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Medzhitov R, Iwasaki A. Exploring new perspectives in immunology. Cell 2024; 187:2079-2094. [PMID: 38670066 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Several conceptual pillars form the foundation of modern immunology, including the clonal selection theory, antigen receptor diversity, immune memory, and innate control of adaptive immunity. However, some immunological phenomena cannot be explained by the current framework. Thus, we still do not know how to design vaccines that would provide long-lasting protective immunity against certain pathogens, why autoimmune responses target some antigens and not others, or why the immune response to infection sometimes does more harm than good. Understanding some of these mysteries may require that we question existing assumptions to develop and test alternative explanations. Immunology is increasingly at a point when, once again, exploring new perspectives becomes a necessity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Medzhitov
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA; Center for Infection and Immunity, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Tananbaum Center for Theoretical and Analytical Human Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA; Center for Infection and Immunity, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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2
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Ayala Ceja M, Khericha M, Harris CM, Puig-Saus C, Chen YY. CAR-T cell manufacturing: Major process parameters and next-generation strategies. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20230903. [PMID: 38226974 PMCID: PMC10791545 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies have demonstrated strong curative potential and become a critical component in the array of B-cell malignancy treatments. Successful deployment of CAR-T cell therapies to treat hematologic and solid cancers, as well as other indications such as autoimmune diseases, is dependent on effective CAR-T cell manufacturing that impacts not only product safety and efficacy but also overall accessibility to patients in need. In this review, we discuss the major process parameters of autologous CAR-T cell manufacturing, as well as regulatory considerations and ongoing developments that will enable the next generation of CAR-T cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Ayala Ceja
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California−Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mobina Khericha
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California−Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Caitlin M. Harris
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California−Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Puig-Saus
- Department of Medicine, University of California−Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California−Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy Center at University of California−Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yvonne Y. Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California−Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California−Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy Center at University of California−Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California−Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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3
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Liu L, Zheng W, Qian H, Zhao Z, Tian L, Song Y, Lei X, Zhao Z, Xue X, Zheng X. Over-expression of IL-33 enhances rabies virus early antigen presentations and cellular immune responses in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:111005. [PMID: 37804656 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Human inactivated rabies virus (RABV) vaccines have been widely used worldwide over 30 years. The mechanisms of humoral immunity elicited by previously reported rabies candidate vaccines have been fully investigated, but little is known about the cellular immunity profiles. Herein, the recombinant RABV rLBNSE-IL-33 overexpressing the mouse interleukin-33 (IL-33) proliferated well in Neuro-2a cells and had no effects with the parent virus on growth kinetic in vitro and viral pathogenicity in mice. The rLBNSE-IL-33 experienced more antigen presentations by MHC-II on DCs and activated more CD4+ T cells which helped recruit more CD19+CD40+ B cells in blood and promote rapid and robust IgG1 antibodies responses at initial infection stage compared with the parent rLBNSE strain. Simultaneously, the rLBNSE-IL-33 were also presented by MHC-I to CD8+ T cells which contributed to produce high levels of IgG2a. The rLBNSE-IL-33 elicited significantly high levels of RABV-specific IFN-γ secreting memory CD4+ T cells, more RABV-specific IL-4 and IFN-γ secreting memory CD8+ T cells in spleens at early infection stage in mice. Altogether, overexpression of IL-33 in rLBNSE-IL-33 enhanced early antigen presentation, markedly promote CD4+, memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells-mediated responses and provided a 100 % protection from lethal RABV challenge in mice. These findings provided an alternative novel therapy and vaccine strategy in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Liu
- The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, Shandong, China; Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Wenwen Zheng
- The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, Shandong, China; Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Hua Qian
- The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongxin Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276002, China
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yanyan Song
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiaoying Lei
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Zhongpeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xianghong Xue
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases of Special Animal, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.
| | - Xuexing Zheng
- The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, Shandong, China; Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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4
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He Y, Hong C, Huang S, Kaskow JA, Covarrubias G, Pires IS, Sacane JC, Hammond PT, Belcher AM. STING Protein-Based In Situ Vaccine Synergizes CD4 + T, CD8 + T, and NK Cells for Tumor Eradication. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300688. [PMID: 37015729 PMCID: PMC10964211 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling is a promising target in cancer immunotherapy, with many ongoing clinical studies in combination with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Existing STING-based therapies largely focus on activating CD8+ T cell or NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, while the role of CD4+ T cells in STING signaling has yet to be extensively studied in vivo. Here, a distinct CD4-mediated, protein-based combination therapy of STING and ICB as an in situ vaccine, is reported. The treatment eliminates subcutaneous MC38 and YUMM1.7 tumors in 70-100% of mice and protected all cured mice against rechallenge. Mechanistic studies reveal a robust TH 1 polarization and suppression of Treg of CD4+ T cells, followed by an effective collaboration of CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and NK cells to eliminate tumors. Finally, the potential to overcome host STING deficiency by significantly decreasing MC38 tumor burden in STING KO mice is demonstrated, addressing the translational challenge for the 19% of human population with loss-of-function STING variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpu He
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Celestine Hong
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Shengnan Huang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Justin A Kaskow
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Gil Covarrubias
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Ivan S Pires
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - James C Sacane
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Paula T Hammond
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Angela M Belcher
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
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Daniel L, Counoupas C, Bhattacharyya ND, Triccas JA, Britton WJ, Feng CG. L-selectin-dependent and -independent homing of naïve lymphocytes through the lung draining lymph node support T cell response to pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011460. [PMID: 37405965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recruiting large numbers of naïve lymphocytes to lymph nodes is critical for mounting an effective adaptive immune response. While most naïve lymphocytes utilize homing molecule L-selectin to enter lymph nodes, some circulating cells can traffic to the lung-draining mediastinal lymph node (mLN) through lymphatics via the intermediate organ, lung. However, whether this alternative trafficking mechanism operates in infection and contributes to T cell priming are unknown. We report that in pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice, homing of circulating lymphocytes to the mLN is significantly less efficient than to non-draining lymph node. CD62L blockade only partially reduced the homing of naïve T lymphocytes, consistent with L-selectin-independent routing of naïve lymphocytes to the site. We further demonstrated that lymphatic vessels in infected mLN expanded significantly and inhibiting lymphangiogenesis with a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 kinase inhibitor reduced the recruitment of intravenously injected naïve lymphocytes to the mLN. Finally, mycobacterium-specific T cells entering via the L-selectin-independent route were readily activated in the mLN. Our study suggests that both L-selectin-dependent and -independent pathways contribute to naïve lymphocyte entry into mLN during M. tuberculosis infection and the latter pathway may represent an important mechanism for orchestrating host defence in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Daniel
- Immunology and Host Defence Group, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Claudio Counoupas
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nayan D Bhattacharyya
- Immunology and Host Defence Group, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - James A Triccas
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Warwick J Britton
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carl G Feng
- Immunology and Host Defence Group, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Joshi I, Carney WP, Rock EP. Utility of monocyte HLA-DR and rationale for therapeutic GM-CSF in sepsis immunoparalysis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1130214. [PMID: 36825018 PMCID: PMC9942705 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1130214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, a heterogeneous clinical syndrome, features a systemic inflammatory response to tissue injury or infection, followed by a state of reduced immune responsiveness. Measurable alterations occur in both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Immunoparalysis, an immunosuppressed state, associates with worsened outcomes, including multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, secondary infections, and increased mortality. Multiple immune markers to identify sepsis immunoparalysis have been proposed, and some might offer clinical utility. Sepsis immunoparalysis is characterized by reduced lymphocyte numbers and downregulation of class II human leukocyte antigens (HLA) on innate immune monocytes. Class II HLA proteins present peptide antigens for recognition by and activation of antigen-specific T lymphocytes. One monocyte class II protein, mHLA-DR, can be measured by flow cytometry. Downregulated mHLA-DR indicates reduced monocyte responsiveness, as measured by ex-vivo cytokine production in response to endotoxin stimulation. Our literature survey reveals low mHLA-DR expression on peripheral blood monocytes correlates with increased risks for infection and death. For mHLA-DR, 15,000 antibodies/cell appears clinically acceptable as the lower limit of immunocompetence. Values less than 15,000 antibodies/cell are correlated with sepsis severity; and values at or less than 8000 antibodies/cell are identified as severe immunoparalysis. Several experimental immunotherapies have been evaluated for reversal of sepsis immunoparalysis. In particular, sargramostim, a recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhu GM-CSF), has demonstrated clinical benefit by reducing hospitalization duration and lowering secondary infection risk. Lowered infection risk correlates with increased mHLA-DR expression on peripheral blood monocytes in these patients. Although mHLA-DR has shown promising utility for identifying sepsis immunoparalysis, absence of a standardized, analytically validated method has thus far prevented widespread adoption. A clinically useful approach for patient inclusion and identification of clinically correlated output parameters could address the persistent high unmet medical need for effective targeted therapies in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ila Joshi
- Development and Regulatory Department, Partner Therapeutics, Inc., Lexington, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Ila Joshi,
| | - Walter P. Carney
- Walt Carney Biomarkers Consulting, LLC., North Andover, MA, United States
| | - Edwin P. Rock
- Development and Regulatory Department, Partner Therapeutics, Inc., Lexington, MA, United States
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Yao L, Blasi J, Shippy T, Brice R. Transcriptomic analysis reveals the immune response of human microglia to a soy protein and collagen hybrid bioscaffold. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13352. [PMID: 36825181 PMCID: PMC9941947 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory reactions resulting from spinal cord injury cause significant secondary damage. Microglial cells activate CD4+ T cells via major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) molecules. The activated T cells lead to neural tissue damage and demyelination at early stages of spinal cord injury. Control of the inflammatory response may attenuate the injury process. In this study, we compared gene expression in human microglia grown on soy protein-collagen hybrid scaffolds versus collagen scaffolds. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were subjected to gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment assays. Among down-regulated genes, the "antigen processing and presentation" pathway shows enrichment, primarily due to the down-regulation of MHCII molecules. The DEGs in this pathway show enrichment of binding sites for several transcription factors, with CIITA and IRF8 being the top candidates. The down-regulation of MHCII along with the significant enrichment of the GO term "focal adhesion" among the up-regulated genes helps explain the higher motility of microglial cells on the hybrid scaffold compared with that on the collagen scaffold. Up-regulated genes associated with "focal adhesion" include DNM2, AHNAK, and HYOU1, which have been previously implicated in increased cell motility. Overall, our study indicates that the use of hybrid scaffolds containing soy protein and collagen may modulate the immune response of wounded neural tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount Street, Wichita, KS 67260, United States,Corresponding author.
| | - Jacques Blasi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount Street, Wichita, KS 67260, United States
| | - Teresa Shippy
- KSU Bioinformatics Center, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Ryan Brice
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount Street, Wichita, KS 67260, United States
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Groeneveldt C, van den Ende J, van Montfoort N. Preexisting immunity: Barrier or bridge to effective oncolytic virus therapy? Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 70:1-12. [PMID: 36732155 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent a highly promising treatment strategy for a wide range of cancers, by mediating both the direct killing of tumor cells as well as mobilization of antitumor immune responses. As many OVs circulate in the human population, preexisting OV-specific immune responses are prevalent. Indeed, neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are abundantly present in the human population for commonly used OVs, such as Adenovirus type 5 (Ad5), Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1), Vaccinia virus, Measles virus, and Reovirus. This review discusses (pre)clinical evidence regarding the effect of preexisting immunity against OVs on two distinct aspects of OV therapy; OV infection and spread, as well as the immune response induced upon OV therapy. Combined, this review provides evidence that consideration of preexisting immunity is crucial in realizing the full potential of the highly promising therapeutic implementation of OVs. Future investigation of current gaps in knowledge highlighted in this review should yield a more complete understanding of this topic, ultimately allowing for better and more personalized OV therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christianne Groeneveldt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Jasper van den Ende
- Master Infection & Immunity, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nadine van Montfoort
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Silva RCMC, Lopes MF, Travassos LH. Distinct T helper cell-mediated antitumor immunity: T helper 2 cells in focus. CANCER PATHOGENESIS AND THERAPY 2023; 1:76-86. [PMID: 38328613 PMCID: PMC10846313 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpt.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The adaptive arm of the immune system is crucial for appropriate antitumor immune responses. It is generally accepted that clusters of differentiation 4+ (CD4+) T cells, which mediate T helper (Th) 1 immunity (type 1 immunity), are the primary Th cell subtype associated with tumor elimination. In this review, we discuss evidence showing that antitumor immunity and better prognosis can be associated with distinct Th cell subtypes in experimental mouse models and humans, with a focus on Th2 cells. The aim of this review is to provide an overview and understanding of the mechanisms associated with different tumor outcomes in the face of immune responses by focusing on the (1) site of tumor development, (2) tumor properties (i. e., tumor metabolism and cytokine receptor expression), and (3) type of immune response that the tumor initially escaped. Therefore, we discuss how low-tolerance organs, such as lungs and brains, might benefit from a less tissue-destructive immune response mediated by Th2 cells. In addition, Th2 cells antitumor effects can be independent of CD8+ T cells, which would circumvent some of the immune escape mechanisms that tumor cells possess, like low expression of major histocompatibility-I (MHC-I). Finally, this review aims to stimulate further studies on the role of Th2 cells in antitumor immunity and briefly discusses emerging treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Cardoso Maciel Costa Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoreceptors and Signaling, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Marcela Freitas Lopes
- Laboratory of Immunity Biology George DosReis,Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Holanda Travassos
- Laboratory of Immunoreceptors and Signaling, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
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10
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Ong CEB, Cheng Y, Siddle HV, Lyons AB, Woods GM, Flies AS. Class II transactivator induces expression of MHC-I and MHC-II in transmissible Tasmanian devil facial tumours. Open Biol 2022; 12:220208. [PMID: 36259237 PMCID: PMC9579919 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
MHC-I and MHC-II molecules are critical components of antigen presentation and T cell immunity to pathogens and cancer. The two monoclonal transmissible devil facial tumours (DFT1, DFT2) exploit MHC-I pathways to overcome immunological anti-tumour and allogeneic barriers. This exploitation underpins the ongoing transmission of DFT cells across the wild Tasmanian devil population. We have previously shown that the overexpression of NLRC5 in DFT1 and DFT2 cells can regulate components of the MHC-I pathway but not MHC-II, establishing the stable upregulation of MHC-I on the cell surface. As MHC-II molecules are crucial for CD4+ T cell activation, MHC-II expression in tumour cells is beginning to gain traction in the field of immunotherapy and cancer vaccines. The overexpression of Class II transactivator in transfected DFT1 and DFT2 cells induced the transcription of several genes of the MHC-I and MHC-II pathways. This was further supported by the upregulation of MHC-I protein on DFT1 and DFT2 cells, but interestingly MHC-II protein was upregulated only in DFT1 cells. This new insight into the regulation of MHC-I and MHC-II pathways in cells that naturally overcome allogeneic barriers can inform vaccine, immunotherapy and tissue transplant strategies for human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrissie E. B. Ong
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 23, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Yuanyuan Cheng
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hannah V. Siddle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - A. Bruce Lyons
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia
| | - Gregory M. Woods
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 23, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
| | - Andrew S. Flies
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 23, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
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Karikari AA, McFleder RL, Ribechini E, Blum R, Bruttel V, Knorr S, Gehmeyr M, Volkmann J, Brotchie JM, Ahsan F, Haack B, Monoranu CM, Keber U, Yeghiazaryan R, Pagenstecher A, Heckel T, Bischler T, Wischhusen J, Koprich JB, Lutz MB, Ip CW. Neurodegeneration by α-synuclein-specific T cells in AAV-A53T-α-synuclein Parkinson's disease mice. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 101:194-210. [PMID: 35032575 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antigen-specific neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration are characteristic for neuroimmunological diseases. In Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis, α-synuclein is a known culprit. Evidence for α-synuclein-specific T cell responses was recently obtained in PD. Still, a causative link between these α-synuclein responses and dopaminergic neurodegeneration had been lacking. We thus addressed the functional relevance of α-synuclein-specific immune responses in PD in a mouse model. METHODS We utilized a mouse model of PD in which an Adeno-associated Vector 1/2 serotype (AAV1/2) expressing human mutated A53T-α-Synuclein was stereotactically injected into the substantia nigra (SN) of either wildtype C57BL/6 or Recombination-activating gene 1 (RAG1)-/- mice. Brain, spleen, and lymph node tissues from different time points following injection were then analyzed via FACS, cytokine bead assay, immunohistochemistry and RNA-sequencing to determine the role of T cells and inflammation in this model. Bone marrow transfer from either CD4+/CD8-, CD4-/CD8+, or CD4+/CD8+ (JHD-/-) mice into the RAG-1-/- mice was also employed. In addition to the in vivo studies, a newly developed A53T-α-synuclein-expressing neuronal cell culture/immune cell assay was utilized. RESULTS AAV-based overexpression of pathogenic human A53T-α-synuclein in dopaminergic neurons of the SN stimulated T cell infiltration. RNA-sequencing of immune cells from PD mouse brains confirmed a pro-inflammatory gene profile. T cell responses were directed against A53T-α-synuclein-peptides in the vicinity of position 53 (68-78) and surrounding the pathogenically relevant S129 (120-134). T cells were required for α-synuclein-induced neurodegeneration in vivo and in vitro, while B cell deficiency did not protect from dopaminergic neurodegeneration. CONCLUSIONS Using T cell and/or B cell deficient mice and a newly developed A53T-α-synuclein-expressing neuronal cell culture/immune cell assay, we confirmed in vivo and in vitro that pathogenic α-synuclein peptide-specific T cell responses can cause dopaminergic neurodegeneration and thereby contribute to PD-like pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akua A Karikari
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rhonda L McFleder
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eliana Ribechini
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Blum
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Valentin Bruttel
- Section for Experimental Tumor Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Knorr
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mona Gehmeyr
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan M Brotchie
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fadhil Ahsan
- Section for Experimental Tumor Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Beatrice Haack
- Section for Experimental Tumor Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Camelia-Maria Monoranu
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Neuropathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ursula Keber
- Department of Neuropathology, Philipps University and University Hospital of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Rima Yeghiazaryan
- Department of Neuropathology, Philipps University and University Hospital of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Axel Pagenstecher
- Department of Neuropathology, Philipps University and University Hospital of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Heckel
- Core Unit Systems Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bischler
- Core Unit Systems Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Wischhusen
- Section for Experimental Tumor Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - James B Koprich
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Manfred B Lutz
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Chi Wang Ip
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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12
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Reed SG, Ager A. Immune Responses to IAV Infection and the Roles of L-Selectin and ADAM17 in Lymphocyte Homing. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020150. [PMID: 35215094 PMCID: PMC8878872 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection is a global public health burden causing up to 650,000 deaths per year. Yearly vaccination programmes and anti-viral drugs currently have limited benefits; therefore, research into IAV is fundamental. Leukocyte trafficking is a crucial process which orchestrates the immune response to infection to protect the host. It involves several homing molecules and receptors on both blood vessels and leukocytes. A key mediator of this process is the transmembrane glycoprotein L-selectin, which binds to vascular addressins on blood vessel endothelial cells. L-selectin classically mediates homing of naïve and central memory lymphocytes to lymph nodes via high endothelial venules (HEVs). Recent studies have found that L-selectin is essential for homing of activated CD8+ T cells to influenza-infected lungs and reduction in virus load. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) is the primary regulator of cell surface levels of L-selectin. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate these two proteins are central to comprehending recruitment of T cells to sites of IAV infection. This review summarises the immune response to IAV infection in humans and mice and discusses the roles of L-selectin and ADAM17 in T lymphocyte homing during IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann Ager
- Correspondence: (S.G.R.); (A.A.)
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13
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Tatsumi N, Codrington AL, El-Fenej J, Phondge V, Kumamoto Y. Effective CD4 T cell priming requires repertoire scanning by CD301b + migratory cDC2 cells upon lymph node entry. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabg0336. [PMID: 34890253 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abg0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Tatsumi
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.,Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Alicia L Codrington
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.,Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Jihad El-Fenej
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.,Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Varoon Phondge
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.,Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Yosuke Kumamoto
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.,Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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14
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DiPiazza AT, Graham BS, Ruckwardt TJ. T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 following natural infection and vaccination. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 538:211-217. [PMID: 33190827 PMCID: PMC7584424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 first emerged in the human population in late 2019 in Wuhan, China, and in a matter of months, spread across the globe resulting in the Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic and substantial economic fallout. SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted between humans via respiratory particles, with infection presenting a spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to respiratory failure with multiorgan dysfunction and death in severe cases. Prior experiences with human pathogenic coronaviruses and respiratory virus diseases in general have revealed an important role for cellular immunity in limiting disease severity. Here, we review some of the key mechanisms underlying cell-mediated immunity to respiratory viruses and summarize our current understanding of the functional capacity and role of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells following natural infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T DiPiazza
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA.
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Tracy J Ruckwardt
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA.
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15
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Zuazo M, Arasanz H, Bocanegra A, Fernandez G, Chocarro L, Vera R, Kochan G, Escors D. Systemic CD4 Immunity as a Key Contributor to PD-L1/PD-1 Blockade Immunotherapy Efficacy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:586907. [PMID: 33329566 PMCID: PMC7734243 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.586907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PD-L1/PD-1 blockade immunotherapy has significantly improved treatment outcome for several cancer types compared to conventional cytotoxic therapies. However, the specific molecular and cellular mechanisms behind its efficacy are currently unclear. There is increasing evidence in murine models and in patients that unveil the key importance of systemic immunity to achieve clinical responses under several types of immunotherapy. Indeed, PD-L1/PD-1 blockade induces the expansion of systemic CD8+ PD-1+ T cell subpopulations which might be responsible for direct anti-tumor responses. However, the role of CD4+ T cells in PD-L1/PD-1 blockade-induced anti-tumor responses has been less documented. In this review we focus on the experimental data supporting the “often suspected” indispensable helper function of CD4 T cells towards CD8 effector anti-tumor responses in cancer; and particularly, we highlight the recently published studies uncovering the key contribution of systemic CD4 T cells to clinical efficacy in PD-L1/PD-1 blockade therapies. We conclude and propose that the presence of specific CD4 T cell memory subsets in peripheral blood before the initiation of treatments is a strong predictor of responses in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Therefore, development of new approaches to improve CD4 responses before PD-L1/PD-1 blockade therapy could be the solution to increase response rates and survival of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren Zuazo
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Fundación Miguel Servet-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra-UPNA-IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Hugo Arasanz
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Fundación Miguel Servet-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra-UPNA-IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Bocanegra
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Fundación Miguel Servet-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra-UPNA-IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Fernandez
- Department of Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra-IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luisa Chocarro
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Fundación Miguel Servet-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra-UPNA-IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ruth Vera
- Department of Oncology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra-IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Grazyna Kochan
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Fundación Miguel Servet-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra-UPNA-IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - David Escors
- Oncoimmunology Group, Navarrabiomed, Fundación Miguel Servet-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra-UPNA-IdISNA, Pamplona, Spain
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16
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Theivendran S, Tang J, Lei C, Yang Y, Song H, Gu Z, Wang Y, Yang Y, Jin L, Yu C. Post translational modification-assisted cancer immunotherapy for effective breast cancer treatment. Chem Sci 2020; 11:10421-10430. [PMID: 34123182 PMCID: PMC8162284 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02803g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Post translational modifications (PTM) such as phosphorylation are often correlated with tumorigenesis and malignancy in breast cancer. Herein, we report a PTM-assisted strategy as a simplified version of a personalized cancer vaccine for enhanced cancer immunotherapy. Titanium modified dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (TiDMSN) are applied to assist the specific enrichment of phosphorylated tumor antigens released upon immunogenic cell death. This strategy significantly improved the tumor inhibition efficacy in a bilateral breast cancer model and the expansion of both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in the distant tumor site. The nanotechnology based PTM-assisted strategy provides a simple and generalizable methodology for effective personalized cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shevanuja Theivendran
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Jie Tang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Chang Lei
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Yannan Yang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Hao Song
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Zhengying Gu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland QLD 4072 Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University Shanghai 200241 China
| | - Yue Wang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Yang Yang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Lei Jin
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle NSW 2308 Australia
| | - Chengzhong Yu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland QLD 4072 Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University Shanghai 200241 China
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17
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Thierry GR, Gentek R, Bajenoff M. Remodeling of reactive lymph nodes: Dynamics of stromal cells and underlying chemokine signaling. Immunol Rev 2020; 289:42-61. [PMID: 30977194 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are secondary immune organs dispersed throughout the body. They are primarily composed of lymphocytes, "transient passengers" that are only present for a few hours. During this time, they extensively interact with a meshwork of stromal cells. Although these cells constitute less than 5% of all LN cells, they are integral to LN function: Stromal cells create a three-dimensional network that provides a rigid backbone for the transport of lymph and generates "roads" for lymphocyte migration. Beyond structural support, the LN stroma also produces survival signals for lymphocytes and provides nutrients, soluble factors, antigens, and immune cells collectively required for immune surveillance and the generation of adaptive immune responses. A unique feature of LNs is their ability to considerably and rapidly change size: the volume and cellularity of inflamed LNs can increase up to 20-fold before returning to homeostatic levels. This cycle will be repeated many times during life and is accommodated by stromal cells. The dynamics underlying this dramatic remodeling are subject of this review. We will first introduce the main types of LN stromal cells and explain their known functions. We will then discuss how these cells enable LN growth during immune responses, with a particular focus on underlying cellular mechanisms and molecular cues. Similarly, we will elaborate on stromal dynamics mediating the return to LN homeostasis, a process that is mechanistically much less understood than LN expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilhem R Thierry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Rebecca Gentek
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Bajenoff
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
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18
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Jansen JM, Gerlach T, Elbahesh H, Rimmelzwaan GF, Saletti G. Influenza virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity induced by infection and vaccination. J Clin Virol 2019; 119:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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19
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Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy aims to promote the activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) within a tumour, assist the priming of tumour-specific CTLs in lymphoid organs and establish efficient and durable antitumour immunity. During priming, help signals are relayed from CD4+ T cells to CD8+ T cells by specific dendritic cells to optimize the magnitude and quality of the CTL response. In this Review, we highlight the cellular dynamics and membrane receptors that mediate CD4+ T cell help and the molecular mechanisms of the enhanced antitumour activity of CTLs. We outline how deficient CD4+ T cell help reduces the response of CTLs and how maximizing CD4+ T cell help can improve outcomes in cancer immunotherapy strategies.
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20
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Sant AJ, DiPiazza AT, Nayak JL, Rattan A, Richards KA. CD4 T cells in protection from influenza virus: Viral antigen specificity and functional potential. Immunol Rev 2019; 284:91-105. [PMID: 29944766 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CD4 T cells convey a number of discrete functions to protective immunity to influenza, a complexity that distinguishes this arm of adaptive immunity from B cells and CD8 T cells. Although the most well recognized function of CD4 T cells is provision of help for antibody production, CD4 T cells are important in many aspects of protective immunity. Our studies have revealed that viral antigen specificity is a key determinant of CD4 T cell function, as illustrated both by mouse models of infection and human vaccine responses, a factor whose importance is due at least in part to events in viral antigen handling. We discuss research that has provided insight into the diverse viral epitope specificity of CD4 T cells elicited after infection, how this primary response is modified as CD4 T cells home to the lung, establish memory, and after challenge with a secondary and distinct influenza virus strain. Our studies in human subjects point out the challenges facing vaccine efforts to facilitate responses to novel and avian strains of influenza, as well as strategies that enhance the ability of CD4 T cells to promote protective antibody responses to both seasonal and potentially pandemic strains of influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Sant
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Anthony T DiPiazza
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer L Nayak
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ajitanuj Rattan
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Katherine A Richards
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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21
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Modified Intravital Microscopy to Assess Vascular Health and T-Cell Motility. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 30610608 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9036-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The ability to study the microcirculation in real time is key to elucidating how the immune system and the associated microvasculature interact and influence one another within the lymph node (LN). Here, we present a method for near in-situ imaging of the inguinal LN. In particular, this method is ideal for the assessment of overall vascular health that influences immune functions and for the evaluation of T-cell motility. We focus on imaging of the microvasculature of the LN, paying particular attention to methods that ensure the study of healthy vessels, the ability to maintain imaging of viable vessels over a number of hours, quantification of vessel magnitude and vessel integrity. Modified intravital microscopy (M-IVM) of the LNs allows direct evaluation of microvascular functions as well as real-time imaging of the direct interface between immune cells, the LN, and the microcirculation. Importantly, M-IVM technique can be readily combined with many other vascular and immunological techniques such as fluorescent cell labeling and assessment of sticking and rolling time as descripted. Furthermore, it can be adapted to study vasculature of other than the inguinal LN. Overall, this chapter provides a dependable method for fundamental vascular immunological assessment of LNs that is decidedly useful in a diverse range of investigations.
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22
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Zhang S, Bai W, Tong X, Bu P, Xu J, Xi Y. Correlation between tumor microenvironment-associated factors and the efficacy and prognosis of neoadjuvant therapy for rectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 17:1062-1070. [PMID: 30655866 PMCID: PMC6313063 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment contributes to the survival and development of tumor cells and is therefore a key target for cancer therapy. The tumor microenvironment has unique physical and chemical properties and is associated with inflammation and immunity. To examine the correlation between tumor microenvironment-associated factors and the efficacy and prognosis of neoadjuvant therapy for rectal cancer, and to compare the differences between two treatments [neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) vs. neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NACR)], an immunohistochemical method was used to measure the expression levels of CD4+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), cluster of differentiation (CD)8+TILs, forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)+TILs, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4+TILs and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1)+TILs in 109 patients with rectal cancer, pre- and post-neoadjuvant therapy. The significance of these protein expression patterns was also analyzed using tissue microarrays, and the prognostic significance of these findings evaluated. The results indicated that high levels of CD4+TILs, CD8+TILs and PD-L1+TILs may be associated with favorable responses to neoadjuvant therapy, whereas high levels of FOXP3+TILs were associated with poor therapeutic responses. Expression levels of CD8+TILs and FOXP3+TILs following neoadjuvant therapy were independent prognostic factors and affected the total survival of patients subjected to neoadjuvant therapy for the treatment of rectal cancer. Moreover, the effects of NAC and NACR on the tumor microenvironment may be different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Wenqi Bai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030013, P.R. China
| | - Xunan Tong
- Departent of Surgery, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Peng Bu
- Department of Pathology, Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030013, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Pathology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Yanfeng Xi
- Department of Pathology, Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030013, P.R. China
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23
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Putatunda R, Bethea JR, Hu WH. Potential immunotherapies for traumatic brain and spinal cord injury. Chin J Traumatol 2018; 21:125-136. [PMID: 29759918 PMCID: PMC6033730 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injury of the central nervous system (CNS) including brain and spinal cord remains a leading cause of morbidity and disability in the world. Delineating the mechanisms underlying the secondary and persistent injury versus the primary and transient injury has been drawing extensive attention for study during the past few decades. The sterile neuroinflammation during the secondary phase of injury has been frequently identified substrate underlying CNS injury, but as of now, no conclusive studies have determined whether this is a beneficial or detrimental role in the context of repair. Recent pioneering studies have demonstrated the key roles for the innate and adaptive immune responses in regulating sterile neuroinflammation and CNS repair. Some promising immunotherapeutic strategies have been recently developed for the treatment of CNS injury. This review updates the recent progress on elucidating the roles of the innate and adaptive immune responses in the context of CNS injury, the development and characterization of potential immunotherapeutics, as well as outstanding questions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Putatunda
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John R. Bethea
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wen-Hui Hu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Corresponding author.
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24
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Ahrends T, Borst J. The opposing roles of CD4 + T cells in anti-tumour immunity. Immunology 2018; 154:582-592. [PMID: 29700809 PMCID: PMC6050207 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy focuses mainly on anti-tumour activity of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). CTLs can directly kill all tumour cell types, provided they carry recognizable antigens. However, CD4+ T cells also play important roles in anti-tumour immunity. CD4+ T cells can either suppress or promote the anti-tumour CTL response, either in secondary lymphoid organs or in the tumour. In this review, we highlight opposing mechanisms of conventional and regulatory T cells at both sites. We outline how current cancer immunotherapy strategies affect both subsets and how selective modulation of each subset is important to maximize the clinical response of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Ahrends
- Division of Tumour Biology and ImmunologyThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jannie Borst
- Division of Tumour Biology and ImmunologyThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Wu S, Chen X, Tang Y, Zhang Y, Li D, Chen J, Wang J, Tang Z, Zang G, Yu Y. Delivery of Tapasin-modified CTL epitope peptide via cytoplasmic transduction peptide induces CTLs by JAK/STAT signaling pathway in vivo. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:181-190. [PMID: 29340620 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play a vital role in viral control and clearance. Recent studies have elucidated that Tapasin, an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, is a well-known molecule that appears to be essential in peptide-loading process. The Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway plays an important role in immune response regulation and cytokines secretion. We have previously verified that fusion protein CTP-HBcAg18-27-Tapasin could facilitate the maturation of bone marrow derived dendritic cells and enhance specific CTLs responses in vitro, which might be associated with the activation of JAK/STAT signaling pathway. To further explore whether JAK/STAT signaling pathway participated in specific immune responses mediated by CTP-HBcAg18-27-Tapasin, we suppressed the JAK/STAT pathway with pharmacological inhibitor (AG490) in vivo. Our studies showed that the number of IFN-γ+-CD8+ T cells was decreased significantly compared with other groups after being blocked by AG490. The percentage of IFN-γ+-CD4+ T cells and IL-2-CD4+ T cells was also decreased. Moreover, lower expression levels of Jak2, Tyk2, STAT1, and STAT4 were detected in AG490 group. In addition, the secretion levels of Th1-like cytokines were decreased and a weaker specific T-cell response was observed in AG490 group. Furthermore, the levels of HBV DNA and HBsAg in serum and expression levels of HBsAg and HBcAg in liver tissues were elevated after this pathway was inhibited in HBV transgenic mice. These results demonstrate that the JAK/STAT signaling pathway participates in Th1-oriented immune response induced by CTP-HBcAg18-27-Tapasin and this might provide a theoretical basis for HBV immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yuyan Tang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jieling Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Zhenghao Tang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Guoqing Zang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yongsheng Yu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
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Ngu LN, Nji NN, Ambada G, Ngoh AA, Njambe Priso GD, Tchadji JC, Lissom A, Magagoum SH, Sake CN, Tchouangueu TF, Chukwuma GO, Okoli AS, Sagnia B, Chukwuanukwu R, Tebit DM, Esimone CO, Waffo AB, Park CG, Überla K, Nchinda GW. Dendritic cell targeted HIV-1 gag protein vaccine provides help to a recombinant Newcastle disease virus vectored vaccine including mobilization of protective CD8 + T cells. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2017; 6:163-175. [PMID: 29205929 PMCID: PMC5818444 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Recombinant Newcastle Disease virus (rNDV) vectored vaccines are safe mucosal applicable vaccines with intrinsic immune‐modulatory properties for the induction of efficient immunity. Like all viral vectored vaccines repeated inoculation via mucosal routes invariably results to immunity against viral vaccine vectors. To obviate immunity against viral vaccine vectors and improve the ability of rNDV vectored vaccines in inducing T cell immunity in murine air way we have directed dendritic cell targeted HIV‐1 gag protein (DEC‐Gag) vaccine; for the induction of helper CD4+ T cells to a Recombinant Newcastle disease virus expressing codon optimized HIV‐1 Gag P55 (rNDV‐L‐Gag) vaccine. Methods We do so through successive administration of anti‐DEC205‐gagP24 protein plus polyICLC (DEC‐Gag) vaccine and rNDV‐L‐Gag. First strong gag specific helper CD4+ T cells are induced in mice by selected targeting of anti‐DEC205‐gagP24 protein vaccine to dendritic cells (DC) in situ together with polyICLC as adjuvant. This targeting helped T cell immunity develop to a subsequent rNDV‐L‐Gag vaccine and improved both systemic and mucosal gag specific immunity. Results This sequential DEC‐Gag vaccine prime followed by an rNDV‐L‐gag boost results to improved viral vectored immunization in murine airway, including mobilization of protective CD8+ T cells to a pathogenic virus infection site. Conclusion Thus, complementary prime boost vaccination, in which prime and boost favor distinct types of T cell immunity, improves viral vectored immunization, including mobilization of protective CD8+T cells to a pathogenic virus infection site such as the murine airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loveline N Ngu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaounde One, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Laboratory of Vaccinology/Biobanking of The Chantal Biya International Reference Center for research on the prevention and management of HIV/AIDS (CIRCB), BP 3077, Messa Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Nadesh N Nji
- Microbiology and Immunology Laboratory, CIRCB, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Georgia Ambada
- Microbiology and Immunology Laboratory, CIRCB, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaounde One, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Apeh A Ngoh
- Laboratory of Vaccinology/Biobanking of The Chantal Biya International Reference Center for research on the prevention and management of HIV/AIDS (CIRCB), BP 3077, Messa Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of biomedical sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Ghislain D Njambe Priso
- Laboratory of Vaccinology/Biobanking of The Chantal Biya International Reference Center for research on the prevention and management of HIV/AIDS (CIRCB), BP 3077, Messa Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaounde One, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Jules C Tchadji
- Laboratory of Vaccinology/Biobanking of The Chantal Biya International Reference Center for research on the prevention and management of HIV/AIDS (CIRCB), BP 3077, Messa Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaounde One, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Abel Lissom
- Laboratory of Vaccinology/Biobanking of The Chantal Biya International Reference Center for research on the prevention and management of HIV/AIDS (CIRCB), BP 3077, Messa Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaounde One, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Suzanne H Magagoum
- Laboratory of Vaccinology/Biobanking of The Chantal Biya International Reference Center for research on the prevention and management of HIV/AIDS (CIRCB), BP 3077, Messa Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaounde One, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Carol N Sake
- Laboratory of Vaccinology/Biobanking of The Chantal Biya International Reference Center for research on the prevention and management of HIV/AIDS (CIRCB), BP 3077, Messa Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of Microbiology, University of Yaounde One, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Thibau F Tchouangueu
- Laboratory of Vaccinology/Biobanking of The Chantal Biya International Reference Center for research on the prevention and management of HIV/AIDS (CIRCB), BP 3077, Messa Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of biochemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - George O Chukwuma
- Laboratory of Vaccinology/Biobanking of The Chantal Biya International Reference Center for research on the prevention and management of HIV/AIDS (CIRCB), BP 3077, Messa Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science College of Medicine, Nnewi Campus, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra
| | | | - Bertrand Sagnia
- Microbiology and Immunology Laboratory, CIRCB, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Rebecca Chukwuanukwu
- Laboratory of Vaccinology/Biobanking of The Chantal Biya International Reference Center for research on the prevention and management of HIV/AIDS (CIRCB), BP 3077, Messa Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science College of Medicine, Nnewi Campus, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra
| | - Denis M Tebit
- Myles Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, Jordan Hall 7088, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - Charles O Esimone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Alain B Waffo
- Department of Biological Sciences # 223, Alabama State University, 1627, Hall Street, Montgomery, Alabama 36104, USA
| | - Chae G Park
- Laboratory of Immunology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology and Chris Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Klaus Überla
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Godwin W Nchinda
- Laboratory of Vaccinology/Biobanking of The Chantal Biya International Reference Center for research on the prevention and management of HIV/AIDS (CIRCB), BP 3077, Messa Yaounde, Cameroon.,Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology and Chris Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Melssen M, Slingluff CL. Vaccines targeting helper T cells for cancer immunotherapy. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 47:85-92. [PMID: 28755541 PMCID: PMC5757837 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There are compelling arguments for designing cancer vaccines specifically to induce CD4+ helper T cell responses. Recent studies highlight the crucial role of proliferating, activated effector memory Th1 CD4+ T cells in effective antitumor immunity and reveal that CD4+ T cells induce more durable immune-mediated tumor control than CD8+ T cells. CD4+ T cells promote antitumor immunity by numerous mechanisms including enhancing antigen presentation, co-stimulation, T cell homing, T cell activation, and effector function. These effects are mediated at sites of T cell priming and at the tumor microenvironment. Several cancer vaccine approaches induce durable CD4+ T cell responses and have promising clinical activity. Future work should further optimize vaccine adjuvants and combination therapies incorporating helper peptide vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Melssen
- University of Virginia, Department of Surgery and University of Virginia Cancer Center, PO Box 800709, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Craig L Slingluff
- University of Virginia, Department of Surgery and University of Virginia Cancer Center, PO Box 800709, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver immune environment is tightly regulated to balance immune activation with immune tolerance. Understanding the dominant immune pathways initiated in the liver is important because the liver is a site for cell transplantation, such as for islet and hepatocyte transplantation. The purpose of this study is to examine the consequences of alloimmune stimulation when allogeneic cells are transplanted to the liver in comparison to a different immune locale, such as the kidney. METHODS We investigated cellular and humoral immune responses when allogeneic hepatocytes are transplanted directly to the recipient liver by intraportal injection. A heterotopic kidney engraftment site was used for comparison to immune activation in the liver microenvironment. RESULTS Transplantation of allogeneic hepatocytes delivered directly to the liver, via recipient portal circulation, stimulated long-term, high magnitude CD8 T cell-mediated allocytotoxicity. CD8 T cells initiated significant in vivo allocytotoxicity as well as rapid rejection of hepatocytes transplanted to the liver even in the absence of secondary lymph nodes or CD4 T cells. In contrast, in the absence of recipient peripheral lymphoid tissue and CD4 T cells, CD8-mediated in vivo allocytotoxicity was abrogated, and rejection was delayed when hepatocellular allografts were transplanted to the kidney subcapsular site. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the CD8-dominant proinflammatory immune responses unique to the liver microenvironment. Allogeneic cells transplanted directly to the liver do not enjoy immune privilege but rather require immunosuppression to prevent rejection by a robust and persistent CD8-dependent allocytotoxicity primed in the liver.
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Dasoveanu DC, Shipman WD, Chia JJ, Chyou S, Lu TT. Regulation of Lymph Node Vascular-Stromal Compartment by Dendritic Cells. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:764-777. [PMID: 27638128 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
During normal and pathologic immune responses, lymph nodes can swell considerably. The lymph node vascular-stromal compartment supports and regulates the developing immune responses and undergoes dynamic expansion and remodeling. Recent studies have shown that dendritic cells (DCs), best known for their antigen presentation roles, can directly regulate the vascular-stromal compartment, pointing to a new perspective on DCs as facilitators of lymphoid tissue function. Here, we review the phases of lymph node vascular-stromal growth and remodeling during immune responses, discuss the roles of DCs, and discuss how this understanding can potentially be used for developing novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragos C Dasoveanu
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA; Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - William D Shipman
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan-Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jennifer J Chia
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan-Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Susan Chyou
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Theresa T Lu
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA; Pediatric Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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30
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Mahasa KJ, Ouifki R, Eladdadi A, Pillis LD. Mathematical model of tumor-immune surveillance. J Theor Biol 2016; 404:312-330. [PMID: 27317864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel mathematical model involving various immune cell populations and tumor cell populations. The model describes how tumor cells evolve and survive the brief encounter with the immune system mediated by natural killer (NK) cells and the activated CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). The model is composed of ordinary differential equations describing the interactions between these important immune lymphocytes and various tumor cell populations. Based on up-to-date knowledge of immune evasion and rational considerations, the model is designed to illustrate how tumors evade both arms of host immunity (i.e. innate and adaptive immunity). The model predicts that (a) an influx of an external source of NK cells might play a crucial role in enhancing NK-cell immune surveillance; (b) the host immune system alone is not fully effective against progression of tumor cells; (c) the development of immunoresistance by tumor cells is inevitable in tumor immune surveillance. Our model also supports the importance of infiltrating NK cells in tumor immune surveillance, which can be enhanced by NK cell-based immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaphetsi Joseph Mahasa
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - Rachid Ouifki
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Abstract
Following infection, T cells differentiate into a heterogeneous population of effector T cells that can mediate pathogen clearance. A subset of these effector T cells possesses the ability to survive long term and mature into memory T cells that can provide long-term immunity. Understanding the signals that regulate the development of memory T cells is crucial to efforts to design vaccines capable of eliciting T cell-based immunity. CD4(+) T cells are essential in the formation of protective memory CD8(+) T cells following infection or immunization. However, until recently, the mechanisms by which CD4(+) T cells act to support memory CD8(+) T cell development following infection were unclear. Here, we discuss recent studies that provide insight into the multifaceted role of CD4(+) T cells in the regulation of memory CD8(+) T cell differentiation.
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Direct tumor recognition by a human CD4(+) T-cell subset potently mediates tumor growth inhibition and orchestrates anti-tumor immune responses. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14896. [PMID: 26447332 PMCID: PMC4597193 DOI: 10.1038/srep14896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells generally orchestrate and regulate immune cells to provide immune surveillance against malignancy. However, activation of antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells is restricted at local tumor sites where antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are frequently dysfunctional, which can cause rapid exhaustion of anti-tumor immune responses. Herein, we characterize anti-tumor effects of a unique human CD4(+) helper T-cell subset that directly recognizes the cytoplasmic tumor antigen, NY-ESO-1, presented by MHC class II on cancer cells. Upon direct recognition of cancer cells, tumor-recognizing CD4(+) T cells (TR-CD4) potently induced IFN-γ-dependent growth arrest in cancer cells. In addition, direct recognition of cancer cells triggers TR-CD4 to provide help to NY-ESO-1-specific CD8(+) T cells by enhancing cytotoxic activity, and improving viability and proliferation in the absence of APCs. Notably, the TR-CD4 either alone or in collaboration with CD8(+) T cells significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo in a xenograft model. Finally, retroviral gene-engineering with T cell receptor (TCR) derived from TR-CD4 produced large numbers of functional TR-CD4. These observations provide mechanistic insights into the role of TR-CD4 in tumor immunity, and suggest that approaches to utilize TR-CD4 will augment anti-tumor immune responses for durable therapeutic efficacy in cancer patients.
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Hor JL, Whitney PG, Zaid A, Brooks AG, Heath WR, Mueller SN. Spatiotemporally Distinct Interactions with Dendritic Cell Subsets Facilitates CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Activation to Localized Viral Infection. Immunity 2015; 43:554-65. [PMID: 26297566 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of when and where CD4(+) T cells provide help for CD8(+) T cell priming and which dendritic cells (DCs) activate CD4(+) T cells in vivo after localized infection are poorly understood. By using a cutaneous herpes simplex virus infection model combined with intravital 2-photon imaging of the draining lymph node (LN) to concurrently visualize pathogen-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, we found that early priming of CD4(+) T cells involved clustering with migratory skin DCs. CD8(+) T cells did not interact with migratory DCs and their activation was delayed, requiring later clustering interactions with LN-resident XCR1(+) DCs. CD4(+) T cells interacted with these late CD8(+) T cell clusters on resident XCR1(+) DCs. Together, these data reveal asynchronous T cell activation by distinct DC subsets and highlight the key role of XCR1(+) DCs as the central platform for cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation and the delivery of CD4(+) T cell help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyh Liang Hor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Paul G Whitney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ali Zaid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew G Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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Astarita JL, Cremasco V, Fu J, Darnell MC, Peck JR, Nieves-Bonilla JM, Song K, Kondo Y, Woodruff MC, Gogineni A, Onder L, Ludewig B, Weimer RM, Carroll MC, Mooney DJ, Xia L, Turley SJ. The CLEC-2-podoplanin axis controls the contractility of fibroblastic reticular cells and lymph node microarchitecture. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:75-84. [PMID: 25347465 PMCID: PMC4270928 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In lymph nodes, fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) form a collagen-based reticular network that supports migratory dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells and transports lymph. A hallmark of FRCs is their propensity to contract collagen, yet this function is poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that podoplanin (PDPN) regulates actomyosin contractility in FRCs. Under resting conditions, when FRCs are unlikely to encounter mature DCs expressing the PDPN receptor CLEC-2, PDPN endowed FRCs with contractile function and exerted tension within the reticulum. Upon inflammation, CLEC-2 on mature DCs potently attenuated PDPN-mediated contractility, which resulted in FRC relaxation and reduced tissue stiffness. Disrupting PDPN function altered the homeostasis and spacing of FRCs and T cells, which resulted in an expanded reticular network and enhanced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian L Astarita
- 1] Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Viviana Cremasco
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jianxin Fu
- 1] Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA. [2] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Max C Darnell
- 1] School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James R Peck
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Janice M Nieves-Bonilla
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kai Song
- 1] Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA. [2] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Yuji Kondo
- 1] Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA. [2] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Matthew C Woodruff
- 1] Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alvin Gogineni
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lucas Onder
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Robby M Weimer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael C Carroll
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David J Mooney
- 1] School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lijun Xia
- 1] Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA. [2] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Shannon J Turley
- 1] Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
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36
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Xu H, Wang X, Veazey RS. Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Mucosal Immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Olson MR, Seah SGK, Cullen J, Greyer M, Edenborough K, Doherty PC, Bedoui S, Lew AM, Turner SJ. Helping themselves: optimal virus-specific CD4 T cell responses require help via CD4 T cell licensing of dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5420-33. [PMID: 25339661 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although CD4(+) T cell help (Th) is critical for inducing optimal B cell and CD8(+) T cell responses, it remains unclear whether induction of CD4(+) Th responses postinfection are also dependent on CD4(+) T cell help. In this study, we show that activation of adoptively transferred Th cells during primary influenza A virus (IAV) infection enhances both the magnitude and functional breadth of endogenous primary IAV-specific CD4(+) T cell responses. This enhancement was dependent on CD154-CD40-dependent dendritic cell licensing and resulted in a greater recall capacity of IAV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T memory responses after heterologous IAV infection. These data suggest that engaging pre-existing CD4 responses at the time of priming may be a strategy for improving cellular immunity after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Olson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shirley G K Seah
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Jolie Cullen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marie Greyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathryn Edenborough
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter C Doherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia; Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Sammy Bedoui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew M Lew
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Stephen J Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia;
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Laidlaw BJ, Zhang N, Marshall HD, Staron MM, Guan T, Hu Y, Cauley LS, Craft J, Kaech SM. CD4+ T cell help guides formation of CD103+ lung-resident memory CD8+ T cells during influenza viral infection. Immunity 2014; 41:633-45. [PMID: 25308332 PMCID: PMC4324721 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells provide enhanced protection against infection at mucosal sites. Here we found that CD4(+) T cells are important for the formation of functional lung-resident CD8(+) T cells after influenza virus infection. In the absence of CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells displayed reduced expression of CD103 (Itgae), were mislocalized away from airway epithelia, and demonstrated an impaired ability to recruit CD8(+) T cells to the lung airways upon heterosubtypic challenge. CD4(+) T cell-derived interferon-γ was necessary for generating lung-resident CD103(+) CD8(+) Trm cells. Furthermore, expression of the transcription factor T-bet was increased in "unhelped" lung Trm cells, and a reduction in T-bet rescued CD103 expression in the absence of CD4(+) T cell help. Thus, CD4(+) T cell-dependent signals are important to limit expression of T-bet and allow for the development of CD103(+) CD8(+) Trm cells in the lung airways following respiratory infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Laidlaw
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Nianzhi Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Heather D Marshall
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mathew M Staron
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tianxia Guan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yinghong Hu
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Linda S Cauley
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Joe Craft
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Susan M Kaech
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Road, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA.
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Wodarz D. Modeling T cell responses to antigenic challenge. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2014; 41:415-29. [PMID: 25269610 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-014-9387-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
T cell responses are a crucial part of the adaptive immune system in the fight against infections. This article discusses the use of mathematical models for understanding the dynamics of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against viral infections. Complementing experimental research, mathematical models have been very useful for exploring new hypotheses, interpreting experimental data, and for defining what needs to be measured to improve understanding. This review will start with minimally parameterized models of CTL responses, which have generated some valuable insights into basic dynamics and correlates of control. Subsequently, more biological complexity is incorporated into this modeling framework, examining different mechanisms of CTL expansion, different effector activities, and the influence of T cell help. Models and results are discussed in the context of data from specific infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Wodarz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Department of Mathematics, University of California, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA,
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40
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Textor J, Henrickson SE, Mandl JN, von Andrian UH, Westermann J, de Boer RJ, Beltman JB. Random migration and signal integration promote rapid and robust T cell recruitment. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003752. [PMID: 25102014 PMCID: PMC4125054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To fight infections, rare T cells must quickly home to appropriate lymph nodes (LNs), and reliably localize the antigen (Ag) within them. The first challenge calls for rapid trafficking between LNs, whereas the second may require extensive search within each LN. Here we combine simulations and experimental data to investigate which features of random T cell migration within and between LNs allow meeting these two conflicting demands. Our model indicates that integrating signals from multiple random encounters with Ag-presenting cells permits reliable detection of even low-dose Ag, and predicts a kinetic feature of cognate T cell arrest in LNs that we confirm using intravital two-photon data. Furthermore, we obtain the most reliable retention if T cells transit through LNs stochastically, which may explain the long and widely distributed LN dwell times observed in vivo. Finally, we demonstrate that random migration, both between and within LNs, allows recruiting the majority of cognate precursors within a few days for various realistic infection scenarios. Thus, the combination of two-scale stochastic migration and signal integration is an efficient and robust strategy for T cell immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Textor
- Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah E. Henrickson
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Judith N. Mandl
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, National Insitutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ulrich H. von Andrian
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Rob J. de Boer
- Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost B. Beltman
- Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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41
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Uyangaa E, Patil AM, Eo SK. Prophylactic and therapeutic modulation of innate and adaptive immunity against mucosal infection of herpes simplex virus. Immune Netw 2014; 14:187-200. [PMID: 25177251 PMCID: PMC4148489 DOI: 10.4110/in.2014.14.4.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are the most common cause of genital ulceration in humans worldwide. Typically, HSV-1 and 2 infections via mucosal route result in a lifelong latent infection after peripheral replication in mucosal tissues, thereby providing potential transmission to neighbor hosts in response to reactivation. To break the transmission cycle, immunoprophylactics and therapeutic strategies must be focused on prevention of infection or reduction of infectivity at mucosal sites. Currently, our understanding of the immune responses against mucosal infection of HSV remains intricate and involves a balance between innate signaling pathways and the adaptive immune responses. Numerous studies have demonstrated that HSV mucosal infection induces type I interferons (IFN) via recognition of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and activates multiple immune cell populations, including NK cells, conventional dendritic cells (DCs), and plasmacytoid DCs. This innate immune response is required not only for the early control of viral replication at mucosal sites, but also for establishing adaptive immune responses against HSV antigens. Although the contribution of humoral immune response is controversial, CD4(+) Th1 T cells producing IFN-γ are believed to play an important role in eradicating virus from the hosts. In addition, the recent experimental successes of immunoprophylactic and therapeutic compounds that enhance resistance and/or reduce viral burden at mucosal sites have accumulated. This review focuses on attempts to modulate innate and adaptive immunity against HSV mucosal infection for the development of prophylactic and therapeutic strategies. Notably, cells involved in innate immune regulations appear to shape adaptive immune responses. Thus, we summarized the current evidence of various immune mediators in response to mucosal HSV infection, focusing on the importance of innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdenebileg Uyangaa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Ajit Mahadev Patil
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
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42
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Abstract
In spite of several attempts over many years at developing a HIV vaccine based on classical strategies, none has convincingly succeeded to date. As HIV is transmitted primarily by the mucosal route, particularly through sexual intercourse, understanding antiviral immunity at mucosal sites is of major importance. An ideal vaccine should elicit HIV-specific antibodies and mucosal CD8⁺ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) as a first line of defense at a very early stage of HIV infection, before the virus can disseminate into the secondary lymphoid organs in mucosal and systemic tissues. A primary focus of HIV preventive vaccine research is therefore the induction of protective immune responses in these crucial early stages of HIV infection. Numerous approaches are being studied in the field, including building upon the recent RV144 clinical trial. In this article, we will review current strategies and briefly discuss the use of adjuvants in designing HIV vaccines that induce mucosal immune responses.
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43
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Hypertrophy of infected Peyer's patches arises from global, interferon-receptor, and CD69-independent shutdown of lymphocyte egress. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:892-904. [PMID: 24345804 PMCID: PMC4060605 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lymphoid organ hypertrophy is a hallmark of localized infection. During the inflammatory response, massive changes in lymphocyte recirculation and turnover boost lymphoid organ cellularity. Intriguingly, the exact nature of these changes remains undefined to date. Here, we report that hypertrophy of Salmonella-infected Peyer's patches (PPs) ensues from a global "shutdown" of lymphocyte egress, which traps recirculating lymphocytes in PPs. Surprisingly, infection-induced lymphocyte sequestration did not require previously proposed mediators of lymphoid organ shutdown including type I interferon receptor and CD69. In contrast, following T-cell receptor-mediated priming, CD69 was essential to selectively block CD4(+) effector T-cell egress. Our findings segregate two distinct lymphocyte sequestration mechanisms, which differentially rely on intrinsic modulation of lymphocyte egress capacity and inflammation-induced changes in the lymphoid organ environment.
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Ganusov VV, Auerbach J. Mathematical modeling reveals kinetics of lymphocyte recirculation in the whole organism. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003586. [PMID: 24830705 PMCID: PMC4022467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of recirculation of naive lymphocytes in the body has important implications for the speed at which local infections are detected and controlled by immune responses. With a help of a novel mathematical model, we analyze experimental data on migration of 51Cr-labeled thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDLs) via major lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues of rats in the absence of systemic antigenic stimulation. We show that at any point of time, 95% of lymphocytes in the blood travel via capillaries in the lung or sinusoids of the liver and only 5% migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues such as lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, or the spleen. Interestingly, our analysis suggests that lymphocytes travel via lung capillaries and liver sinusoids at an extremely rapid rate with the average residence time in these tissues being less than 1 minute. The model also predicts a relatively short average residence time of TDLs in the spleen (2.5 hours) and a longer average residence time of TDLs in major lymph nodes and Peyer's patches (10 hours). Surprisingly, we find that the average residence time of lymphocytes is similar in lymph nodes draining the skin (subcutaneous LNs) or the gut (mesenteric LNs) or in Peyer's patches. Applying our model to an additional dataset on lymphocyte migration via resting and antigen-stimulated lymph nodes we find that enlargement of antigen-stimulated lymph nodes occurs mainly due to increased entrance rate of TDLs into the nodes and not due to decreased exit rate as has been suggested in some studies. Taken together, our analysis for the first time provides a comprehensive, systems view of recirculation kinetics of thoracic duct lymphocytes in the whole organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly V. Ganusov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Auerbach
- Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
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45
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Visualization and dynamic analysis of host-pathogen interactions. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 29:8-15. [PMID: 24705104 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To contain invading microbes, the immune system must efficiently recognize the presence of the invader, mobilize cells to the site of infection, and deploy effector function. Rare antigen-specific T cells must find small numbers of antigen-presenting cells, proliferate and differentiate in secondary lymphoid tissues, then traffic to the infected site and be activated by antigen again to contribute to host defense. Our understanding of the dynamic processes involved has benefited enormously from tools that enable the visualization of cell location and behavior in complex tissue environments. Here we summarize recent insights into T cell trafficking and migration through secondary lymphoid organs and at peripheral infection sites, highlighting cell-intrinsic and extrinsic factors optimizing antigen surveillance at steady-state and delivery of an effector response during infection.
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46
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Warren KJ, Iwami D, Harris DG, Bromberg JS, Burrell BE. Laminins affect T cell trafficking and allograft fate. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2204-18. [PMID: 24691446 DOI: 10.1172/jci73683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are integral sites for the generation of immune tolerance, migration of CD4⁺ T cells, and induction of Tregs. Despite the importance of LNs in regulation of inflammatory responses, the LN-specific factors that regulate T cell migration and the precise LN structural domains in which differentiation occurs remain undefined. Using intravital and fluorescent microscopy, we found that alloreactive T cells traffic distinctly into the tolerant LN and colocalize in exclusive regions with alloantigen-presenting cells, a process required for Treg induction. Extracellular matrix proteins, including those of the laminin family, formed regions within the LN that were permissive for colocalization of alloantigen-presenting cells, alloreactive T cells, and Tregs. We identified unique expression patterns of laminin proteins in high endothelial venule basement membranes and the cortical ridge that correlated with alloantigen-specific immunity or immune tolerance. The ratio of laminin α4 to laminin α5 was greater in domains within tolerant LNs, compared with immune LNs, and blocking laminin α4 function or inducing laminin α5 overexpression disrupted T cell and DC localization and transmigration through tolerant LNs. Furthermore, reducing α4 laminin circumvented tolerance induction and induced cardiac allograft inflammation and rejection in murine models. This work identifies laminins as potential targets for immune modulation.
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47
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Jin Y, Sun C, Feng L, Li P, Xiao L, Ren Y, Wang D, Li C, Chen L. Regulation of SIV antigen-specific CD4+ T cellular immunity via autophagosome-mediated MHC II molecule-targeting antigen presentation in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93143. [PMID: 24671203 PMCID: PMC3966893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cell-mediated immunity has increasingly received attention due to its contribution in the control of HIV viral replication; therefore, it is of great significance to improve CD4+ T cell responses to enhance the efficacy of HIV vaccines. Recent studies have suggested that macroautophagy plays a crucial role in modulating adaptive immune responses toward CD4+ T cells or CD8+ T cells. In the present study, a new strategy based on a macroautophagy degradation mechanism is investigated to enhance CD4+ T cell responses against the HIV/SIV gag antigen. Our results showed that when fused to the autophagosome-associated LC3b protein, SIVgag protein can be functionally targeted to autophagosomes, processed by autophagy-mediated degradation in autolysosomes/lysosomes, presented to MHC II compartments and elicit effective potential CD4 T cell responses in vitro. Importantly, compared with the SIVgag protein alone, SIVgag-LC3b fusion antigen can induce a stronger antigen-specific CD4+ T cell response in mice, which is characterized by an enhanced magnitude and polyfunctionality. This study provides insight for the immunological modulation between viral and mammalian cells via autophagy, and it also presents an alternative strategy for the design of new antigens in the development of effective HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caijun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (CS); (LC)
| | - Liqiang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pingchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China
| | - Dimin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Chufang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (CS); (LC)
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An attenuated duck plague virus (DPV) vaccine induces both systemic and mucosal immune responses to protect ducks against virulent DPV infection. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:457-62. [PMID: 24451329 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00605-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Duck plague (DP) is a severe disease caused by DP virus (DPV). Control of the disease is recognized as one of the biggest challenges in avian medicine. Vaccination is an efficient way to control DPV, and an attenuated vaccine is the main routine vaccine. The attenuated DPV vaccine strain CHa is a modified live vaccine, but the systemic and mucosal immune responses induced by this vaccine have been poorly understood. In this study, the immunogenicity and efficacy of the vaccine were evaluated after subcutaneous immunization of ducks. CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were counted by flow cytometry, and humoral and mucosal Ig antibodies were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that high levels of T cells and Ig antibodies were present postimmunization and that there were more CD4(+) T cells than CD8(+) T cells. Titers of humoral IgG were higher than those of humoral IgA. Local IgA was found in each sample, whereas local IgG was found only in the spleen, thymus, bursa of Fabricius, harderian gland, liver, bile, and lung. In a protection assay, the attenuated DPV vaccine completely protected ducks against 1,000 50% lethal doses (LD50) of the lethal DPV strain CHv via oral infection. These data suggest that this subcutaneous vaccine elicits sufficient systemic and mucosal immune responses against lethal DPV challenge to be protective in ducks. This study provides broad insights into understanding the immune responses to the attenuated DPV vaccine strain CHa through subcutaneous immunization in ducks.
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49
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Matsuzaki J, Tsuji T, Luescher I, Old LJ, Shrikant P, Gnjatic S, Odunsi K. Nonclassical antigen-processing pathways are required for MHC class II-restricted direct tumor recognition by NY-ESO-1-specific CD4(+) T cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2013; 2:341-50. [PMID: 24764581 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tumor antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells that directly recognize cancer cells are important for orchestrating antitumor immune responses at the local tumor sites. However, the mechanisms of direct MHC class II (MHC-II) presentation of intracellular tumor antigen by cancer cells are poorly understood. We found that two functionally distinct subsets of CD4(+) T cells were expanded after HLA-DPB1*04 (DP04)-binding NY-ESO-1157-170 peptide vaccination in patients with ovarian cancer. Although both subsets recognized exogenous NY-ESO-1 protein pulsed on DP04(+) target cells, only one type recognized target cells with intracellular expression of NY-ESO-1. The tumor-recognizing CD4(+) T cells more efficiently recognized the short 8-9-mer peptides than the non-tumor-recognizing CD4(+) T cells. In addition to endosomal/lysosomal proteases that are typically involved in MHC-II antigen presentation, several pathways in the MHC class I presentation pathways, such as the proteasomal degradation and transporter-associated with antigen-processing-mediated peptide transport, were also involved in the presentation of intracellular NY-ESO-1 on MHC-II. The presentation was inhibited significantly by primaquine, a small molecule that inhibits endosomal recycling, consistent with findings that pharmacologic inhibition of new protein synthesis enhances antigen presentation. Together, our data demonstrate that cancer cells selectively present peptides from intracellular tumor antigens on MHC-II by multiple nonclassical antigen-processing pathways. Harnessing the direct tumor-recognizing ability of CD4(+) T cells could be a promising strategy to enhance antitumor immune responses in the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Matsuzaki
- Authors' Affiliations: Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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50
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Rahir G, Wathelet N, Hanoteau A, Henin C, Oldenhove G, Galuppo A, Lanaya H, Colau D, Mackay CR, Van den Eynde B, Moser M. Cyclophosphamide treatment induces rejection of established P815 mastocytoma by enhancing CD4 priming and intratumoral infiltration of P1E/H-2K(d) -specific CD8+ T cells. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:2841-52. [PMID: 24249003 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the effect of chemotherapy on tumor growth is not cell autonomous but relies on the immune system. The objective of this study was therefore to decipher the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the role of innate and adaptive immunity in chemotherapy-induced tumor rejection. Treatment of DBA/2 mice bearing P815 mastocytoma with cyclophosphamide induced rejection and long-term protection in a CD4- and CD8-dependent manner. A population of inflammatory-type dendritic cells was dramatically expanded in the lymph nodes of mice that rejected the tumor and correlated with CD4-dependent infiltration, in tumor bed, of tumor-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes. Our data point to a major role of CD4+ T cells in inducing chemokine expression in the tumor, provoking migration of tumor-specific CXCR3+ CD8+ T lymphocytes. Importantly, the analysis of CD8+ T cells specific to P1A/H-2L(d) and P1E/H-2K(d) revealed that cyclophosphamide altered the P815-specific CD8 T repertoire by amplifying the response specific to the mutated P1E antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendoline Rahir
- Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
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