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Li HZ, Zhang JL, Yuan DL, Xie WQ, Ladel CH, Mobasheri A, Li YS. Role of signaling pathways in age-related orthopedic diseases: focus on the fibroblast growth factor family. Mil Med Res 2024; 11:40. [PMID: 38902808 PMCID: PMC11191355 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-024-00544-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling encompasses a multitude of functions, including regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, morphogenesis, and patterning. FGFs and their receptors (FGFR) are crucial for adult tissue repair processes. Aberrant FGF signal transduction is associated with various pathological conditions such as cartilage damage, bone loss, muscle reduction, and other core pathological changes observed in orthopedic degenerative diseases like osteoarthritis (OA), intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), osteoporosis (OP), and sarcopenia. In OA and IVDD pathologies specifically, FGF1, FGF2, FGF8, FGF9, FGF18, FGF21, and FGF23 regulate the synthesis, catabolism, and ossification of cartilage tissue. Additionally, the dysregulation of FGFR expression (FGFR1 and FGFR3) promotes the pathological process of cartilage degradation. In OP and sarcopenia, endocrine-derived FGFs (FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23) modulate bone mineral synthesis and decomposition as well as muscle tissues. FGF2 and other FGFs also exert regulatory roles. A growing body of research has focused on understanding the implications of FGF signaling in orthopedic degeneration. Moreover, an increasing number of potential targets within the FGF signaling have been identified, such as FGF9, FGF18, and FGF23. However, it should be noted that most of these discoveries are still in the experimental stage, and further studies are needed before clinical application can be considered. Presently, this review aims to document the association between the FGF signaling pathway and the development and progression of orthopedic diseases. Besides, current therapeutic strategies targeting the FGF signaling pathway to prevent and treat orthopedic degeneration will be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Zhen Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jing-Lve Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine Central, South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Dong-Liang Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine Central, South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Wen-Qing Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | | | - Ali Mobasheri
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 08406, Vilnius, Lithuania.
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht, Utrecht, 3508, GA, the Netherlands.
- Department of Joint Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Public Health Aspects of Musculoskeletal Health and Aging, Université de Liège, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Yu-Sheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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Gędaj A, Gregorczyk P, Żukowska D, Chorążewska A, Ciura K, Kalka M, Porębska N, Opaliński Ł. Glycosylation of FGF/FGFR: An underrated sweet code regulating cellular signaling programs. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 77:39-55. [PMID: 38719671 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) constitute plasma-membrane localized signaling hubs that transmit signals from the extracellular environment to the cell interior, governing pivotal cellular processes like motility, metabolism, differentiation, division and death. FGF/FGFR signaling is critical for human body development and homeostasis; dysregulation of FGF/FGFR units is observed in numerous developmental diseases and in about 10% of human cancers. Glycosylation is a highly abundant posttranslational modification that is critical for physiological and pathological functions of the cell. Glycosylation is also very common within FGF/FGFR signaling hubs. Vast majority of FGFs (15 out of 22 members) are N-glycosylated and few FGFs are O-glycosylated. Glycosylation is even more abundant within FGFRs; all FGFRs are heavily N-glycosylated in numerous positions within their extracellular domains. A growing number of studies points on the multiple roles of glycosylation in fine-tuning FGF/FGFR signaling. Glycosylation modifies secretion of FGFs, determines their stability and affects interaction with FGFRs and co-receptors. Glycosylation of FGFRs determines their intracellular sorting, constitutes autoinhibitory mechanism within FGFRs and adjusts FGF and co-receptor recognition. Sugar chains attached to FGFs and FGFRs constitute also a form of code that is differentially decrypted by extracellular lectins, galectins, which transform FGF/FGFR signaling at multiple levels. This review focuses on the identified functions of glycosylation within FGFs and FGFRs and discusses their relevance for the cell physiology in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gędaj
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Paulina Gregorczyk
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Dominika Żukowska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Chorążewska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Ciura
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Marta Kalka
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Natalia Porębska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Łukasz Opaliński
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland.
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Wang C, Hu Y, Liang F. Text Mining and Drug Discovery Analysis: A Comprehensive Approach to Investigate Diabetes-Induced Osteoporosis. Int J Med Sci 2024; 21:464-473. [PMID: 38250601 PMCID: PMC10797669 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.90829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Osteoporosis (OP) and diabetes are prevalent diseases in orthopedic and endocrinology departments, with OP potentially arising as a complication of diabetes. However, the mechanism underlying diabetes-induced osteoporosis (DOP) remains enigmatic, and drug discovery in this domain is restricted, hindering research into the DOP's etiology and treatment. With the ultimate goal of preventing OP in diabetic patients, the objective of this study is to mine the genes and pathways linked to DOP using bioinformatics and databases. Method: The present study employed text mining as the initial approach to retrieve genes commonly associated with diabetes and OP. Subsequently, functional annotation was conducted to investigate the roles and functionalities. In order to explore the interactions between proteins relevant to DOP, we constructed protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. Furthermore, to obtain key genes and candidate drugs for DOP treatment, we conducted drug-gene interaction (DGI) analysis, complemented by a thorough examination of transcriptional factors (TFs)-miRNA co-regulation. Results: The results through text mining revealed 110 genes that are commonly associated with both diabetes and OP. Subsequent enrichment analysis narrowed down the list to 95 symbols that were involved in PPI analysis. After DGI analysis, we identified 7 genes targeted by 11 drugs, which represent candidates for treating DOP. Conclusion: This study unveils ANDECALIXIMAB, SILTUXIMAB, OLOKIZUMAB, SECUKINUMAB, and IXEKIZUMAB as promising potential drugs for DOP treatment, demonstrating the significance of utilizing text mining and pathway analysis to investigate disease mechanisms and explore existing therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yihe Hu
- ✉ Corresponding author: Feng Liang, . Yihe Hu,
| | - Feng Liang
- ✉ Corresponding author: Feng Liang, . Yihe Hu,
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Tsuno H, Tanaka N, Naito M, Ohashi S, Iwasawa M, Kadoguchi T, Mitomi H, Matsui T, Furukawa H, Fukui N. Analysis of proteins released from osteoarthritic cartilage by compressive loading. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18292. [PMID: 37880329 PMCID: PMC10600228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45472-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In osteoarthritis (OA), synovial pathology may be induced by proteins released from degenerated cartilage. This study was conducted to identify the proteins released from OA cartilage. OA cartilage was obtained from OA knees at macroscopically preserved areas (PRES) and degenerated areas (DEG), while control cartilage (CONT) was collected from non-arthritic knees. Released proteins were obtained from these cartilage samples by repeatedly applying compressive loading, which simulated loading on cartilage in vivo. The released proteins were analyzed comprehensively by antibody array analyses and a quantitative proteomic analysis. For several proteins, the exact amounts released were determined by Luminex assays. The amount of active TGF-β that was released was determined by an assay using genetically-engineered HEK cells. The results of the antibody array and proteomic analyses revealed that various biologically active proteins are released from OA cartilage, particularly from DEG, by loading. The Luminex assay confirmed that several alarmins, complement proteins C3a and C5a, and several angiogenic proteins including FGF-1, FGF-2 and VEGF-A were released in greater amounts from DEG than from CONT. The HEK cell assay indicated that active TGF-β was released from DEG at biologically significant levels. These findings may be helpful in understanding the pathology of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Tsuno
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobuho Tanaka
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Naito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoru Ohashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuyasu Iwasawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Kadoguchi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mitomi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Odawara Municipal Hospital, Odawara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Matsui
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Furukawa
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Hospital, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoshi Fukui
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
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5
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Zhu L, Vincent TL. Genome-Wide Association Studies to Drug: Identifying Retinoic Acid Metabolism Blocking Agents to Suppress Mechanoflammation in Osteoarthritis. DNA Cell Biol 2023; 42:527-531. [PMID: 37418291 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2023.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a highly prevalent debilitating joint disease for which there are currently no licensed disease-modifying treatments. The pathogenesis of OA is complex, involving genetic, mechanical, biochemical, and environmental factors. Cartilage injury, arguably the most important driving factor in OA development, is able to activate both protective and inflammatory pathways within the tissue. Recently, >100 genetic risk variants for OA have been identified through Genome Wide Association Studies, which provide a powerful tool to validate existing putative disease pathways and discover new ones. Using such an approach, hypomorphic variants within the aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A2 (ALDH1A2) gene were shown to be associated with increased risk of severe hand OA. ALDH1A2 encodes the enzyme that synthesizes all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), an intracellular signaling molecule. This review summarizes the influence of the genetic variants on expression and function of ALDH1A2 in OA cartilage, its role in the mechanical injury response of cartilage, and its potent anti-inflammatory effect after cartilage injury. In doing so it identifies atRA metabolism-blocking agents as potential treatments for suppressing mechanoflammation in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyi Zhu
- Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tonia L Vincent
- Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Conditioned Medium - Is it an Undervalued Lab Waste with the Potential for Osteoarthritis Management? Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023:10.1007/s12015-023-10517-1. [PMID: 36790694 PMCID: PMC10366316 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10517-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The approaches currently used in osteoarthritis (OA) are mainly short-term solutions with unsatisfactory outcomes. Cell-based therapies are still controversial (in terms of the sources of cells and the results) and require strict culture protocol, quality control, and may have side-effects. A distinct population of stromal cells has an interesting secretome composition that is underrated and commonly ends up as biological waste. Their unique properties could be used to improve the existing techniques due to protective and anti-ageing properties. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we seek to outline the advantages of the use of conditioned media (CM) and exosomes, which render them superior to other cell-based methods, and to summarise current information on the composition of CM and their effect on chondrocytes. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS CM are obtainable from a variety of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) sources, such as adipose tissue, bone marrow and umbilical cord, which is significant to their composition. The components present in CMs include proteins, cytokines, growth factors, chemokines, lipids and ncRNA with a variety of functions. In most in vitro and in vivo studies CM from MSCs had a beneficial effect in enhance processes associated with chondrocyte OA pathomechanism. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review summarises the information available in the literature on the function of components most commonly detected in MSC-conditioned media, as well as the effect of CM on OA chondrocytes in in vitro culture. It also highlights the need to standardise protocols for obtaining CM, and to conduct clinical trials to transfer the effects obtained in vitro to human subjects.
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7
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Rabie MA, Sayed RH, Venkatesan JK, Madry H, Cucchiarini M, El Sayed NS. Intra-articular injection of rAAV-hFGF-2 ameliorates monosodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis in rats via inhibiting TLR-4 signaling and activating TIMP-1. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 459:116361. [PMID: 36584762 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic debilitating degenerative disorder leading to structural, and functional anomaly of the joint. The present study tests the hypothesis that overexpression of the basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) via direct rAAV-mediated gene transfer suppresses monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced knee OA in rats relative to control (reporter rAAV-lacZ vector) gene transfer by intra-articular injection. Rats were treated with 20 μl rAAV-hFGF-2 on weekly basis; on days 7, 14, and 21 after single intra-articular injection of MIA (3 mg/50 μl saline). FGF-2 reduced knee joint swelling and improved motor performance and muscle coordination as evidenced by increased distance travelled, mean speed, rearing frequency in open field test (OFT) as well as fall-off latency in rotarod test together with reduced immobility time in OFT. Moreover, FGF-2 attenuated MIA-related radiological and histological alterations. Indeed, FGF-2 decreased knee joint inflammatory biomarker as demonstrated by reduced mRNA expression of toll like receptor (TLR)-4 and its downstream mediators such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and high motility group box (HMGB) 1. In parallel, FGF-2 attenuated knee joint degradation biomarkers as reflected by the downregulation of ADAMTS-5 mRNA expression and matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) content together with the up-regulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 mRNA expression. These findings suggest a potential therapeutic role for FGF-2 against MIA-induced knee OA in rats via inhibition of TLR4 signaling and activating TIMP-1, resulting in down-regulation of ADAMTS-5 and MMP-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa A Rabie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Rabab H Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jagadeesh K Venkatesan
- Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University and Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg. 37, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University and Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg. 37, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University and Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg. 37, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Nesrine S El Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Zhu L, Kamalathevan P, Koneva LA, Zarebska JM, Chanalaris A, Ismail H, Wiberg A, Ng M, Muhammad H, Walsby-Tickle J, McCullagh JSO, Watt FE, Sansom SN, Furniss D, Gardiner MD, Vincent TL, Riley N, Spiteri M, McNab I, Little C, Cogswell L, Critchley P, Giele H, Shirley R. Variants in ALDH1A2 reveal an anti-inflammatory role for retinoic acid and a new class of disease-modifying drugs in osteoarthritis. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabm4054. [PMID: 36542696 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abm4054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
More than 40% of individuals will develop osteoarthritis (OA) during their lifetime, yet there are currently no licensed disease-modifying treatments for this disabling condition. Common polymorphic variants in ALDH1A2, which encodes the key enzyme for synthesis of all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), are associated with severe hand OA. Here, we sought to elucidate the biological significance of this association. We first confirmed that ALDH1A2 risk variants were associated with hand OA in the U.K. Biobank. Articular cartilage was acquired from 33 individuals with hand OA at the time of routine hand OA surgery. After stratification by genotype, RNA sequencing was performed. A reciprocal relationship between ALDH1A2 mRNA and inflammatory genes was observed. Articular cartilage injury up-regulated similar inflammatory genes by a process that we have previously termed mechanoflammation, which we believe is a primary driver of OA. Cartilage injury was also associated with a concomitant drop in atRA-inducible genes, which were used as a surrogate measure of cellular atRA concentration. Both responses to injury were reversed using talarozole, a retinoic acid metabolism blocking agent (RAMBA). Suppression of mechanoflammation by talarozole was mediated by a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ)-dependent mechanism. Talarozole was able to suppress mechano-inflammatory genes in articular cartilage in vivo 6 hours after mouse knee joint destabilization and reduced cartilage degradation and osteophyte formation after 26 days. These data show that boosting atRA suppresses mechanoflammation in the articular cartilage in vitro and in vivo and identifies RAMBAs as potential disease-modifying drugs for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyi Zhu
- Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Pragash Kamalathevan
- Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Lada A Koneva
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Jadwiga Miotla Zarebska
- Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Anastasios Chanalaris
- Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Heba Ismail
- Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
- Healthy Lifespan Institute (HELSI) and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Akira Wiberg
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Michael Ng
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Hayat Muhammad
- Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - John Walsby-Tickle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - James S O McCullagh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Fiona E Watt
- Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Stephen N Sansom
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Dominic Furniss
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Matthew D Gardiner
- Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Tonia L Vincent
- Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
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9
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The Mechano-Ubiquitinome of Articular Cartilage: Differential Ubiquitination and Activation of a Group of ER-Associated DUBs and ER Stress Regulators. Mol Cell Proteomics 2022; 21:100419. [PMID: 36182100 PMCID: PMC9708921 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how connective tissue cells respond to mechanical stimulation is important to human health and disease processes in musculoskeletal diseases. Injury to articular cartilage is a key risk factor in predisposition to tissue damage and degenerative osteoarthritis. Recently, we have discovered that mechanical injury to connective tissues including murine and porcine articular cartilage causes a significant increase in lysine-63 polyubiquitination. Here, we identified the ubiquitin signature that is unique to injured articular cartilage tissue upon mechanical injury (the "mechano-ubiquitinome"). A total of 463 ubiquitinated peptides were identified, with an enrichment of ubiquitinated peptides of proteins involved in protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), also known as the ER-associated degradation response, including YOD1, BRCC3, ATXN3, and USP5 as well as the ER stress regulators, RAD23B, VCP/p97, and Ubiquilin 1. Enrichment of these proteins suggested an injury-induced ER stress response and, for instance, ER stress markers DDIT3/CHOP and BIP/GRP78 were upregulated following cartilage injury on the protein and gene expression levels. Similar ER stress induction was also observed in response to tail fin injury in zebrafish larvae, suggesting a generic response to tissue injury. Furthermore, a rapid increase in global DUB activity following injury and significant activity in human osteoarthritic cartilage was observed using DUB-specific activity probes. Combined, these results implicate the involvement of ubiquitination events and activation of a set of DUBs and ER stress regulators in cellular responses to cartilage tissue injury and in osteoarthritic cartilage tissues. This link through the ER-associated degradation pathway makes this protein set attractive for further investigation in in vivo models of tissue injury and for targeting in osteoarthritis and related musculoskeletal diseases.
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10
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Xu W, Zhu J, Hu J, Xiao L. Engineering the biomechanical microenvironment of chondrocytes towards articular cartilage tissue engineering. Life Sci 2022; 309:121043. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Zhang H, Wang R, Rolauffs B. Was wissen wir aus der Grundlagenforschung über Minced-cartilage-Techniken? ARTHROSKOPIE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00142-022-00560-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Fibroblast Growth Factors and Cellular Communication Network Factors: Intimate Interplay by the Founding Members in Cartilage. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158592. [PMID: 35955724 PMCID: PMC9369280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) constitute a large family of signaling molecules that act in an autocrine/paracrine, endocrine, or intracrine manner, whereas the cellular communication network factors (CCN) family is composed of six members that manipulate extracellular signaling networks. FGFs and CCNs are structurally and functionally distinct, except for the common characteristics as matricellular proteins. Both play significant roles in the development of a variety of tissues and organs, including the skeletal system. In vertebrates, most of the skeletal parts are formed and grow through a process designated endochondral ossification, in which chondrocytes play the central role. The growth plate cartilage is the place where endochondral ossification occurs, and articular cartilage is left to support the locomotive function of joints. Several FGFs, including FGF-2, one of the founding members of this family, and all of the CCNs represented by CCN2, which is required for proper skeletal development, can be found therein. Research over a decade has revealed direct binding of CCN2 to FGFs and FGF receptors (FGFRs), which occasionally affect the biological outcome via FGF signaling. Moreover, a recent study uncovered an integrated regulation of FGF and CCN genes by FGF signaling. In this review, after a brief introduction of these two families, molecular and genetic interactions between CCN and FGF family members in cartilage, and their biological effects, are summarized. The molecular interplay represents the mutual involvement of the other in their molecular functions, leading to collaboration between CCN2 and FGFs during skeletal development.
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Vincent TL, McClurg O, Troeberg L. The Extracellular Matrix of Articular Cartilage Controls the Bioavailability of Pericellular Matrix-Bound Growth Factors to Drive Tissue Homeostasis and Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6003. [PMID: 35682681 PMCID: PMC9181404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) has long been regarded as a packing material; supporting cells within the tissue and providing tensile strength and protection from mechanical stress. There is little surprise when one considers the dynamic nature of many of the individual proteins that contribute to the ECM, that we are beginning to appreciate a more nuanced role for the ECM in tissue homeostasis and disease. Articular cartilage is adapted to be able to perceive and respond to mechanical load. Indeed, physiological loads are essential to maintain cartilage thickness in a healthy joint and excessive mechanical stress is associated with the breakdown of the matrix that is seen in osteoarthritis (OA). Although the trigger by which increased mechanical stress drives catabolic pathways remains unknown, one mechanism by which cartilage responds to increased compressive load is by the release of growth factors that are sequestered in the pericellular matrix. These are heparan sulfate-bound growth factors that appear to be largely chondroprotective and displaced by an aggrecan-dependent sodium flux. Emerging evidence suggests that the released growth factors act in a coordinated fashion to drive cartilage repair. Thus, we are beginning to appreciate that the ECM is the key mechano-sensor and mechano-effector in cartilage, responsible for directing subsequent cellular events of relevance to joint health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonia L. Vincent
- Centre for OA Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Oliver McClurg
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (O.M.); (L.T.)
| | - Linda Troeberg
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; (O.M.); (L.T.)
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Vincent TL, Alliston T, Kapoor M, Loeser RF, Troeberg L, Little CB. Osteoarthritis Pathophysiology: Therapeutic Target Discovery may Require a Multifaceted Approach. Clin Geriatr Med 2022; 38:193-219. [PMID: 35410676 PMCID: PMC9107912 DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Molecular understanding of osteoarthritis (OA) has greatly increased through careful analysis of tissue samples, preclinical models, and large-scale agnostic "-omic" studies. There is broad acceptance that systemic and biomechanical signals affect multiple tissues of the joint, each of which could potentially be targeted to improve patient outcomes. In this review six experts in different aspects of OA pathogenesis provide their independent view on what they believe to be good tractable approaches to OA target discovery. We conclude that molecular discovery has been high but future transformative studies require a multidisciplinary holistic approach to develop therapeutic strategies with high clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonia L Vincent
- Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Tamara Alliston
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mohit Kapoor
- Department of Surgery and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Richard F Loeser
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology and the Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Linda Troeberg
- University of East Anglia, Norwich Medical School, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Christopher B Little
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia.
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Mechanosignalling in cartilage: an emerging target for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2021; 18:67-84. [PMID: 34934171 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-021-00724-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stimuli have fundamental roles in articular cartilage during health and disease. Chondrocytes respond to the physical properties of the cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) and the mechanical forces exerted on them during joint loading. In osteoarthritis (OA), catabolic processes degrade the functional ECM and the composition and viscoelastic properties of the ECM produced by chondrocytes are altered. The abnormal loading environment created by these alterations propagates cell dysfunction and inflammation. Chondrocytes sense their physical environment via an array of mechanosensitive receptors and channels that activate a complex network of downstream signalling pathways to regulate several cell processes central to OA pathology. Advances in understanding the complex roles of specific mechanosignalling mechanisms in healthy and OA cartilage have highlighted molecular processes that can be therapeutically targeted to interrupt pathological feedback loops. The potential for combining these mechanosignalling targets with the rapidly expanding field of smart mechanoresponsive biomaterials and delivery systems is an emerging paradigm in OA treatment. The continued advances in this field have the potential to enable restoration of healthy mechanical microenvironments and signalling through the development of precision therapeutics, mechanoregulated biomaterials and drug systems in the near future.
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Mechanical Cues: Bidirectional Reciprocity in the Extracellular Matrix Drives Mechano-Signalling in Articular Cartilage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413595. [PMID: 34948394 PMCID: PMC8707858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition and organisation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), particularly the pericellular matrix (PCM), in articular cartilage is critical to its biomechanical functionality; the presence of proteoglycans such as aggrecan, entrapped within a type II collagen fibrillar network, confers mechanical resilience underweight-bearing. Furthermore, components of the PCM including type VI collagen, perlecan, small leucine-rich proteoglycans—decorin and biglycan—and fibronectin facilitate the transduction of both biomechanical and biochemical signals to the residing chondrocytes, thereby regulating the process of mechanotransduction in cartilage. In this review, we summarise the literature reporting on the bidirectional reciprocity of the ECM in chondrocyte mechano-signalling and articular cartilage homeostasis. Specifically, we discuss studies that have characterised the response of articular cartilage to mechanical perturbations in the local tissue environment and how the magnitude or type of loading applied elicits cellular behaviours to effect change. In vivo, including transgenic approaches, and in vitro studies have illustrated how physiological loading maintains a homeostatic balance of anabolic and catabolic activities, involving the direct engagement of many PCM molecules in orchestrating this slow but consistent turnover of the cartilage matrix. Furthermore, we document studies characterising how abnormal, non-physiological loading including excessive loading or joint trauma negatively impacts matrix molecule biosynthesis and/or organisation, affecting PCM mechanical properties and reducing the tissue’s ability to withstand load. We present compelling evidence showing that reciprocal engagement of the cells with this altered ECM environment can thus impact tissue homeostasis and, if sustained, can result in cartilage degradation and onset of osteoarthritis pathology. Enhanced dysregulation of PCM/ECM turnover is partially driven by mechanically mediated proteolytic degradation of cartilage ECM components. This generates bioactive breakdown fragments such as fibronectin, biglycan and lumican fragments, which can subsequently activate or inhibit additional signalling pathways including those involved in inflammation. Finally, we discuss how bidirectionality within the ECM is critically important in enabling the chondrocytes to synthesise and release PCM/ECM molecules, growth factors, pro-inflammatory cytokines and proteolytic enzymes, under a specified load, to influence PCM/ECM composition and mechanical properties in cartilage health and disease.
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Impact of perlecan, a core component of basement membrane, on regeneration of cartilaginous tissues. Acta Biomater 2021; 135:13-26. [PMID: 34454085 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
As an indispensable component of the extracellular matrix, perlecan (Pln) plays an essential role in cartilaginous tissue function. Although there exist studies suggesting that Pln expressed by cartilaginous tissues is critical for chondrogenesis, few papers have discussed the potential impact Pln may have on cartilage regeneration. In this review, we delineate Pln structure, biomechanical properties, and interactive ligands-which together contribute to the effect Pln has on cartilaginous tissue development. We also review how the signaling pathways of Pln affect cartilage development and scrutinize the potential application of Pln to divisions of cartilage regeneration, spanning vascularization, stem cell differentiation, and biomaterial improvement. The aim of this review is to deepen our understanding of the spatial and temporal interactions that occur between Pln and cartilaginous tissue and ultimately apply Pln in scaffold design to improve cell-based cartilage engineering and regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: As a key component of the basement membrane, Pln plays a critical role in tissue development and repair. Recent findings suggest that Pln existing in the pericellular matrix surrounding mature chondrocytes is actively involved in cartilage regeneration and functionality. We propose that Pln is essential to developing an in vitro matrix niche within biological scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Keppie SJ, Mansfield JC, Tang X, Philp CJ, Graham HK, Önnerfjord P, Wall A, McLean C, Winlove CP, Sherratt MJ, Pavlovskaya GE, Vincent TL. Matrix-Bound Growth Factors are Released upon Cartilage Compression by an Aggrecan-Dependent Sodium Flux that is Lost in Osteoarthritis. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2021; 2:zqab037. [PMID: 34423304 PMCID: PMC8374957 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is a dense extracellular matrix-rich tissue that degrades following chronic mechanical stress, resulting in osteoarthritis (OA). The tissue has low intrinsic repair especially in aged and osteoarthritic joints. Here, we describe three pro-regenerative factors; fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), connective tissue growth factor, bound to transforming growth factor-beta (CTGF-TGFβ), and hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF), that are rapidly released from the pericellular matrix (PCM) of articular cartilage upon mechanical injury. All three growth factors bound heparan sulfate, and were displaced by exogenous NaCl. We hypothesised that sodium, sequestered within the aggrecan-rich matrix, was freed by injurious compression, thereby enhancing the bioavailability of pericellular growth factors. Indeed, growth factor release was abrogated when cartilage aggrecan was depleted by IL-1 treatment, and in severely damaged human osteoarthritic cartilage. A flux in free matrix sodium upon mechanical compression of cartilage was visualised by 23Na -MRI just below the articular surface. This corresponded to a region of reduced tissue stiffness, measured by scanning acoustic microscopy and second harmonic generation microscopy, and where Smad2/3 was phosphorylated upon cyclic compression. Our results describe a novel intrinsic repair mechanism, controlled by matrix stiffness and mediated by the free sodium concentration, in which heparan sulfate-bound growth factors are released from cartilage upon injurious load. They identify aggrecan as a depot for sequestered sodium, explaining why osteoarthritic tissue loses its ability to repair. Treatments that restore matrix sodium to allow appropriate release of growth factors upon load are predicted to enable intrinsic cartilage repair in OA. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Osteoarthritis is the most prevalent musculoskeletal disease, affecting 250 million people worldwide.1 We identify a novel intrinsic repair response in cartilage, mediated by aggrecan-dependent sodium flux, and dependent upon matrix stiffness, which results in the release of a cocktail of pro-regenerative growth factors after injury. Loss of aggrecan in late-stage osteoarthritis prevents growth factor release and likely contributes to disease progression. Treatments that restore matrix sodium in osteoarthritis may recover the intrinsic repair response to improve disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Keppie
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | | | - Xiaodi Tang
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Christopher J Philp
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2QX, UK
| | - Helen K Graham
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Patrik Önnerfjord
- Rheumatology and Molecular Skeletal Biology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alanna Wall
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Celia McLean
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - C Peter Winlove
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK
| | - Michael J Sherratt
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Galina E Pavlovskaya
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2QX, UK
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Sevastianov VI, Basok YB, Kirsanova LA, Grigoriev AM, Kirillova AD, Nemets EA, Subbot AM, Gautier SV. A Comparison of the Capacity of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Cartilage Regeneration Depending on Collagen-Based Injectable Biomimetic Scaffold Type. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080756. [PMID: 34440500 PMCID: PMC8400656 DOI: 10.3390/life11080756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have shown a high potential for cartilage repair. Collagen-based scaffolds are used to deliver and retain cells at the site of cartilage damage. The aim of the work was a comparative analysis of the capacity of the MSCs from human adipose tissue to differentiate into chondrocytes in vitro and to stimulate the regeneration of articular cartilage in an experimental model of rabbit knee osteoarthrosis when cultured on microheterogenic collagen-based hydrogel (MCH) and the microparticles of decellularized porcine articular cartilage (DPC). The morphology of samples was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and histological staining methods. On the surface of the DPC, the cells were distributed more uniformly than on the MCH surface. On day 28, the cells cultured on the DPC produced glycosaminoglycans more intensely compared to the MCH with the synthesis of collagen type II. However, in the experimental model of osteoarthrosis, the stimulation of the cartilage regeneration was more effective when the MSCs were administered to the MCH carrier. The present study demonstrates the way to regulate the action of the MSCs in the area of cartilage regeneration: the MCH is more conducive to stimulating cartilage repair by the MSCs, while the DPC is an inducer for a formation of a cartilage-like tissue by the MSCs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor I. Sevastianov
- Department for Biomedical Technologies and Tissue Engineering, The Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, 1 Shchukinskaja St., 123182 Moscow, Russia; (Y.B.B.); (L.A.K.); (A.M.G.); (A.D.K.); (E.A.N.); (S.V.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-916-173-41-84
| | - Yulia B. Basok
- Department for Biomedical Technologies and Tissue Engineering, The Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, 1 Shchukinskaja St., 123182 Moscow, Russia; (Y.B.B.); (L.A.K.); (A.M.G.); (A.D.K.); (E.A.N.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Ludmila A. Kirsanova
- Department for Biomedical Technologies and Tissue Engineering, The Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, 1 Shchukinskaja St., 123182 Moscow, Russia; (Y.B.B.); (L.A.K.); (A.M.G.); (A.D.K.); (E.A.N.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Alexey M. Grigoriev
- Department for Biomedical Technologies and Tissue Engineering, The Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, 1 Shchukinskaja St., 123182 Moscow, Russia; (Y.B.B.); (L.A.K.); (A.M.G.); (A.D.K.); (E.A.N.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Alexandra D. Kirillova
- Department for Biomedical Technologies and Tissue Engineering, The Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, 1 Shchukinskaja St., 123182 Moscow, Russia; (Y.B.B.); (L.A.K.); (A.M.G.); (A.D.K.); (E.A.N.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Evgeniy A. Nemets
- Department for Biomedical Technologies and Tissue Engineering, The Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, 1 Shchukinskaja St., 123182 Moscow, Russia; (Y.B.B.); (L.A.K.); (A.M.G.); (A.D.K.); (E.A.N.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Anastasia M. Subbot
- Laboratory of Fundamental Research in Ophtalmology, The Research Institute of Eye Diseases, 11A, B Rossolimo St., 119021 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Sergey V. Gautier
- Department for Biomedical Technologies and Tissue Engineering, The Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, 1 Shchukinskaja St., 123182 Moscow, Russia; (Y.B.B.); (L.A.K.); (A.M.G.); (A.D.K.); (E.A.N.); (S.V.G.)
- Department of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Faculty of Medicine, The Sechenov University, 8-2 Trubetskaya St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
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20
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Yang C, Luo M, Chen Y, You M, Chen Q. MicroRNAs as Important Regulators Mediate the Multiple Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:619842. [PMID: 34164391 PMCID: PMC8215576 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.619842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous short non-encoding RNAs which play a critical role on the output of the proteins, and influence multiple biological characteristics of the cells and physiological processes in the body. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are adult multipotent stem cells and characterized by self-renewal and multidifferentiation and have been widely used for disease treatment and regenerative medicine. Meanwhile, MSCs play a critical role in maintaining homeostasis in the body, and dysfunction of MSC differentiation leads to many diseases. The differentiation of MSCs is a complex physiological process and is the result of programmed expression of a series of genes. It has been extensively proven that the differentiation process or programmed gene expression is also regulated accurately by miRNAs. The differentiation of MSCs regulated by miRNAs is also a complex, interdependent, and dynamic process, and a full understanding of the role of miRNAs will provide clues on the appropriate upregulation or downregulation of corresponding miRNAs to mediate the differentiation efficiency. This review summarizes the roles and associated signaling pathways of miRNAs in adipogenesis, chondrogenesis, and osteogenesis of MSCs, which may provide new hints on MSCs or miRNAs as therapeutic strategies for regenerative medicine and biotherapy for related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan Stem Cell Bank/Sichuan Neo-Life Stem Cell Biotech Inc., Chengdu, China
| | - Maowen Luo
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan Stem Cell Bank/Sichuan Neo-Life Stem Cell Biotech Inc., Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan Stem Cell Bank/Sichuan Neo-Life Stem Cell Biotech Inc., Chengdu, China
| | - Min You
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan Stem Cell Bank/Sichuan Neo-Life Stem Cell Biotech Inc., Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan Stem Cell Bank/Sichuan Neo-Life Stem Cell Biotech Inc., Chengdu, China.,Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, China
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21
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Hybrid fluorescence-AFM explores articular surface degeneration in early osteoarthritis across length scales. Acta Biomater 2021; 126:315-325. [PMID: 33753314 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has become a powerful tool for the characterization of materials at the nanoscale. Nevertheless, its application to hierarchical biological tissue like cartilage is still limited. One reason is that such samples are usually millimeters in size, while the AFM delivers much more localized information. Here a combination of AFM and fluorescence microscopy is presented where features on a millimeter sized tissue sample are selected by fluorescence microscopy on the micrometer scale and then mapped down to nanometer precision by AFM under native conditions. This served us to show that local changes in the organization of fluorescent stained cells, a marker for early osteoarthritis, correlate with a significant local reduction of the elastic modulus, local thinning of the collagen fibers, and a roughening of the articular surface. This approach is not only relevant for cartilage, but in general for the characterization of native biological tissue from the macro- to the nanoscale. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Different length scales have to be studied to understand the function and dysfunction of hierarchically organized biomaterials or tissues. Here we combine a highly stable AFM with fluorescence microscopy and precisely motorized movement to correlate micro- and nanoscopic properties of articular cartilage on a millimeter sized sample under native conditions. This is necessary for unraveling the relationship between microscale organization of chondrocytes, micrometer scale changes in articular cartilage properties and nanoscale organization of collagen (including D-banding). We anticipate that such studies pave the way for a guided design of hierarchical biomaterials.
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22
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Jiang W, Liu H, Wan R, Wu Y, Shi Z, Huang W. Mechanisms linking mitochondrial mechanotransduction and chondrocyte biology in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101315. [PMID: 33684550 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical loading is essential for chondrocyte health. Chondrocytes can sense and respond to various extracellular mechanical signals through an integrated set of mechanisms. Recently, it has been found that mitochondria, acting as critical mechanotransducers, are at the intersection between extracellular mechanical signals and chondrocyte biology. Much attention has been focused on identifying how mechanical loading-induced mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. In contrast, little is known regarding the mechanisms underlying functional alterations in mitochondria induced by mechanical stimulation. In this review, we describe how chondrocytes perceive environmental mechanical signals. We discuss how mechanical load induces mitochondrial functional alterations and highlight the major unanswered questions in this field. We speculate that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a master regulator of energy homeostasis, may play an important role in coupling force transmission to mitochondrial health and intracellular biological responses.
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Lin W, Klein J. Recent Progress in Cartilage Lubrication. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005513. [PMID: 33759245 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Healthy articular cartilage, covering the ends of bones in major joints such as hips and knees, presents the most efficiently-lubricated surface known in nature, with friction coefficients as low as 0.001 up to physiologically high pressures. Such low friction is indeed essential for its well-being. It minimizes wear-and-tear and hence the cartilage degradation associated with osteoarthritis, the most common joint disease, and, by reducing shear stress on the mechanotransductive, cartilage-embedded chondrocytes (the only cell type in the cartilage), it regulates their function to maintain homeostasis. Understanding the origins of such low friction of the articular cartilage, therefore, is of major importance in order to alleviate disease symptoms, and slow or even reverse its breakdown. This progress report considers the relation between frictional behavior and the cellular mechanical environment in the cartilage, then reviews the mechanism of lubrication in the joints, in particular focusing on boundary lubrication. Following recent advances based on hydration lubrication, a proposed synergy between different molecular components of the synovial joints, acting together in enabling the low friction, has been proposed. Additionally, recent development of natural and bio-inspired lubricants is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Lin
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Jacob Klein
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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24
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The combination of mitogenic stimulation and DNA damage induces chondrocyte senescence. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2021; 29:402-412. [PMID: 33227437 PMCID: PMC7925350 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cellular senescence is a phenotypic state characterized by stable cell-cycle arrest, enhanced lysosomal activity, and the secretion of inflammatory molecules and matrix degrading enzymes. Senescence has been implicated in osteoarthritis (OA) pathophysiology; however, the mechanisms that drive senescence induction in cartilage and other joint tissues are unknown. While numerous physiological signals are capable of initiating senescence, one emerging theme is that damaged cells convert to senescence in response to sustained mitogenic stimulation. The goal of this study was to develop an in vitro articular cartilage explant model to investigate the mechanisms of senescence induction. DESIGN This study utilized healthy cartilage derived from cadaveric equine stifles and human ankles. Explants were irradiated to initiate DNA damage, and mitogenic stimulation was provided through serum-containing medium and treatment with transforming growth factor β1 and basic fibroblastic growth factor. Readouts of senescence were a quantitative flow cytometry assay to detect senescence-associated β galactosidase activity (SA-β-gal), immunofluorescence for p16 and γH2AX, and qPCR for the expression of inflammatory genes. RESULTS Human cartilage explants required both irradiation and mitogenic stimulation to induce senescence as compared to baseline control conditions (7.16% vs 2.34% SA-β-gal high, p = 0.0007). These conditions also resulted in chondrocyte clusters within explants, a persistent DNA damage response, increased p16, and gene expression changes. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of cartilage explants with mitogenic stimuli in the context of cellular damage reliably induces high levels of SA-β-gal activity and other senescence markers, which provides a physiologically relevant model system to investigate the mechanisms of senescence induction.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Current thinking in the study of posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) is overviewed: the osteoarthritis which follows acute joint injury. The review particularly highlights important publications in the last 18 months, also reflecting on key older literature, in terms of what have we have we learned and have yet to learn from PTOA, which can advance the osteoarthritis field as a whole. RECENT FINDINGS PTOA is a mechanically driven disease, giving insight into mechanical drivers for osteoarthritis. A mechanosensitive molecular tissue injury response (which includes activation of pain, degradative and also repair pathways) is triggered by acute joint injury and seen in osteoarthritis. Imaging features of PTOA are highly similar to osteoarthritis, arguing against it being a different phenotype. The inflammatory pathways activated by injury contribute to early joint symptoms. However, later structural changes appear to be dissociated from traditional measures of synovial inflammation. SUMMARY PTOA remains an important niche in which to understand processes underlying osteoarthritis and seek interventional targets. Whether PTOA has true molecular or clinical differences to osteoarthritis as a whole remains to be understood. This knowledge is important for a field where animal modelling of the disease relies heavily on the link between injury and osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona E Watt
- Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Southan J, McHugh E, Walker H, Ismail HM. Metabolic Signature of Articular Cartilage Following Mechanical Injury: An Integrated Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Analysis. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:592905. [PMID: 33392255 PMCID: PMC7773849 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.592905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical injury to the articular cartilage is a key risk factor in joint damage and predisposition to osteoarthritis. Integrative multi-omics approaches provide a valuable tool to understand tissue behavior in response to mechanical injury insult and help to identify key pathways linking injury to tissue damage. Global or untargeted metabolomics provides a comprehensive characterization of the metabolite content of biological samples. In this study, we aimed to identify the metabolic signature of cartilage tissue post injury. We employed an integrative analysis of transcriptomics and global metabolomics of murine epiphyseal hip cartilage before and after injury. Transcriptomics analysis showed a significant enrichment of gene sets involved in regulation of metabolic processes including carbon metabolism, biosynthesis of amino acids, and steroid biosynthesis. Integrative analysis of enriched genes with putatively identified metabolite features post injury showed a significant enrichment for carbohydrate metabolism (glycolysis, galactose, and glycosylate metabolism and pentose phosphate pathway) and amino acid metabolism (arginine biosynthesis and tyrosine, glycine, serine, threonine, and arginine and proline metabolism). We then performed a cross analysis of global metabolomics profiles of murine and porcine ex vivo cartilage injury models. The top commonly modulated metabolic pathways post injury included arginine and proline metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and vitamin B6 metabolic pathways. These results highlight the significant modulation of metabolic responses following mechanical injury to articular cartilage. Further investigation of these pathways would provide new insights into the role of the early metabolic state of articular cartilage post injury in promoting tissue damage and its link to disease progression of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Southan
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Emily McHugh
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Walker
- biOMICS Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Heba M Ismail
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Johnston E, Emani C, Kochan A, Ghebrehawariat K, Tyburski J, Johnston M, Rabago D. Prolotherapy agent P2G is associated with upregulation of fibroblast growth factor-2 genetic expression in vitro. J Exp Orthop 2020; 7:97. [PMID: 33280075 PMCID: PMC7719583 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-020-00312-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent, progressively degenerative disease. Researchers have rigorously documented clinical improvement in participants receiving prolotherapy for OA. The mechanism of action is unknown; therefore, basic science studies are required. One hypothesized mechanism is that prolotherapy stimulates tissue proliferation, including that of cartilage. Accordingly, this in vitro study examines whether the prolotherapy agent phenol-glycerin-glucose (P2G) is associated with upregulation of proliferation-enhancing cytokines, primarily fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). Methods Murine MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in a nonconfluent state to retain an undifferentiated osteochondroprogenic status. A limitation of MC3T3-E1 cells is that they do not fully reproduce primary human chondrocyte phenotypes; however, they are useful for modeling cartilage regeneration in vitro due to their greater phenotypic stability than primary cells. Two experiments were conducted: one in duplicate and one in triplicate. Treatment consisted of phenol-glycerin-glucose (P2G, final concentration of 1.5%). The results were assessed by quantitative Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) to detect mRNA expression of the FGF-2, IGF-1, CCND-1 (Cyclin-D), TGF-β1, AKT, STAT1, and BMP2 genes. Results P2G - treated preosteoblasts expressed higher levels of FGF-2 than water controls (hour 24, p < 0.001; hour 30, p < 0.05; hour 38, p < 0.01). Additionally, CCND-1 upregulation was observed (p < 0.05), possibly as a cellular response to FGF-2 upregulation. Conclusions The prolotherapy agent P2G appears to be associated with upregulation of the cartilage cell proliferation enhancer cytokine FGF-2, suggesting an independent effect of P2G consistent with clinical evidence. Further study investigating the effect of prolotherapy agents on cellular proliferation and cartilage regeneration is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisha Johnston
- Palos Verdes Peninsula High School, 27118 Silver Spur Rd, Rolling Hills Estates, CA, 90274, USA
| | - Chandrakanth Emani
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Blvd, Bowling Green, KY, 42101-1080, USA
| | - Andrew Kochan
- Healing Arts Research, 4835 Van Nuys Blvd # 100, Sherman Oaks, CA, 91403, USA
| | | | - John Tyburski
- Nelson Scientific Labs LLC, 44790 Maynard SQ, Ashburn, VA, 20147, USA
| | - Michael Johnston
- Independent Researcher, 5727 Ravenspur Dr. #309, Rancho Palos Verdes, CA, 90275, USA
| | - David Rabago
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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Zhang J, Liu Z, Li Y, You Q, Yang J, Jin Y, Zou G, Tang J, Ge Z, Liu Y. FGF2: a key regulator augmenting tendon-to-bone healing and cartilage repair. Regen Med 2020; 15:2129-2142. [PMID: 33201773 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2019-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligament/tendon and cartilage injuries are clinically common diseases that perplex most clinicians. Because of the lack of blood vessels and nerves, their self-repairing abilities are rather poor. Therefore, surgeries are necessary and also widely used to treat ligament/tendon or cartilage injuries. However, after surgery, there are still many problems that affect healing. In recent years, it has been found that exogenous FGF2 plays an important role in the repair of ligament/tendon and cartilage injuries and exerts a synergistic effect with endogenous FGF2. Therefore, FGF2 can be used as a new type of biomolecule to accelerate tendon-to-bone healing and cartilage repair after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Ziming Liu
- Peking University Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuwan Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qi You
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Jibin Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Ying Jin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Gang Zou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Jingfeng Tang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Zhen Ge
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou 563000, China
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Zhu L, Donhou S, Burleigh A, Miotla Zarebska J, Curtinha M, Parisi I, Khan SN, Dell'Accio F, Chanalaris A, Vincent TL. TSG-6 Is Weakly Chondroprotective in Murine OA but Does not Account for FGF2-Mediated Joint Protection. ACR Open Rheumatol 2020; 2:605-615. [PMID: 33029956 PMCID: PMC7571392 DOI: 10.1002/acr2.11176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tumor necrosis factor α-stimulated gene 6 (TSG-6) is an anti-inflammatory protein highly expressed in osteoarthritis (OA), but its influence on the course of OA is unknown. METHODS Cartilage injury was assessed by murine hip avulsion or by recutting rested explants. Forty-two previously validated injury genes were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction in whole joints following destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) (6 hours and 7 days). Joint pathology was assessed at 8 and 12 weeks following DMM in 10-week-old male and female fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2)-/- , TSG-6-/- , TSG-6tg (overexpressing), FGF2-/- ;TSG-6tg (8 weeks only) mice, as well as strain-matched, wild-type controls. In vivo cartilage repair was assessed 8 weeks following focal cartilage injury in TSG-6tg and control mice. FGF2 release following cartilage injury was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS TSG-6 messenger RNA upregulation was strongly FGF2-dependent upon injury in vitro and in vivo. Fifteeen inflammatory genes were significantly increased in TSG-6-/- joints, including IL1α, Ccl2, and Adamts5 compared with wild type. Six genes were significantly suppressed in TSG-6-/- joints including Timp1, Inhibin βA, and podoplanin (known FGF2 target genes). FGF2 release upon cartilage injury was not influenced by levels of TSG-6. Cartilage degradation was significantly increased at 12 weeks post-DMM in male TSG-6-/- mice, with a nonsignificant 30% reduction in disease seen in TSG-6tg mice. No differences were observed in cartilage repair between genotypes. TSG-6 overexpression was unable to prevent accelerated OA in FGF2-/- mice. CONCLUSION TSG-6 influences early gene regulation in the destabilized joint and exerts a modest late chondroprotective effect. Although strongly FGF2 dependent, TSG-6 does not explain the strong chondroprotective effect of FGF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyi Zhu
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Arthritis Research UK Centre for OA Pathogenesis, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Shannah Donhou
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Arthritis Research UK Centre for OA Pathogenesis, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Annika Burleigh
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Arthritis Research UK Centre for OA Pathogenesis, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Jadwiga Miotla Zarebska
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Arthritis Research UK Centre for OA Pathogenesis, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Marcia Curtinha
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Arthritis Research UK Centre for OA Pathogenesis, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Ida Parisi
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Arthritis Research UK Centre for OA Pathogenesis, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Sumayya Nafisa Khan
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Arthritis Research UK Centre for OA Pathogenesis, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | - Anastasios Chanalaris
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Arthritis Research UK Centre for OA Pathogenesis, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Tonia L Vincent
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Arthritis Research UK Centre for OA Pathogenesis, University of Oxford, UK
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Vincent TL. Of mice and men: converging on a common molecular understanding of osteoarthritis. THE LANCET. RHEUMATOLOGY 2020; 2:e633-e645. [PMID: 32989436 PMCID: PMC7511206 DOI: 10.1016/s2665-9913(20)30279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite an increasing burden of osteoarthritis in developed societies, target discovery has been slow and there are currently no approved disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs. This lack of progress is due in part to a series of misconceptions over the years: that osteoarthritis is an inevitable consequence of ageing, that damaged articular cartilage cannot heal itself, and that osteoarthritis is driven by synovial inflammation similar to that seen in rheumatoid arthritis. Molecular interrogation of disease through ex-vivo tissue analysis, in-vitro studies, and preclinical models have radically reshaped the knowledge landscape. Inflammation in osteoarthritis appears to be distinct from that seen in rheumatoid arthritis. Recent randomised controlled trials, using treatments repurposed from rheumatoid arthritis, have largely been unsuccessful. Genome-wide studies point to defects in repair pathways, which accords well with recent promise using growth factor therapies or Wnt pathway antagonism. Nerve growth factor has emerged as a robust target in osteoarthritis pain in phase 2-3 trials. These studies, both positive and negative, align well with those in preclinical surgical models of osteoarthritis, indicating that pathogenic mechanisms identified in mice can lead researchers to valid human targets. Several novel candidate pathways are emerging from preclinical studies that offer hope of future translational impact. Enhancing trust between industry, basic, and clinical scientists will optimise our collective chance of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonia L Vincent
- Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis, Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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31
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Thorup AS, Dell'Accio F, Eldridge SE. Lessons from joint development for cartilage repair in the clinic. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:360-376. [PMID: 32738003 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 250 years ago, William Hunter stated that when cartilage is destroyed it never recovers. In the last 20 years, the understanding of the mechanisms that lead to joint formation and the knowledge that some of these mechanisms are reactivated in the homeostatic responses of cartilage to injury has offered an unprecedented therapeutic opportunity to achieve cartilage regeneration. Very large investments in ambitious clinical trials are finally revealing that, although we do not have perfect medicines yet, disease modification is a feasible possibility for human osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Thorup
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Francesco Dell'Accio
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Suzanne E Eldridge
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Ba K, Ni D, Wang XB, Wei XQ, Li N, Zheng L. [Chondrocyte cocultures with stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissue promote cartilage regeneration in vivo]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2020; 38:240-244. [PMID: 32573128 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare the cartilage regeneration of the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) cocultured with chondrocytes seeded on the scaffolds. METHODS The cellular morphologies and proliferation capabilities on the scaffolds were evaluated. The scaffolds with the cocul-ture of ASCs/SVF and chondrocytes were implanted into the full thickness cartilage defective rabbit joints for 10 weeks. RESULTS The cells seeded into the scaffolds showed good adhesion and proliferation. Implantation with SVF and chondrocytes revealed desirable in vitro healing outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The SVF cells were better than ASCs in terms of the formation of cartilage matrix in a coimplantation model. Without in vitro expansion, the SVF cells are good cell sources for cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ba
- Dept. of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Duan Ni
- Dept. of Emergency Medicine, Armed Police Corps Hospital of Henan, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Xin-Bo Wang
- Dept. of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Xue-Qin Wei
- Dept. of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Na Li
- Dept. of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Lian Zheng
- Dept. of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
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Aulin C, Lassacher T, Palmblad K, Erlandsson Harris H. Early stage blockade of the alarmin HMGB1 reduces cartilage destruction in experimental OA. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2020; 28:698-707. [PMID: 31982563 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The alarmin HMGB1 is an endogenous molecule that is released into the extracellular space upon trauma or cell activation. Extracellular HMGB1 initiates innate immune responses and besides mediating inflammation, has osteoclast-activating features and mediates pain, all important features in OA. The aim of this study was to examine the involvement of HMGB1 in experimental OA and to explore the effect of local anti-HMGB1-therapy on disease progression. METHOD OA was induced in mice by surgical destabilization of knee joints and HMGB1 expression and localization was assessed by immunohistochemistry. For therapy evaluation, HMGB1-neutralizing antibodies were injected intraarticularly, alone or encapsulated in an injectable hyaluronan-based delivery vehicle. Human primary chondrocytes were stimulated with rHMGB1 and analyzed by qPCR and cytometric bead-array. RESULTS HMGB1 immunostaining of mouse OA joints demonstrated intra- and pericellular expression in chondrocytes, overlapping with proteoglycan depleted areas. Intra-articular injection of anti-HMGB1 antibodies had cartilage-protective effects, comparable to treatment with a TNF inhibitor. Direct and vehicle-based delivery had similar ameliorating effects and the effect of a single, early injection could not be enhanced by repeated injections. In vitro stimulation of chondrocytes with rHMGB1 affected chondrocyte function by inducing protein expression of IL6 and IL8 and downregulating mRNA of COL2A1. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the alarmin HMGB1 might be a new target for OA therapy development as we could observe an aberrant HMGB1 expression in mouse OA joints, stimulation of chondrocytes with rHMGB1 induced cytokine production and decreased matrix production and finally that HMGB1 blockade suppressed disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Aulin
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, And Division of Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - T Lassacher
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, And Division of Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - K Palmblad
- Department of Women and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Pediatric Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - H Erlandsson Harris
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, And Division of Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
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You Q, Liu Z, Zhang J, Shen M, Li Y, Jin Y, Liu Y. Human Amniotic Mesenchymal Stem Cell Sheets Encapsulating Cartilage Particles Facilitate Repair of Rabbit Osteochondral Defects. Am J Sports Med 2020; 48:599-611. [PMID: 31940211 DOI: 10.1177/0363546519897912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) are being widely applied in various fields. Therefore, hAMSCs represent a promising candidate to facilitate cartilage regeneration. Nonetheless, no studies have investigated the application of hAMSC sheets to repair cartilage defects in vivo. PURPOSE To evaluate hAMSC sheets encapsulating cartilage particles to promote repair of rabbit osteochondral defects. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS hAMSC sheets were constructed with passage 3 hAMSCs. The phenotypic and structural characteristics of hAMSC sheets were evaluated by flow cytometry and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The potential for chondrogenic differentiation of hAMSC sheets was assessed by cartilage-specific marker staining, immunohistochemistry, and mRNA and protein expression (SOX9, COLII, and ACAN). Osteochondral defects (diameter, 3.5 mm; depth, 3 mm) were created in the left patellar grooves of 20 New Zealand White rabbits (female or male). The defects were treated with hAMSC sheet/cartilage particles (n = 5), cartilage particles (n = 5), hAMSC sheets (n = 5), or fibrin glue (n = 5). Macroscopic and histological evaluations of the regenerated tissue were conducted after 3 months. The survival time and differentiation of transplanted hAMSCs in the defect area were evaluated by immunofluorescence. RESULTS hAMSC sheets had a multilayered structure, with cells stacked layer by layer. Importantly, hAMSC sheets highly expressed phenotypic markers of mesenchymal stem cells. Cartilage-specific marker staining and immunohistochemistry were positive, and mRNA and protein expression was higher in the chondrogenically induced hAMSC sheet group than in the hAMSC sheet group (P < .05). hAMSC sheet/cartilage particles formed a large amount of hyaline-like cartilage in the defect area. In addition, macroscopic and histological scores were significantly higher than those in the other groups. Integration with surrounding normal cartilage and subchondral bone regeneration in the hAMSC sheet/cartilage particles group were better when compared with the other groups. A large number of human nuclear-specific antigen-positive cells were observed in the defect area of hAMSC sheet/cartilage particles and hAMSC sheet groups. Moreover, some positive cells expressed SOX9. CONCLUSION hAMSC sheets encapsulating cartilage particles facilitate osteochondral defect repair. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Delivery of cells in the form of a cell sheet in conjunction with cartilage particles provides a novel approach for cell-based cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi You
- First Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Ziming Liu
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- First Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Mengjie Shen
- Hospital of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yuwan Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Jin
- First Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yi Liu
- First Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China
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Watt FE, Hamid B, Garriga C, Judge A, Hrusecka R, Custers RJH, Jansen MP, Lafeber FP, Mastbergen SC, Vincent TL. The molecular profile of synovial fluid changes upon joint distraction and is associated with clinical response in knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2020; 28:324-333. [PMID: 31904489 PMCID: PMC7054834 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Surgical knee joint distraction (KJD) leads to clinical improvement in knee osteoarthritis (OA) and also apparent cartilage regeneration by magnetic resonance imaging. We investigated if alteration of the joint's mechanical environment during the 6 week period of KJD was associated with a molecular response in synovial fluid, and if any change was associated with clinical response. METHOD 20 individuals undergoing KJD for symptomatic radiographic knee OA had SF sampled at baseline, midpoint and endpoint of distraction (6 weeks). SF supernatants were measured by immunoassay for 10 predefined mechanosensitive molecules identified in our previous pre-clinical studies. The composite Knee injury and OA Outcome Score-4 (KOOS4) was collected at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months. RESULTS 13/20 (65%) were male with mean age 54°±°5yrs. All had Kellgren-Lawrence grade ≥2 knee OA. 6/10 analytes showed statistically significant change in SF over the 6 weeks distraction (activin A; TGFβ-1; MCP-1; IL-6; FGF-2; LTBP2), P < 0.05. Of these, all but activin A increased. Those achieving the minimum clinically important difference of 10 points for KOOS4 over 6 months showed greater increases in FGF-2 and TGFβ-1 than non-responders. An increase in IL-8 during the 6 weeks of KJD was associated with significantly greater improvement in KOOS4 over 12 months. CONCLUSION Detectable, significant molecular changes are observed in SF following KJD, that are remarkably consistent between individuals. Preliminary findings appear to suggest that increases in some molecules are associated with clinically meaningful responses. Joint distraction may provide a potential opportunity in the future to define regenerative biomarker(s) and identify pathways that drive intrinsic cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Watt
- Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Roosevelt Drive, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, UK.
| | - B Hamid
- Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, UK.
| | - C Garriga
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, UK.
| | - A Judge
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, UK; Musculoskeletal Research Unit, University of Bristol, UK; National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR Bristol BRC), University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, UK; MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
| | - R Hrusecka
- Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, UK.
| | - R J H Custers
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - M P Jansen
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - F P Lafeber
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - S C Mastbergen
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - T L Vincent
- Centre for Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis Versus Arthritis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, UK.
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McCulloch K, Huesa C, Dunning L, Litherland GJ, Van 't Hof RJ, Lockhart JC, Goodyear CS. Accelerated post traumatic osteoarthritis in a dual injury murine model. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2019; 27:1800-1810. [PMID: 31283983 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Joint injury involving destabilisation of the joint and damage to the articular cartilage (e.g., sports-related injury) can result in accelerated post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). Destabilised medial meniscotibial ligament (DMM) surgery is one of the most commonly used murine models and whilst it recapitulates Osteoarthritis (OA) pathology, it does not necessarily result in multi-tissue injury, as occurs in PTOA. We hypothesised that simultaneous cartilage damage and joint destabilisation would accelerate the onset of OA pathology. METHODS OA was induced in C57BL/6 mice via (a) DMM, (b) microblade scratches of articular cartilage (CS) or (c) combined DMM and cartilage scratch (DCS). Mice were culled 7, 14 and 28 days post-surgery. Microcomputed tomography (μCT) and histology were used to monitor bone changes and inflammation. Dynamic weight bearing, an indirect measure of pain, was assessed on day 14. RESULTS Osteophytogenesis analysis via μCT revealed that osteophytes were present in all groups at days 7 and 14 post-surgery. However, in DCS, osteophytes were visually larger and more numerous when compared with DMM and cartilage scratch (CS). Histological assessment of cartilage at day 14 and 28, revealed significantly greater damage in DCS compared with DMM and CS. Furthermore, a significant increase in synovitis was observed in DCS. Finally, at day 14 osteophyte numbers correlated with changes in dynamic weight bearing. CONCLUSION Joint destabilisation when combined with simultaneous cartilage injury accelerates joint deterioration, as seen in PTOA. Thus, DCS provides a novel and robust model for investigating multiple pathological hallmarks, including osteophytogenesis, cartilage damage, synovitis and OA-related pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- K McCulloch
- Institute of Biomedical & Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, PA1 2BE, UK
| | - C Huesa
- Institute of Biomedical & Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, PA1 2BE, UK
| | - L Dunning
- Institute of Biomedical & Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, PA1 2BE, UK
| | - G J Litherland
- Institute of Biomedical & Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, PA1 2BE, UK
| | - R J Van 't Hof
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, WH Duncan Building, West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - J C Lockhart
- Institute of Biomedical & Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, PA1 2BE, UK.
| | - C S Goodyear
- Centre of Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom.
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Woronowicz KC, Gline SE, Herfat ST, Fields AJ, Schneider RA. FGF and TGFβ signaling link form and function during jaw development and evolution. Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S219-S236. [PMID: 29753626 PMCID: PMC6239991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
How does form arise during development and change during evolution? How does form relate to function, and what enables embryonic structures to presage their later use in adults? To address these questions, we leverage the distinct functional morphology of the jaw in duck, chick, and quail. In connection with their specialized mode of feeding, duck develop a secondary cartilage at the tendon insertion of their jaw adductor muscle on the mandible. An equivalent cartilage is absent in chick and quail. We hypothesize that species-specific jaw architecture and mechanical forces promote secondary cartilage in duck through the differential regulation of FGF and TGFβ signaling. First, we perform transplants between chick and duck embryos and demonstrate that the ability of neural crest mesenchyme (NCM) to direct the species-specific insertion of muscle and the formation of secondary cartilage depends upon the amount and spatial distribution of NCM-derived connective tissues. Second, we quantify motility and build finite element models of the jaw complex in duck and quail, which reveals a link between species-specific jaw architecture and the predicted mechanical force environment. Third, we investigate the extent to which mechanical load mediates FGF and TGFβ signaling in the duck jaw adductor insertion, and discover that both pathways are mechano-responsive and required for secondary cartilage formation. Additionally, we find that FGF and TGFβ signaling can also induce secondary cartilage in the absence of mechanical force or in the adductor insertion of quail embryos. Thus, our results provide novel insights on molecular, cellular, and biomechanical mechanisms that couple musculoskeletal form and function during development and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C Woronowicz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1161, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA
| | - Stephanie E Gline
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1161, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA
| | - Safa T Herfat
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1161, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA
| | - Aaron J Fields
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1161, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA
| | - Richard A Schneider
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1161, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA.
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Kunisch E, Knauf AK, Hesse E, Freudenberg U, Werner C, Bothe F, Diederichs S, Richter W. StarPEG/heparin-hydrogel based in vivo engineering of stable bizonal cartilage with a calcified bottom layer. Biofabrication 2018; 11:015001. [PMID: 30376451 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aae75a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Repaired cartilage tissue lacks the typical zonal structure of healthy native cartilage needed for appropriate function. Current grafts for treatment of full thickness cartilage defects focus primarily on a nonzonal design and this may be a reason why inferior nonzonal regeneration tissue developed in vivo. No biomaterial-based solutions have been developed so far to induce a proper zonal architecture into a non-mineralized and a calcified cartilage layer. The objective was to grow bizonal cartilage with a calcified cartilage bottom zone wherein main tissue development is occurring in vivo. We hypothesized that starPEG/heparin-hydrogel owing to the glycosaminoglycan heparin contained as a building-block would prevent mineralization of the upper cartilage zone and be beneficial in inhibiting long-term progression of calcified cartilage into bone. MSCs were pre-cultured as self-assembling non-mineralized cell discs before a chondrocyte-seeded fibrin- or starPEG/heparin-hydrogel layer was cast on top directly before ectopic implantation. Bizonal cartilage with a calcified bottom-layer developed in vivo showing stronger mineralization compared to in vitro samples, but the hydrogel strongly determined outcome. Zonal fibrin-constructs lost volume and allowed non-organized expansion of collagen type X, ALP-activity and mineralization from the bottom-layer into upper regions, whereas zonal starPEG/heparin-constructs were of stable architecture. While non-zonal MSCs-derived discs formed bone over 12 weeks, the starPEG/heparin-chondrocyte layer prevented further progression of calcified cartilage into bone tissue. Conclusively, starPEG/heparin-hydrogel-controlled and cell-type mediated spatiotemporal regulation allowed in vivo growth of bizonal cartilage with a stable calcified cartilage layer. Altogether our work is an important milestone encouraging direct in vivo growth of organized cartilage after biofabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Kunisch
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Onset and Progression of Human Osteoarthritis-Can Growth Factors, Inflammatory Cytokines, or Differential miRNA Expression Concomitantly Induce Proliferation, ECM Degradation, and Inflammation in Articular Cartilage? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082282. [PMID: 30081513 PMCID: PMC6121276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative whole joint disease, for which no preventative or therapeutic biological interventions are available. This is likely due to the fact that OA pathogenesis includes several signaling pathways, whose interactions remain unclear, especially at disease onset. Early OA is characterized by three key events: a rarely considered early phase of proliferation of cartilage-resident cells, in contrast to well-established increased synthesis, and degradation of extracellular matrix components and inflammation, associated with OA progression. We focused on the question, which of these key events are regulated by growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, and/or miRNA abundance. Collectively, we elucidated a specific sequence of the OA key events that are described best as a very early phase of proliferation of human articular cartilage (AC) cells and concomitant anabolic/catabolic effects that are accompanied by incipient pro-inflammatory effects. Many of the reviewed factors appeared able to induce one or two key events. Only one factor, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), is capable of concomitantly inducing all key events. Moreover, AC cell proliferation cannot be induced and, in fact, is suppressed by inflammatory signaling, suggesting that inflammatory signaling cannot be the sole inductor of all early OA key events, especially at disease onset.
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Gibor G, Ilan N, Journo S, Sharabi A, Dreyer J, Gertel S, Singh P, Menachem A, Snir N, Elkayam O, Vlodavsky I, Arad U. Heparanase is expressed in adult human osteoarthritic cartilage and drives catabolic responses in primary chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2018; 26:1110-1117. [PMID: 29803826 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The chondrocytes' pericellular matrix acts as a mechanosensor by sequestering growth factors that are bound to heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans. Heparanase is the sole mammalian enzyme with HS degrading endoglycosidase activity. Here, we aimed to ascertain whether heparanase plays a role in modulating the anabolic or catabolic responses of human articular chondrocytes. METHODS Primary chondrocytes were incubated with pro-heparanase and catabolic and anabolic gene expression was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). MMP13 enzymatic activity in the culture medium was measured with a specific fluorescent assay. Extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation was evaluated by Western blot. Human osteoarthritis (OA) cartilage was assessed for heparanase expression by reverse-transcriptase PCR, by Western blot and by a heparanase enzymatic activity assay. RESULTS Cultured chondrocytes rapidly associated with and activated pro-heparanase. Heparanase induced the catabolic genes MMP13 and ADAMTS4 and the secretion of active MMP13, and down-regulated the anabolic genes ACAN and COL2A1. PG545, a HS-mimetic, inhibited the effects of heparanase. Heparanase expression and enzymatic activity were demonstrated in adult human osteoarthritic cartilage. Heparanase induced ERK phosphorylation in cultured chondrocytes and this could be inhibited by PG545, by fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) neutralizing antibodies and by a FGF-receptor inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS Heparanase is active in osteoarthritic cartilage and induces catabolic responses in primary human chondrocytes. This response is due, at least in part, to the release of soluble growth factors such as FGF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gibor
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - N Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - S Journo
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - A Sharabi
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - J Dreyer
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - S Gertel
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - P Singh
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - A Menachem
- Division of Orthopedics, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - N Snir
- Division of Orthopedics, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - O Elkayam
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - I Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - U Arad
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Vincent TL, Wann AKT. Mechanoadaptation: articular cartilage through thick and thin. J Physiol 2018; 597:1271-1281. [PMID: 29917242 DOI: 10.1113/jp275451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The articular cartilage is exquisitely sensitive to mechanical load. Its structure is largely defined by the mechanical environment and destruction in osteoarthritis is the pathophysiological consequence of abnormal mechanics. It is often overlooked that disuse of joints causes profound loss of volume in the articular cartilage, a clinical observation first described in polio patients and stroke victims. Through the 1980s, the results of studies exploiting experimental joint immobilisation supported this. Importantly, this substantial body of work was also the first to describe metabolic changes that resulted in decreased synthesis of matrix molecules, especially sulfated proteoglycans. The molecular mechanisms that underlie disuse atrophy are poorly understood despite the identification of multiple mechanosensing mechanisms in cartilage. Moreover, there has been a tendency to equate cartilage loss with osteoarthritic degeneration. Here, we review the historic literature and clarify the structural, metabolic and clinical features that clearly distinguish cartilage loss due to disuse atrophy and those due to osteoarthritis. We speculate on the molecular sensing pathways in cartilage that may be responsible for cartilage mechanoadaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonia L Vincent
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for OA Pathogenesis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Angus K T Wann
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for OA Pathogenesis, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Tang X, Muhammad H, McLean C, Miotla-Zarebska J, Fleming J, Didangelos A, Önnerfjord P, Leask A, Saklatvala J, Vincent TL. Connective tissue growth factor contributes to joint homeostasis and osteoarthritis severity by controlling the matrix sequestration and activation of latent TGFβ. Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 77:1372-1380. [PMID: 29925506 PMCID: PMC6104679 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-212964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES One mechanism by which cartilage responds to mechanical load is by releasing heparin-bound growth factors from the pericellular matrix (PCM). By proteomic analysis of the PCM, we identified connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and here investigate its function and mechanism of action. METHODS Recombinant CTGF (rCTGF) was used to stimulate human chondrocytes for microarray analysis. Endogenous CTGF was investigated by in vitro binding assays and confocal microscopy. Its release from cut cartilage (injury CM) was analysed by Western blot under reducing and non-reducing conditions. A postnatal, conditional CtgfcKO mouse was generated for cartilage injury experiments and to explore the course of osteoarthritis (OA) by destabilisation of the medial meniscus. siRNA knockdown was performed on isolated human chondrocytes. RESULTS The biological responses of rCTGF were TGFβ dependent. CTGF displaced latent TGFβ from cartilage and both were released on cartilage injury. CTGF and latent TGFβ migrated as a single high molecular weight band under non-reducing conditions, suggesting that they were in a covalent (disulfide) complex. This was confirmed by immunoprecipitation. Using CtgfcKO mice, CTGF was required for sequestration of latent TGFβ in the matrix and activation of the latent complex at the cell surface through TGFβR3. In vivo deletion of CTGF increased the thickness of the articular cartilage and protected mice from OA. CONCLUSIONS CTGF is a latent TGFβ binding protein that controls the matrix sequestration and activation of TGFβ in cartilage. Deletion of CTGF in vivo caused a paradoxical increase in Smad2 phosphorylation resulting in thicker cartilage that was protected from OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Tang
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hayat Muhammad
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Celia McLean
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Jacob Fleming
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Andrew Leask
- Department of Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Tonia L Vincent
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Anderson DE, Johnstone B. Dynamic Mechanical Compression of Chondrocytes for Tissue Engineering: A Critical Review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2017; 5:76. [PMID: 29322043 PMCID: PMC5732133 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2017.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage functions to transmit and translate loads. In a classical structure-function relationship, the tissue resides in a dynamic mechanical environment that drives the formation of a highly organized tissue architecture suited to its biomechanical role. The dynamic mechanical environment includes multiaxial compressive and shear strains as well as hydrostatic and osmotic pressures. As the mechanical environment is known to modulate cell fate and influence tissue development toward a defined architecture in situ, dynamic mechanical loading has been hypothesized to induce the structure-function relationship during attempts at in vitro regeneration of articular cartilage. Researchers have designed increasingly sophisticated bioreactors with dynamic mechanical regimes, but the response of chondrocytes to dynamic compression and shear loading remains poorly characterized due to wide variation in study design, system variables, and outcome measurements. We assessed the literature pertaining to the use of dynamic compressive bioreactors for in vitro generation of cartilaginous tissue from primary and expanded chondrocytes. We used specific search terms to identify relevant publications from the PubMed database and manually sorted the data. It was very challenging to find consensus between studies because of species, age, cell source, and culture differences, coupled with the many loading regimes and the types of analyses used. Early studies that evaluated the response of primary bovine chondrocytes within hydrogels, and that employed dynamic single-axis compression with physiologic loading parameters, reported consistently favorable responses at the tissue level, with upregulation of biochemical synthesis and biomechanical properties. However, they rarely assessed the cellular response with gene expression or mechanotransduction pathway analyses. Later studies that employed increasingly sophisticated biomaterial-based systems, cells derived from different species, and complex loading regimes, did not necessarily corroborate prior positive results. These studies report positive results with respect to very specific conditions for cellular responses to dynamic load but fail to consistently achieve significant positive changes in relevant tissue engineering parameters, particularly collagen content and stiffness. There is a need for standardized methods and analyses of dynamic mechanical loading systems to guide the field of tissue engineering toward building cartilaginous implants that meet the goal of regenerating articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon E Anderson
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Brian Johnstone
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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Abstract
The major synovial joints such as hips and knees are uniquely efficient tribological systems, able to articulate over a wide range of shear rates with a friction coefficient between the sliding cartilage surfaces as low as 0.001 up to pressures of more than 100 atm. No human-made material can match this. The means by which such surfaces maintain their very low friction has been intensively studied for decades and has been attributed to fluid-film and boundary lubrication. Here, we focus especially on the latter: the reduction of friction by molecular layers at the sliding cartilage surfaces. In particular, we discuss such lubrication in the light of very recent advances in our understanding of boundary effects in aqueous media based on the paradigms of hydration lubrication and of the synergism between different molecular components of the synovial joints (namely hyaluronan, lubricin, and phospholipids) in enabling this lubrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Jahn
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
| | - Jasmine Seror
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
| | - Jacob Klein
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
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Mouser VHM, Dautzenberg NMM, Levato R, van Rijen MHP, Dhert WJA, Malda J, Gawlitta D. Ex vivo model unravelling cell distribution effect in hydrogels for cartilage repair. ALTEX-ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION 2017; 35:65-76. [PMID: 28884783 PMCID: PMC7116182 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1704171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The implantation of chondrocyte-laden hydrogels is a promising cartilage repair strategy. Chondrocytes can be spatially positioned in hydrogels and thus in defects, while current clinical cell therapies introduce chondrocytes in the defect depth. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of spatial chondrocyte distribution on the reparative process. To reduce animal experiments, an ex vivo osteochondral plug model was used and evaluated. The role of the delivered and endogenous cells in the repair process was investigated. Full thickness cartilage defects were created in equine osteochondral plugs. Defects were filled with (A) chondrocytes at the bottom of the defect, covered with a cell-free hydrogel, (B) chondrocytes homogeneously encapsulated in a hydrogel, and (C, D) combinations of A and B with different cell densities. Plugs were cultured for up to 57 days, after which the cartilage and repair tissues were characterized and compared to baseline samples. Additionally, at day 21, the origin of cells in the repair tissue was evaluated. Best outcomes were obtained with conditions C and D, which resulted in well-integrated cartilage-like tissue that completely filled the defect, regardless of the initial cell density. A critical role of the spatial chondrocyte distribution in the repair process was observed. Moreover, the osteochondral plugs stimulated cartilage formation in the hydrogels when cultured in the defects. The resulting repair tissue originated from the delivered cells. These findings confirm the potential of the osteochondral plug model for the optimization of the composition of cartilage implants and for studying repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian H M Mouser
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Noël M M Dautzenberg
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Levato
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mattie H P van Rijen
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J A Dhert
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Debby Gawlitta
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery & Special Dental Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Ismail HM, Didangelos A, Vincent TL, Saklatvala J. Rapid Activation of Transforming Growth Factor β-Activated Kinase 1 in Chondrocytes by Phosphorylation and K 63 -Linked Polyubiquitination Upon Injury to Animal Articular Cartilage. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 69:565-575. [PMID: 27768832 PMCID: PMC5347887 DOI: 10.1002/art.39965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective Mechanical injury to cartilage predisposes to osteoarthritis (OA). Wounding of the articular cartilage surface causes rapid activation of MAP kinases and NF‐κB, mimicking the response to inflammatory cytokines. This study was undertaken to identify the upstream signaling mechanisms involved. Methods Cartilage was injured by dissecting it from the articular surface of porcine metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints or by avulsing murine proximal femoral epiphyses. Protein phosphorylation was assayed by Western blotting of cartilage lysates. Immunolocalization of phosphorylated activating transcription factor 2 (ATF‐2) and NF‐κB/p65 was detected by confocal microscopy. Messenger RNA (mRNA) was measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). Receptor associated protein 80 (RAP‐80) ubiquitin interacting motif agarose was used in a pull‐down assay to obtain K63‐polyubiquitinated proteins. Ubiquitin linkages on immunoprecipitated transforming growth factor β–activated kinase 1 (TAK‐1) were analyzed with deubiquitinases. Results Sharp injury to porcine cartilage caused rapid activation of JNK and NF‐κB pathways and the upstream kinases MKK‐4, IKK, and TAK‐1. Pharmacologic inhibition of TAK‐1 in porcine cartilage abolished JNK and NF‐κB activation and reduced the injury‐dependent inflammatory gene response. High molecular weight species of phosphorylated TAK‐1 were induced by injury, indicating its ubiquitination. An overall increase in K63‐linked polyubiquitination was detected upon injury, and TAK‐1 was specifically linked to K63‐ but not K48‐polyubiquitin chains. In mice, avulsion of wild‐type femoral epiphyses caused similar intracellular signaling that was reduced in cartilage‐specific TAK‐1–null mice. Epiphyseal cartilage of MyD88‐null and TRAF‐6–null mice responded to injury, suggesting the involvement of a ubiquitin E3 ligase other than TRAF‐6. Conclusion Activation of TAK‐1 by phosphorylation and K63‐linked polyubiquitination by injury indicates its role in driving cell activation. Further studies are needed to identify the upstream ubiquitination mechanisms, including the E3 ligase involved.
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Bin X, Lin C, Huang X, Zhou Q, Wang L, Xian CJ. FGF-2 Gene Polymorphism in Osteoporosis among Guangxi's Zhuang Chinese. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071358. [PMID: 28653999 PMCID: PMC5535851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a complex multifactorial disorder of gradual bone loss and increased fracture risk. While previous studies have shown the importance of many genetic factors in determining peak bone mass and fragility fractures and in suggesting involvement of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) in bone metabolism and bone mass, the relationship of FGF-2 genetic diversity with bone mass/osteoporosis has not yet been revealed. The current study investigated the potential relevance of FGF-2 gene polymorphism in osteoporosis among a Zhuang ethnic Chinese cohort of 623, including 237 normal bone mass controls, 227 osteopenia, and 159 osteoporosis of different ages. Bone density was examined by calcaneus ultrasound attenuation measurement, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and linkage disequilibrium analyses were performed on five SNP loci of FGF-2 gene. Significant differences were found in bone mass in males between the 45-year-old and ≥70-year-old groups (p < 0.01), and in females among 55, 60, 65 and 70-year-old groups (p < 0.05). Males had higher bone mass values than females in the same age (over 55-year-old) (p < 0.05). The proportions of individuals with normal bone mass decreased with age (65.2% to 40% in males, and 50% to 0% in females), whereas prevalence of osteoporosis increased with age (15.4% to 30% in men, and 7.7% to 82% in women). Out of five FGF-2 SNP loci, the TA genotype of rs308442 in the osteoporosis group (40.2%) was higher than in the control group (29.5%) (p < 0.05). The TA genotype was significantly correlated with the risk of osteoporosis (odds ratio OR = 1.653), 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.968-1.441). Strong linkage disequilibrium in FGF-2 gene was also detected between rs12644427 and rs3747676, between rs12644427 and rs3789138, and between rs3747676 and rs3789138 (D' > 0.8, and r² > 0.33). Thus, the rs308442 locus of FGF-2 gene is closely correlated to osteoporosis in this Zhuang ethnic Chinese cohort, and the TA may be the risk genotype of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Bin
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China.
| | - Chaowen Lin
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China.
| | - Xiufeng Huang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China.
| | - Qinghui Zhou
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China.
| | - Liping Wang
- Sansom Institute for Health Research and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Cory J Xian
- Sansom Institute for Health Research and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
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Platelet-rich plasma induces post-natal maturation of immature articular cartilage and correlates with LOXL1 activation. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28623328 PMCID: PMC5473810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is used to stimulate the repair of acute and chronic cartilage damage even though there is no definitive evidence of how this is achieved. Chondrocytes in injured and diseased situations frequently re-express phenotypic biomarkers of immature cartilage so tissue maturation is a potential pathway for restoration of normal structure and function. We used an in vitro model of growth factor-induced maturation to perform a comparative study in order to determine whether PRP can also induce this specific form of remodeling that is characterised by increased cellular proliferation and tissue stiffness. Gene expression patterns specific for maturation were mimicked in PRP treated cartilage, with chondromodulin, collagen types II/X downregulated, deiodinase II and netrin-1 upregulated. PRP increased cartilage surface cell density 1.5-fold (P < 0.05), confirmed by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and proportionate increases in proliferating cell nuclear antigen gene expression. Atomic force microscopy analysis of PRP and growth factor treated cartilage gave a 5-fold increase in stiffness correlating with a 10-fold upregulation of lysyl oxidase like-1 gene expression (P < 0.001). These data show PRP induces key aspects of post-natal maturation in immature cartilage and provides the basis to evaluate a new biological rationale for its activity when used clinically to initiate joint repair.
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Ayerst BI, Merry CLR, Day AJ. The Good the Bad and the Ugly of Glycosaminoglycans in Tissue Engineering Applications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:E54. [PMID: 28608822 PMCID: PMC5490411 DOI: 10.3390/ph10020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High sulfation, low cost, and the status of heparin as an already FDA- and EMA- approved product, mean that its inclusion in tissue engineering (TE) strategies is becoming increasingly popular. However, the use of heparin may represent a naïve approach. This is because tissue formation is a highly orchestrated process, involving the temporal expression of numerous growth factors and complex signaling networks. While heparin may enhance the retention and activity of certain growth factors under particular conditions, its binding 'promiscuity' means that it may also inhibit other factors that, for example, play an important role in tissue maintenance and repair. Within this review we focus on articular cartilage, highlighting the complexities and highly regulated processes that are involved in its formation, and the challenges that exist in trying to effectively engineer this tissue. Here we discuss the opportunities that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) may provide in advancing this important area of regenerative medicine, placing emphasis on the need to move away from the common use of heparin, and instead focus research towards the utility of specific GAG preparations that are able to modulate the activity of growth factors in a more controlled and defined manner, with less off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethanie I Ayerst
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Catherine L R Merry
- Stem Cell Glycobiology Group, Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering & Modelling (STEM), Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Anthony J Day
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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50
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Small animal models to understand pathogenesis of osteoarthritis and use of stem cell in cartilage regeneration. Cell Biochem Funct 2017; 35:3-11. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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