM functioning seen within this population remain unknown. In the present study, we examined the association between two known prenatal and perinatal risk factors for impaired cognitive functioning - gestational smoking and hypertension - in three independent samples of children and adolescents with ADHD (samples varied with respect to sample size and WM measurement procedures). Contrary to hypotheses and existing literature, presence of high blood pressure during pregnancy was unexpectedly found to be a positive predictor of offspring WM capacity in one of three samples (a sample of all girls with ADHD). Implications and considerations for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enitan T. Marcelle
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Mercedes T. Oliva
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Stephen P. Hinshaw
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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10
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Khambadkone SG, Cordner ZA, Tamashiro KLK. Maternal stressors and the developmental origins of neuropsychiatric risk. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 57:100834. [PMID: 32084515 PMCID: PMC7243665 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The maternal environment during pregnancy is critical for fetal development and perinatal perturbations can prime offspring disease risk. Here, we briefly review evidence linking two well-characterized maternal stressors - psychosocial stress and infection - to increased neuropsychiatric risk in offspring. In the current climate of increasing obesity and globalization of the Western-style diet, maternal overnutrition emerges as a pressing public health concern. We focus our attention on recent epidemiological and animal model evidence showing that, like psychosocial stress and infection, maternal overnutrition can also increase offspring neuropsychiatric risk. Using lessons learned from the psychosocial stress and infection literature, we discuss how altered maternal and placental physiology in the setting of overnutrition may contribute to abnormal fetal development and resulting neuropsychiatric outcomes. A better understanding of converging pathophysiological pathways shared between stressors may enable development of interventions against neuropsychiatric illnesses that may be beneficial across stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seva G Khambadkone
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Cellular & Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Zachary A Cordner
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kellie L K Tamashiro
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Cellular & Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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11
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Patti G, De Mori L, Tortora D, Severino M, Calevo M, Russo S, Napoli F, Confalonieri L, Schiavone M, Thiabat HF, Casalini E, Morana G, Rossi A, Ramenghi LA, Maghnie M, Di Iorgi N. Cognitive Profiles and Brain Volume Are Affected in Patients with Silver-Russell Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5609177. [PMID: 31665337 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT There is little information on cognitive function in Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS), and no neuroimaging studies are available so far. OBJECTIVE To assess cognitive function and brain volumes in patients with SRS. DESIGN/SETTING Wechsler Intelligence Scale and brain magnetic resonance on a 3-Tesla scanner with Voxel-based morphometry analysis were performed between 2016 and 2018 in a single tertiary university center. PARTECIPANTS 38 white subjects with clinical diagnosis of SRS confirmed by molecular analysis: 30 of these patients (mean age 12.6 ± 10 years) were enrolled for cognitive assessment; 23 of the 30 performed neuroimaging sequences. A control group of 33 school-aged children performed cognitive assessment while 65 age and sex-matched volunteers were included for the neuroradiological assessment. MAIN OUTCOMES Intelligence quotient, Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI), Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI), Working Memory Index (WMI), Processing Speed Index, and brain volume. RESULTS The mean overall IQ score was 87.2 ± 17, and it was significantly lower in the maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 7 (mUPD7) group at the age of 6 to 16 years compared to loss of methylation on chromosome 11p15 (11p15 LOM) group and to controls. VCI, PRI, and WMI were significantly higher in 11p15 LOM group and in control group than in mUPD7 group at the age of 6 to 16 years. There were no significant differences in cognitive scores between 11p15 LOM school-aged patients and the control group. SRS patients showed lower brain volume compared to controls at the frontal/temporal poles and globi pallidi. CONCLUSIONS Patients with mUPD7 had an impaired cognitive profile. The brain volume at the frontal/temporal lobes and at the globi pallidi was reduced in patients with SRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppa Patti
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Letizia De Mori
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Domenico Tortora
- Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Mariagrazia Calevo
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Silvia Russo
- Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy
| | - Flavia Napoli
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Confalonieri
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Schiavone
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Hanan F Thiabat
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Emilio Casalini
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Morana
- Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Rossi
- Pediatric Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Luca Antonio Ramenghi
- Department of Mother and Child, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Italy
| | - Mohamad Maghnie
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Natascia Di Iorgi
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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12
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Stenhouse C, Tennant P, Duncan WC, Ashworth CJ. Doppler ultrasound can be used to monitor umbilical arterial blood flow in lightly sedated pigs at multiple gestational ages. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019; 30:1402-1411. [PMID: 29723486 DOI: 10.1071/rd17298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Doppler ultrasound was performed under moderate sedation (ketamine and azaperone) for 30min to monitor umbilical arterial (UA) blood flow in one uterine horn of Large White×Landrace gilts (n=23) at Gestational Days (GD) 30, 45, 60 and 90. Gilts were scanned before they were killed to examine relationships between litter size, sex ratio and five UA parameters (peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), A/B (PSV to EDV) ratio, fetal heart rate (FHR) and resistance index (RI)). In gilts in which scans were obtained from all fetuses in the scanned horn, relationships between UA parameters, and fetal weight and sex were examined. A subset of gilts were sedated, scanned and recovered (SSR) earlier in gestation (GD30 or GD45) to assess the effects of sedation on later fetal development by comparison with control litters (no previous sedation). Temporal changes were observed in all UA parameters (P≤0.001). At GD60 and GD90, FHR decreased with increasing duration of sedation (P≤0.001). Sex ratio and fetal weight affected UA blood flow, whereas litter size and fetal sex did not. SSR at GD30 and GD45 was associated with decreased fetal weight at GD60 (P≤0.001) and GD90 (P=0.06) respectively, compared with controls. These results suggest maternal sedation during gestation affects fetal development, which should be investigated further. Measuring UA blood flow in growth-restricted porcine fetuses throughout gestation may be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Stenhouse
- Developmental Biology Division, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Peter Tennant
- Developmental Biology Division, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - W Colin Duncan
- Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Cheryl J Ashworth
- Developmental Biology Division, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
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13
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Logan S, Arzua T, Canfield SG, Seminary ER, Sison SL, Ebert AD, Bai X. Studying Human Neurological Disorders Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: From 2D Monolayer to 3D Organoid and Blood Brain Barrier Models. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:565-611. [PMID: 30873582 PMCID: PMC6705133 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurological disorders have emerged as a predominant healthcare concern in recent years due to their severe consequences on quality of life and prevalence throughout the world. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of these diseases and the interactions between different brain cell types is essential for the development of new therapeutics. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are invaluable tools for neurological disease modeling, as they have unlimited self-renewal and differentiation capacity. Mounting evidence shows: (i) various brain cells can be generated from iPSCs in two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures; and (ii) further advances in 3D culture systems have led to the differentiation of iPSCs into organoids with multiple brain cell types and specific brain regions. These 3D organoids have gained widespread attention as in vitro tools to recapitulate complex features of the brain, and (iii) complex interactions between iPSC-derived brain cell types can recapitulate physiological and pathological conditions of blood-brain barrier (BBB). As iPSCs can be generated from diverse patient populations, researchers have effectively applied 2D, 3D, and BBB models to recapitulate genetically complex neurological disorders and reveal novel insights into molecular and genetic mechanisms of neurological disorders. In this review, we describe recent progress in the generation of 2D, 3D, and BBB models from iPSCs and further discuss their limitations, advantages, and future ventures. This review also covers the current status of applications of 2D, 3D, and BBB models in drug screening, precision medicine, and modeling a wide range of neurological diseases (e.g., neurodegenerative diseases, neurodevelopmental disorders, brain injury, and neuropsychiatric disorders). © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:565-611, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Logan
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Thiago Arzua
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Scott G. Canfield
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, IU School of Medicine-Terre Haute, Terre Haute, IN, USA
| | - Emily R. Seminary
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Samantha L. Sison
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Allison D. Ebert
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Xiaowen Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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14
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d'Amora M, Giordani S. The Utility of Zebrafish as a Model for Screening Developmental Neurotoxicity. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:976. [PMID: 30618594 PMCID: PMC6305331 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The developing central nervous system and the blood brain barrier are especially vulnerable and sensitive to different chemicals, including environmental contaminants and drugs. Developmental exposure to these compounds has been involved in several neurological disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders as well as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) have emerged as powerful toxicological model systems that can speed up chemical hazard assessment and can be used to extrapolate neurotoxic effects that chemicals have on humans. Zebrafish embryos and larvae are convenient for high-throughput screening of chemicals, due to their small size, low-cost, easy husbandry, and transparency. Additionally, zebrafish are homologous to other higher order vertebrates in terms of molecular signaling processes, genetic compositions, and tissue/organ structures as well as neurodevelopment. This mini review underlines the potential of the zebrafish as complementary models for developmental neurotoxicity screening of chemicals and describes the different endpoints utilized for such screening with some studies illustrating their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta d'Amora
- Nano Carbon Materials, Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Giordani
- Nano Carbon Materials, Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Turin, Italy.,School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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15
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Javor D, Nasel C, Dekan S, Gruber GM, Chalubinski K, Prayer D. Placental MRI shows preservation of brain volume in growth-restricted fetuses who suffer substantial reduction of putative functional placenta tissue (PFPT). Eur J Radiol 2018; 108:189-193. [PMID: 30396654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently, a potentially useful diagnostic approach based on MR diffusion-tensor-imaging (DTI) was reported for the estimation of putative functional placenta tissue (PFPT), thus providing direct information about placental function. Yet, the relation between reduced PFPT and the phenomenon of brain-sparing remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relation between brain-sparing and reduced PFPT volume, as found in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). METHODS A total of 40 consecutive patients with a US-based diagnosis of placental IUGR were examined using fetal MRI. A control group of 78 patients who received fetal MRI, due to non-placental pathologies, was established. A somatic energy index was calculated as IE=1-(Vbrain/Vpfpt) from brain and PFPT volumes measured with DTI in both groups. IE, Vpfpt, and Vbrain were analyzed with respect to the gestational week. RESULTS Vbrain corrected for gestational weeks was no different between both groups, while Vpfpt was significantly reduced in IUGR patients. IE was significantly different between both groups and indicated a higher Vbrain at a comparable Vpfpt. CONCLUSIONS Fetuses with IUGR show preserved energetic resources necessary for brain growth. Because IE drops in IUGR more rapidly as pregnancy progresses, depending on Vpfpt, IE could prove useful for estimating fetal well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Javor
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna MUW, Austria; Department of Radiology, University Hospital Tulln, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Tulln, Austria.
| | - C Nasel
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Tulln, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Tulln, Austria
| | - S Dekan
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna MUW, Austria
| | - G M Gruber
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Vienna MUW, Austria
| | - K Chalubinski
- Department of Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna MUW, Austria
| | - D Prayer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna MUW, Austria
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16
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López-Tello J, Arias-Álvarez M, Jiménez-Martínez MÁ, Barbero-Fernández A, García-García RM, Rodríguez M, Lorenzo PL, Torres-Rovira L, Astiz S, González-Bulnes A, Rebollar PG. The effects of sildenafil citrate on feto-placental development and haemodynamics in a rabbit model of intrauterine growth restriction. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 29:1239-1248. [PMID: 27209378 DOI: 10.1071/rd15330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effectiveness of sildenafil citrate (SC) to improve placental and fetal growth in a diet-induced rabbit model of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Pregnant rabbits were fed either ad libitum (Group C) or restricted to 50% of dietary requirements (Group R) or restricted and treated with SC (Group SC). The treatment with SC improved placental development by increasing vascularity and vessel hypertrophy in the decidua. The assessment of feto-placental haemodynamics showed higher resistance and pulsatility indices at the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in fetuses treated with SC when compared with Group R, which had increased systolic peak and time-averaged mean velocities at the MCA. Furthermore, fetuses in the SC group had significantly higher biparietal and thoracic diameters and longer crown-rump lengths than fetuses in Group R. Hence, the SC group had a reduced IUGR rate and a higher kit size at birth compared with Group R. In conclusion, SC may provide potential benefits in pregnancies with placental insufficiency and IUGR, partially counteracting the negative effects of food restriction on placental development and fetal growth. However, the present study also found evidence of a possible blood overflow in the brain that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge López-Tello
- Department of Animal Production, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Arias-Álvarez
- Department of Animal Production, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria-Ángeles Jiménez-Martínez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Barbero-Fernández
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa María García-García
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology), Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Rodríguez
- Department of Animal Production, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro L Lorenzo
- Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology), Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Torres-Rovira
- Department of Animal Production, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Astiz
- Comparative Physiology Lab, SGIT-INIA, Avda, Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pilar G Rebollar
- Department of Animal Production, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Cogollos L, Garcia-Contreras C, Vazquez-Gomez M, Astiz S, Sanchez-Sanchez R, Gomez-Fidalgo E, Ovilo C, Isabel B, Gonzalez-Bulnes A. Effects of fetal genotype and sex on developmental response to maternal malnutrition. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 29:1155-1168. [PMID: 27184893 DOI: 10.1071/rd15385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine whether developmental patterns, adiposity level and fatty-acid composition of fetuses exposed to maternal malnutrition are driven by their sex or their genotype, or both, as these may modulate the adaptive response to the intrauterine environment independently of the maternal genotype. We used a single maternal genotype (purebred Iberian (IB) sows), which was inseminated with heterospermic semen (obtained by mixing semen from Iberian and Large White (LW) boars), to obtain four different subsets of fetuses (male and female, purebred (IB×IB) and crossbred (IB×LW)) in Iberian purebred sows. Analysis of fetal phenotypes indicated a better adaptive response of the female offspring, which was modulated by their genotype. When faced with prenatal undernutrition, females prioritised the growth of vital organs (brain, liver, lungs, kidneys and intestine) at the expense of bone and muscle. Moreover, the analysis of fat composition showed a higher availability of essential fatty acids in the female sex than in their male counterparts and also in the Iberian genotype than in crossbred fetuses. These results are of high translational value for understanding ethnic differences in prenatal programming of postnatal health and disease status, and show evidence that prenatal development and metabolic traits are primarily determined by fetal sex and strongly modulated by fetal genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cogollos
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Marta Vazquez-Gomez
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, UCM, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Astiz
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raul Sanchez-Sanchez
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ernesto Gomez-Fidalgo
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Ovilo
- Department of Animal Genetics, INIA, Ctra. De A Coruña Km. 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Isabel
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, UCM, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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18
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Wang J, Cao M, Yang M, Lin Y, Che L, Fang Z, Xu S, Feng B, Li J, Wu D. Intra-uterine undernutrition amplifies age-associated glucose intolerance in pigs via altered DNA methylation at muscle GLUT4 promoter. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:390-401. [PMID: 27265204 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516002166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of maternal malnutrition on offspring glucose tolerance and the epigenetic mechanisms involved. In total, twelve primiparous Landrace×Yorkshire gilts were fed rations providing either 100 % (control (CON)) or 75 % (undernutrition (UN)) nutritional requirements according to the National Research Council recommendations, throughout gestation. Muscle samples of offspring were collected at birth (dpn1), weaning (dpn28) and adulthood (dpn189). Compared with CON pigs, UN pigs showed lower serum glucose concentrations at birth, but showed higher serum glucose and insulin concentrations as well as increased area under the blood glucose curve during intravenous glucose tolerance test at dpn189 (P<0·05). Compared with CON pigs, GLUT-4 gene and protein expressions were decreased at dpn1 and dpn189 in the muscle of UN pigs, which was accompanied by increased methylation at the GLUT4 promoter (P<0·05). These alterations in methylation concurred with increased mRNA levels of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1 at dpn1 and dpn28, DNMT3a at dpn189 and DNMT3b at dpn1 in UN pigs compared with CON pigs (P<0·05). Interestingly, although the average methylation levels at the muscle GLUT4 promoter were decreased at dpn189 compared with dpn1 in pigs exposed to a poor maternal diet (P<0·05), the methylation differences in individual CpG sites were more pronounced with age. Our results indicate that in utero undernutrition persists to silence muscle GLUT4 likely through DNA methylation during the ageing process, which may lead to the amplification of age-associated glucose intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Cao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Yang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Lin
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Feng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China
| | - De Wu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition,Sichuan Agricultural University,No. 211,Huimin Road,Wenjiang District,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,People's Republic of China
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Chan YK, Loh PS. Handedness in man: The energy availability hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2016; 94:108-11. [PMID: 27515214 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
More than 90% of the human species are right handed. Although outwardly our body appears symmetrical, a 50/50% lateralization in handedness never occurs. Neither have we seen more than 50% left handedness in any subset of the human population. By 12-15weeks of intrauterine life, as many as 6 times more fetuses are noted by ultrasound studies to be sucking on their right thumbs. Distinct difference in oxygenation leading to dissimilar energy availability between right and left subclavian arteries in place by week 9 of life may hold the clue to the lateralization of hand function and eventually, the same in the brain. We know there is a higher incidence of left handedness in males, twins, premature babies and those born to mothers who smoke. They may represent a subset with less distinct difference in oxygenation between the 2 subclavian arteries during the fetal stage. This hypothesis if correct not only closes the gap in understanding human handedness and lateralization but also opens a vista for new research to focus on in utero tissue energy availability and its impact on outcome in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Kuen Chan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Pui San Loh
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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20
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Current Evidence for Developmental, Structural, and Functional Brain Defects following Prenatal Radiation Exposure. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:1243527. [PMID: 27382490 PMCID: PMC4921147 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1243527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is omnipresent. We are continuously exposed to natural (e.g., radon and cosmic) and man-made radiation sources, including those from industry but especially from the medical sector. The increasing use of medical radiation modalities, in particular those employing low-dose radiation such as CT scans, raises concerns regarding the effects of cumulative exposure doses and the inappropriate utilization of these imaging techniques. One of the major goals in the radioprotection field is to better understand the potential health risk posed to the unborn child after radiation exposure to the pregnant mother, of which the first convincing evidence came from epidemiological studies on in utero exposed atomic bomb survivors. In the following years, animal models have proven to be an essential tool to further characterize brain developmental defects and consequent functional deficits. However, the identification of a possible dose threshold is far from complete and a sound link between early defects and persistent anomalies has not yet been established. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on brain developmental and persistent defects resulting from in utero radiation exposure and addresses the many questions that still remain to be answered.
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Pomeroy E, Wells JCK, Stanojevic S, Miranda JJ, Moore LG, Cole TJ, Stock JT. Surname-inferred Andean ancestry is associated with child stature and limb lengths at high altitude in Peru, but not at sea level. Am J Hum Biol 2015; 27:798-806. [PMID: 25960137 PMCID: PMC4607539 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Native Andean ancestry gives partial protection from reduced birthweight at high altitude in the Andes compared with European ancestry. Whether Andean ancestry is also associated with body proportions and greater postnatal body size at altitude is unknown. Therefore, we tested whether a greater proportion of Andean ancestry is associated with stature and body proportions among Peruvian children at high and low altitude. METHODS Height, head circumference, head-trunk height, upper and lower limb lengths, and tibia, ulna, hand and foot lengths, were measured in 133 highland and 169 lowland children aged 6 months to 8.5 years. For highland and lowland groups separately, age-sex-adjusted anthropometry z scores were regressed on the number of indigenous parental surnames as a proxy for Andean ancestry, adjusting for potential confounders (maternal age and education, parity, altitude [highlands only]). RESULTS Among highland children, greater Andean ancestry was negatively associated with stature and tibia, ulna, and lower limb lengths, independent of negative associations with greater altitude for these measurements. Relationships were strongest for tibia length: each additional Andean surname or 1,000 m increase at altitude among highland children was associated with 0.18 and 0.65 z score decreases in tibia length, respectively. Anthropometry was not significantly associated with ancestry among lowland children. CONCLUSIONS Greater Andean ancestry is associated with shorter stature and limb measurements at high but not low altitude. Gene-environment interactions between high altitude and Andean ancestry may exacerbate the trade-off between chest dimensions and stature that was proposed previously, though we could not test this directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Pomeroy
- Newnham College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Division of Biological Anthropology, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan C K Wells
- Division of Biological Anthropology, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sanja Stanojevic
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Jaime Miranda
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases and Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Lorna G Moore
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Tim J Cole
- Population, Policy and Practice Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Jay T Stock
- Division of Biological Anthropology, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Abstract
We determined brain to liver weight ratio (BLWR) thresholds for fetal growth restriction (FGR) using autopsy information on 395 perinatal deaths comprising stillborn babies who died during labour and neonatal deaths. FGR was defined using two methods: (1) birth weight for gestational age (WGA) less than the 10th percentile; and (2) WGA less than the 10th percentile or discordant birth weight/length. The association between BLWR and FGR was investigated using odds ratios, and classification statistics were calculated for a range of BLWR thresholds. Using WGA, 84 cases (21.3%) were FGR and a further 15 cases (n = 99, 25%) had discordant birth weight/length. The BLWR ranged from 1.02 to 7.30 and was positively associated with FGR. BLWR was not associated with FGR for babies with congenital central nervous system or chromosomal abnormalities. Excluding these, for FGR defined using WGA and discordant birth weight/length, a BLWR threshold of 5.0 was 100% predictive of FGR. A BLWR threshold of 3.0 for babies over 28 weeks gestation and 3.7 for more preterm babies optimised case detection while minimising missed and false positive cases. Additional evidence of FGR should be sought for babies with a BLWR of less than 5.0 to confirm FGR.
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Brain development in male rats subjected to early weaning and treated with diet containing flour or flaxseed oil after 21 days until 60 days. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2015; 6:268-71. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174415001087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The precocious interruption of lactation is a prime factor for developmental plasticity. Here we analyzed whether flour or flaxseed oil treatment contributes to body and brain mass in male rats subjected to early weaning. Pups were weaned for separation from their mother at 14 (early weaning, EW) and 21 days (control, C). At 21 days, some of the pups were evaluated (C21 v. EW21). After 21 days, control pups (C60) were fed a control diet. EW pups were divided into those fed a control diet (EWC60), those given flaxseed flour (EWFF60), and those given flaxseed oil (EWFO60) until 60 days. EW21 showed lower body and absolute brain mass and higher relative brain mass. At 60 days, EWC60 and EWFO60 had lower body mass. With regard to relative brain mass, EWC60 was heavier; EWFO60 had lower values compared with EWC60 and higher values compared with C60 and EWFF60. These results indicated that flaxseed flour, in comparison with flaxseed oil, contributes to brain development after EW.
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Zebrafish as a Model for Developmental Neurotoxicity Assessment: The Application of the Zebrafish in Defining the Effects of Arsenic, Methylmercury, or Lead on Early Neurodevelopment. TOXICS 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/toxics2030464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Pomeroy E, Stock JT, Cole TJ, O'Callaghan M, Wells JCK. Relationships between neonatal weight, limb lengths, skinfold thicknesses, body breadths and circumferences in an Australian cohort. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105108. [PMID: 25162658 PMCID: PMC4146506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low birth weight has been consistently associated with adult chronic disease risk. The thrifty phenotype hypothesis assumes that reduced fetal growth impacts some organs more than others. However, it remains unclear how birth weight relates to different body components, such as circumferences, adiposity, body segment lengths and limb proportions. We hypothesized that these components vary in their relationship to birth weight. Methods We analysed the relationship between birth weight and detailed anthropometry in 1270 singleton live-born neonates (668 male) from the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (Brisbane, Australia). We tested adjusted anthropometry for correlations with birth weight. We then performed stepwise multiple regression on birth weight of: body lengths, breadths and circumferences; relative limb to neck-rump proportions; or skinfold thicknesses. All analyses were adjusted for sex and gestational age, and used logged data. Results Circumferences, especially chest, were most strongly related to birth weight, while segment lengths (neck-rump, thigh, upper arm, and especially lower arm and lower leg) were relatively weakly related to birth weight, and limb lengths relative to neck-rump length showed no relationship. Skinfolds accounted for 36% of birth weight variance, but adjusting for size (neck-rump, thigh and upper arm lengths, and head circumference), this decreased to 10%. There was no evidence that heavier babies had proportionally thicker skinfolds. Conclusions Neonatal body measurements vary in their association with birth weight: head and chest circumferences showed the strongest associations while limb segment lengths did not relate strongly to birth weight. After adjusting for body size, subcutaneous fatness accounted for a smaller proportion of birth weight variance than previously reported. While heavier babies had absolutely thicker skinfolds, this was proportional to their size. Relative limb to trunk length was unrelated to birth weight, suggesting that limb proportions at birth do not index factors relevant to prenatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Pomeroy
- Newnham College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Division of Biological Anthropology, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Jay T. Stock
- Division of Biological Anthropology, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tim J. Cole
- Population Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael O'Callaghan
- School of Medicine, Mater Clinical School, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jonathan C. K. Wells
- Division of Biological Anthropology, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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Plasticity and constraint in response to early-life stressors among late/final jomon period foragers from Japan: Evidence for life history trade-offs from incremental microstructures of enamel. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 155:537-45. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Tennant IA, Barnett AT, Thompson DS, Kips J, Boyne MS, Chung EE, Chung AP, Osmond C, Hanson MA, Gluckman PD, Segers P, Cruickshank JK, Forrester TE. Impaired cardiovascular structure and function in adult survivors of severe acute malnutrition. Hypertension 2014; 64:664-71. [PMID: 24980666 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Malnutrition below 5 years remains a global health issue. Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) presents in childhood as oedematous (kwashiorkor) or nonoedematous (marasmic) forms, with unknown long-term cardiovascular consequences. We hypothesized that cardiovascular structure and function would be poorer in SAM survivors than unexposed controls. We studied 116 adult SAM survivors, 54 after marasmus, 62 kwashiorkor, and 45 age/sex/body mass index-matched community controls who had standardized anthropometry, blood pressure, echocardiography, and arterial tonometry performed. Left ventricular indices and outflow tract diameter, carotid parameters, and pulse wave velocity were measured, with systemic vascular resistance calculated. All were expressed as SD scores. Mean (SD) age was 28.8±7.8 years (55% men). Adjusting for age, sex, height, and weight, SAM survivors had mean (SE) reductions for left ventricular outflow tract diameter of 0.67 (0.16; P<0.001), stroke volume 0.44 (0.17; P=0.009), cardiac output 0.5 (0.16; P=0.001), and pulse wave velocity 0.32 (0.15; P=0.03) compared with controls but higher diastolic blood pressures (by 4.3; 1.2-7.3 mm Hg; P=0.007). Systemic vascular resistance was higher in marasmus and kwashiorkor survivors (30.2 [1.2] and 30.8 [1.1], respectively) than controls 25.3 (0.8), overall difference 5.5 (95% confidence interval, 2.8-8.4 mm Hg min/L; P<0.0001). No evidence of large vessel or cardiac remodeling was found, except closer relationships between these indices in former marasmic survivors. Other parameters did not differ between SAM survivor groups. We conclude that adult SAM survivors had smaller outflow tracts and cardiac output when compared with controls, yet markedly elevated peripheral resistance. Malnutrition survivors are thus likely to develop excess hypertension in later life, especially when exposed to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid A Tennant
- From the Tropical Medicine Research Institute (D.S.T., M.S.B.), Departments of Surgery, Radiology, Anaesthesia, and Intensive Care (I.A.T., A.T.B.), Medicine (Cardiology) (E.E.C., A.P.C.), and UWI Solutions for Developing Countries (T.E.F.), University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica; Institute Biomedical Technology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium (J.K., P.S.); MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit (C.O.) and DOHAD Division (M.A.H.), University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation, and Disease, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (P.D.G.); and Division of Diabetes, Cardiovascular Medicine, and Nutrition, King's College and King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom (J.K.C.)
| | - Alan T Barnett
- From the Tropical Medicine Research Institute (D.S.T., M.S.B.), Departments of Surgery, Radiology, Anaesthesia, and Intensive Care (I.A.T., A.T.B.), Medicine (Cardiology) (E.E.C., A.P.C.), and UWI Solutions for Developing Countries (T.E.F.), University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica; Institute Biomedical Technology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium (J.K., P.S.); MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit (C.O.) and DOHAD Division (M.A.H.), University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation, and Disease, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (P.D.G.); and Division of Diabetes, Cardiovascular Medicine, and Nutrition, King's College and King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom (J.K.C.)
| | - Debbie S Thompson
- From the Tropical Medicine Research Institute (D.S.T., M.S.B.), Departments of Surgery, Radiology, Anaesthesia, and Intensive Care (I.A.T., A.T.B.), Medicine (Cardiology) (E.E.C., A.P.C.), and UWI Solutions for Developing Countries (T.E.F.), University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica; Institute Biomedical Technology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium (J.K., P.S.); MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit (C.O.) and DOHAD Division (M.A.H.), University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation, and Disease, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (P.D.G.); and Division of Diabetes, Cardiovascular Medicine, and Nutrition, King's College and King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom (J.K.C.)
| | - Jan Kips
- From the Tropical Medicine Research Institute (D.S.T., M.S.B.), Departments of Surgery, Radiology, Anaesthesia, and Intensive Care (I.A.T., A.T.B.), Medicine (Cardiology) (E.E.C., A.P.C.), and UWI Solutions for Developing Countries (T.E.F.), University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica; Institute Biomedical Technology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium (J.K., P.S.); MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit (C.O.) and DOHAD Division (M.A.H.), University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation, and Disease, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (P.D.G.); and Division of Diabetes, Cardiovascular Medicine, and Nutrition, King's College and King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom (J.K.C.)
| | - Michael S Boyne
- From the Tropical Medicine Research Institute (D.S.T., M.S.B.), Departments of Surgery, Radiology, Anaesthesia, and Intensive Care (I.A.T., A.T.B.), Medicine (Cardiology) (E.E.C., A.P.C.), and UWI Solutions for Developing Countries (T.E.F.), University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica; Institute Biomedical Technology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium (J.K., P.S.); MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit (C.O.) and DOHAD Division (M.A.H.), University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation, and Disease, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (P.D.G.); and Division of Diabetes, Cardiovascular Medicine, and Nutrition, King's College and King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom (J.K.C.)
| | - Edward E Chung
- From the Tropical Medicine Research Institute (D.S.T., M.S.B.), Departments of Surgery, Radiology, Anaesthesia, and Intensive Care (I.A.T., A.T.B.), Medicine (Cardiology) (E.E.C., A.P.C.), and UWI Solutions for Developing Countries (T.E.F.), University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica; Institute Biomedical Technology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium (J.K., P.S.); MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit (C.O.) and DOHAD Division (M.A.H.), University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation, and Disease, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (P.D.G.); and Division of Diabetes, Cardiovascular Medicine, and Nutrition, King's College and King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom (J.K.C.)
| | - Andrene P Chung
- From the Tropical Medicine Research Institute (D.S.T., M.S.B.), Departments of Surgery, Radiology, Anaesthesia, and Intensive Care (I.A.T., A.T.B.), Medicine (Cardiology) (E.E.C., A.P.C.), and UWI Solutions for Developing Countries (T.E.F.), University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica; Institute Biomedical Technology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium (J.K., P.S.); MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit (C.O.) and DOHAD Division (M.A.H.), University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation, and Disease, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (P.D.G.); and Division of Diabetes, Cardiovascular Medicine, and Nutrition, King's College and King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom (J.K.C.)
| | - Clive Osmond
- From the Tropical Medicine Research Institute (D.S.T., M.S.B.), Departments of Surgery, Radiology, Anaesthesia, and Intensive Care (I.A.T., A.T.B.), Medicine (Cardiology) (E.E.C., A.P.C.), and UWI Solutions for Developing Countries (T.E.F.), University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica; Institute Biomedical Technology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium (J.K., P.S.); MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit (C.O.) and DOHAD Division (M.A.H.), University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation, and Disease, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (P.D.G.); and Division of Diabetes, Cardiovascular Medicine, and Nutrition, King's College and King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom (J.K.C.)
| | - Mark A Hanson
- From the Tropical Medicine Research Institute (D.S.T., M.S.B.), Departments of Surgery, Radiology, Anaesthesia, and Intensive Care (I.A.T., A.T.B.), Medicine (Cardiology) (E.E.C., A.P.C.), and UWI Solutions for Developing Countries (T.E.F.), University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica; Institute Biomedical Technology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium (J.K., P.S.); MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit (C.O.) and DOHAD Division (M.A.H.), University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation, and Disease, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (P.D.G.); and Division of Diabetes, Cardiovascular Medicine, and Nutrition, King's College and King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom (J.K.C.)
| | - Peter D Gluckman
- From the Tropical Medicine Research Institute (D.S.T., M.S.B.), Departments of Surgery, Radiology, Anaesthesia, and Intensive Care (I.A.T., A.T.B.), Medicine (Cardiology) (E.E.C., A.P.C.), and UWI Solutions for Developing Countries (T.E.F.), University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica; Institute Biomedical Technology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium (J.K., P.S.); MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit (C.O.) and DOHAD Division (M.A.H.), University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation, and Disease, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (P.D.G.); and Division of Diabetes, Cardiovascular Medicine, and Nutrition, King's College and King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom (J.K.C.)
| | - Patrick Segers
- From the Tropical Medicine Research Institute (D.S.T., M.S.B.), Departments of Surgery, Radiology, Anaesthesia, and Intensive Care (I.A.T., A.T.B.), Medicine (Cardiology) (E.E.C., A.P.C.), and UWI Solutions for Developing Countries (T.E.F.), University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica; Institute Biomedical Technology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium (J.K., P.S.); MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit (C.O.) and DOHAD Division (M.A.H.), University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation, and Disease, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (P.D.G.); and Division of Diabetes, Cardiovascular Medicine, and Nutrition, King's College and King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom (J.K.C.)
| | - J Kennedy Cruickshank
- From the Tropical Medicine Research Institute (D.S.T., M.S.B.), Departments of Surgery, Radiology, Anaesthesia, and Intensive Care (I.A.T., A.T.B.), Medicine (Cardiology) (E.E.C., A.P.C.), and UWI Solutions for Developing Countries (T.E.F.), University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica; Institute Biomedical Technology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium (J.K., P.S.); MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit (C.O.) and DOHAD Division (M.A.H.), University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation, and Disease, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (P.D.G.); and Division of Diabetes, Cardiovascular Medicine, and Nutrition, King's College and King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom (J.K.C.)
| | - Terrence E Forrester
- From the Tropical Medicine Research Institute (D.S.T., M.S.B.), Departments of Surgery, Radiology, Anaesthesia, and Intensive Care (I.A.T., A.T.B.), Medicine (Cardiology) (E.E.C., A.P.C.), and UWI Solutions for Developing Countries (T.E.F.), University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica; Institute Biomedical Technology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium (J.K., P.S.); MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit (C.O.) and DOHAD Division (M.A.H.), University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation, and Disease, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (P.D.G.); and Division of Diabetes, Cardiovascular Medicine, and Nutrition, King's College and King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom (J.K.C.).
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28
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Cuffe JSM, Walton SL, Singh RR, Spiers JG, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Wilkinson L, Little MH, Moritz KM. Mid- to late term hypoxia in the mouse alters placental morphology, glucocorticoid regulatory pathways and nutrient transporters in a sex-specific manner. J Physiol 2014; 592:3127-41. [PMID: 24801305 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.272856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal hypoxia is a common perturbation that can disrupt placental and thus fetal development, contributing to neonatal impairments. Recently, evidence has suggested that physiological outcomes are dependent upon the sex of the fetus, with males more susceptible to hypoxic insults than females. This study investigated the effects of maternal hypoxia during mid- to late gestation on fetal growth and placental development and determined if responses were sex specific. CD1 mice were housed under 21% or 12% oxygen from embryonic day (E) 14.5 until tissue collection at E18.5. Fetuses and placentas were weighed before collection for gene and protein expression and morphological analysis. Hypoxia reduced fetal weight in both sexes at E18.5 by 7% but did not affect placental weight. Hypoxia reduced placental mRNA levels of the mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors and reduced the gene and protein expression of the glucocorticoid metabolizing enzyme HSD11B2. However, placentas of female fetuses responded differently to maternal hypoxia than did placentas of male fetuses. Notably, morphology was significantly altered in placentas from hypoxic female fetuses, with a reduction in placental labyrinth blood spaces. In addition mRNA expression of Glut1, Igf2 and Igf1r were reduced in placentas of female fetuses only. In summary, maternal hypoxia altered placental formation in a sex specific manner through mechanisms involving placental vascular development, growth factor and nutrient transporter expression and placental glucocorticoid signalling. This study provides insight into how sex differences in offspring disease development may be due to sex specific placental adaptations to maternal insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S M Cuffe
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - S L Walton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - R R Singh
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - J G Spiers
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - H Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - L Wilkinson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - M H Little
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - K M Moritz
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Prenatal programming in an obese swine model: sex-related effects of maternal energy restriction on morphology, metabolism and hypothalamic gene expression. Br J Nutr 2014; 111:735-46. [PMID: 24528940 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513002948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Maternal energy restriction during pregnancy predisposes to metabolic alterations in the offspring. The present study was designed to evaluate phenotypic and metabolic consequences following maternal undernutrition in an obese pig model and to define the potential role of hypothalamic gene expression in programming effects. Iberian sows were fed a control or a 50 % restricted diet for the last two-thirds of gestation. Newborns were assessed for body and organ weights, hormonal and metabolic status, and hypothalamic expression of genes implicated in energy homeostasis, glucocorticoid function and methylation. Weight and adiposity were measured in adult littermates. Newborns of the restricted sows were lighter (P <0·01), but brain growth was spared. The plasma concentration of TAG was lower in the restricted newborns than in the control newborns of both the sexes (P <0·01), while the concentration of cortisol was higher in females born to the restricted sows (P <0·04), reflecting a situation of metabolic stress by nutrient insufficiency. A lower hypothalamic expression of anorexigenic peptides (LEPR and POMC, P <0·01 and P <0·04, respectively) was observed in females born to the restricted sows, but no effect was observed in the males. The expression of HSD11B1 gene was down-regulated in the restricted animals (P <0·05), suggesting an adaptive mechanism for reducing the harmful effects of elevated concentrations of cortisol. At 4 and 7 months of age, the restricted females were heavier and fatter than the controls (P< 0·01). Maternal feed restriction induces asymmetrical growth retardation and metabolic alterations in the offspring. Differences in gene expression at birth and higher growth and adiposity in adulthood suggest a female-specific programming effect for a positive energy balance, possibly due to overexposure to endogenous stress-induced glucocorticoids.
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30
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Huang L, Yu X, Keim S, Li L, Zhang L, Zhang J. Maternal prepregnancy obesity and child neurodevelopment in the Collaborative Perinatal Project. Int J Epidemiol 2014; 43:783-92. [PMID: 24569381 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyu030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the association between maternal prepregnancy weight and child neurodevelopment, and the effect of gestational weight gain. METHODS Using the U.S. Collaborative Perinatal Project data, 1959-76, a total of 30,212 women with a calculable prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain, and term singleton children followed up for more than 7 years were included in this study. Intelligence quotient (IQ) was measured at 7 years of age by Wechsler Intelligence Scales. RESULTS Maternal prepregnancy BMI displayed inverted U-shaped associations with child IQ after adjustment for maternal age, maternal education levels, maternal race, marital status, socioeconomic status, smoking during pregnancy, parity and study center. Women with BMI at around 20 kg/m2 appeared to have the highest offspring IQ scores. After controlling for familial factors in the siblings' sample, maternal obesity (BMI≥30.0 kg/m2) was associated with lower Full-scale IQ (adjusted ß=-2.0, 95% confidence interval -3.5 to -0.5), and Verbal scale IQ (adjusted ß=-2.5, 95% confidence interval -4.0 to -1.0), using BMI of 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 as the reference category. Compared with children born to normal-weight women who gained 21-25 lb. during pregnancy, those born to obese women who gained more than 40 lb. had 6.5 points deficit in IQ after adjustment for potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS Maternal prepregnancy obesity was associated with lower child IQ, and excessive weight gain accelerated the association. With obesity rising steadily, these results appear to raise serious public health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisu Huang
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health and Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Biobehavioral Health, Columbus, OH, USA and Department of Pediatrics and Division of Epidemiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA and Department of Obstetrics, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, ChinaMOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health and Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Biobehavioral Health, Columbus, OH, USA and Department of Pediatrics and Division of Epidemiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA and Department of Obstetrics, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodan Yu
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health and Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Biobehavioral Health, Columbus, OH, USA and Department of Pediatrics and Division of Epidemiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA and Department of Obstetrics, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sarah Keim
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health and Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Biobehavioral Health, Columbus, OH, USA and Department of Pediatrics and Division of Epidemiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA and Department of Obstetrics, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Li
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health and Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Biobehavioral Health, Columbus, OH, USA and Department of Pediatrics and Division of Epidemiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA and Department of Obstetrics, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health and Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Biobehavioral Health, Columbus, OH, USA and Department of Pediatrics and Division of Epidemiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA and Department of Obstetrics, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health and Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Biobehavioral Health, Columbus, OH, USA and Department of Pediatrics and Division of Epidemiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA and Department of Obstetrics, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Thomaidis L, Zantopoulos GZ, Fouzas S, Mantagou L, Bakoula C, Konstantopoulos A. Predictors of severity and outcome of global developmental delay without definitive etiologic yield: a prospective observational study. BMC Pediatr 2014; 14:40. [PMID: 24521451 PMCID: PMC3933196 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-14-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several determinants of global developmental delay (GDD) have been recognized, a significant number of children remain without definitive etiologic diagnosis. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of various prenatal and perinatal factors on the severity and outcome of developmental delay without definitive etiologic yield. METHODS From March 2008 to February 2010, 142 children with developmental quotient (DQ) <70 and without definitive etiologic diagnosis, were included. Prenatal and perinatal risk factors known to be associated with disordered neonatal brain function were identified. Participants underwent a thorough investigation, an individualized habilitation plan was recommended, and the children were followed-up regularly for a period of 2 < years. The effect of prenatal and perinatal risk factors on the severity and outcome of GDD was assessed by regression analysis. RESULTS The mean age at enrolment was 31 ± 12 < months, and the mean DQ 52.2 ± 11.4. Prematurity and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) were found to be independently associated with lower DQ values. The mean DQ after the 2-year follow-up was 62.5 ± 12.7, and the DQ difference from the enrollment 10.4 ± 8.9 (median 10; range-10 to 42). DQ improvement (defined as a DQ difference?≥?median) was noted in 52.8% of the children. IUGR, low socio-economic status, and poor compliance to habilitation plan were found to be independently associated with poorer developmental outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Prematurity and IUGR were found to be significantly and independently related to the severity of GDD in cases without definitive etiologic yield. Poorer 2-year developmental outcome was associated with IUGR, low socioeconomic status and non compliance to habilitation plan. Prematurity was a significant determinant of the outcome only in association with the above mentioned factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgios Zacharias Zantopoulos
- Developmental Assessment Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, P, & A, Kyriakou Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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Temple DH, Bazaliiskii VI, Goriunova OI, Weber AW. Skeletal growth in early and late Neolithic foragers from the Cis-Baikal region of Eastern Siberia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 153:377-86. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Temple
- Department of Anthropology; University of North Carolina Wilmington; Wilmington NC 28403-5907
| | | | - Olga I. Goriunova
- Department of Geoarchaeology; Irkutsk State University; Irkutsk 664003 Russia
| | - Andrzej W. Weber
- Department of Anthropology; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB T6G 2H4 Canada
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Pomeroy E, Stock JT, Stanojevic S, Miranda JJ, Cole TJ, Wells JCK. Trade-offs in relative limb length among Peruvian children: extending the thrifty phenotype hypothesis to limb proportions. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51795. [PMID: 23272169 PMCID: PMC3521697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Methods Both the concept of ‘brain-sparing’ growth and associations between relative lower limb length, childhood environment and adult disease risk are well established. Furthermore, tibia length is suggested to be particularly plastic under conditions of environmental stress. The mechanisms responsible are uncertain, but three hypotheses may be relevant. The ‘thrifty phenotype’ assumes that some components of growth are selectively sacrificed to preserve more critical outcomes, like the brain. The ‘distal blood flow’ hypothesis assumes that blood nutrients decline with distance from the heart, and hence may affect limbs in relation to basic body geometry. Temperature adaptation predicts a gradient of decreased size along the limbs reflecting decreasing tissue temperature/blood flow. We examined these questions by comparing the size of body segments among Peruvian children born and raised in differentially stressful environments. In a cross-sectional sample of children aged 6 months to 14 years (n = 447) we measured head circumference, head-trunk height, total upper and lower limb lengths, and zeugopod (ulna and tibia) and autopod (hand and foot) lengths. Results Highland children (exposed to greater stress) had significantly shorter limbs and zeugopod and autopod elements than lowland children, while differences in head-trunk height were smaller. Zeugopod elements appeared most sensitive to environmental conditions, as they were relatively shorter among highland children than their respective autopod elements. Discussion The results suggest that functional traits (hand, foot, and head) may be partially protected at the expense of the tibia and ulna. The results do not fit the predictions of the distal blood flow and temperature adaptation models as explanations for relative limb segment growth under stress conditions. Rather, our data support the extension of the thrifty phenotype hypothesis to limb growth, and suggest that certain elements of limb growth may be sacrificed under tough conditions to buffer more functional traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Pomeroy
- Division of Biological Anthropology, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Hinkle SN, Schieve LA, Stein AD, Swan DW, Ramakrishnan U, Sharma AJ. Associations between maternal prepregnancy body mass index and child neurodevelopment at 2 years of age. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 36:1312-9. [PMID: 22964791 PMCID: PMC4583192 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2012.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Both underweight and obese mothers have an increased risk for adverse offspring outcomes. Few studies have examined the association between prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and children's neurodevelopment. SUBJECTS We used data from the nationally representative Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (ECLS-B; n=6850). Children were classified according to their mother's prepregnancy BMI (kg m(-2)) status: underweight (BMI <18.5), normal weight (BMI 18.5-24.9), overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9), obese class I (BMI 30.0-34.9), and obese class II and III (BMI ≥35.0). Children's age-adjusted mental development index (MDI) and psychomotor development index (PDI) T-scores (mean 50, s.d. 10) were obtained using a validated shortened version of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II at approximately 2 years of age. While adjusting for sociodemographics, we estimated the average MDI and PDI scores or the risk of delayed (<-1 s.d. vs >1 s.d.) mental or motor development, relative to children of normal weight mothers. RESULTS Compared with children of normal weight mothers, MDI scores were lower among children of mothers of all other prepregnancy BMI categories, with the greatest adjusted difference among children of class II and III obese mothers (-2.13 (95% CI -3.32, -0.93)). The adjusted risk of delayed mental development was increased among children of underweight (risk ratio (RR) 1.36 (95% CI 1.04, 1.78)) and class II and III obese (RR 1.38 (95% CI 1.03, 1.84)) mothers. Children's PDI scores or motor delay did not differ by maternal prepregnancy BMI. CONCLUSION In this nationally representative sample of 2-year-old US children, low and very-high maternal prepregnancy BMI were associated with increased risk of delayed mental development but not motor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Hinkle
- Nutrition and Health Sciences, Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Kachewar SG, Gandage SG. The Foetal 'Mind' as a Reflection of its Inner Self: Evidence from Colour Doppler Ultrasound of Foetal MCA. Mens Sana Monogr 2012; 10:98-108. [PMID: 22654385 PMCID: PMC3353609 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1229.85495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The unborn healthy foetus is looked upon as a blessing by one and all. A plethora of thoughts arise in the brains of expectant parents. But what goes on in the brain of the yet unborn still remains a mystery. 'Foetal mind' is a reflection of functions of its organs of sense, an instrument of knowledge that may even be reduced to machine to demonstrate the effect of sense organs and brain contact. Testimony to this fact are the various waveform patterns obtained non-invasively from the foetal Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) by using Colour Doppler Ultrasound. Our study, conducted for evaluating the foetal MCA in a rural obstetric population in Maharashtra, India, explains how the MCA - a major artery supplying foetal brain, can give abundant information about foetal heart and foetal stress. When only the foetal heart is stressed by the presence of arrhythmias or ectopic beats, these changes are manifest in the foetal MCA velocity waveform pattern as seen on Colour Doppler study. When the entire foetus is under stress, as in cases of intra uterine growth retardation (IUGR), changes again manifest in the foetal MCA velocity waveform pattern and are designated as the foetal Brain Sparing Effect. Thus scientific evaluation of foetal MCA waveform can objectively demonstrate that the overtly non-communicating foetal brain indeed remains an internal organ of sense and a vital instrument of knowledge to clarify the various effects of sense organs and brain contact. Although the brain parenchyma or cerebral metabolism has not been studied here, cerebral vessels serve as a window to cerebral metabolism, as auto regulatory function of brain leads to changes in haemodynamics of cerebral vessels. Also, like other vessels, MCA mirrors foetal distress and IUGR; but unlike other vessels, e.g. the umbilical or uterine artery, which show these changes in the form of reduction or even reversal of diastolic flow, MCA shows an increase in diastolic component due to brain sparing effect. The unique connection between physical changes in the foetal heart, brain and mental operations are thus critically clarified to some extent, and this helps untangle and comprehend the lattice of mental operations. Although this preliminary study has its limitations, it still carries forward the present corpus of knowledge on the strength of its evidential and critical enquiry and helps unravel the concept of foetal consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Ghanshyam Kachewar
- Department of Radio-diagnosis, Rural Medical College, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences LONI, At Post-LONI, Rahata, Ahmednagar - 413 736, Maharashtra, India
| | - Siddappa Gurubalappa Gandage
- Department of Radio-diagnosis, Rural Medical College, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences LONI, At Post-LONI, Rahata, Ahmednagar - 413 736, Maharashtra, India
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