1
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Lane BJ, Ma Y, Yan N, Wang B, Ackermann K, Karamanos TK, Bode BE, Pliotas C. Monitoring the conformational ensemble and lipid environment of a mechanosensitive channel under cyclodextrin-induced membrane tension. Structure 2024; 32:739-750.e4. [PMID: 38521071 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2024.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Membrane forces shift the equilibria of mechanosensitive channels enabling them to convert mechanical cues into electrical signals. Molecular tools to stabilize and methods to capture their highly dynamic states are lacking. Cyclodextrins can mimic tension through the sequestering of lipids from membranes. Here we probe the conformational ensemble of MscS by EPR spectroscopy, the lipid environment with NMR, and function with electrophysiology under cyclodextrin-induced tension. We show the extent of MscS activation depends on the cyclodextrin-to-lipid ratio, and that lipids are depleted slower when MscS is present. This has implications in MscS' activation kinetics when distinct membrane scaffolds such as nanodiscs or liposomes are used. We find MscS transits from closed to sub-conducting state(s) before it desensitizes, due to the lack of lipid availability in its vicinity required for closure. Our approach allows for monitoring tension-sensitive states in membrane proteins and screening molecules capable of inducing molecular tension in bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Lane
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Yue Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic and Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Nana Yan
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Bolin Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic and Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Katrin Ackermann
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Theodoros K Karamanos
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Bela E Bode
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Christos Pliotas
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic and Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
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2
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Murphy EA, Kleiner FH, Helliwell KE, Wheeler GL. Channels of Evolution: Unveiling Evolutionary Patterns in Diatom Ca 2+ Signalling. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1207. [PMID: 38732422 PMCID: PMC11085791 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Diatoms are important primary producers in marine and freshwater environments, but little is known about the signalling mechanisms they use to detect changes in their environment. All eukaryotic organisms use Ca2+ signalling to perceive and respond to environmental stimuli, employing a range of Ca2+-permeable ion channels to facilitate the movement of Ca2+ across cellular membranes. We investigated the distribution of different families of Ca2+ channels in diatom genomes, with comparison to other members of the stramenopile lineage. The four-domain voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (Cav) are present in some centric diatoms but almost completely absent in pennate diatoms, whereas single-domain voltage-gated EukCatA channels were found in all diatoms. Glutamate receptors (GLRs) and pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) also appear to have been lost in several pennate species. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are present in all diatoms, but have not undergone the significant expansion seen in brown algae. All diatom species analysed lacked the mitochondrial uniporter (MCU), a highly conserved channel type found in many eukaryotes, including several stramenopile lineages. These results highlight the unique Ca2+-signalling toolkit of diatoms and indicate that evolutionary gains or losses of different Ca2+ channels may contribute to differences in cellular-signalling mechanisms between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor A. Murphy
- Marine Biological Association, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK (K.E.H.)
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | | | - Katherine E. Helliwell
- Marine Biological Association, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK (K.E.H.)
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Glen L. Wheeler
- Marine Biological Association, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK (K.E.H.)
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3
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Völkner C, Holzner LJ, Bünger K, Szulc B, Lewis CM, Klingl A, Kunz HH. Evidence for partial functional overlap of KEA and MSL transport proteins in the chloroplast inner envelope of Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett 2024. [PMID: 38658177 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana possesses two different ion-export mechanisms in the plastid inner envelope membrane. Due to a genome duplication, the transport proteins are encoded by partly redundant loci: K+-efflux antiporter1 (KEA1) and KEA2 and mechanosensitive channel of small conductance-like2 (MSL2) and MSL3. Thus far, a functional link between these two mechanisms has not been established. Here, we show that kea1msl2 loss-of-function mutants exhibit phenotypes such as slow growth, reduced photosynthesis and changes in chloroplast morphology, several of which are distinct from either single mutants and do not resemble kea1kea2 or msl2msl3 double mutants. Our data suggest that KEA1 and MSL2 function in concert to maintain plastid ion homeostasis and osmoregulation. Their interplay is critical for proper chloroplast development, organelle function, and plant performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Völkner
- Plant Biochemistry, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | - Katinka Bünger
- Plant Biochemistry, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Beata Szulc
- Plant Biochemistry, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Chance M Lewis
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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4
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Yu B, Chao DY, Zhao Y. How plants sense and respond to osmotic stress. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:394-423. [PMID: 38329193 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Drought is one of the most serious abiotic stresses to land plants. Plants sense and respond to drought stress to survive under water deficiency. Scientists have studied how plants sense drought stress, or osmotic stress caused by drought, ever since Charles Darwin, and gradually obtained clues about osmotic stress sensing and signaling in plants. Osmotic stress is a physical stimulus that triggers many physiological changes at the cellular level, including changes in turgor, cell wall stiffness and integrity, membrane tension, and cell fluid volume, and plants may sense some of these stimuli and trigger downstream responses. In this review, we emphasized water potential and movements in organisms, compared putative signal inputs in cell wall-containing and cell wall-free organisms, prospected how plants sense changes in turgor, membrane tension, and cell fluid volume under osmotic stress according to advances in plants, animals, yeasts, and bacteria, summarized multilevel biochemical and physiological signal outputs, such as plasma membrane nanodomain formation, membrane water permeability, root hydrotropism, root halotropism, Casparian strip and suberin lamellae, and finally proposed a hypothesis that osmotic stress responses are likely to be a cocktail of signaling mediated by multiple osmosensors. We also discussed the core scientific questions, provided perspective about the future directions in this field, and highlighted the importance of robust and smart root systems and efficient source-sink allocations for generating future high-yield stress-resistant crops and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dai-Yin Chao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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5
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Lindberg S, Premkumar A. Ion Changes and Signaling under Salt Stress in Wheat and Other Important Crops. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:46. [PMID: 38202354 PMCID: PMC10780558 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
High concentrations of sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-), calcium (Ca2+), and sulphate (SO42-) are frequently found in saline soils. Crop plants cannot successfully develop and produce because salt stress impairs the uptake of Ca2+, potassium (K+), and water into plant cells. Different intracellular and extracellular ionic concentrations change with salinity, including those of Ca2+, K+, and protons. These cations serve as stress signaling molecules in addition to being essential for ionic homeostasis and nutrition. Maintaining an appropriate K+:Na+ ratio is one crucial plant mechanism for salt tolerance, which is a complicated trait. Another important mechanism is the ability for fast extrusion of Na+ from the cytosol. Ca2+ is established as a ubiquitous secondary messenger, which transmits various stress signals into metabolic alterations that cause adaptive responses. When plants are under stress, the cytosolic-free Ca2+ concentration can rise to 10 times or more from its resting level of 50-100 nanomolar. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are linked to the Ca2+ alterations and are produced by stress. Depending on the type, frequency, and intensity of the stress, the cytosolic Ca2+ signals oscillate, are transient, or persist for a longer period and exhibit specific "signatures". Both the influx and efflux of Ca2+ affect the length and amplitude of the signal. According to several reports, under stress Ca2+ alterations can occur not only in the cytoplasm of the cell but also in the cell walls, nucleus, and other cell organelles and the Ca2+ waves propagate through the whole plant. Here, we will focus on how wheat and other important crops absorb Na+, K+, and Cl- when plants are under salt stress, as well as how Ca2+, K+, and pH cause intracellular signaling and homeostasis. Similar mechanisms in the model plant Arabidopsis will also be considered. Knowledge of these processes is important for understanding how plants react to salinity stress and for the development of tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Lindberg
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Albert Premkumar
- Bharathiyar Group of Institutes, Guduvanchery 603202, Tamilnadu, India;
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Zhao C, Webster PD, De Angeli A, Tombola F. Mechanically-primed voltage-gated proton channels from angiosperm plants. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7515. [PMID: 37980353 PMCID: PMC10657467 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated and mechanically-gated ion channels are distinct classes of membrane proteins that conduct ions across gated pores and are turned on by electrical or mechanical stimuli, respectively. Here, we describe an Hv channel (a.k.a voltage-dependent H+ channel) from the angiosperm plant A. thaliana that gates with a unique modality as it is turned on by an electrical stimulus only after exposure to a mechanical stimulus, a process that we call priming. The channel localizes in the vascular tissue and has homologs in vascular plants. We find that mechanical priming is not required for activation of non-angiosperm Hvs. Guided by AI-generated structural models of plant Hv homologs, we identify a set of residues playing a crucial role in mechanical priming. We propose that Hvs from angiosperm plants require priming because of a network of hydrophilic/charged residues that locks the channels in a silent resting conformation. Mechanical stimuli destabilize the network allowing the conduction pathway to turn on. In contrast to many other channels and receptors, Hv proteins are not thought to possess mechanisms such as inactivation or desensitization. Our findings demonstrate that angiosperm Hv channels are electrically silent until a mechanical stimulation turns on their voltage-dependent activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Parker D Webster
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Alexis De Angeli
- IPSiM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France.
| | - Francesco Tombola
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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7
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Tyagi A, Ali S, Park S, Bae H. Deciphering the role of mechanosensitive channels in plant root biology: perception, signaling, and adaptive responses. PLANTA 2023; 258:105. [PMID: 37878056 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Mechanosensitive channels are integral membrane proteins that rapidly translate extrinsic or intrinsic mechanical tensions into biological responses. They can serve as potential candidates for developing smart-resilient crops with efficient root systems. Mechanosensitive (MS) calcium channels are molecular switches for mechanoperception and signal transduction in all living organisms. Although tremendous progress has been made in understanding mechanoperception and signal transduction in bacteria and animals, this remains largely unknown in plants. However, identification and validation of MS channels such as Mid1-complementing activity channels (MCAs), mechanosensitive-like channels (MSLs), and Piezo channels (PIEZO) has been the most significant discovery in plant mechanobiology, providing novel insights into plant mechanoperception. This review summarizes recent advances in root mechanobiology, focusing on MS channels and their related signaling players, such as calcium ions (Ca2+), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and phytohormones. Despite significant advances in understanding the role of Ca2+ signaling in root biology, little is known about the involvement of MS channel-driven Ca2+ and ROS signaling. Additionally, the hotspots connecting the upstream and downstream signaling of MS channels remain unclear. In light of this, we discuss the present knowledge of MS channels in root biology and their role in root developmental and adaptive traits. We also provide a model highlighting upstream (cell wall sensors) and downstream signaling players, viz., Ca2+, ROS, and hormones, connected with MS channels. Furthermore, we highlighted the importance of emerging signaling molecules, such as nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and neurotransmitters (NTs), and their association with root mechanoperception. Finally, we conclude with future directions and knowledge gaps that warrant further research to decipher the complexity of root mechanosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshika Tyagi
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sajad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Suvin Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanhong Bae
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Zhang J, Maksaev G, Yuan P. Open structure and gating of the Arabidopsis mechanosensitive ion channel MSL10. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6284. [PMID: 37805510 PMCID: PMC10560256 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are challenged by drastically different osmotic environments during growth and development. Adaptation to these environments often involves mechanosensitive ion channels that can detect and respond to mechanical force. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the mechanosensitive channel MSL10 plays a crucial role in hypo-osmotic shock adaptation and programmed cell death induction, but the molecular basis of channel function remains poorly understood. Here, we report a structural and electrophysiological analysis of MSL10. The cryo-electron microscopy structures reveal a distinct heptameric channel assembly. Structures of the wild-type channel in detergent and lipid environments, and in the absence of membrane tension, capture an open conformation. Furthermore, structural analysis of a non-conductive mutant channel demonstrates that reorientation of phenylalanine side chains alone, without main chain rearrangements, may generate the hydrophobic gate. Together, these results reveal a distinct gating mechanism and advance our understanding of mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Grigory Maksaev
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Peng Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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9
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Mudrilov MA, Ladeynova MM, Kuznetsova DV, Vodeneev VA. Ion Channels in Electrical Signaling in Higher Plants. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:1467-1487. [PMID: 38105018 DOI: 10.1134/s000629792310005x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Electrical signals (ESs) appearing in plants under the action of various external factors play an important role in adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Generation of ES in higher plant cells is associated with activation of Ca2+, K+, and anion fluxes, as well as with changes in the activity of plasma membrane H+-ATPase. In the present review, molecular nature of the ion channels contributing to ESs transmission in higher plants is analyzed based on comparison of the data from molecular-genetic and electrophysiological studies. Based on such characteristics of ion channels as selectivity, activation mechanism, and intracellular and tissue localization, those ion channels that meet the requirements for potential participation in ES generation were selected from a wide variety of ion channels in higher plants. Analysis of the data of experimental studies performed on mutants with suppressed or enhanced expression of a certain channel gene revealed those channels whose activation contributes to ESs formation. The channels responsible for Ca2+ flux during generation of ESs include channels of the GLR family, for K+ flux - GORK, for anions - MSL. Consideration of the prospects of further studies suggests the need to combine electrophysiological and genetic approaches along with analysis of ion concentrations in intact plants within a single study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim A Mudrilov
- Department of Biophysics, Lobachevsky National Research State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Maria M Ladeynova
- Department of Biophysics, Lobachevsky National Research State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Darya V Kuznetsova
- Department of Biophysics, Lobachevsky National Research State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Vodeneev
- Department of Biophysics, Lobachevsky National Research State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia.
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10
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Darwish E, Ghosh R, Bentzer J, Tsardakas Renhuldt N, Proux-Wera E, Kamal N, Spannagl M, Hause B, Sirijovski N, Van Aken O. The dynamics of touch-responsive gene expression in cereals. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:282-302. [PMID: 37159480 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Wind, rain, herbivores, obstacles, neighbouring plants, etc. provide important mechanical cues to steer plant growth and survival. Mechanostimulation to stimulate yield and stress resistance of crops is of significant research interest, yet a molecular understanding of transcriptional responses to touch is largely absent in cereals. To address this, we performed whole-genome transcriptomics following mechanostimulation of wheat, barley, and the recent genome-sequenced oat. The largest transcriptome changes occurred ±25 min after touching, with most of the genes being upregulated. While most genes returned to basal expression level by 1-2 h in oat, many genes retained high expression even 4 h post-treatment in barley and wheat. Functional categories such as transcription factors, kinases, phytohormones, and Ca2+ regulation were affected. In addition, cell wall-related genes involved in (hemi)cellulose, lignin, suberin, and callose biosynthesis were touch-responsive, providing molecular insight into mechanically induced changes in cell wall composition. Furthermore, several cereal-specific transcriptomic footprints were identified that were not observed in Arabidopsis. In oat and barley, we found evidence for systemic spreading of touch-induced signalling. Finally, we provide evidence that both the jasmonic acid-dependent and the jasmonic acid-independent pathways underlie touch-signalling in cereals, providing a detailed framework and marker genes for further study of (a)biotic stress responses in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam Darwish
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
- Plant Physiology Section, Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ritesh Ghosh
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Johan Bentzer
- ScanOats Industrial Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nikos Tsardakas Renhuldt
- ScanOats Industrial Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Estelle Proux-Wera
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Box 1031, SE-17121, Solna, Sweden
| | - Nadia Kamal
- PGSB - Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Spannagl
- PGSB - Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bettina Hause
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Nick Sirijovski
- ScanOats Industrial Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Olivier Van Aken
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
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11
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Flynn AJ, Miller K, Codjoe JM, King MR, Haswell ES. Mechanosensitive ion channels MSL8, MSL9, and MSL10 have environmentally sensitive intrinsically disordered regions with distinct biophysical characteristics in vitro. PLANT DIRECT 2023; 7:e515. [PMID: 37547488 PMCID: PMC10400277 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDRs) are highly dynamic sequences that rapidly sample a collection of conformations over time. In the past several decades, IDRs have emerged as a major component of many proteomes, comprising ~30% of all eukaryotic protein sequences. Proteins with IDRs function in a wide range of biological pathways and are notably enriched in signaling cascades that respond to environmental stresses. Here, we identify and characterize intrinsic disorder in the soluble cytoplasmic N-terminal domains of MSL8, MSL9, and MSL10, three members of the MscS-like (MSL) family of mechanosensitive ion channels. In plants, MSL channels are proposed to mediate cell and organelle osmotic homeostasis. Bioinformatic tools unanimously predicted that the cytosolic N-termini of MSL channels are intrinsically disordered. We examined the N-terminus of MSL10 (MSL10N) as an exemplar of these IDRs and circular dichroism spectroscopy confirms its disorder. MSL10N adopted a predominately helical structure when exposed to the helix-inducing compound trifluoroethanol (TFE). Furthermore, in the presence of molecular crowding agents, MSL10N underwent structural changes and exhibited alterations to its homotypic interaction favorability. Lastly, interrogations of collective behavior via in vitro imaging of condensates indicated that MSL8N, MSL9N, and MSL10N have sharply differing propensities for self-assembly into condensates, both inherently and in response to salt, temperature, and molecular crowding. Taken together, these data establish the N-termini of MSL channels as intrinsically disordered regions with distinct biophysical properties and the potential to respond uniquely to changes in their physiochemical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan J. Flynn
- Department of BiologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Department of BiologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Kari Miller
- Department of BiologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Department of BiologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Jennette M. Codjoe
- Department of BiologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Department of BiologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Matthew R. King
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Elizabeth S. Haswell
- Department of BiologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Department of BiologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
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12
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Goodman MB, Haswell ES, Vásquez V. Mechanosensitive membrane proteins: Usual and unusual suspects in mediating mechanotransduction. J Gen Physiol 2023; 155:e202213248. [PMID: 36696153 PMCID: PMC9930137 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202213248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This Viewpoint, which accompanies a Special Issue focusing on membrane mechanosensors, discusses unifying and unique features of both established and emerging mechanosensitive (MS) membrane proteins, their distribution across protein families and phyla, and current and future challenges in the study of these important proteins and their partners. MS membrane proteins are essential for tissue development, cellular motion, osmotic homeostasis, and sensing external and self-generated mechanical cues like those responsible for touch and proprioception. Though researchers' attention and this Viewpoint focus on a few famous ion channels that are considered the usual suspects as MS mechanosensors, we also discuss some of the more unusual suspects, such as G-protein coupled receptors. As the field continues to grow, so too will the list of proteins suspected to function as mechanosensors and the diversity of known MS membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam B. Goodman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth S. Haswell
- Department of Biology, Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Valeria Vásquez
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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13
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Jiang Y, Ding P. Calcium signaling in plant immunity: a spatiotemporally controlled symphony. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:74-89. [PMID: 36504136 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Calcium ions (Ca2+) are prominent intracellular messengers in all eukaryotic cells. Recent studies have emphasized the crucial roles of Ca2+ in plant immunity. Here, we review the latest progress on the spatiotemporal control of Ca2+ function in plant immunity. We discuss discoveries of how Ca2+ influx is triggered upon the activation of immune receptors, how Ca2+-permeable channels are activated, how Ca2+ signals are decoded inside plant cells, and how these signals are switched off. Despite recent advances, many open questions remain and we highlight the existing toolkit and the new technologies to address the outstanding questions of Ca2+ signaling in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Jiang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Pingtao Ding
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden 2333, BE, The Netherlands.
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14
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Jhu MY, Sinha NR. Cuscuta species: Model organisms for haustorium development in stem holoparasitic plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1086384. [PMID: 36578337 PMCID: PMC9792094 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1086384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic plants are notorious for causing serious agricultural losses in many countries. Specialized intrusive organs, haustoria, confer on parasitic plants the ability to acquire water and nutrients from their host plants. Investigating the mechanism involved in haustorium development not only reveals the fascinating mystery of how autotrophic plants evolved parasitism but also provides the foundation for developing more effective methods to control the agricultural damage caused by parasitic plants. Cuscuta species, also known as dodders, are one of the most well-known and widely spread stem holoparasitic plants. Although progress has been made recently in understanding the evolution and development of haustoria in root parasitic plants, more and more studies indicate that the behaviors between root and stem haustorium formation are distinct, and the mechanisms involved in the formation of these organs remain largely unknown. Unlike most endoparasites and root holoparasitic plants, which have high host-specificity and self- or kin-recognition to avoid forming haustoria on themselves or closely related species, auto-parasitism and hyper-parasitism are commonly observed among Cuscuta species. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of haustorium development in dodders and the unique characteristics of their parasitizing behaviors. We also outline the advantages of using Cuscuta species as model organisms for haustorium development in stem holoparasitic plants, the current unknown mysteries and limitations in the Cuscuta system, and potential future research directions to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yao Jhu
- Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Neelima R. Sinha
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
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15
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Jiang W, Tong T, Chen X, Deng F, Zeng F, Pan R, Zhang W, Chen G, Chen ZH. Molecular response and evolution of plant anion transport systems to abiotic stress. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:397-412. [PMID: 34846607 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We propose that anion channels are essential players for green plants to respond and adapt to the abiotic stresses associated changing climate via reviewing the literature and analyzing the molecular evolution, comparative genetic analysis, and bioinformatics analysis of the key anion channel gene families. Climate change-induced abiotic stresses including heatwave, elevated CO2, drought, and flooding, had a major impact on plant growth in the last few decades. This scenario could lead to the exposure of plants to various stresses. Anion channels are confirmed as the key factors in plant stress responses, which exist in the green lineage plants. Numerous studies on anion channels have shed light on their protein structure, ion selectivity and permeability, gating characteristics, and regulatory mechanisms, but a great quantity of questions remain poorly understand. Here, we review function of plant anion channels in cell signaling to improve plant response to environmental stresses, focusing on climate change related abiotic stresses. We investigate the molecular response and evolution of plant slow anion channel, aluminum-activated malate transporter, chloride channel, voltage-dependent anion channel, and mechanosensitive-like anion channel in green plant. Furthermore, comparative genetic and bioinformatic analysis reveal the conservation of these anion channel gene families. We also discuss the tissue and stress specific expression, molecular regulation, and signaling transduction of those anion channels. We propose that anion channels are essential players for green plants to adapt in a diverse environment, calling for more fundamental and practical studies on those anion channels towards sustainable food production and ecosystem health in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Tao Tong
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Fenglin Deng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Fanrong Zeng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Rui Pan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Central Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.
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16
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Gorgues L, Li X, Maurel C, Martinière A, Nacry P. Root osmotic sensing from local perception to systemic responses. STRESS BIOLOGY 2022; 2:36. [PMID: 37676549 PMCID: PMC10442022 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-022-00054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants face a constantly changing environment, requiring fine tuning of their growth and development. Plants have therefore developed numerous mechanisms to cope with environmental stress conditions. One striking example is root response to water deficit. Upon drought (which causes osmotic stress to cells), plants can among other responses alter locally their root system architecture (hydropatterning) or orientate their root growth to optimize water uptake (hydrotropism). They can also modify their hydraulic properties, metabolism and development coordinately at the whole root and plant levels. Upstream of these developmental and physiological changes, plant roots must perceive and transduce signals for water availability. Here, we review current knowledge on plant osmotic perception and discuss how long distance signaling can play a role in signal integration, leading to the great phenotypic plasticity of roots and plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucille Gorgues
- IPSiM, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Xuelian Li
- IPSiM, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Maurel
- IPSiM, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Philippe Nacry
- IPSiM, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France
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17
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Guichard M, Thomine S, Frachisse JM. Mechanotransduction in the spotlight of mechano-sensitive channels. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 68:102252. [PMID: 35772372 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The study of mechanosensitive channels (MS) in living organisms has progressed considerably over the past two decades. The understanding of their roles in mechanosensation and mechanotransduction was consecrated by the awarding of the Nobel Prize in 2021 to A. Patapoutian for his discoveries on the role of MS channels in mechanoperception in humans. In this review, we first summarize the fundamental properties of MS channels and their mode of operation. Then in a second step, we provide an update on the knowledge on the families of MS channels identified in plants and the roles and functions that have been attributed to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Guichard
- Institute of Cell and Interaction Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sébastien Thomine
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Marie Frachisse
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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18
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Basu D, Codjoe JM, Veley KM, Haswell ES. The Mechanosensitive Ion Channel MSL10 Modulates Susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:567-582. [PMID: 34775835 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-21-0207-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants sense and respond to molecular signals associated with the presence of pathogens and their virulence factors. Mechanical signals generated during pathogenic invasion may also be important, but their contributions have rarely been studied. Here, we investigate the potential role of a mechanosensitive ion channel, MscS-like (MSL)10, in defense against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis thaliana. We previously showed that overexpression of MSL10-GFP, phospho-mimetic versions of MSL10, and the gain-of-function allele msl10-3G all produce dwarfing, spontaneous cell death, and the hyperaccumulation of reactive oxygen species. These phenotypes are shared by many autoimmune mutants and are frequently suppressed by growth at high temperature in those lines. We found that the same was true for all three MSL10 hypermorphs. In addition, we show that the SGT1/RAR1/HSP90 cochaperone complex was required for dwarfing and ectopic cell death, PAD4 and SID2 were partially required, and the immune regulators EDS1 and NDR1 were dispensable. All MSL10 hypermorphs exhibited reduced susceptibility to infection by P. syringae strain Pto DC3000 and Pto DC3000 expressing the avirulence genes avrRpt2 or avrRpm1 but not Pto DC3000 hrpL and showed an accelerated induction of PR1 expression compared with wild-type plants. Null msl10-1 mutants were delayed in PR1 induction and displayed modest susceptibility to infection by coronatine-deficient P. syringae pv. tomato. Finally, stomatal closure was reduced in msl10-1 loss-of-function mutants in response to P. syringae pv. tomato COR-. These data show that MSL10 modulates pathogen responses and begin to address the possibility that mechanical signals are exploited by the plant for pathogen perception.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Basu
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, U.S.A
- NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, U.S.A
| | - Jennette M Codjoe
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, U.S.A
- NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, U.S.A
| | - Kira M Veley
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, U.S.A
| | - Elizabeth S Haswell
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, U.S.A
- NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, U.S.A
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19
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OzTracs: Optical Osmolality Reporters Engineered from Mechanosensitive Ion Channels. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060787. [PMID: 35740912 PMCID: PMC9221499 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between physical forces and membrane proteins underpin many forms of environmental sensation and acclimation. Microbes survive osmotic stresses with the help of mechanically gated ion channels and osmolyte transporters. Plant mechanosensitive ion channels have been shown to function in defense signaling. Here, we engineered genetically encoded osmolality sensors (OzTracs) by fusing fluorescent protein spectral variants to the mechanosensitive ion channels MscL from E. coli or MSL10 from A. thaliana. When expressed in yeast cells, the OzTrac sensors reported osmolality changes as a proportional change in the emission ratio of the two fluorescent protein domains. Live-cell imaging revealed an accumulation of fluorescent sensors in internal aggregates, presumably derived from the endomembrane system. Thus, OzTrac sensors serve as osmolality-dependent reporters through an indirect mechanism, such as effects on molecular crowding or fluorophore solvation.
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20
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Miller K, Strychalski W, Nickaeen M, Carlsson A, Haswell ES. In vitro experiments and kinetic models of Arabidopsis pollen hydration mechanics show that MSL8 is not a simple tension-gated osmoregulator. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2921-2934.e3. [PMID: 35660140 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pollen, a neighbor-less cell containing the male gametes, undergoes mechanical challenges during plant sexual reproduction, including desiccation and rehydration. It was previously shown that the pollen-specific mechanosensitive ion channel MscS-like (MSL)8 is essential for pollen survival during hydration and proposed that it functions as a tension-gated osmoregulator. Here, we test this hypothesis with a combination of mathematical modeling and laboratory experiments. Time-lapse imaging revealed that wild-type pollen grains swell, and then they stabilize in volume rapidly during hydration. msl8 mutant pollen grains, however, continue to expand and eventually burst. We found that a mathematical model, wherein MSL8 acts as a simple-tension-gated osmoregulator, does not replicate this behavior. A better fit was obtained from variations of the model, wherein MSL8 inactivates independent of its membrane tension gating threshold or MSL8 strengthens the cell wall without osmotic regulation. Experimental and computational testing of several perturbations, including hydration in an osmolyte-rich solution, hyper-desiccation of the grains, and MSL8-YFP overexpression, indicated that the cell wall strengthening model best simulated experimental responses. Finally, the expression of a nonconducting MSL8 variant did not complement the msl8 overexpansion phenotype. These data indicate that contrary to our hypothesis and to the current understanding of MS ion channel function in bacteria, MSL8 does not act as a simple membrane tension-gated osmoregulator. Instead, they support a model wherein ion flux through MSL8 is required to alter pollen cell wall properties. These results demonstrate the utility of pollen as a cellular scale model system and illustrate how mathematical models can correct intuitive hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Miller
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Wanda Strychalski
- Department of Mathematics, Applied Mathematics, and Statistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Masoud Nickaeen
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Anders Carlsson
- NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Haswell
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA; NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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21
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Zhao C, Li K, Mou X, Zhu Y, Chen C, Zhang M, Wang Y, Zhou K, Sheng Y, Liu H, Bai Y, Li X, Zhou C, Deng D, Wu J, Wu HC, Bao R, Geng J. High-fidelity biosensing of dNTPs and nucleic acids by controllable subnanometer channel PaMscS. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 200:113894. [PMID: 34973563 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Current tools for dNTP analysis mainly rely on expensive fluorescent labeling, mass spectrometry or electrochemistry. Single-molecule assay by protein nanopores with an internal diameter of ca. 1-3.6 nm provides a useful tool for dNTP sensing. However, the most commonly used protein nanopores require additional modifications to enable dNTP detection. In this study, the PaMscS channel (mechanosensitive channel of small conductance from Pseudomonas aeruginosa) embedded in the bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) of E. coli polar lipid extract was applied as a nanopore for single molecular sensing. Two mutants of PaMscS nanopores on the side portal region (PaMscS W130A and PaMscS K180R) were selected for direct dNTP or pyrophosphoric acid (PPi) detection without aptamer or protein modification. Notably, the PaMscS mutant pore can be adjusted by regulation of osmolarity differences, which is crucial for the optimal detection of specific molecules. In addition, we established a PaMscS-based diagnosis method for the rapid sensing of disease-associated nucleic acids by monitoring the consumption of dNTPs, with 86% specificity and 100% sensitivity among 22 clinical samples. This protein nanopore, without aptamer or modification, paves a new way for dNTPs, PPi direct sensing and nucleic acid detection with low cost but high versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjian Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Med-X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Kaiju Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Med-X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xingyu Mou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Med-X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yibo Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Med-X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chuan Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Med-X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China; School of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Med-X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Med-X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ke Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yingying Sheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Med-X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yunjin Bai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Med-X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xinqiong Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Med-X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Cuisong Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dong Deng
- Division of Obstetrics, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
| | - Hai-Chen Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Rui Bao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Med-X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Jia Geng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Med-X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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22
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Ether anesthetics prevents touch-induced trigger hair calcium-electrical signals excite the Venus flytrap. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2851. [PMID: 35181728 PMCID: PMC8857258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06915-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants do not have neurons but operate transmembrane ion channels and can get electrical excited by physical and chemical clues. Among them the Venus flytrap is characterized by its peculiar hapto-electric signaling. When insects collide with trigger hairs emerging the trap inner surface, the mechanical stimulus within the mechanosensory organ is translated into a calcium signal and an action potential (AP). Here we asked how the Ca2+ wave and AP is initiated in the trigger hair and how it is feed into systemic trap calcium-electrical networks. When Dionaea muscipula trigger hairs matures and develop hapto-electric excitability the mechanosensitive anion channel DmMSL10/FLYC1 and voltage dependent SKOR type Shaker K+ channel are expressed in the sheering stress sensitive podium. The podium of the trigger hair is interface to the flytrap's prey capture and processing networks. In the excitable state touch stimulation of the trigger hair evokes a rise in the podium Ca2+ first and before the calcium signal together with an action potential travel all over the trap surface. In search for podium ion channels and pumps mediating touch induced Ca2+ transients, we, in mature trigger hairs firing fast Ca2+ signals and APs, found OSCA1.7 and GLR3.6 type Ca2+ channels and ACA2/10 Ca2+ pumps specifically expressed in the podium. Like trigger hair stimulation, glutamate application to the trap directly evoked a propagating Ca2+ and electrical event. Given that anesthetics affect K+ channels and glutamate receptors in the animal system we exposed flytraps to an ether atmosphere. As result propagation of touch and glutamate induced Ca2+ and AP long-distance signaling got suppressed, while the trap completely recovered excitability when ether was replaced by fresh air. In line with ether targeting a calcium channel addressing a Ca2+ activated anion channel the AP amplitude declined before the electrical signal ceased completely. Ether in the mechanosensory organ did neither prevent the touch induction of a calcium signal nor this post stimulus decay. This finding indicates that ether prevents the touch activated, glr3.6 expressing base of the trigger hair to excite the capture organ.
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23
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Structural insights into the Venus flytrap mechanosensitive ion channel Flycatcher1. Nat Commun 2022; 13:850. [PMID: 35165281 PMCID: PMC8844309 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28511-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Flycatcher1 (FLYC1), a MscS homolog, has recently been identified as a candidate mechanosensitive (MS) ion channel involved in Venus flytrap prey recognition. FLYC1 is a larger protein and its sequence diverges from previously studied MscS homologs, suggesting it has unique structural features that contribute to its function. Here, we characterize FLYC1 by cryo-electron microscopy, molecular dynamics simulations, and electrophysiology. Akin to bacterial MscS and plant MSL1 channels, we find that FLYC1 central core includes side portals in the cytoplasmic cage that regulate ion preference and conduction, by identifying critical residues that modulate channel conductance. Topologically unique cytoplasmic flanking regions can adopt ‘up’ or ‘down’ conformations, making the channel asymmetric. Disruption of an up conformation-specific interaction severely delays channel deactivation by 40-fold likely due to stabilization of the channel open state. Our results illustrate novel structural features and likely conformational transitions that regulate mechano-gating of FLYC1. Flycatcher1 (FLYC1) is a candidate mechanosensitive channel involved in Venus flytrap touch-induced prey capture. Here, the authors report structural and functional details of FLYC1, with insights into gating conformational transitions.
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24
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Acharya BR, Sandhu D, Dueñas C, Dueñas M, Pudussery M, Kaundal A, Ferreira JFS, Suarez DL, Skaggs TH. Morphological, physiological, biochemical, and transcriptome studies reveal the importance of transporters and stress signaling pathways during salinity stress in Prunus. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1274. [PMID: 35075204 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-659140/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The almond crop has high economic importance on a global scale, but its sensitivity to salinity stress can cause severe yield losses. Salt-tolerant rootstocks are vital for crop economic feasibility under saline conditions. Two commercial rootstocks submitted to salinity, and evaluated through different parameters, had contrasting results with the survival rates of 90.6% for 'Rootpac 40' (tolerant) and 38.9% for 'Nemaguard' (sensitive) under salinity (Electrical conductivity of water = 3 dS m-1). Under salinity, 'Rootpac 40' accumulated less Na and Cl and more K in leaves than 'Nemaguard'. Increased proline accumulation in 'Nemaguard' indicated that it was highly stressed by salinity compared to 'Rootpac 40'. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that a higher degree of differential gene expression was controlled by genotype rather than by treatment. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) provided insight into the regulation of salinity tolerance in Prunus. DEGs associated with stress signaling pathways and transporters may play essential roles in the salinity tolerance of Prunus. Some additional vital players involved in salinity stress in Prunus include CBL10, AKT1, KUP8, Prupe.3G053200 (chloride channel), and Prupe.7G202700 (mechanosensitive ion channel). Genetic components of salinity stress identified in this study may be explored to develop new rootstocks suitable for salinity-affected regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswa R Acharya
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Salinity Lab, 450 W Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
- College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Devinder Sandhu
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Salinity Lab, 450 W Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA.
| | - Christian Dueñas
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Salinity Lab, 450 W Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
- College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Marco Dueñas
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Salinity Lab, 450 W Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
- College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Manju Pudussery
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Salinity Lab, 450 W Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Amita Kaundal
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Salinity Lab, 450 W Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
- College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences (CAAS), Utah State University (USU), Logan, UT, 8432, USA
| | - Jorge F S Ferreira
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Salinity Lab, 450 W Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Donald L Suarez
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Salinity Lab, 450 W Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Todd H Skaggs
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Salinity Lab, 450 W Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
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Morphological, physiological, biochemical, and transcriptome studies reveal the importance of transporters and stress signaling pathways during salinity stress in Prunus. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1274. [PMID: 35075204 PMCID: PMC8786923 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05202-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The almond crop has high economic importance on a global scale, but its sensitivity to salinity stress can cause severe yield losses. Salt-tolerant rootstocks are vital for crop economic feasibility under saline conditions. Two commercial rootstocks submitted to salinity, and evaluated through different parameters, had contrasting results with the survival rates of 90.6% for ‘Rootpac 40’ (tolerant) and 38.9% for ‘Nemaguard’ (sensitive) under salinity (Electrical conductivity of water = 3 dS m−1). Under salinity, ‘Rootpac 40’ accumulated less Na and Cl and more K in leaves than ‘Nemaguard’. Increased proline accumulation in ‘Nemaguard’ indicated that it was highly stressed by salinity compared to ‘Rootpac 40’. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that a higher degree of differential gene expression was controlled by genotype rather than by treatment. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) provided insight into the regulation of salinity tolerance in Prunus. DEGs associated with stress signaling pathways and transporters may play essential roles in the salinity tolerance of Prunus. Some additional vital players involved in salinity stress in Prunus include CBL10, AKT1, KUP8, Prupe.3G053200 (chloride channel), and Prupe.7G202700 (mechanosensitive ion channel). Genetic components of salinity stress identified in this study may be explored to develop new rootstocks suitable for salinity-affected regions.
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26
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Tong T, Li Q, Jiang W, Chen G, Xue D, Deng F, Zeng F, Chen ZH. Molecular Evolution of Calcium Signaling and Transport in Plant Adaptation to Abiotic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12308. [PMID: 34830190 PMCID: PMC8618852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to unfavorable abiotic stresses is one of the key processes in the evolution of plants. Calcium (Ca2+) signaling is characterized by the spatiotemporal pattern of Ca2+ distribution and the activities of multi-domain proteins in integrating environmental stimuli and cellular responses, which are crucial early events in abiotic stress responses in plants. However, a comprehensive summary and explanation for evolutionary and functional synergies in Ca2+ signaling remains elusive in green plants. We review mechanisms of Ca2+ membrane transporters and intracellular Ca2+ sensors with evolutionary imprinting and structural clues. These may provide molecular and bioinformatics insights for the functional analysis of some non-model species in the evolutionarily important green plant lineages. We summarize the chronological order, spatial location, and characteristics of Ca2+ functional proteins. Furthermore, we highlight the integral functions of calcium-signaling components in various nodes of the Ca2+ signaling pathway through conserved or variant evolutionary processes. These ultimately bridge the Ca2+ cascade reactions into regulatory networks, particularly in the hormonal signaling pathways. In summary, this review provides new perspectives towards a better understanding of the evolution, interaction and integration of Ca2+ signaling components in green plants, which is likely to benefit future research in agriculture, evolutionary biology, ecology and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tong
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434022, China; (T.T.); (W.J.); (F.D.)
| | - Qi Li
- Central Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310030, China; (Q.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Wei Jiang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434022, China; (T.T.); (W.J.); (F.D.)
| | - Guang Chen
- Central Laboratory, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310030, China; (Q.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Dawei Xue
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China;
| | - Fenglin Deng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434022, China; (T.T.); (W.J.); (F.D.)
| | - Fanrong Zeng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434022, China; (T.T.); (W.J.); (F.D.)
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith 2751, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith 2751, Australia
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27
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Tran D, Petitjean H, Chebli Y, Geitmann A, Sharif-Naeini R. Mechanosensitive ion channels contribute to mechanically evoked rapid leaflet movement in Mimosa pudica. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1704-1712. [PMID: 34734277 PMCID: PMC8566232 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mechanoperception, the ability to perceive and respond to mechanical stimuli, is a common and fundamental property of all forms of life. Vascular plants such as Mimosa pudica use this function to protect themselves against herbivory. The mechanical stimulus caused by a landing insect triggers a rapid closing of the leaflets that drives the potential pest away. While this thigmonastic movement is caused by ion fluxes accompanied by a rapid change of volume in the pulvini, the mechanism responsible for the detection of the mechanical stimulus remains poorly understood. Here, we examined the role of mechanosensitive ion channels in the first step of this evolutionarily conserved defense mechanism: the mechanically evoked closing of the leaflet. Our results demonstrate that the key site of mechanosensation in the Mimosa leaflets is the pulvinule, which expresses a stretch-activated chloride-permeable mechanosensitive ion channel. Blocking these channels partially prevents the closure of the leaflets following mechanical stimulation. These results demonstrate a direct relation between the activity of mechanosensitive ion channels and a central defense mechanism of M. pudica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tran
- Department of Physiology and Cell Information Systems, McGill University, Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Québec, Canada H3G0B1
| | - Hugues Petitjean
- Department of Physiology and Cell Information Systems, McGill University, Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Québec, Canada H3G0B1
| | - Youssef Chebli
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X3V9
| | - Anja Geitmann
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X3V9
| | - Reza Sharif-Naeini
- Department of Physiology and Cell Information Systems, McGill University, Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Québec, Canada H3G0B1
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MCAs in Arabidopsis are Ca 2+-permeable mechanosensitive channels inherently sensitive to membrane tension. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6074. [PMID: 34667173 PMCID: PMC8526687 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26363-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensitive (MS) ion channels respond to mechanical stress and convert it into intracellular electric and ionic signals. Five MS channel families have been identified in plants, including the Mid1-Complementing Activity (MCA) channel; however, its activation mechanisms have not been elucidated in detail. We herein demonstrate that the MCA2 channel is a Ca2+-permeable MS channel that is directly activated by membrane tension. The N-terminal 173 residues of MCA1 and MCA2 were synthesized in vitro, purified, and reconstituted into artificial liposomal membranes. Liposomes reconstituted with MCA1(1-173) or MCA2(1-173) mediate Ca2+ influx and the application of pressure to the membrane reconstituted with MCA2(1-173) elicits channel currents. This channel is also activated by voltage. Blockers for MS channels inhibit activation by stretch, but not by voltage. Since MCA proteins are found exclusively in plants, these results suggest that MCA represent plant-specific MS channels that open directly with membrane tension. Mechanosensitive ion channels convert mechanical stimuli into intracellular electric and ionic signals. Here the authors show that Arabidopsis MCA2 is a Ca2+-permeable mechanosensitive channel that is directly activated by membrane tension.
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29
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Electrical Signaling of Plants under Abiotic Stressors: Transmission of Stimulus-Specific Information. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910715. [PMID: 34639056 PMCID: PMC8509212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have developed complex systems of perception and signaling to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Electrical signaling is one of the most promising candidates for the regulatory mechanisms of the systemic functional response under the local action of various stimuli. Long-distance electrical signals of plants, such as action potential (AP), variation potential (VP), and systemic potential (SP), show specificities to types of inducing stimuli. The systemic response induced by a long-distance electrical signal, representing a change in the activity of a complex of molecular-physiological processes, includes a nonspecific component and a stimulus-specific component. This review discusses possible mechanisms for transmitting information about the nature of the stimulus and the formation of a specific systemic response with the participation of electrical signals induced by various abiotic factors.
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30
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Chen Y, Zhu Z, Tian Y, Jiang L. Rational ion transport management mediated through membrane structures. EXPLORATION 2021; 1:20210101. [PMCID: PMC10190948 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry Beihang University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Zhongpeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry Beihang University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Ye Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry Beihang University Beijing P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P. R. China
- School of Future Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P. R. China
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31
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Moe-Lange J, Gappel NM, Machado M, Wudick MM, Sies CSA, Schott-Verdugo SN, Bonus M, Mishra S, Hartwig T, Bezrutczyk M, Basu D, Farmer EE, Gohlke H, Malkovskiy A, Haswell ES, Lercher MJ, Ehrhardt DW, Frommer WB, Kleist TJ. Interdependence of a mechanosensitive anion channel and glutamate receptors in distal wound signaling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg4298. [PMID: 34516872 PMCID: PMC8442888 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg4298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate has dual roles in metabolism and signaling; thus, signaling functions must be isolatable and distinct from metabolic fluctuations, as seen in low-glutamate domains at synapses. In plants, wounding triggers electrical and calcium (Ca2+) signaling, which involve homologs of mammalian glutamate receptors. The hydraulic dispersal and squeeze-cell hypotheses implicate pressure as a key component of systemic signaling. Here, we identify the stretch-activated anion channel MSL10 as necessary for proper wound-induced electrical and Ca2+ signaling. Wound gene induction, genetics, and Ca2+ imaging indicate that MSL10 acts in the same pathway as the glutamate receptor–like proteins (GLRs). Analogous to mammalian NMDA glutamate receptors, GLRs may serve as coincidence detectors gated by the combined requirement for ligand binding and membrane depolarization, here mediated by stretch activation of MSL10. This study provides a molecular genetic basis for a role of mechanical signal perception and the transmission of long-distance electrical and Ca2+ signals in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Moe-Lange
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nicoline M. Gappel
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mackenzie Machado
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael M. Wudick
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Cosima S. A. Sies
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephan N. Schott-Verdugo
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular (CBSM), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, CL-3460000 Talca, Chile
- John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC), Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Bioinformatics), and Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4: Bioinformatics), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Michele Bonus
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Swastik Mishra
- Computational Cell Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Hartwig
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Margaret Bezrutczyk
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Debarati Basu
- NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, Box 1137, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Edward E. Farmer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC), Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Bioinformatics), and Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4: Bioinformatics), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Andrey Malkovskiy
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Elizabeth S. Haswell
- NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, Box 1137, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Martin J. Lercher
- Computational Cell Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - David W. Ehrhardt
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wolf B. Frommer
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Corresponding author.
| | - Thomas J. Kleist
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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32
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Saikia E, Läubli NF, Vogler H, Rüggeberg M, Herrmann HJ, Burgert I, Burri JT, Nelson BJ, Grossniklaus U, Wittel FK. Mechanical factors contributing to the Venus flytrap's rate-dependent response to stimuli. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 20:2287-2297. [PMID: 34431032 PMCID: PMC8595191 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01507-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The sensory hairs of the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula Ellis) detect mechanical stimuli imparted by their prey and fire bursts of electrical signals called action potentials (APs). APs are elicited when the hairs are sufficiently stimulated and two consecutive APs can trigger closure of the trap. Earlier experiments have identified thresholds for the relevant stimulus parameters, namely the angular displacement \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\omega $$\end{document}ω. However, these experiments could not trace the deformation of the trigger hair’s sensory cells, which are known to transduce the mechanical stimulus. To understand the kinematics at the cellular level, we investigate the role of two relevant mechanical phenomena: viscoelasticity and intercellular fluid transport using a multi-scale numerical model of the sensory hair. We hypothesize that the combined influence of these two phenomena and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\omega $$\end{document}ω contribute to the flytrap’s rate-dependent response to stimuli. In this study, we firstly perform sustained deflection tests on the hair to estimate the viscoelastic material properties of the tissue. Thereafter, through simulations of hair deflection tests at different loading rates, we were able to establish a multi-scale kinematic link between \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\delta $$\end{document}δ. Furthermore, we find that the rate at which \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\delta $$\end{document}δ evolves during a stimulus is also proportional to \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\omega $$\end{document}ω. This suggests that mechanosensitive ion channels, expected to be stretch-activated and localized in the plasma membrane of the sensory cells, could be additionally sensitive to the rate at which stretch is applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eashan Saikia
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Nino F Läubli
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
| | - Hannes Vogler
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | | | - Hans J Herrmann
- Laboratoire de Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes, École Supérieur de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology-EMPA, Cellulose and Wood Materials Laboratory, 8600, Dubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jan T Burri
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Bradley J Nelson
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Grossniklaus
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Falk K Wittel
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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33
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Dave N, Cetiner U, Arroyo D, Fonbuena J, Tiwari M, Barrera P, Lander N, Anishkin A, Sukharev S, Jimenez V. A novel mechanosensitive channel controls osmoregulation, differentiation, and infectivity in Trypanosoma cruzi. eLife 2021; 10:67449. [PMID: 34212856 PMCID: PMC8282336 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The causative agent of Chagas disease undergoes drastic morphological and biochemical modifications as it passes between hosts and transitions from extracellular to intracellular stages. The osmotic and mechanical aspects of these cellular transformations are not understood. Here we identify and characterize a novel mechanosensitive channel in Trypanosoma cruzi (TcMscS) belonging to the superfamily of small-conductance mechanosensitive channels (MscS). TcMscS is activated by membrane tension and forms a large pore permeable to anions, cations, and small osmolytes. The channel changes its location from the contractile vacuole complex in epimastigotes to the plasma membrane as the parasites develop into intracellular amastigotes. TcMscS knockout parasites show significant fitness defects, including increased cell volume, calcium dysregulation, impaired differentiation, and a dramatic decrease in infectivity. Our work provides mechanistic insights into components supporting pathogen adaptation inside the host, thus opening the exploration of mechanosensation as a prerequisite for protozoan infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noopur Dave
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, United States
| | - Ugur Cetiner
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
| | - Daniel Arroyo
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, United States
| | - Joshua Fonbuena
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, United States
| | - Megna Tiwari
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, United States
| | - Patricia Barrera
- Departmento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Histologia y Embriologia IHEM-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Noelia Lander
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Andriy Anishkin
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
| | - Sergei Sukharev
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
| | - Veronica Jimenez
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, United States
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Li JH, Fan LF, Zhao DJ, Zhou Q, Yao JP, Wang ZY, Huang L. Plant electrical signals: A multidisciplinary challenge. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 261:153418. [PMID: 33887526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant electrical signals, an early event in the plant-stimulus interaction, rapidly transmit information generated by the stimulus to other organs, and even the whole plant, to promote the corresponding response and trigger a regulatory cascade. In recent years, many promising state-of-the-art technologies applicable to study plant electrophysiology have emerged. Research focused on expression of genes associated with electrical signals has also proliferated. We propose that it is appropriate for plant electrical signals to be considered in the form of a "plant electrophysiological phenotype". This review synthesizes research on plant electrical signals from a novel, interdisciplinary perspective, which is needed to improve the efficient aggregation and use of plant electrical signal data and to expedite interpretation of plant electrical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hai Li
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Li-Feng Fan
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Dong-Jie Zhao
- Institute for Future (IFF), Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qiao Zhou
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jie-Peng Yao
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhong-Yi Wang
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Lan Huang
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100083, China.
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35
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Cellular transduction of mechanical oscillations in plants by the plasma-membrane mechanosensitive channel MSL10. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:1919402118. [PMID: 33372153 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919402118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants spend most of their life oscillating around 1-3 Hz due to the effect of the wind. Therefore, stems and foliage experience repetitive mechanical stresses through these passive movements. However, the mechanism of the cellular perception and transduction of such recurring mechanical signals remains an open question. Multimeric protein complexes forming mechanosensitive (MS) channels embedded in the membrane provide an efficient system to rapidly convert mechanical tension into an electrical signal. So far, studies have mostly focused on nonoscillatory stretching of these channels. Here, we show that the plasma-membrane MS channel MscS-LIKE 10 (MSL10) from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana responds to pulsed membrane stretching with rapid activation and relaxation kinetics in the range of 1 s. Under sinusoidal membrane stretching MSL10 presents a greater activity than under static stimulation. We observed this amplification mostly in the range of 0.3-3 Hz. Above these frequencies the channel activity is very close to that under static conditions. With a localization in aerial organs naturally submitted to wind-driven oscillations, our results suggest that the MS channel MSL10, and by extension MS channels sharing similar properties, represents a molecular component allowing the perception of oscillatory mechanical stimulations by plants.
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Procko C, Murthy S, Keenan WT, Mousavi SAR, Dabi T, Coombs A, Procko E, Baird L, Patapoutian A, Chory J. Stretch-activated ion channels identified in the touch-sensitive structures of carnivorous Droseraceae plants. eLife 2021; 10:e64250. [PMID: 33724187 PMCID: PMC7963481 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to touch, some carnivorous plants such as the Venus flytrap have evolved spectacular movements to capture animals for nutrient acquisition. However, the molecules that confer this sensitivity remain unknown. We used comparative transcriptomics to show that expression of three genes encoding homologs of the MscS-Like (MSL) and OSCA/TMEM63 family of mechanosensitive ion channels are localized to touch-sensitive trigger hairs of Venus flytrap. We focus here on the candidate with the most enriched expression in trigger hairs, the MSL homolog FLYCATCHER1 (FLYC1). We show that FLYC1 transcripts are localized to mechanosensory cells within the trigger hair, transfecting FLYC1 induces chloride-permeable stretch-activated currents in naïve cells, and transcripts coding for FLYC1 homologs are expressed in touch-sensing cells of Cape sundew, a related carnivorous plant of the Droseraceae family. Our data suggest that the mechanism of prey recognition in carnivorous Droseraceae evolved by co-opting ancestral mechanosensitive ion channels to sense touch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Procko
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
| | - Swetha Murthy
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, Scripps ResearchSan DiegoUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseUnited States
| | - William T Keenan
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, Scripps ResearchSan DiegoUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseUnited States
| | - Seyed Ali Reza Mousavi
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, Scripps ResearchSan DiegoUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseUnited States
| | - Tsegaye Dabi
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
| | - Adam Coombs
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, Scripps ResearchSan DiegoUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseUnited States
| | - Erik Procko
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
| | - Lisa Baird
- Department of Biology, University of San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Ardem Patapoutian
- Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, Scripps ResearchSan DiegoUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseUnited States
| | - Joanne Chory
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
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Abstract
Gravity determines shape of body tissue and affects the functions of life, both in plants and animals. The cellular response to gravity is an active process of mechanotransduction. Although plants and animals share some common mechanisms of gravity sensing in spite of their distant phylogenetic origin, each species has its own mechanism to sense and respond to gravity. In this review, we discuss current understanding regarding the mechanisms of cellular gravity sensing in plants and animals. Understanding gravisensing also contributes to life on Earth, e.g., understanding osteoporosis and muscle atrophy. Furthermore, in the current age of Mars exploration, understanding cellular responses to gravity will form the foundation of living in space.
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Mano H, Hasebe M. Rapid movements in plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:3-17. [PMID: 33415544 PMCID: PMC7817606 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-020-01243-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant movements are generally slow, but some plant species have evolved the ability to move very rapidly at speeds comparable to those of animals. Whereas movement in animals relies on the contraction machinery of muscles, many plant movements use turgor pressure as the primary driving force together with secondarily generated elastic forces. The movement of stomata is the best-characterized model system for studying turgor-driven movement, and many gene products responsible for this movement, especially those related to ion transport, have been identified. Similar gene products were recently shown to function in the daily sleep movements of pulvini, the motor organs for macroscopic leaf movements. However, it is difficult to explain the mechanisms behind rapid multicellular movements as a simple extension of the mechanisms used for unicellular or slow movements. For example, water transport through plant tissues imposes a limit on the speed of plant movements, which becomes more severe as the size of the moving part increases. Rapidly moving traps in carnivorous plants overcome this limitation with the aid of the mechanical behaviors of their three-dimensional structures. In addition to a mechanism for rapid deformation, rapid multicellular movements also require a molecular system for rapid cell-cell communication, along with a mechanosensing system that initiates the response. Electrical activities similar to animal action potentials are found in many plant species, representing promising candidates for the rapid cell-cell signaling behind rapid movements, but the molecular entities of these electrical signals remain obscure. Here we review the current understanding of rapid plant movements with the aim of encouraging further biological studies into this fascinating, challenging topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Mano
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
- School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
- JST, PRESTO, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Mitsuyasu Hasebe
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
- School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
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Isayenkov S, Hilo A, Rizzo P, Tandron Moya YA, Rolletschek H, Borisjuk L, Radchuk V. Adaptation Strategies of Halophytic Barley Hordeum marinum ssp. marinum to High Salinity and Osmotic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239019. [PMID: 33260985 PMCID: PMC7730945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptation strategies of halophytic seaside barley Hordeum marinum to high salinity and osmotic stress were investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, as well as ionomic, metabolomic, and transcriptomic approaches. When compared with cultivated barley, seaside barley exhibited a better plant growth rate, higher relative plant water content, lower osmotic pressure, and sustained photosynthetic activity under high salinity, but not under osmotic stress. As seaside barley is capable of controlling Na+ and Cl− concentrations in leaves at high salinity, the roots appear to play the central role in salinity adaptation, ensured by the development of thinner and likely lignified roots, as well as fine-tuning of membrane transport for effective management of restriction of ion entry and sequestration, accumulation of osmolytes, and minimization of energy costs. By contrast, more resources and energy are required to overcome the consequences of osmotic stress, particularly the severity of reactive oxygen species production and nutritional disbalance which affect plant growth. Our results have identified specific mechanisms for adaptation to salinity in seaside barley which differ from those activated in response to osmotic stress. Increased knowledge around salt tolerance in halophytic wild relatives will provide a basis for improved breeding of salt-tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Isayenkov
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany; (A.H.); (P.R.); (Y.A.T.M.); (H.R.); (L.B.)
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics NAS of Ukraine, Osipovskogo Street, 2a, 04123 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Correspondence: (S.I.); (V.R.)
| | - Alexander Hilo
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany; (A.H.); (P.R.); (Y.A.T.M.); (H.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Paride Rizzo
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany; (A.H.); (P.R.); (Y.A.T.M.); (H.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Yudelsy Antonia Tandron Moya
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany; (A.H.); (P.R.); (Y.A.T.M.); (H.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Hardy Rolletschek
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany; (A.H.); (P.R.); (Y.A.T.M.); (H.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany; (A.H.); (P.R.); (Y.A.T.M.); (H.R.); (L.B.)
| | - Volodymyr Radchuk
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany; (A.H.); (P.R.); (Y.A.T.M.); (H.R.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence: (S.I.); (V.R.)
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40
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Schlegel AM, Haswell ES. Charged pore-lining residues are required for normal channel kinetics in the eukaryotic mechanosensitive ion channel MSL1. Channels (Austin) 2020; 14:310-325. [PMID: 32988273 PMCID: PMC7757850 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2020.1818509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensitive (MS) ion channels are widespread mechanisms for cellular mechanosensation that can be directly activated by increasing membrane tension. The well-studied MscS family of MS ion channels is found in bacteria, archaea, and plants. MscS-Like (MSL)1 is localized to the inner mitochondrial membrane of Arabidopsis thaliana, where it is required for normal mitochondrial responses to oxidative stress. Like Escherichia coli MscS, MSL1 has a pore-lining helix that is kinked. However, in MSL1 this kink is comprised of two charged pore-lining residues, R326 and D327. Using single-channel patch-clamp electrophysiology in E. coli, we show that altering the size and charge of R326 and D327 leads to dramatic changes in channel kinetics. Modest changes in gating pressure were also observed while no effects on channel rectification or conductance were detected. MSL1 channel variants had differing physiological function in E. coli hypoosmotic shock assays, without clear correlation between function and particular channel characteristics. Taken together, these results demonstrate that altering pore-lining residue charge and size disrupts normal channel state stability and gating transitions, and led us to propose the “sweet spot” model. In this model, the transition to the closed state is facilitated by attraction between R326 and D327 and repulsion between R326 residues of neighboring monomers. In the open state, expansion of the channel reduces inter-monomeric repulsion, rendering open state stability influenced mainly by attractive forces. This work provides insight into how unique charge-charge interactions can be combined with an otherwise conserved structural feature to help modulate MS channel function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Schlegel
- Department of Biology, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Haswell
- Department of Biology, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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41
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Carniello V, Peterson BW, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ. Role of adhesion forces in mechanosensitive channel gating in Staphylococcus aureus adhering to surfaces. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2020; 6:31. [PMID: 32826897 PMCID: PMC7442641 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-020-00141-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensitive channels in bacterial membranes open or close in response to environmental changes to allow transmembrane transport, including antibiotic uptake and solute efflux. In this paper, we hypothesize that gating of mechanosensitive channels is stimulated by forces through which bacteria adhere to surfaces. Hereto, channel gating is related with adhesion forces to different surfaces of a Staphylococcus aureus strain and its isogenic ΔmscL mutant, deficient in MscL (large) channel gating. Staphylococci becoming fluorescent due to uptake of calcein, increased with adhesion force and were higher in the parent strain (66% when adhering with an adhesion force above 4.0 nN) than in the ΔmscL mutant (40% above 1.2 nN). This suggests that MscL channels open at a higher critical adhesion force than at which physically different, MscS (small) channels open and contribute to transmembrane transport. Uptake of the antibiotic dihydrostreptomycin was monitored by staphylococcal killing. The parent strain exposed to dihydrostreptomycin yielded a CFU reduction of 2.3 log-units when adhering with an adhesion force above 3.5 nN, but CFU reduction remained low (1.0 log-unit) in the mutant, independent of adhesion force. This confirms that large channels open at a higher critical adhesion-force than small channels, as also concluded from calcein transmembrane transport. Collectively, these observations support our hypothesis that adhesion forces to surfaces play an important role, next to other established driving forces, in staphylococcal channel gating. This provides an interesting extension of our understanding of transmembrane antibiotic uptake and solute efflux in infectious staphylococcal biofilms in which bacteria experience adhesion forces from a wide variety of surfaces, like those of other bacteria, tissue cells, or implanted biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Carniello
- Department of BioMedical Engineering, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Brandon W Peterson
- Department of BioMedical Engineering, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - Henny C van der Mei
- Department of BioMedical Engineering, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Henk J Busscher
- Department of BioMedical Engineering, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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42
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Peng Y, Zheng Y, Zhou J, Shang-Guan K, Wang H, Liang Y. Design and Application of a Rotatory Device for Detecting Transient Ca 2+ Signals in Response to Mechanical Stimulation Using an Aequorin-Based Ca 2+ Imaging System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 5:e20116. [PMID: 32813335 DOI: 10.1002/cppb.20116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Elevation of the cytosolic free calcium ion (Ca2+ ) concentration ([Ca2+ ]cyt ) is one of the earliest responses to biotic and abiotic stress in plant cells. Among the various Ca2+ detection systems available, aequorin-based luminescence Ca2+ imaging systems provide a relatively amenable and robust method that facilitates large-scale genetic-mutant screening based on [Ca2+ ]cyt responses. Compared to that mediated by chemical elicitors, mechanical stimulation-induced elevation of [Ca2+ ]cyt is considerably more rapid, occurring within 10 s following stimulation. Therefore, its assessment using aequorin-based Ca2+ imaging systems represents a notable challenge, given that a time interval of ≥1 min is required to reduce the background light before operating the photon imaging detector. In this context, we designed a device that can rotate automatically within the confines of an enclosed dark box, and using this, we can record [Ca2+ ]cyt dynamics immediately after plants had been rotated to induce mechanical stimulation. This tool can facilitate the study of perception and early signal transduction in response to mechanical stimulation on a large scale based on [Ca2+ ]cyt responses. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Detection of background luminance signals in aequorin-transformed Arabidopsis seedlings using a photon imaging detector Basic Protocol 2: Construction of the rotatory device Basic Protocol 3: Calcium measurement in Arabidopsis seedlings after rotatory stimulation Basic Protocol 4: Data analysis and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingtong Peng
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- Micro-Satellite Research Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinrun Zhou
- Micro-Satellite Research Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Keke Shang-Guan
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiquan Wang
- Micro-Satellite Research Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Hangzhou, China
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Bacete L, Hamann T. Plant Biology: Plants Turn Down the Volume to Respond to Cell Swelling. Curr Biol 2020; 30:R804-R806. [PMID: 32693072 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Turgor manipulation to induce plant cell swelling is one of the classic experiments undertaken in biology courses in schools and at universities. However, only now do we start to understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for detecting plant cell swelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bacete
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, Trondheim 7491, Norway.
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44
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Basu D, Shoots JM, Haswell ES. Interactions between the N- and C-termini of the mechanosensitive ion channel AtMSL10 are consistent with a three-step mechanism for activation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4020-4032. [PMID: 32280992 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although a growing number of mechanosensitive ion channels are being identified in plant systems, the molecular mechanisms by which they function are still under investigation. Overexpression of the mechanosensitive ion channel MSL (MscS-Like)10 fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) triggers a number of developmental and cellular phenotypes including the induction of cell death, and this function is influenced by seven phosphorylation sites in its soluble N-terminus. Here, we show that these and other phenotypes required neither overexpression nor a tag, and could also be induced by a previously identified point mutation in the soluble C-terminus (S640L). The promotion of cell death and hyperaccumulation of H2O2 in 35S:MSL10S640L-GFP overexpression lines was suppressed by N-terminal phosphomimetic substitutions, and the soluble N- and C-terminal domains of MSL10 physically interacted. We propose a three-step model by which tension-induced conformational changes in the C-terminus could be transmitted to the N-terminus, leading to its dephosphorylation and the induction of adaptive responses. Taken together, this work expands our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of mechanotransduction in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Basu
- NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jennette M Shoots
- NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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45
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Basu D, Haswell ES. The Mechanosensitive Ion Channel MSL10 Potentiates Responses to Cell Swelling in Arabidopsis Seedlings. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2716-2728.e6. [PMID: 32531281 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to respond to unanticipated increases in volume is a fundamental property of cells, essential for cellular integrity in the face of osmotic challenges. Plants must manage cell swelling during flooding, rehydration, and pathogen invasion-but little is known about the mechanisms by which this occurs. It has been proposed that plant cells could sense and respond to cell swelling through the action of mechanosensitive ion channels. Here, we characterize a new assay to study the effects of cell swelling on Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings and to test the contributions of the mechanosensitive ion channel MscS-like10 (MSL10). The assay incorporates both cell wall softening and hypo-osmotic treatment to induce cell swelling. We show that MSL10 is required for several previously demonstrated responses to hypo-osmotic shock, including a cytoplasmic calcium transient within the first few seconds, accumulation of ROS within the first 30 min, and increased transcript levels of mechano-inducible genes within 60 min. We also show that cell swelling induces programmed cell death within 3 h in a MSL10-dependent manner. Finally, we show that MSL10 is unable to potentiate cell swelling-induced death when phosphomimetic residues are introduced into its soluble N terminus. Thus, MSL10 functions as a phospho-regulated membrane-based sensor that connects the perception of cell swelling to a downstream signaling cascade and programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Basu
- NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Haswell
- NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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46
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The Plasma Membrane-An Integrating Compartment for Mechano-Signaling. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040505. [PMID: 32295309 PMCID: PMC7238056 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Plants are able to sense their mechanical environment. This mechanical signal is used by the plant to determine its phenotypic features. This is true also at a smaller scale. Morphogenesis, both at the cell and tissue level, involves mechanical signals that influence specific patterns of gene expression and trigger signaling pathways. How a mechanical stress is perceived and how this signal is transduced into the cell remains a challenging question in the plant community. Among the structural components of plant cells, the plasma membrane has received very little attention. Yet, its position at the interface between the cell wall and the interior of the cell makes it a key factor at the nexus between biochemical and mechanical cues. So far, most of the key players that are described to perceive and maintain mechanical cell status and to respond to a mechanical stress are localized at or close to the plasma membrane. In this review, we will focus on the importance of the plasma membrane in mechano-sensing and try to illustrate how the composition of this dynamic compartment is involved in the regulatory processes of a cell to respond to mechanical stress.
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47
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Schlegel AM, Haswell ES. Analyzing plant mechanosensitive ion channels expressed in giant E. coli spheroplasts by single-channel patch-clamp electrophysiology. Methods Cell Biol 2020; 160:61-82. [PMID: 32896333 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess numerous ion channels that respond to a range of stimuli, including small molecules, transmembrane voltage, and mechanical force. Many in the latter category, known as mechanosensitive (MS) ion channels, open directly in response to increases in lateral membrane tension. One of the most effective techniques for characterizing ion channel properties is patch-clamp electrophysiology, in which the current through a section of membrane containing ion channels is measured. For MS channels, this technique enables the measurement of key channel properties such as tension sensitivity, conductance, and ion selectivity. These characteristics, along with the phenotypes of genetic mutants, can help reveal the physiological roles of a particular MS channel. In this protocol, we provide detailed instructions on how to study MS ion channels using single-channel patch-clamp electrophysiology in giant E. coli spheroplasts. We first present an optimized method for preparing giant spheroplasts, then describe how to measure MS channel activity using patch-clamp electrophysiology and analyze the resulting data. We also provide recommended equipment lists, setup schematics, and useful conventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Schlegel
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Elizabeth S Haswell
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.
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Li Y, Hu Y, Wang J, Liu X, Zhang W, Sun L. Structural Insights into a Plant Mechanosensitive Ion Channel MSL1. Cell Rep 2020; 30:4518-4527.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Frachisse JM, Thomine S, Allain JM. Calcium and plasma membrane force-gated ion channels behind development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 53:57-64. [PMID: 31783322 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
During development, tissues are submitted to high variation of compression and tension forces. The roles of the cell wall, the cytoskeleton, the turgor pressure and the cell geometry during this process have received due attention. In contrast, apart from its role in the establishment of turgor pressure, the involvement of the plasma membrane as a transducer of mechanical forces during development has been under studied. Force-gated (FG) or Mechanosensitive (MS) ion channels embedded in the bilayer represent 'per se' archetypal mechanosensor able to directly and instantaneously transduce membrane forces into electrical and calcium signals. We discuss here how their fine-tuning, combined with their ability to detect micro-curvature and local membrane tension, allows FG channels to transduce mechanical cues into developmental signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Frachisse
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Sciences Plant Saclay, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France.
| | - Sébastien Thomine
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Sciences Plant Saclay, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Marc Allain
- LMS, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France; Inria, Palaiseau, France.
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Characterizing the mechanosensitive response of Paraburkholderia graminis membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183176. [PMID: 31923411 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial mechanosensitive channels gate in response to membrane tension, driven by shifts in environmental osmolarity. The mechanosensitive channels of small conductance (MscS) and large conductance (MscL) from Escherichia coli (Ec) gate in response to mechanical force applied to the membrane. Ec-MscS is the foundational member of the MscS superfamily of ion channels, a diverse family with at least fifteen subfamilies identified by homology to the pore lining helix of Ec-MscS, as well as significant diversity on the N- and C-termini. The MscL family of channels are homologous to Ec-MscL. In a rhizosphere associated bacterium, Paraburkholderia graminis C4D1M, mechanosensitive channels are essential for cell survival during changing osmotic environments such as a rainstorm. Utilizing bioinformatics, we predicted six MscS superfamily members and a single MscL homologue. The MscS superfamily members fall into at least three subfamilies: bacterial cyclic nucleotide gated, multi-TM, and extended N-terminus. Osmotic downshock experiments show that wildtype P. graminis cells contain a survival mechanism that prevents cell lysis in response to hypoosmotic shock. To determine if this rescue is due to mechanosensitive channels, we developed a method to create giant spheroplasts of P. graminis to explore the single channel response to applied mechanical tension. Patch clamp electrophysiology on these spheroplasts shows two unique conductances: MscL-like and MscS-like. These conductances are due to likely three unique proteins. This indicates that channels that gate in response to mechanical tension are present in the membrane. Here, we report the first single channel evidence of mechanosensitive ion channels from P. graminis membranes.
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