1
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Croce R, Carmo-Silva E, Cho YB, Ermakova M, Harbinson J, Lawson T, McCormick AJ, Niyogi KK, Ort DR, Patel-Tupper D, Pesaresi P, Raines C, Weber APM, Zhu XG. Perspectives on improving photosynthesis to increase crop yield. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:3944-3973. [PMID: 38701340 PMCID: PMC11449117 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Improving photosynthesis, the fundamental process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy, is a key area of research with great potential for enhancing sustainable agricultural productivity and addressing global food security challenges. This perspective delves into the latest advancements and approaches aimed at optimizing photosynthetic efficiency. Our discussion encompasses the entire process, beginning with light harvesting and its regulation and progressing through the bottleneck of electron transfer. We then delve into the carbon reactions of photosynthesis, focusing on strategies targeting the enzymes of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle. Additionally, we explore methods to increase carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration near the Rubisco, the enzyme responsible for the first step of CBB cycle, drawing inspiration from various photosynthetic organisms, and conclude this section by examining ways to enhance CO2 delivery into leaves. Moving beyond individual processes, we discuss two approaches to identifying key targets for photosynthesis improvement: systems modeling and the study of natural variation. Finally, we revisit some of the strategies mentioned above to provide a holistic view of the improvements, analyzing their impact on nitrogen use efficiency and on canopy photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Croce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, theNetherlands
| | | | - Young B Cho
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Maria Ermakova
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jeremy Harbinson
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Alistair J McCormick
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
- Centre for Engineering Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Krishna K Niyogi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Donald R Ort
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Dhruv Patel-Tupper
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Paolo Pesaresi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Christine Raines
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Xin-Guang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Capture, Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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2
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Zhang M, Ming Y, Wang HB, Jin HL. Strategies for adaptation to high light in plants. ABIOTECH 2024; 5:381-393. [PMID: 39279858 PMCID: PMC11399379 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-024-00164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Plants absorb light energy for photosynthesis via photosystem complexes in their chloroplasts. However, excess light can damage the photosystems and decrease photosynthetic output, thereby inhibiting plant growth and development. Plants have developed a series of light acclimation strategies that allow them to withstand high light. In the first line of defense against excess light, leaves and chloroplasts move away from the light and the plant accumulates compounds that filter and reflect the light. In the second line of defense, known as photoprotection, plants dissipate excess light energy through non-photochemical quenching, cyclic electron transport, photorespiration, and scavenging of excess reactive oxygen species. In the third line of defense, which occurs after photodamage, plants initiate a cycle of photosystem (mainly photosystem II) repair. In addition to being the site of photosynthesis, chloroplasts sense stress, especially light stress, and transduce the stress signal to the nucleus, where it modulates the expression of genes involved in the stress response. In this review, we discuss current progress in our understanding of the strategies and mechanisms employed by plants to withstand high light at the whole-plant, cellular, physiological, and molecular levels across the three lines of defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine/School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006 China
- Institute of Medical Plant Physiology and Ecology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Yu Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine/School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006 China
- Institute of Medical Plant Physiology and Ecology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Hong-Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine/School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006 China
- Institute of Medical Plant Physiology and Ecology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006 China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource From Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Hong-Lei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine/School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006 China
- Institute of Medical Plant Physiology and Ecology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006 China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research on Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510375 China
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3
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Karthick PV, Senthil A, Djanaguiraman M, Anitha K, Kuttimani R, Boominathan P, Karthikeyan R, Raveendran M. Improving Crop Yield through Increasing Carbon Gain and Reducing Carbon Loss. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1317. [PMID: 38794389 PMCID: PMC11124956 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is a process where solar energy is utilized to convert atmospheric CO2 into carbohydrates, which forms the basis for plant productivity. The increasing demand for food has created a global urge to enhance yield. Earlier, the plant breeding program was targeting the yield and yield-associated traits to enhance the crop yield. However, the yield cannot be further improved without improving the leaf photosynthetic rate. Hence, in this review, various strategies to enhance leaf photosynthesis were presented. The most promising strategies were the optimization of Rubisco carboxylation efficiency, the introduction of a CO2 concentrating mechanism in C3 plants, and the manipulation of photorespiratory bypasses in C3 plants, which are discussed in detail. Improving Rubisco's carboxylation efficiency is possible by engineering targets such as Rubisco subunits, chaperones, and Rubisco activase enzyme activity. Carbon-concentrating mechanisms can be introduced in C3 plants by the adoption of pyrenoid and carboxysomes, which can increase the CO2 concentration around the Rubisco enzyme. Photorespiration is the process by which the fixed carbon is lost through an oxidative process. Different approaches to reduce carbon and nitrogen loss were discussed. Overall, the potential approaches to improve the photosynthetic process and the way forward were discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palanivelu Vikram Karthick
- Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India; (P.V.K.); (M.D.); (K.A.); (R.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Alagarswamy Senthil
- Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India; (P.V.K.); (M.D.); (K.A.); (R.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Maduraimuthu Djanaguiraman
- Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India; (P.V.K.); (M.D.); (K.A.); (R.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Kuppusamy Anitha
- Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India; (P.V.K.); (M.D.); (K.A.); (R.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Ramalingam Kuttimani
- Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India; (P.V.K.); (M.D.); (K.A.); (R.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Parasuraman Boominathan
- Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India; (P.V.K.); (M.D.); (K.A.); (R.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Ramasamy Karthikeyan
- Directorate of Crop Management, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India;
| | - Muthurajan Raveendran
- Directorate of Research, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India;
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4
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Westhoff P, Weber APM. The role of metabolomics in informing strategies for improving photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1696-1713. [PMID: 38158893 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Photosynthesis plays a vital role in acclimating to and mitigating climate change, providing food and energy security for a population that is constantly growing, and achieving an economy with zero carbon emissions. A thorough comprehension of the dynamics of photosynthesis, including its molecular regulatory network and limitations, is essential for utilizing it as a tool to boost plant growth, enhance crop yields, and support the production of plant biomass for carbon storage. Photorespiration constrains photosynthetic efficiency and contributes significantly to carbon loss. Therefore, modulating or circumventing photorespiration presents opportunities to enhance photosynthetic efficiency. Over the past eight decades, substantial progress has been made in elucidating the molecular basis of photosynthesis, photorespiration, and the key regulatory mechanisms involved, beginning with the discovery of the canonical Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle. Advanced chromatographic and mass spectrometric technologies have allowed a comprehensive analysis of the metabolite patterns associated with photosynthesis, contributing to a deeper understanding of its regulation. In this review, we summarize the results of metabolomics studies that shed light on the molecular intricacies of photosynthetic metabolism. We also discuss the methodological requirements essential for effective analysis of photosynthetic metabolism, highlighting the value of this technology in supporting strategies aimed at enhancing photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Westhoff
- CEPLAS Plant Metabolomics and Metabolism Laboratory, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstrasse 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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5
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Basu D, Butler C, Rollins MB, South P. Identification and Functional Characterization of cis-Regulatory Elements of Key Photorespiratory Genes in Response to Short-Term Abiotic Stress Conditions. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2792:251-264. [PMID: 38861093 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3802-6_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The cis-regulatory elements (CREs) are the short stretches of noncoding DNA upstream of a gene, which play a critical role in fine-tuning gene expression. Photorespiration is a multi-organellar, energy-expensive biochemical process that remains intricately linked to photosynthesis and is conserved in plants. Recently, much focus has been devoted in generating plants with engineered alternative photorespiratory bypasses to enhance photosynthetic efficiency without compromising the beneficial aspect of photorespiration. Varied constitutive or inducible promoters for generating transgenic plants harboring multiple transgenes have been introduced over years; however, most of them suffer from unintended effects. Consequently, a demand for synthetic tunable promoters based on canonical CRE signatures derived from native genes is on the rise. Here, in this chapter, we have provided a detailed method for in silico identification and characterization of CREs associated with photorespiration. In addition to the detailed protocol, we have presented an example of a typical result and explained the significance of the result. Specifically, the method covers how to identify and generate tunable synthetic promoters based on native CREs using three key photorespiratory genes from Arabidopsis and two web-based tools, namely, PlantPAN3.0 and AthaMap. Finally, we have also furnished a protocol on how to test the efficacies of the synthetic promoters harboring predicted CREs using transient tobacco expression coupled with luciferase-based promoter assay in response to ambient conditions and under short-term abiotic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Casey Butler
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Mary Beth Rollins
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Paul South
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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6
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Timm S, Eisenhut M. Four plus one: vacuoles serve in photorespiration. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:1340-1343. [PMID: 37635005 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Photorespiration is inevitable for oxygenic photosynthesis. It has fascinated researchers over decades because of its multicompartmental organization. Recently, Lin and Tsay identified a vacuole glycerate transporter contributing to photorespiratory metabolism under short-term nitrogen depletion. This key finding adds a fifth interacting subcellular compartment and extends the photorespiratory metabolic repair module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Timm
- University of Rostock, Plant Physiology Department, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Marion Eisenhut
- Bielefeld University, Faculty of Biology, Computational Biology, CeBiTec, Universitätsstraße 27, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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7
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Mariyam, Shafiq M, Sadiq S, Ali Q, Haider MS, Habib U, Ali D, Shahid MA. Identification and characterization of Glycolate oxidase gene family in garden lettuce (Lactuca sativa cv. 'Salinas') and its response under various biotic, abiotic, and developmental stresses. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19686. [PMID: 37952078 PMCID: PMC10640638 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47180-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycolate oxidase (GLO) is an FMN-containing enzyme localized in peroxisomes and performs in various molecular and biochemical mechanisms. It is a key player in plant glycolate and glyoxylate accumulation pathways. The role of GLO in disease and stress resistance is well-documented in various plant species. Although studies have been conducted regarding the role of GLO genes from spinach on a microbial level, the direct response of GLO genes to various stresses in short-season and leafy plants like lettuce has not been published yet. The genome of Lactuca sativa cultivar 'Salinas' (v8) was used to identify GLO gene members in lettuce by performing various computational analysis. Dual synteny, protein-protein interactions, and targeted miRNA analyses were conducted to understand the function of GLO genes. The identified GLO genes showed further clustering into two groups i.e., glycolate oxidase (GOX) and hydroxyacid oxidase (HAOX). Genes were observed to be distributed unevenly on three chromosomes, and syntenic analysis revealed that segmental duplication was prevalent. Thus, it might be the main reason for GLO gene diversity in lettuce. Almost all LsGLO genes showed syntenic blocks in respective plant genomes under study. Protein-protein interactions of LsGLO genes revealed various functional enrichments, mainly photorespiration, and lactate oxidation, and among biological processes oxidative photosynthetic carbon pathway was highly significant. Results of in-depth analyses disclosed the interaction of GLO genes with other members of the glycolate pathway and the activity of GLO genes in various organs and developmental stages in lettuce. The extensive genome evaluation of GLO gene family in garden lettuce is believed to be a reference for cloning and studying functional analyses of GLO genes and characterizing other members of glycolate/glyoxylate biosynthesis pathway in various plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariyam
- Department of Horticulture, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- Department of Horticulture, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Saleha Sadiq
- Department of Biotechnology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Qurban Ali
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
| | | | - Umer Habib
- Department of Horticulture, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Murree Road, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Daoud Ali
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Adnan Shahid
- Horticultural Sciences Department, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Quincy, FL, 32351, USA
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8
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Smith EN, van Aalst M, Tosens T, Niinemets Ü, Stich B, Morosinotto T, Alboresi A, Erb TJ, Gómez-Coronado PA, Tolleter D, Finazzi G, Curien G, Heinemann M, Ebenhöh O, Hibberd JM, Schlüter U, Sun T, Weber APM. Improving photosynthetic efficiency toward food security: Strategies, advances, and perspectives. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:1547-1563. [PMID: 37660255 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis in crops and natural vegetation allows light energy to be converted into chemical energy and thus forms the foundation for almost all terrestrial trophic networks on Earth. The efficiency of photosynthetic energy conversion plays a crucial role in determining the portion of incident solar radiation that can be used to generate plant biomass throughout a growth season. Consequently, alongside the factors such as resource availability, crop management, crop selection, maintenance costs, and intrinsic yield potential, photosynthetic energy use efficiency significantly influences crop yield. Photosynthetic efficiency is relevant to sustainability and food security because it affects water use efficiency, nutrient use efficiency, and land use efficiency. This review focuses specifically on the potential for improvements in photosynthetic efficiency to drive a sustainable increase in crop yields. We discuss bypassing photorespiration, enhancing light use efficiency, harnessing natural variation in photosynthetic parameters for breeding purposes, and adopting new-to-nature approaches that show promise for achieving unprecedented gains in photosynthetic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward N Smith
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Molecular Systems Biology - Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marvin van Aalst
- Institute of Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tiina Tosens
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Benjamin Stich
- Institute of Quantitative Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Tobias J Erb
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry & Synthetic Metabolism, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Paul A Gómez-Coronado
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry & Synthetic Metabolism, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Dimitri Tolleter
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, IRIG-LPCV, Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Giovanni Finazzi
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, IRIG-LPCV, Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Gilles Curien
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, IRIG-LPCV, Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Matthias Heinemann
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Molecular Systems Biology - Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Oliver Ebenhöh
- Institute of Quantitative and Theoretical Biology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julian M Hibberd
- Molecular Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Urte Schlüter
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tianshu Sun
- Molecular Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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9
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Arce Cubas L, Rodrigues Gabriel Sales C, Vath RL, Bernardo EL, Burnett AC, Kromdijk J. Lessons from relatives: C4 photosynthesis enhances CO2 assimilation during the low-light phase of fluctuations. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:1073-1090. [PMID: 37335935 PMCID: PMC10517189 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite the global importance of species with C4 photosynthesis, there is a lack of consensus regarding C4 performance under fluctuating light. Contrasting hypotheses and experimental evidence suggest that C4 photosynthesis is either less or more efficient in fixing carbon under fluctuating light than the ancestral C3 form. Two main issues have been identified that may underly the lack of consensus: neglect of evolutionary distance between selected C3 and C4 species and use of contrasting fluctuating light treatments. To circumvent these issues, we measured photosynthetic responses to fluctuating light across 3 independent phylogenetically controlled comparisons between C3 and C4 species from Alloteropsis, Flaveria, and Cleome genera under 21% and 2% O2. Leaves were subjected to repetitive stepwise changes in light intensity (800 and 100 µmol m-2 s-1 photon flux density) with 3 contrasting durations: 6, 30, and 300 s. These experiments reconciled the opposing results found across previous studies and showed that (i) stimulation of CO2 assimilation in C4 species during the low-light phase was both stronger and more sustained than in C3 species; (ii) CO2 assimilation patterns during the high-light phase could be attributable to species or C4 subtype differences rather than photosynthetic pathway; and (iii) the duration of each light step in the fluctuation regime can strongly influence experimental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucίa Arce Cubas
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EA Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Richard L Vath
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EA Cambridge, UK
| | - Emmanuel L Bernardo
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EA Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Food Science, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Angela C Burnett
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EA Cambridge, UK
| | - Johannes Kromdijk
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EA Cambridge, UK
- Carl R Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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10
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Lin YC, Tsay YF. Study of vacuole glycerate transporter NPF8.4 reveals a new role of photorespiration in C/N balance. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:803-816. [PMID: 37055555 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01392-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The photorespiratory intermediate glycerate is known to be shuttled between the peroxisome and chloroplast. Here, localization of NPF8.4 in the tonoplast, together with the reduced vacuolar glycerate content displayed by an npf8.4 mutant and the glycerate efflux activity detected in an oocyte expression system, identifies NPF8.4 as a tonoplast glycerate influx transporter. Our study shows that expression of NPF8.4 and most photorespiration-associated genes, as well as the photorespiration rate, is upregulated in response to short-term nitrogen (N) depletion. We report growth retardation and early senescence phenotypes for npf8.4 mutants specifically upon N depletion, suggesting that the NPF8.4-mediated regulatory pathway for sequestering the photorespiratory carbon intermediate glycerate in vacuoles is important to alleviate the impact of an increased C/N ratio under N deficiency. Thus, our study of NPF8.4 reveals a novel role for photorespiration in N flux to cope with short-term N depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Tsay
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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11
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Suzuki S, Tanaka D, Miyagi A, Takahara K, Kono M, Noguchi K, Ishikawa T, Nagano M, Yamaguchi M, Kawai-Yamada M. Loss of peroxisomal NAD kinase 3 (NADK3) affects photorespiration metabolism in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 283:153950. [PMID: 36889102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.153950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides (NAD+ and NADP+) are electron mediators involved in various metabolic pathways. NADP(H) are produced by NAD kinase (NADK) through the phosphorylation of NAD(H). The Arabidopsis NADK3 (AtNADK3) is reported to preferentially phosphorylate NADH to NADPH and is localized in the peroxisome. To elucidate the biological function of AtNADK3 in Arabidopsis, we compared metabolites of nadk1, nadk2 and nadk3 Arabidopsis T-DNA inserted mutants. Metabolome analysis revealed that glycine and serine, which are intermediate metabolites of photorespiration, both increased in the nadk3 mutants. Plants grown for 6 weeks under short-day conditions showed increased NAD(H), indicating a decrease in the phosphorylation ratio in the NAD(P)(H) equilibrium. Furthermore, high CO2 (0.15%) treatment induced a decrease in glycine and serine in nadk3 mutants. The nadk3 showed a significant decrease in post-illumination CO2 burst, suggesting that the photorespiratory flux was disrupted in the nadk3 mutant. In addition, an increase in CO2 compensation points and a decrease in CO2 assimilation rate were observed in the nadk3 mutants. These results indicate that the lack of AtNADK3 causes a disruption in the intracellular metabolism, such as in amino acid synthesis and photorespiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 225 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Daimu Tanaka
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 225 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Atsuko Miyagi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 225 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-8555, Japan
| | - Kentaro Takahara
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, the University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Masaru Kono
- Graduate School of Science, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ko Noguchi
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0392, Japan
| | - Toshiki Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 225 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Minoru Nagano
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 225 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Maki Kawai-Yamada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 225 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-city, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
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12
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Jin K, Chen G, Yang Y, Zhang Z, Lu T. Strategies for manipulating Rubisco and creating photorespiratory bypass to boost C 3 photosynthesis: Prospects on modern crop improvement. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:363-378. [PMID: 36444099 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is a process that uses solar energy to fix CO2 in the air and converts it into sugar, and ultimately powers almost all life activities on the earth. C3 photosynthesis is the most common form of photosynthesis in crops. Current efforts of increasing crop yields in response to growing global food requirement are mostly focused on improving C3 photosynthesis. In this review, we summarized the strategies of C3 photosynthesis improvement in terms of Rubisco properties and photorespiratory limitation. Potential engineered targets include Rubisco subunits and their catalytic sites, Rubisco assembly chaperones, and Rubisco activase. In addition, we reviewed multiple photorespiratory bypasses built by strategies of synthetic biology to reduce the release of CO2 and ammonia and minimize energy consumption by photorespiration. The potential strategies are suggested to enhance C3 photosynthesis and boost crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaining Jin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- Department of Plant Sciences, Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guoxin Chen
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yirong Yang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Tiegang Lu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
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13
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Rosado-Souza L, Yokoyama R, Sonnewald U, Fernie AR. Understanding source-sink interactions: Progress in model plants and translational research to crops. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:96-121. [PMID: 36447435 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture is facing a massive increase in demand per hectare as a result of an ever-expanding population and environmental deterioration. While we have learned much about how environmental conditions and diseases impact crop yield, until recently considerably less was known concerning endogenous factors, including within-plant nutrient allocation. In this review, we discuss studies of source-sink interactions covering both fundamental research in model systems under controlled growth conditions and how the findings are being translated to crop plants in the field. In this respect we detail efforts aimed at improving and/or combining C3, C4, and CAM modes of photosynthesis, altering the chloroplastic electron transport chain, modulating photorespiration, adopting bacterial/algal carbon-concentrating mechanisms, and enhancing nitrogen- and water-use efficiencies. Moreover, we discuss how modulating TCA cycle activities and primary metabolism can result in increased rates of photosynthesis and outline the opportunities that evaluating natural variation in photosynthesis may afford. Although source, transport, and sink functions are all covered in this review, we focus on discussing source functions because the majority of research has been conducted in this field. Nevertheless, considerable recent evidence, alongside the evidence from classical studies, demonstrates that both transport and sink functions are also incredibly important determinants of yield. We thus describe recent evidence supporting this notion and suggest that future strategies for yield improvement should focus on combining improvements in each of these steps to approach yield optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laise Rosado-Souza
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Ryo Yokoyama
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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14
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Bauwe H. Photorespiration - Rubisco's repair crew. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 280:153899. [PMID: 36566670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The photorespiratory repair pathway (photorespiration in short) was set up from ancient metabolic modules about three billion years ago in cyanobacteria, the later ancestors of chloroplasts. These prokaryotes developed the capacity for oxygenic photosynthesis, i.e. the use of water as a source of electrons and protons (with O2 as a by-product) for the sunlight-driven synthesis of ATP and NADPH for CO2 fixation in the Calvin cycle. However, the CO2-binding enzyme, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (known under the acronym Rubisco), is not absolutely selective for CO2 and can also use O2 in a side reaction. It then produces 2-phosphoglycolate (2PG), the accumulation of which would inhibit and potentially stop the Calvin cycle and subsequently photosynthetic electron transport. Photorespiration removes the 2-PG and in this way prevents oxygenic photosynthesis from poisoning itself. In plants, the core of photorespiration consists of ten enzymes distributed over three different types of organelles, requiring interorganellar transport and interaction with several auxiliary enzymes. It goes together with the release and to some extent loss of freshly fixed CO2. This disadvantageous feature can be suppressed by CO2-concentrating mechanisms, such as those that evolved in C4 plants thirty million years ago, which enhance CO2 fixation and reduce 2PG synthesis. Photorespiration itself provided a pioneer variant of such mechanisms in the predecessors of C4 plants, C3-C4 intermediate plants. This article is a review and update particularly on the enzyme components of plant photorespiration and their catalytic mechanisms, on the interaction of photorespiration with other metabolism and on its impact on the evolution of photosynthesis. This focus was chosen because a better knowledge of the enzymes involved and how they are embedded in overall plant metabolism can facilitate the targeted use of the now highly advanced methods of metabolic network modelling and flux analysis. Understanding photorespiration more than before as a process that enables, rather than reduces, plant photosynthesis, will help develop rational strategies for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Bauwe
- University of Rostock, Plant Physiology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, D-18051, Rostock, Germany.
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15
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Nguyen TT, Dwiyanti MS, Sakaguchi S, Koide Y, Le DV, Watanabe T, Kishima Y. Identification of a Saltol-Independent Salinity Tolerance Polymorphism in Rice Mekong Delta Landraces and Characterization of a Promising Line, Doc Phung. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 15:65. [PMID: 36529786 PMCID: PMC9760585 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-022-00613-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Mekong Delta River in Vietnam is facing salinity intrusion caused by climate change and sea-level rise that is severely affecting rice cultivation. Here, we evaluated salinity responses of 97 rice accessions (79 landraces and 18 improved accessions) from the Mekong Delta population by adding 100 mM NaCl to the nutrient solution for up to 20 days. We observed a wide distribution in salinity tolerance/sensitivity, with two major peaks across the 97 accessions when using the standard evaluation system (SES) developed by the International Rice Research Institute. SES scores revealed strong negative correlations (ranging from - 0.68 to - 0.83) with other phenotypic indices, such as shoot elongation length, root elongation length, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight. Mineral concentrations of Na+ in roots, stems, and leaves and Ca2+ in roots and stems were positively correlated with SES scores, suggesting that tolerant accessions lower their cation exchange capacity in the root cell wall. The salinity tolerance of Mekong Delta accessions was independent from the previously described salinity tolerance-related locus Saltol, which encodes an HKT1-type transporter in the salinity-tolerant cultivars Nona Bokra and Pokkali. Indeed, genome-wide association studies using SES scores and shoot dry weight ratios of the 79 accessions as traits identified a single common peak located on chromosome 1. This SNP did not form a linkage group with other nearby SNPs and mapped to the 3' untranslated region of gene LOC_Os01g32830, over 6.5 Mb away from the Saltol locus. LOC_Os01g32830 encodes chloroplast glycolate/glycerate translocator 1 (OsPLGG1), which is responsible for photorespiration and growth. SES and shoot dry weight ratios differed significantly between the two possible haplotypes at the causal SNP. Through these analyses, we characterize Doc Phung, one of the most salinity-tolerant varieties in the Mekong Delta population and a promising new genetic resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam Thanh Nguyen
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
- Mekong Delta Development Research Institute, Can Tho University, Campus 2 3-2 Street, Can Tho, Vietnam.
| | | | - Shuntaro Sakaguchi
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Yohei Koide
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Dung Viet Le
- College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Campus 2 3-2 Street, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Toshihiro Watanabe
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
| | - Yuji Kishima
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
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16
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Liu S, Storti M, Finazzi G, Bowler C, Dorrell RG. A metabolic, phylogenomic and environmental atlas of diatom plastid transporters from the model species Phaeodactylum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:950467. [PMID: 36212359 PMCID: PMC9546453 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.950467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms are an important group of algae, contributing nearly 40% of total marine photosynthetic activity. However, the specific molecular agents and transporters underpinning the metabolic efficiency of the diatom plastid remain to be revealed. We performed in silico analyses of 70 predicted plastid transporters identified by genome-wide searches of Phaeodactylum tricornutum. We considered similarity with Arabidopsis thaliana plastid transporters, transcriptional co-regulation with genes encoding core plastid metabolic pathways and with genes encoded in the mitochondrial genomes, inferred evolutionary histories using single-gene phylogeny, and environmental expression trends using Tara Oceans meta-transcriptomics and meta-genomes data. Our data reveal diatoms conserve some of the ion, nucleotide and sugar plastid transporters associated with plants, such as non-specific triose phosphate transporters implicated in the transport of phosphorylated sugars, NTP/NDP and cation exchange transporters. However, our data also highlight the presence of diatom-specific transporter functions, such as carbon and amino acid transporters implicated in intricate plastid-mitochondria crosstalk events. These confirm previous observations that substrate non-specific triose phosphate transporters (TPT) may exist as principal transporters of phosphorylated sugars into and out of the diatom plastid, alongside suggesting probable agents of NTP exchange. Carbon and amino acid transport may be related to intricate metabolic plastid-mitochondria crosstalk. We additionally provide evidence from environmental meta-transcriptomic/meta- genomic data that plastid transporters may underpin diatom sensitivity to ocean warming, and identify a diatom plastid transporter (J43171) whose expression may be positively correlated with temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Liu
- Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL), Paris, France
- CNRS Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 3 rue Michel-Ange, Paris, France
| | - Mattia Storti
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat Energie Atomique Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National Recherche Agriculture Alimentation Environnement (INRAE), Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble (IRIG), Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale (LPCV), Grenoble, France
| | - Giovanni Finazzi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat Energie Atomique Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National Recherche Agriculture Alimentation Environnement (INRAE), Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble (IRIG), Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale (LPCV), Grenoble, France
| | - Chris Bowler
- Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL), Paris, France
- CNRS Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 3 rue Michel-Ange, Paris, France
| | - Richard G. Dorrell
- Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL), Paris, France
- CNRS Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans GOSEE, 3 rue Michel-Ange, Paris, France
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17
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Medeiros DB, Ishihara H, Guenther M, Rosado de Souza L, Fernie AR, Stitt M, Arrivault S. 13CO2 labeling kinetics in maize reveal impaired efficiency of C4 photosynthesis under low irradiance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:280-304. [PMID: 35751609 PMCID: PMC9434203 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis allows faster photosynthetic rates and higher water and nitrogen use efficiency than C3 photosynthesis, but at the cost of lower quantum yield due to the energy requirement of its biochemical carbon concentration mechanism. It has also been suspected that its operation may be impaired in low irradiance. To investigate fluxes under moderate and low irradiance, maize (Zea mays) was grown at 550 µmol photons m-2 s-l and 13CO2 pulse-labeling was performed at growth irradiance or several hours after transfer to 160 µmol photons m-2 s-1. Analysis by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry provided information about pool size and labeling kinetics for 32 metabolites and allowed estimation of flux at many steps in C4 photosynthesis. The results highlighted several sources of inefficiency in low light. These included excess flux at phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, restriction of decarboxylation by NADP-malic enzyme, and a shift to increased CO2 incorporation into aspartate, less effective use of metabolite pools to drive intercellular shuttles, and higher relative and absolute rates of photorespiration. The latter provides evidence for a lower bundle sheath CO2 concentration in low irradiance, implying that operation of the CO2 concentration mechanism is impaired in this condition. The analyses also revealed rapid exchange of carbon between the Calvin-Benson cycle and the CO2-concentration shuttle, which allows rapid adjustment of the balance between CO2 concentration and assimilation, and accumulation of large amounts of photorespiratory intermediates in low light that provides a major carbon reservoir to build up C4 metabolite pools when irradiance increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Medeiros
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Ishihara
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Manuela Guenther
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Stéphanie Arrivault
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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18
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Bergman ME, Evans SE, Davis B, Hamid R, Bajwa I, Jayathilake A, Chahal AK, Phillips MA. An Arabidopsis GCMS chemical ionization technique to quantify adaptive responses in central metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:2072-2090. [PMID: 35512197 PMCID: PMC9342981 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a methodology to survey central metabolism in 13CO2-labeled Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) rosettes by ammonia positive chemical ionization-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This technique preserves the molecular ion cluster of methyloxime/trimethylsilyl-derivatized analytes up to 1 kDa, providing unambiguous nominal mass assignment of >200 central metabolites and 13C incorporation rates into a subset of 111 from the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, photorespiratory pathway, amino acid metabolism, shikimate pathway, and lipid and sugar metabolism. In short-term labeling assays, we observed plateau labeling of ∼35% for intermediates of the photorespiratory cycle except for glyoxylate, which reached only ∼4% labeling and was also present at molar concentrations several fold lower than other photorespiratory intermediates. This suggests photorespiratory flux may involve alternate intermediate pools besides the generally accepted route through glyoxylate. Untargeted scans showed that in illuminated leaves, noncyclic TCA cycle flux and citrate export to the cytosol revert to a cyclic flux mode following methyl jasmonate (MJ) treatment. MJ also caused a block in the photorespiratory transamination of glyoxylate to glycine. Salicylic acid treatment induced the opposite effects in both cases, indicating the antagonistic relationship of these defense signaling hormones is preserved at the metabolome level. We provide complete chemical ionization spectra for 203 Arabidopsis metabolites from central metabolism, which uniformly feature the unfragmented pseudomolecular ion as the base peak. This unbiased, soft ionization technique is a powerful screening tool to identify adaptive metabolic trends in photosynthetic tissue and represents an important advance in methodology to measure plant metabolic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Bergman
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5
| | - Sonia E Evans
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5
| | - Benjamin Davis
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G5
| | - Rehma Hamid
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto—Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
| | - Ibadat Bajwa
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto—Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
| | - Amreetha Jayathilake
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto—Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
| | - Anmol Kaur Chahal
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto—Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
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19
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Schad A, Rössler S, Nagel R, Wagner H, Wilhelm C. Crossing and selection of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strains for biotechnological glycolate production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:3539-3554. [PMID: 35511277 PMCID: PMC9151519 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11933-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract As an alternative to chemical building blocks derived from algal biomass, the excretion of glycolate has been proposed. This process has been observed in green algae such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a product of the photorespiratory pathway. Photorespiration generally occurs at low CO2 and high O2 concentrations, through the key enzyme RubisCO initiating the pathway via oxygenation of 1.5-ribulose-bisphosphate. In wild-type strains, photorespiration is usually suppressed in favour of carboxylation due to the cellular carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) controlling the internal CO2 concentration. Additionally, newly produced glycolate is directly metabolized in the C2 cycle. Therefore, both the CCMs and the C2 cycle are the key elements which limit the glycolate production in wild-type cells. Using conventional crossing techniques, we have developed Chlamydomonas reinhardtii double mutants deficient in these two key pathways to direct carbon flux to glycolate excretion. Under aeration with ambient air, the double mutant D6 showed a significant and stable glycolate production when compared to the non-producing wild type. Interestingly, this mutant can act as a carbon sink by fixing atmospheric CO2 into glycolate without requiring any additional CO2 supply. Thus, the double-mutant strain D6 can be used as a photocatalyst to produce chemical building blocks and as a future platform for algal-based biotechnology. Key Points • Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cia5 gyd double mutants were developed by sexual crossing • The double mutation eliminates the need for an inhibitor in glycolate production • The strain D6 produces significant amounts of glycolate with ambient air only Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-022-11933-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Schad
- Department of Algal Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Science, University of Leipzig, Permoserstraße 15, D-04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sonja Rössler
- Department of Algal Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Science, University of Leipzig, Permoserstraße 15, D-04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Raimund Nagel
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Life Science, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 21-23, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heiko Wagner
- Department of Algal Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Science, University of Leipzig, Permoserstraße 15, D-04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Wilhelm
- Department of Algal Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Science, University of Leipzig, Permoserstraße 15, D-04318, Leipzig, Germany.
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20
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Koschmieder J, Alseekh S, Shabani M, Baltenweck R, Maurino VG, Palme K, Fernie AR, Hugueney P, Welsch R. Color recycling: metabolization of apocarotenoid degradation products suggests carbon regeneration via primary metabolic pathways. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:961-977. [PMID: 35064799 PMCID: PMC9035014 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02831-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of carotenoid-accumulating roots revealed that oxidative carotenoid degradation yields glyoxal and methylglyoxal. Our data suggest that these compounds are detoxified via the glyoxalase system and re-enter primary metabolic pathways. Carotenoid levels in plant tissues depend on the relative rates of synthesis and degradation. We recently identified redox enzymes previously known to be involved in the detoxification of fatty acid-derived reactive carbonyl species which were able to convert apocarotenoids into corresponding alcohols and carboxylic acids. However, their subsequent metabolization pathways remain unresolved. Interestingly, we found that carotenoid-accumulating roots have increased levels of glutathione, suggesting apocarotenoid glutathionylation to occur. In vitro and in planta investigations did not, however, support the occurrence of non-enzymatic or enzymatic glutathionylation of β-apocarotenoids. An alternative breakdown pathway is the continued oxidative degradation of primary apocarotenoids or their derivatives into the shortest possible oxidation products, namely glyoxal and methylglyoxal, which also accumulated in carotenoid-accumulating roots. In fact, combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis suggest that the high levels of glutathione are most probably required for detoxifying apocarotenoid-derived glyoxal and methylglyoxal via the glyoxalase pathway, yielding glycolate and D-lactate, respectively. Further transcriptome analysis suggested subsequent reactions involving activities associated with photorespiration and the peroxisome-specific glycolate/glyoxylate transporter. Finally, detoxified primary apocarotenoid degradation products might be converted into pyruvate which is possibly re-used for the synthesis of carotenoid biosynthesis precursors. Our findings allow to envision carbon recycling during carotenoid biosynthesis, degradation and re-synthesis which consumes energy, but partially maintains initially fixed carbon via re-introducing reactive carotenoid degradation products into primary metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Center for Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Marzieh Shabani
- Faculty of Biology II, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Veronica G Maurino
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Klaus Palme
- Faculty of Biology II, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Center for Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Philippe Hugueney
- Université de Strasbourg, INRAE, SVQV UMR-A 1131, 68000, Colmar, France
| | - Ralf Welsch
- Faculty of Biology II, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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21
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Eckardt NA. From the archives: Photosynthesis matters; PSII antenna size, photorespiration, and the evolution of C4 photosynthesis. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1145-1146. [PMID: 35234934 PMCID: PMC8972218 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A Eckardt
- Senior Features Editor, The Plant Cell, American Society of Plant Biologists, USA
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22
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Basu D, South PF. Design and Analysis of Native Photorespiration Gene Motifs of Promoter Untranslated Region Combinations Under Short Term Abiotic Stress Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:828729. [PMID: 35251099 PMCID: PMC8888687 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.828729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative traits are rarely controlled by a single gene, thereby making multi-gene transformation an indispensable component of modern synthetic biology approaches. However, the shortage of unique gene regulatory elements (GREs) for the robust simultaneous expression of multiple nuclear transgenes is a major bottleneck that impedes the engineering of complex pathways in plants. In this study, we compared the transcriptional efficacies of a comprehensive list of well-documented promoter and untranslated region (UTR) sequences side by side. The strength of GREs was examined by a dual-luciferase assay in conjunction with transient expression in tobacco. In addition, we created suites of new GREs with higher transcriptional efficacies by combining the best performing promoter-UTR sequences. We also tested the impact of elevated temperature and high irradiance on the effectiveness of these GREs. While constitutive promoters ensure robust expression of transgenes, they lack spatiotemporal regulations exhibited by native promoters. Here, we present a proof-of-principle study on the characterization of synthetic promoters based on cis-regulatory elements of three key photorespiratory genes. This conserved biochemical process normally increases under elevated temperature, low CO2, and high irradiance stress conditions and results in ∼25% loss in fixed CO2. To select stress-responsive cis-regulatory elements involved in photorespiration, we analyzed promoters of two chloroplast transporters (AtPLGG1 and AtBASS6) and a key plastidial enzyme, AtPGLP using PlantPAN3.0 and AthaMap. Our results suggest that these motifs play a critical role for PLGG1, BASS6, and PGLP in mediating response to elevated temperature and high-intensity light stress. These findings will not only enable the advancement of metabolic and genetic engineering of photorespiration but will also be instrumental in related synthetic biology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul F. South
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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Du B, Kruse J, Winkler JB, Alfarraj S, Albasher G, Schnitzler JP, Ache P, Hedrich R, Rennenberg H. Metabolic responses of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) leaves to drought differ in summer and winter climate. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1685-1700. [PMID: 33607652 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Drought negatively impacts growth and productivity of plants, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Although drought events can take place in summer and winter, differences in the impact of drought on physiological processes between seasons are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to elucidate metabolic strategies of date palms in response to drought in summer and winter season. To identify such differences, we exposed date palm seedlings to a drought-recovery regime, both in simulated summer and winter climate. Leaf hydration, carbon discrimination (${\Delta}$13C), and primary and secondary metabolite composition and contents were analyzed. Depending on season, drought differently affected physiological and biochemical traits of the leaves. In summer, drought induced significantly decreased leaf hydration, concentrations of ascorbate, most sugars, primary and secondary organic acids, as well as phenolic compounds, while thiol, amino acid, raffinose and individual fatty acid contents were increased compared with well-watered plants. In winter, drought had no effect on leaf hydration, ascorbate and fatty acids contents, but resulted in increased foliar thiol and amino acid levels as observed in summer. Compared with winter, foliar traits of plants exposed to drought in summer only partly recovered after re-watering. Memory effects on water relations, and primary and secondary metabolites seem to prepare foliar traits of date palms for repeated drought events in summer. Apparently, a well-orchestrated metabolic network, including the anti-oxidative system, compatible solutes accumulation and osmotic adjustment, and maintenance of cell-membrane stability strongly reduces the susceptibility of date palms to drought. These mechanisms of drought compensation may be more frequently required in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoguo Du
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Mianyang Normal University, Mianxing Road West 166, 621000 Mianyang, China
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 53, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Kruse
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 53, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jana Barbro Winkler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstädter, Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Saleh Alfarraj
- King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gadah Albasher
- King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joerg-Peter Schnitzler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Ingolstädter, Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter Ache
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 53, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715 Chongqing,China
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Watanabe M, Chiba Y, Hirai MY. Metabolism and Regulatory Functions of O-Acetylserine, S-Adenosylmethionine, Homocysteine, and Serine in Plant Development and Environmental Responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:643403. [PMID: 34025692 PMCID: PMC8137854 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.643403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of an organism is closely related to both its internal and external environments. Metabolites can act as signal molecules that regulate the functions of genes and proteins, reflecting the status of these environments. This review discusses the metabolism and regulatory functions of O-acetylserine (OAS), S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), homocysteine (Hcy), and serine (Ser), which are key metabolites related to sulfur (S)-containing amino acids in plant metabolic networks, in comparison to microbial and animal metabolism. Plants are photosynthetic auxotrophs that have evolved a specific metabolic network different from those in other living organisms. Although amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and common metabolites in all living organisms, their metabolism and regulation in plants have specific features that differ from those in animals and bacteria. In plants, cysteine (Cys), an S-containing amino acid, is synthesized from sulfide and OAS derived from Ser. Methionine (Met), another S-containing amino acid, is also closely related to Ser metabolism because of its thiomethyl moiety. Its S atom is derived from Cys and its methyl group from folates, which are involved in one-carbon metabolism with Ser. One-carbon metabolism is also involved in the biosynthesis of AdoMet, which serves as a methyl donor in the methylation reactions of various biomolecules. Ser is synthesized in three pathways: the phosphorylated pathway found in all organisms and the glycolate and the glycerate pathways, which are specific to plants. Ser metabolism is not only important in Ser supply but also involved in many other functions. Among the metabolites in this network, OAS is known to function as a signal molecule to regulate the expression of OAS gene clusters in response to environmental factors. AdoMet regulates amino acid metabolism at enzymatic and translational levels and regulates gene expression as methyl donor in the DNA and histone methylation or after conversion into bioactive molecules such as polyamine and ethylene. Hcy is involved in Met-AdoMet metabolism and can regulate Ser biosynthesis at an enzymatic level. Ser metabolism is involved in development and stress responses. This review aims to summarize the metabolism and regulatory functions of OAS, AdoMet, Hcy, and Ser and compare the available knowledge for plants with that for animals and bacteria and propose a future perspective on plant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsumi Watanabe
- Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Yukako Chiba
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masami Yokota Hirai
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Kuhnert F, Schlüter U, Linka N, Eisenhut M. Transport Proteins Enabling Plant Photorespiratory Metabolism. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10050880. [PMID: 33925393 PMCID: PMC8146403 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Photorespiration (PR) is a metabolic repair pathway that acts in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms to degrade a toxic product of oxygen fixation generated by the enzyme ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Within the metabolic pathway, energy is consumed and carbon dioxide released. Consequently, PR is seen as a wasteful process making it a promising target for engineering to enhance plant productivity. Transport and channel proteins connect the organelles accomplishing the PR pathway-chloroplast, peroxisome, and mitochondrion-and thus enable efficient flux of PR metabolites. Although the pathway and the enzymes catalyzing the biochemical reactions have been the focus of research for the last several decades, the knowledge about transport proteins involved in PR is still limited. This review presents a timely state of knowledge with regard to metabolite channeling in PR and the participating proteins. The significance of transporters for implementation of synthetic bypasses to PR is highlighted. As an excursion, the physiological contribution of transport proteins that are involved in C4 metabolism is discussed.
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Cui L, Zhang C, Li Z, Xian T, Wang L, Zhang Z, Zhu G, Peng X. Two plastidic glycolate/glycerate translocator 1 isoforms function together to transport photorespiratory glycolate and glycerate in rice chloroplasts. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2584-2599. [PMID: 33483723 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The photorespiratory pathway is highly compartmentalized. As such, metabolite shuttles between organelles are critical to ensure efficient photorespiratory carbon flux. Arabidopsis plastidic glycolate/glycerate translocator 1 (PLGG1) has been reported as a key chloroplastic glycolate/glycerate transporter. Two homologous genes, OsPLGG1a and OsPLGG1b, have been identified in the rice genome, although their distinct functions and relationships remain unknown. Herein, our analysis of exogenous expression in oocytes and yeast shows that both OsPLGG1a and OsPLGG1b have the ability to transport glycolate and glycerate. Furthermore, we demonstrate in planta that the perturbation of OsPLGG1a or OsPLGG1b expression leads to extensive accumulation of photorespiratory metabolites, especially glycolate and glycerate. Under ambient CO2 conditions, loss-of-function osplgg1a or osplgg1b mutant plants exhibited significant decreases in photosynthesis efficiency, starch accumulation, plant height, and crop productivity. These morphological defects were almost entirely recovered when the mutant plants were grown under elevated CO2 conditions. In contrast to osplgg1a, osplgg1b mutant alleles produced a mild photorespiratory phenotype and had reduced accumulation of photorespiratory metabolites. Subcellular localization analysis showed that OsPLGG1a and OsPLGG1b are located in the inner and outer membranes of the chloroplast envelope, respectively. In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that OsPLGG1a and OsPLGG1b have a direct interaction. Our results indicate that both OsPLGG1a and OsPLGG1b are chloroplastic glycolate/glycerate transporters required for photorespiratory metabolism and plant growth, and that they may function as a singular complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhichao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tuxiu Xian
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Limin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhisheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinxiang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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13C Isotope Labelling to Follow the Flux of Photorespiratory Intermediates. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030427. [PMID: 33668274 PMCID: PMC7996249 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Measuring the carbon flux through metabolic pathways in intact illuminated leaves remains challenging because of, e.g., isotopic dilution by endogenous metabolites, the impossibility to reach isotopic steady state, and the occurrence of multiple pools. In the case of photorespiratory intermediates, our knowledge of the partitioning between photorespiratory recycling, storage, and utilization by other pathways is thus rather limited. There has been some controversy as to whether photorespiratory glycine and serine may not be recycled, thus changing the apparent stoichiometric coefficient between photorespiratory O2 fixation and CO2 release. We describe here an isotopic method to trace the fates of glycine, serine and glycerate, taking advantage of positional 13C content with NMR and isotopic analyses by LC–MS. This technique is well-adapted to show that the proportion of glycerate, serine and glycine molecules escaping photorespiratory recycling is very small.
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28
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The Staphylococcus aureus CidA and LrgA Proteins Are Functional Holins Involved in the Transport of By-Products of Carbohydrate Metabolism. mBio 2021; 13:e0282721. [PMID: 35100878 PMCID: PMC8805020 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02827-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Staphylococcus aureus cidABC and lrgAB operons encode members of a well-conserved family of proteins thought to be involved in programmed cell death (PCD). Based on the structural similarities that CidA and LrgA share with bacteriophage holins, we have hypothesized that these proteins function by forming pores within the cytoplasmic membrane. To test this, we utilized a "lysis cassette" system that demonstrated the abilities of the cidA and lrgA genes to support bacteriophage endolysin-induced cell lysis. Typical of holins, CidA- and LrgA-induced lysis was dependent on the coexpression of endolysin, consistent with the proposed holin-like functions of these proteins. In addition, the CidA and LrgA proteins were shown to localize to the surface of membrane vesicles and cause leakage of small molecules, providing direct evidence of their hole-forming potential. Consistent with recent reports demonstrating a role for the lrgAB homologues in other bacterial and plant species in the transport of by-products of carbohydrate metabolism, we also show that lrgAB is important for S. aureus to utilize pyruvate during microaerobic and anaerobic growth, by promoting the uptake of pyruvate under these conditions. Combined, these data reveal that the CidA and LrgA membrane proteins possess holin-like properties that play an important role in the transport of small by-products of carbohydrate metabolism. IMPORTANCE The Staphylococcus aureus cidABC and lrgAB operons represent the founding members of a large, highly conserved family of genes that span multiple kingdoms of life. Despite the fact that they have been shown to be involved in bacterial PCD, very little is known about the molecular/biochemical functions of the proteins they encode. The results presented in this study reveal that the cidA and lrgA genes encode proteins with bacteriophage holin-like functions, consistent with their roles in cell death. However, these studies also demonstrate that these operons are involved in the transport of small metabolic by-products of carbohydrate metabolism, suggesting an intriguing link between these two seemingly disparate processes.
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Ye J, Chen W, Feng L, Liu G, Wang Y, Li H, Ye Z, Zhang Y. The chaperonin 60 protein SlCpn60α1 modulates photosynthesis and photorespiration in tomato. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:7224-7240. [PMID: 32915204 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis, an indispensable biological process of plants, produces organic substances for plant growth, during which photorespiration occurs to oxidize carbohydrates to achieve homeostasis. Although the molecular mechanism underlying photosynthesis and photorespiration has been widely explored, the crosstalk between the two processes remains largely unknown. In this study, we isolated and characterized a T-DNA insertion mutant of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) named yellow leaf (yl) with yellowish leaves, retarded growth, and chloroplast collapse that hampered both photosynthesis and photorespiration. Genetic and expression analyses demonstrated that the phenotype of yl was caused by a loss-of-function mutation resulting from a single-copy T-DNA insertion in chaperonin 60α1 (SlCPN60α1). SlCPN60α1 showed high expression levels in leaves and was located in both chloroplasts and mitochondria. Silencing of SlCPN60α1using virus-induced gene silencing and RNA interference mimicked the phenotype of yl. Results of two-dimensional electrophoresis and yeast two-hybrid assays suggest that SlCPN60α1 potentially interacts with proteins that are involved in chlorophyll synthesis, photosynthetic electron transport, and the Calvin cycle, and further affect photosynthesis. Moreover, SlCPN60α1 directly interacted with serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SlSHMT1) in mitochondria, thereby regulating photorespiration in tomato. This study outlines the importance of SlCPN60α1 for both photosynthesis and photorespiration, and provides molecular insights towards plant genetic improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Weifang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Longwei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Genzhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhibiao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Abstract
Most secondary nonphotosynthetic eukaryotes have retained residual plastids whose physiological role is often still unknown. One such example is Euglena longa, a close nonphotosynthetic relative of Euglena gracilis harboring a plastid organelle of enigmatic function. By mining transcriptome data from E. longa, we finally provide an overview of metabolic processes localized to its elusive plastid. The organelle plays no role in the biosynthesis of isoprenoid precursors and fatty acids and has a very limited repertoire of pathways concerning nitrogen-containing metabolites. In contrast, the synthesis of phospholipids and glycolipids has been preserved, curiously with the last step of sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol synthesis being catalyzed by the SqdX form of an enzyme so far known only from bacteria. Notably, we show that the E. longa plastid synthesizes tocopherols and a phylloquinone derivative, the first such report for nonphotosynthetic plastids studied so far. The most striking attribute of the organelle could be the presence of a linearized Calvin-Benson (CB) pathway, including RuBisCO yet lacking the gluconeogenetic part of the standard cycle, together with ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (FNR) and the ferredoxin/thioredoxin system. We hypothesize that the ferredoxin/thioredoxin system activates the linear CB pathway in response to the redox status of the E. longa cell and speculate on the role of the pathway in keeping the redox balance of the cell. Altogether, the E. longa plastid defines a new class of relic plastids that is drastically different from the best-studied organelle of this category, the apicoplast.IMPORTANCE Colorless plastids incapable of photosynthesis evolved in many plant and algal groups, but what functions they perform is still unknown in many cases. Here, we study the elusive plastid of Euglena longa, a nonphotosynthetic cousin of the familiar green flagellate Euglena gracilis We document an unprecedented combination of metabolic functions that the E. longa plastid exhibits in comparison with previously characterized nonphotosynthetic plastids. For example, and truly surprisingly, it has retained the synthesis of tocopherols (vitamin E) and a phylloquinone (vitamin K) derivative. In addition, we offer a possible solution of the long-standing conundrum of the presence of the CO2-fixing enzyme RuBisCO in E. longa Our work provides a detailed account on a unique variant of relic plastids, the first among nonphotosynthetic plastids that evolved by secondary endosymbiosis from a green algal ancestor, and suggests that it has persisted for reasons not previously considered in relation to nonphotosynthetic plastids.
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Ware MA, Hunstiger D, Cantrell M, Peers G. A Chlorophyte Alga Utilizes Alternative Electron Transport for Primary Photoprotection. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:1735-1748. [PMID: 32457091 PMCID: PMC7401117 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The green alga Desmodesmus armatus is an emerging biofuel platform that produces high amounts of lipids and biomass in mass culture. We observed D. armatus in light-limiting, excess-light, and sinusoidal-light environments to investigate its photoacclimation behaviors and the mechanisms by which it dissipates excess energy. Chlorophyll a/b ratios and the functional absorption cross section of PSII suggested a constitutively small light-harvesting antenna size relative to other green algae. In situ and ex situ measurements of photo-physiology revealed that nonphotochemical quenching is not a significant contributor to photoprotection; however, cells do not suffer substantial photoinhibition despite its near absence. We performed membrane inlet mass spectrometry analysis to show that D. armatus has a very high capacity for alternative electron transport (AET) measured as light-dependent oxygen consumption. Up to 90% of electrons generated at PSII can be dissipated by AET in a water-water cycle during growth in rapidly fluctuating light environments, like those found in industrial-scale photobioreactors. This work highlights the diversity of photoprotective mechanisms present in algal systems, indicating that nonphotochemical quenching is not necessarily required for effective photoprotection in some algae, and suggests that engineering AET may be an attractive target for increasing the biomass productivity of some strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell A Ware
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Darcy Hunstiger
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Michael Cantrell
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Graham Peers
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
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Zhang Z, Liang X, Lu L, Xu Z, Huang J, He H, Peng X. Two glyoxylate reductase isoforms are functionally redundant but required under high photorespiration conditions in rice. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:357. [PMID: 32727356 PMCID: PMC7391683 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02568-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glyoxylate reductase (GR) multigene family has been described in various plant species, their isoforms show different biochemical features in plants. However, few studies have addressed the biological roles of GR isozymes, especially for rice. RESULTS Here, we report a detailed analysis of the enzymatic properties and physiological roles of OsGR1 and OsGR2 in rice. The results showed that both enzymes prefer NADPH to NADH as cofactor, and the NADPH-dependent glyoxylate reducing activity represents the major GR activity in various tissues and at different growth stages; and OsGR1 proteins were more abundant than OsGR2, which is also a major contributor to total GR activities. By generating and characterizing various OsGR-genetically modified rice lines, including overexpression, single and double-knockout lines, we found that no phenotypic differences occur among the various transgenic lines under normal growth conditions, while a dwarfish growth phenotype was noticed under photorespiration-promoted conditions. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that OsGR1 and OsGR2, with distinct enzymatic characteristics, function redundantly in detoxifying glyoxylate in rice plants under normal growth conditions, whereas both are simultaneously required under high photorespiration conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiu Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Han He
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinxiang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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Timm S, Hagemann M. Photorespiration-how is it regulated and how does it regulate overall plant metabolism? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3955-3965. [PMID: 32274517 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Under the current atmospheric conditions, oxygenic photosynthesis requires photorespiration to operate. In the presence of low CO2/O2 ratios, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) performs an oxygenase side reaction, leading to the formation of high amounts of 2-phosphoglycolate during illumination. Given that 2-phosphoglycolate is a potent inhibitor of photosynthetic carbon fixation, it must be immediately removed through photorespiration. The core photorespiratory cycle is orchestrated across three interacting subcellular compartments, namely chloroplasts, peroxisomes, and mitochondria, and thus cross-talks with a multitude of other cellular processes. Over the past years, the metabolic interaction of photorespiration and photosynthetic CO2 fixation has attracted major interest because research has demonstrated the enhancement of C3 photosynthesis and growth through the genetic manipulation of photorespiration. However, to optimize future engineering approaches, it is also essential to improve our current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of photorespiration. Here, we summarize recent progress regarding the steps that control carbon flux in photorespiration, eventually involving regulatory proteins and metabolites. In this regard, both genetic engineering and the identification of various layers of regulation point to glycine decarboxylase as the key enzyme to regulate and adjust the photorespiratory carbon flow. Potential implications of the regulation of photorespiration for acclimation to environmental changes along with open questions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Timm
- University of Rostock, Plant Physiology Department, Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Hagemann
- University of Rostock, Plant Physiology Department, Rostock, Germany
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Baslam M, Mitsui T, Hodges M, Priesack E, Herritt MT, Aranjuelo I, Sanz-Sáez Á. Photosynthesis in a Changing Global Climate: Scaling Up and Scaling Down in Crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:882. [PMID: 32733499 PMCID: PMC7357547 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is the major process leading to primary production in the Biosphere. There is a total of 7000bn tons of CO2 in the atmosphere and photosynthesis fixes more than 100bn tons annually. The CO2 assimilated by the photosynthetic apparatus is the basis of crop production and, therefore, of animal and human food. This has led to a renewed interest in photosynthesis as a target to increase plant production and there is now increasing evidence showing that the strategy of improving photosynthetic traits can increase plant yield. However, photosynthesis and the photosynthetic apparatus are both conditioned by environmental variables such as water availability, temperature, [CO2], salinity, and ozone. The "omics" revolution has allowed a better understanding of the genetic mechanisms regulating stress responses including the identification of genes and proteins involved in the regulation, acclimation, and adaptation of processes that impact photosynthesis. The development of novel non-destructive high-throughput phenotyping techniques has been important to monitor crop photosynthetic responses to changing environmental conditions. This wealth of data is being incorporated into new modeling algorithms to predict plant growth and development under specific environmental constraints. This review gives a multi-perspective description of the impact of changing environmental conditions on photosynthetic performance and consequently plant growth by briefly highlighting how major technological advances including omics, high-throughput photosynthetic measurements, metabolic engineering, and whole plant photosynthetic modeling have helped to improve our understanding of how the photosynthetic machinery can be modified by different abiotic stresses and thus impact crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marouane Baslam
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Mitsui
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Michael Hodges
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Université Evry, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Eckart Priesack
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthew T. Herritt
- USDA-ARS Plant Physiology and Genetics Research, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, United States
| | - Iker Aranjuelo
- Agrobiotechnology Institute (IdAB-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Gobierno de Navarra, Mutilva, Spain
| | - Álvaro Sanz-Sáez
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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Liu Y, Guérard F, Hodges M, Jossier M. Phosphomimetic T335D Mutation of Hydroxypyruvate Reductase 1 Modifies Cofactor Specificity and Impacts Arabidopsis Growth in Air. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:194-205. [PMID: 32156771 PMCID: PMC7210656 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Photorespiration is an essential process in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms triggered by the oxygenase activity of Rubisco. In peroxisomes, photorespiratory HYDROXYPYRUVATE REDUCTASE1 (HPR1) catalyzes the conversion of hydroxypyruvate to glycerate together with the oxidation of a pyridine nucleotide cofactor. HPR1 regulation remains poorly understood; however, HPR1 phosphorylation at T335 has been reported. By comparing the kinetic properties of phosphomimetic (T335D), nonphosphorylatable (T335A), and wild-type recombinant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) HPR1, it was found that HPR1-T335D exhibits reduced NADH-dependent hydroxypyruvate reductase activity while showing improved NADPH-dependent activity. Complementation of the Arabidopsis hpr1-1 mutant by either wild-type HPR1 or HPR1-T335A fully complemented the photorespiratory growth phenotype of hpr1-1 in ambient air, whereas HPR1-T335D-containing hpr1-1 plants remained smaller and had lower photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rates. Metabolite analyses indicated that these phenotypes were associated with subtle perturbations in the photorespiratory cycle of HPR1-T335D-complemented hpr1-1 rosettes compared to all other HPR1-containing lines. Therefore, T335 phosphorylation may play a role in the regulation of HPR1 activity in planta, although it was not required for growth under ambient air controlled conditions. Furthermore, improved NADP-dependent HPR1 activities in peroxisomes could not compensate for the reduced NADH-dependent HPR1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpei Liu
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Florence Guérard
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Michael Hodges
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Mathieu Jossier
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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Fernie AR, Bauwe H. Wasteful, essential, evolutionary stepping stone? The multiple personalities of the photorespiratory pathway. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:666-677. [PMID: 31904886 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The photorespiratory pathway, in short photorespiration, is a metabolic repair system that enables the CO2 fixation enzyme Rubisco to sustainably operate in the presence of oxygen, that is, during oxygenic photosynthesis of plants and cyanobacteria. Photorespiration is necessary because an auto-inhibitory metabolite, 2-phosphoglycolate (2PG), is produced when Rubisco binds oxygen instead of CO2 as a substrate and must be removed, to avoid collapse of metabolism, and recycled as efficiently as possible. The basic principle of recycling 2PG very likely evolved several billion years ago in connection with the evolution of oxyphotobacteria. It comprises the multi-step combination of two molecules of 2PG to form 3-phosphoglycerate. The biochemistry of this process dictates that one out of four 2PG carbons is lost as CO2 , which is a long-standing plant breeders' concern because it represents by far the largest fraction of respiratory processes that reduce gross-photosynthesis of major crops down to about 50% and less, lowering potential yields. In addition to the ATP needed for recycling of the 2PG carbon, extra energy is needed for the refixation of liberated equal amounts of ammonia. It is thought that the energy costs of photorespiration have an additional negative impact on crop yields in at least some environments. This paper discusses recent advances concerning the origin and evolution of photorespiration, and gives an overview of contemporary and envisioned strategies to engineer the biochemistry of, or even avoid, photorespiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Hermann Bauwe
- Plant Physiology Department, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, D-18051, Rostock, Germany
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Roell MS. Phosphoregulation within the Photorespiratory Cycle: Regulate Smarter, Adapt Better? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:17-18. [PMID: 32385176 PMCID: PMC7210655 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Sven Roell
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
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Using energy-efficient synthetic biochemical pathways to bypass photorespiration. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 47:1805-1813. [PMID: 31754693 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Current crop yields will not be enough to sustain today's diets for a growing global population. As plant photosynthetic efficiency has not reached its theoretical maximum, optimizing photosynthesis is a promising strategy to enhance plant productivity. The low productivity of C3 plants is caused in part by the substantial energetic investments necessary to maintain a high flux through the photorespiratory pathway. Accordingly, lowering the energetic costs of photorespiration to enhance the productivity of C3 crops has been a goal of synthetic plant biology for decades. The use of synthetic bypasses to photorespiration in different plants showed an improvement of photosynthetic performance and growth under laboratory and field conditions, even though in silico predictions suggest that the tested synthetic pathways should confer a minimal or even negative energetic advantage over the wild type photorespiratory pathway. Current strategies increasingly utilize theoretical modeling and new molecular techniques to develop synthetic biochemical pathways that bypass photorespiration, representing a highly promising approach to enhance future plant productivity.
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Busch FA. Photorespiration in the context of Rubisco biochemistry, CO 2 diffusion and metabolism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:919-939. [PMID: 31910295 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Photorespiratory metabolism is essential for plants to maintain functional photosynthesis in an oxygen-containing environment. Because the oxygenation reaction of Rubisco is followed by the loss of previously fixed carbon, photorespiration is often considered a wasteful process and considerable efforts are aimed at minimizing the negative impact of photorespiration on the plant's carbon uptake. However, the photorespiratory pathway has also many positive aspects, as it is well integrated within other metabolic processes, such as nitrogen assimilation and C1 metabolism, and it is important for maintaining the redox balance of the plant. The overall effect of photorespiratory carbon loss on the net CO2 fixation of the plant is also strongly influenced by the physiology of the leaf related to CO2 diffusion. This review outlines the distinction between Rubisco oxygenation and photorespiratory CO2 release as a basis to evaluate the costs and benefits of photorespiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Busch
- Research School of Biology and ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
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40
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Reinholdt O, Schwab S, Zhang Y, Reichheld JP, Fernie AR, Hagemann M, Timm S. Redox-Regulation of Photorespiration through Mitochondrial Thioredoxin o1. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:442-457. [PMID: 31413204 PMCID: PMC6776843 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Photorespiration sustains photosynthesis in the presence of oxygen due to rapid metabolization of 2-phosphoglycolate, the major side-product of the oxygenase activity of Rubisco that also directly impedes carbon assimilation and allocation. Despite the fact that both the biochemical reactions and the underlying genetics are well characterized, information concerning the regulatory mechanisms that adjust photorespiratory flux is rare. Here, we studied the impact of mitochondrial-localized thioredoxin o1 (TRXo1) on photorespiratory metabolism. The characterization of an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) transfer DNA insertional line (trxo1-1) revealed an increase in the stoichiometry of photorespiratory CO2 release and impaired Gly-to-Ser turnover after a shift from high-to-low CO2 without changes in Gly decarboxylase (GDC) gene or protein expression. These effects were distinctly pronounced in a double mutant, where the TRXo1 mutation was combined with strongly reduced GDC T-protein expression. The double mutant (TxGT) showed reduced growth in air but not in high CO2, decreased photosynthesis, and up to 54-fold more Gly alongside several redox-stress-related metabolites. Given that GDC proteins are potential targets for redox-regulation, we also examined the in vitro properties of recombinant GDC l-proteins (lipoamide dehydrogenase) from plants and the cyanobacterium Synechocystis species strain PCC6803 and observed a redox-dependent inhibition by either artificial reducing agents or TRXo1 itself. Collectively, our results demonstrate that TRXo1 potentially adjusts photorespiration via redox-regulation of GDC in response to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Reinholdt
- University of Rostock, Plant Physiology Department, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Saskia Schwab
- University of Rostock, Plant Physiology Department, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant System Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Jean-Philippe Reichheld
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant System Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Martin Hagemann
- University of Rostock, Plant Physiology Department, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefan Timm
- University of Rostock, Plant Physiology Department, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
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Eisenhut M, Roell MS, Weber APM. Mechanistic understanding of photorespiration paves the way to a new green revolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1762-1769. [PMID: 31032928 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Photorespiration is frequently considered a wasteful and inefficient process. However, mutant analysis demonstrated that photorespiration is essential for recycling of 2-phosphoglycolate in C3 and C4 land plants, in algae, and even in cyanobacteria operating carboxysome-based carbon (C) concentrating mechanisms. Photorespiration links photosynthetic C assimilation with other metabolic processes, such as nitrogen and sulfur assimilation, as well as C1 metabolism, and it may contribute to balancing the redox poise between chloroplasts, peroxisomes, mitochondria and cytoplasm. The high degree of metabolic interdependencies and the pleiotropic phenotypes of photorespiratory mutants impedes the distinction between core and accessory functions. Newly developed synthetic bypasses of photorespiration, beyond holding potential for significant yield increases in C3 crops, will enable us to differentiate between essential and accessory functions of photorespiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Eisenhut
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Marc-Sven Roell
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
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Taubert A, Jakob T, Wilhelm C. Glycolate from microalgae: an efficient carbon source for biotechnological applications. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:1538-1546. [PMID: 30637910 PMCID: PMC6662103 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycolate is produced in autotrophic cells under high temperatures and Ci -limitation via oxygenation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. In unicellular algae, glycolate is lost via excretion or metabolized via the C2 cycle by consuming reductants, ATP and CO2 emission (photorespiration). Therefore, photorespiration is an inhibitory process for biomass production. However, cells can be manipulated in a way that they become glycolate-producing 'cell factories', when the ratio carboxylation/oxygenation is 2. If under these conditions the C2 cycle is blocked, glycolate excretion becomes the only pathway of photosynthetic carbon flow. The study aims to proof the biotechnological applicability of algal-based glycolate excretion as a new biotechnological platform. It is shown that cells of Chlamydomonas can be cultivated under specific conditions to establish a constant and long-term stable glycolate excretion during the light phase. The cultures achieved a high efficiency of 82% of assimilated carbon transferred into glycolate biosynthesis without losses of function in cell vitality. Moreover, the glycolate accumulation in the medium is high enough to be directly used for microbial fermentation but does not show toxic effects to the glycolate-producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Taubert
- Department of Plant PhysiologyInstitute of BiologyUniversity of LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Torsten Jakob
- Department of Plant PhysiologyInstitute of BiologyUniversity of LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Christian Wilhelm
- Department of Plant PhysiologyInstitute of BiologyUniversity of LeipzigLeipzigGermany
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43
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Wang S, Alseekh S, Fernie AR, Luo J. The Structure and Function of Major Plant Metabolite Modifications. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:899-919. [PMID: 31200079 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a myriad of structurally and functionally diverse metabolites that play many different roles in plant growth and development and in plant response to continually changing environmental conditions as well as abiotic and biotic stresses. This metabolic diversity is, to a large extent, due to chemical modification of the basic skeletons of metabolites. Here, we review the major known plant metabolite modifications and summarize the progress that has been achieved and the challenges we are facing in the field. We focus on discussing both technical and functional aspects in studying the influences that various modifications have on biosynthesis, degradation, transport, and storage of metabolites, as well as their bioactivity and toxicity. Finally, we discuss some emerging insights into the evolution of metabolic pathways and metabolite functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouchuang Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 572208, China
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany; Centre of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany; Centre of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria.
| | - Jie Luo
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 572208, China; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Li J, Weraduwage SM, Preiser AL, Tietz S, Weise SE, Strand DD, Froehlich JE, Kramer DM, Hu J, Sharkey TD. A Cytosolic Bypass and G6P Shunt in Plants Lacking Peroxisomal Hydroxypyruvate Reductase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:783-792. [PMID: 30886114 PMCID: PMC6548278 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The oxygenation of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate by Rubisco is the first step in photorespiration and reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis in C3 plants. Our recent data indicate that mutants in photorespiration have increased rates of photosynthetic cyclic electron flow around photosystem I. We investigated mutant lines lacking peroxisomal hydroxypyruvate reductase to determine if there are connections between 2-phosphoglycolate accumulation and cyclic electron flow in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We found that 2-phosphoglycolate is a competitive inhibitor of triose phosphate isomerase, an enzyme in the Calvin-Benson cycle that converts glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate. This block in metabolism could be overcome if glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is exported to the cytosol, where cytosolic triose phosphate isomerase could convert it to dihydroxyacetone phosphate. We found evidence that carbon is reimported as glucose-6-phosphate, forming a cytosolic bypass around the block of stromal triose phosphate isomerase. However, this also stimulates a glucose-6-phosphate shunt, which consumes ATP, which can be compensated by higher rates of cyclic electron flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Li
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Sarathi M Weraduwage
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Alyssa L Preiser
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Stefanie Tietz
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Sean E Weise
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Deserah D Strand
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - John E Froehlich
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - David M Kramer
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Jianping Hu
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Thomas D Sharkey
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Eisenhut
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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46
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Li J, Tietz S, Cruz JA, Strand DD, Xu Y, Chen J, Kramer DM, Hu J. Photometric screens identified Arabidopsis peroxisome proteins that impact photosynthesis under dynamic light conditions. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:460-474. [PMID: 30350901 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant peroxisomes function collaboratively with other subcellular organelles, such as chloroplasts and mitochondria, in several metabolic processes. To comprehensively investigate the impact of peroxisomal function on photosynthesis, especially under conditions that are more relevant to natural environments, a systematic screen of over 150 Arabidopsis mutants of genes encoding peroxisomal proteins was conducted using the automated Dynamic Environment Photosynthesis Imager (DEPI). Dynamic and high-light (HL) conditions triggered significant photosynthetic defects in a subset of the mutants, including those of photorespiration (PR) and other peroxisomal processes, some of which may also be related to PR. Further analysis of the PR mutants revealed activation of cyclic electron flow (CEF) around photosystem I and higher accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) under HL conditions. We hypothesize that impaired PR disturbs the balance of ATP and NADPH, leading to the accumulation of H2 O2 that activates CEF to produce ATP to compensate for the imbalance of reducing equivalents. The identification of peroxisomal mutants involved in PR and other peroxisomal functions in the photometric screen will enable further investigation of regulatory links between photosynthesis and PR and interorganellar interaction at the mechanistic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Li
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Stefanie Tietz
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Cruz
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Deserah D Strand
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Ye Xu
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - David M Kramer
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jianping Hu
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Levey M, Timm S, Mettler-Altmann T, Luca Borghi G, Koczor M, Arrivault S, PM Weber A, Bauwe H, Gowik U, Westhoff P. Efficient 2-phosphoglycolate degradation is required to maintain carbon assimilation and allocation in the C4 plant Flaveria bidentis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:575-587. [PMID: 30357386 PMCID: PMC6322630 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photorespiration is indispensable for oxygenic photosynthesis since it detoxifies and recycles 2-phosphoglycolate (2PG), which is the primary oxygenation product of Rubisco. However, C4 plant species typically display very low rates of photorespiration due to their efficient biochemical carbon-concentrating mechanism. Thus, the broader relevance of photorespiration in these organisms remains unclear. In this study, we assessed the importance of a functional photorespiratory pathway in the C4 plant Flaveria bidentis using knockdown of the first enzymatic step, namely 2PG phosphatase (PGLP). The isolated RNAi lines showed strongly reduced amounts of PGLP protein, but distinct signs of the photorespiratory phenotype only emerged below 5% residual PGLP protein. Lines with this characteristic were stunted in growth, had strongly increased 2PG content, exhibited accelerated leaf senescence, and accumulated high amounts of branched-chain and aromatic amino acids, which are both characteristics of incipient carbon starvation. Oxygen-dependent gas-exchange measurements consistently suggested the cumulative impairment of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate regeneration with increased photorespiratory pressure. Our results indicate that photorespiration is essential for maintaining high rates of C4 photosynthesis by preventing the 2PG-mediated inhibition of carbon utilization efficiency. However, considerably higher 2PG accumulation can be tolerated compared to equivalent lines of C3 plants due to the differential distribution of specific enzymatic steps between the mesophyll and bundle sheath cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles Levey
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Timm
- University of Rostock, Plant Physiology Department, Albert-Einstein-Straße, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tabea Mettler-Altmann
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS) Plant Metabolism and Metabolomics Laboratory, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gian Luca Borghi
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, Golm, Germany
| | - Maria Koczor
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stéphanie Arrivault
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, Golm, Germany
| | - Andreas PM Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS) Plant Metabolism and Metabolomics Laboratory, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hermann Bauwe
- University of Rostock, Plant Physiology Department, Albert-Einstein-Straße, Rostock, Germany
| | - Udo Gowik
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Westhoff
- Institute of Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße, Düsseldorf, Germany
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48
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South PF, Cavanagh AP, Liu HW, Ort DR. Synthetic glycolate metabolism pathways stimulate crop growth and productivity in the field. Science 2019; 363:eaat9077. [PMID: 30606819 PMCID: PMC7745124 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat9077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Photorespiration is required in C3 plants to metabolize toxic glycolate formed when ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase oxygenates rather than carboxylates ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. Depending on growing temperatures, photorespiration can reduce yields by 20 to 50% in C3 crops. Inspired by earlier work, we installed into tobacco chloroplasts synthetic glycolate metabolic pathways that are thought to be more efficient than the native pathway. Flux through the synthetic pathways was maximized by inhibiting glycolate export from the chloroplast. The synthetic pathways tested improved photosynthetic quantum yield by 20%. Numerous homozygous transgenic lines increased biomass productivity by >40% in replicated field trials. These results show that engineering alternative glycolate metabolic pathways into crop chloroplasts while inhibiting glycolate export into the native pathway can drive increases in C3 crop yield under agricultural field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F South
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Amanda P Cavanagh
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Helen W Liu
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Donald R Ort
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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49
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Shim SH, Lee SK, Lee DW, Brilhaus D, Wu G, Ko S, Lee CH, Weber AP, Jeon JS. Loss of Function of Rice Plastidic Glycolate/Glycerate Translocator 1 Impairs Photorespiration and Plant Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1726. [PMID: 32038690 PMCID: PMC6993116 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, the key enzyme of photosynthetic carbon fixation, is able to accept both O2 and CO2 as substrates. When it fixes O2, it produces 2-phosphoglycolate, which is detoxified by photorespiration and recycled to the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle. To complete photorespiration, metabolite transport across three organelles, chloroplasts, peroxisomes, and mitochondria, is necessary through transmembrane transporters. In rice (Oryza sativa) little is known about photorespiratory transmembrane transporters. Here, we identified the rice plastidic glycolate/glycerate translocator 1 (OsPLGG1), a homolog of Arabidopsis PLGG1. OsPLGG1 mutant lines, osplgg1-1, osplgg1-2, and osplgg1-3, showed a growth retardation phenotype, such as pale green leaf, reduced tiller number, and reduced seed grain weight as well as reduced photosynthetic carbon reduction rate due to low activities of photosystem I and II. The plant growth retardation in osplgg1 mutants was rescued under high CO2 condition. Subcellular localization of OsPLGG1-GFP fusion protein, along with its predicted N-terminal transmembrane domain, confirmed that OsPLGG1 is a chloroplast transmembrane protein. Metabolite analysis indicated significant accumulation of photorespiratory metabolites, especially glycolate and glycerate, which have been shown to be transported by the Arabidopsis PLGG1, and changes for a number of metabolites which are not intermediates of photorespiration in the mutants. These results suggest that OsPLGG1 is the functional plastidic glycolate/glycerate transporter, which is necessary for photorespiration and growth in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hyeon Shim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Dae-Woo Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Dominik Brilhaus
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Guangxi Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Sooyeon Ko
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Choon-Hwan Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Andreas P.M. Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jong-Seong Jeon,
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50
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Wang T, Li S, Chen D, Xi Y, Xu X, Ye N, Zhang J, Peng X, Zhu G. Impairment of FtsHi5 Function Affects Cellular Redox Balance and Photorespiratory Metabolism in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:2526-2535. [PMID: 30137570 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Photorespiration is an essential process for plant photosynthesis, development and growth in aerobic conditions. Recent studies have shown that photorespiration is an open system integrated with the plant primary metabolism network and intracellular redox systems, though the mechanisms of regulating photorespiration are far from clear. Through a forward genetic method, we identified a photorespiratory mutant pr1 (photorespiratory related 1), which produced a chlorotic and smaller photorespiratory growth phenotype with decreased chlorophyll content and accumulation of glycine and serine in ambient air. Morphological and physiological defects in pr1 plants can be largely abolished under elevated CO2 conditions. Genetic mapping and complementation confirmed that PR1 encodes an FtsH (Filamentation temperature-sensitive H)-like protein, FtsHi5. Reduced FtsHi5 expression in DEX-induced RNAi transgenic plants produced a similar growth phenotype with pr1 (ftsHi5-1). Transcriptome analysis suggested a changed expression pattern of redox-related genes and an increased expression of senescence-related genes in DEX: RNAi-FtsHi5 seedlings. Together with the observation that decreased accumulation of D1 and D2 proteins of photosystem II (PSII) and over-accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in ftsHi5 mutants, we hypothesize that FtsHi5 functions in maintaining the cellular redox balance and thus regulates photorespiratory metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sihui Li
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Chen
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Xi
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuezhong Xu
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nenghui Ye
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Xinxiang Peng
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohui Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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