1
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Wenger M, Grosse-Kathoefer S, Kraiem A, Pelamatti E, Nunes N, Pointner L, Aglas L. When the allergy alarm bells toll: The role of Toll-like receptors in allergic diseases and treatment. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1204025. [PMID: 37426425 PMCID: PMC10325731 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1204025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors of the human immune system are specialized pathogen detectors able to link innate and adaptive immune responses. TLR ligands include among others bacteria-, mycoplasma- or virus-derived compounds such as lipids, lipo- and glycoproteins and nucleic acids. Not only are genetic variations in TLR-related genes associated with the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, including asthma and allergic rhinitis, their expression also differs between allergic and non-allergic individuals. Due to a complex interplay of genes, environmental factors, and allergen sources the interpretation of TLRs involved in immunoglobulin E-mediated diseases remains challenging. Therefore, it is imperative to dissect the role of TLRs in allergies. In this review, we discuss i) the expression of TLRs in organs and cell types involved in the allergic immune response, ii) their involvement in modulating allergy-associated or -protective immune responses, and iii) how differential activation of TLRs by environmental factors, such as microbial, viral or air pollutant exposure, results in allergy development. However, we focus on iv) allergen sources interacting with TLRs, and v) how targeting TLRs could be employed in novel therapeutic strategies. Understanding the contributions of TLRs to allergy development allow the identification of knowledge gaps, provide guidance for ongoing research efforts, and built the foundation for future exploitation of TLRs in vaccine design.
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2
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Sobrino S, Magnani A, Semeraro M, Martignetti L, Cortal A, Denis A, Couzin C, Picard C, Bustamante J, Magrin E, Joseph L, Roudaut C, Gabrion A, Soheili T, Cordier C, Lortholary O, Lefrere F, Rieux-Laucat F, Casanova JL, Bodard S, Boddaert N, Thrasher AJ, Touzot F, Taque S, Suarez F, Marcais A, Guilloux A, Lagresle-Peyrou C, Galy A, Rausell A, Blanche S, Cavazzana M, Six E. Severe hematopoietic stem cell inflammation compromises chronic granulomatous disease gene therapy. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:100919. [PMID: 36706754 PMCID: PMC9975109 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.100919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is associated with defective phagocytosis, life-threatening infections, and inflammatory complications. We performed a clinical trial of lentivirus-based gene therapy in four patients (NCT02757911). Two patients show stable engraftment and clinical benefits, whereas the other two have progressively lost gene-corrected cells. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis reveals a significantly lower frequency of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in CGD patients, especially in the two patients with defective engraftment. These two present a profound change in HSC status, a high interferon score, and elevated myeloid progenitor frequency. We use elastic-net logistic regression to identify a set of 51 interferon genes and transcription factors that predict the failure of HSC engraftment. In one patient, an aberrant HSC state with elevated CEBPβ expression drives HSC exhaustion, as demonstrated by low repopulation in a xenotransplantation model. Targeted treatments to protect HSCs, coupled to targeted gene expression screening, might improve clinical outcomes in CGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steicy Sobrino
- Human Lymphohematopoiesis Laboratory, Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Alessandra Magnani
- Biotherapy Department, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Ouest, AP-HP, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Michaela Semeraro
- Clinical Investigation Center CIC 1419, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, GH Paris Centre, Université Paris Cité, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Loredana Martignetti
- Clinical Bioinformatics Laboratory, Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Akira Cortal
- Clinical Bioinformatics Laboratory, Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Adeline Denis
- Human Lymphohematopoiesis Laboratory, Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Chloé Couzin
- Biotherapy Department, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Ouest, AP-HP, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Capucine Picard
- Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV Infection Laboratory, INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Centre de Références des Déficits Immunitaires Héréditaires (CEREDIH), Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisa Magrin
- Biotherapy Department, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Ouest, AP-HP, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Laure Joseph
- Biotherapy Department, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Roudaut
- Biotherapy Department, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Ouest, AP-HP, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Gabrion
- Biotherapy Department, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Ouest, AP-HP, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Tayebeh Soheili
- Human Lymphohematopoiesis Laboratory, Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Cordier
- Plateforme de Cytométrie en Flux, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM US24-CNRS UAR3633, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lortholary
- Necker-Pasteur Center for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - François Lefrere
- Biotherapy Department, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Department of Adult Hematology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Rieux-Laucat
- Immunogenetics of Pediatric Autoimmune Diseases Laboratory, Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sylvain Bodard
- Department of Adult Radiology, Necker Enfants-Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Boddaert
- Département de Radiologie Pédiatrique, INSERM UMR 1163 and UMR 1299, Imagine Institute, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Fabien Touzot
- Biotherapy Department, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Ouest, AP-HP, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Taque
- CHU de Rennes, Département de Pédiatrie, Rennes, France
| | - Felipe Suarez
- Necker-Pasteur Center for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Imagine Institute, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ambroise Marcais
- Necker-Pasteur Center for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Agathe Guilloux
- Mathematics and Modelization Laboratory, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Université d'Evry, Evry, France
| | - Chantal Lagresle-Peyrou
- Human Lymphohematopoiesis Laboratory, Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France; Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Ouest, AP-HP, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Anne Galy
- Genethon, Evry-Courcouronnes, France; Université Paris-Saclay, University Evry, Inserm, Genethon (UMR_S951), Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Antonio Rausell
- Clinical Bioinformatics Laboratory, Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France; Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies Rares, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Stephane Blanche
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hematology, and Rheumatology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Marina Cavazzana
- Biotherapy Department, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Ouest, AP-HP, INSERM, Paris, France; Imagine Institute, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Emmanuelle Six
- Human Lymphohematopoiesis Laboratory, Université Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
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3
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Agbogan VA, Gastineau P, Tejerina E, Karray S, Zavala F. CpG-Activated Regulatory B-Cell Progenitors Alleviate Murine Graft-Versus-Host-Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:790564. [PMID: 35479094 PMCID: PMC9035844 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.790564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of Graft Versus Host Disease (GVHD) represents a major impediment in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The observation that the presence of bone marrow and circulating hematogones correlated with reduced GVHD risks prompted us to evaluate whether B-cell progenitors, which provide protection in various autoimmune disease models following activation with the TLR-9 agonist CpG (CpG-proBs), could likewise reduce this allogeneic disorder. In a murine model of GVHD that recapitulates an initial phase of acute GVHD followed by a phase of chronic sclerodermatous GVHD, we found that CpG-proBs, adoptively transferred during the initial phase of disease, reduced the diarrhea score and mostly prevented cutaneous fibrosis. Progenitors migrated to the draining lymph nodes and to the skin where they mainly differentiated into follicular B cells. CpG activation and IFN-γ expression were required for the protective effect, which resulted in reduced CD4+ T-cell-derived production of critical cytokines such as TGF-β, IL-13 and IL-21. Adoptive transfer of CpG-proBs increased the T follicular regulatory to T follicular helper (Tfr/Tfh) ratio. Moreover, CpG-proBs privileged the accumulation of IL-10-positive CD8+ T cells, B cells and dendritic cells in the skin. However, CpG-proBs did not improve survival. Altogether, our findings support the notion that adoptively transferred CpG-proBs exert immunomodulating effect that alleviates symptoms of GVHD but require additional anti-inflammatory strategy to improve survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane A. Agbogan
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR8152, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Paris, France
| | - Pauline Gastineau
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR8152, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Tejerina
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR8152, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Paris, France
| | - Saoussen Karray
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U976, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis (IRSL), Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Flora Zavala
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR8152, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Flora Zavala, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-2338-6802
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4
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Zavala F, Nombela-Arrieta C, Ben Nasr M, Fiorina P. Editorial: The Role of Hematopoietic Progenitors in Immune Regulation and Memory. Front Immunol 2021; 12:789139. [PMID: 34868075 PMCID: PMC8633563 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.789139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Flora Zavala
- Université de Paris, INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - César Nombela-Arrieta
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Moufida Ben Nasr
- International Center for Type 1 Diabetes, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- International Center for Type 1 Diabetes, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Endocrinology, Territorial Healthcare Company Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
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5
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Catalán D, Mansilla MA, Ferrier A, Soto L, Oleinika K, Aguillón JC, Aravena O. Immunosuppressive Mechanisms of Regulatory B Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:611795. [PMID: 33995344 PMCID: PMC8118522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.611795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) is a term that encompasses all B cells that act to suppress immune responses. Bregs contribute to the maintenance of tolerance, limiting ongoing immune responses and reestablishing immune homeostasis. The important role of Bregs in restraining the pathology associated with exacerbated inflammatory responses in autoimmunity and graft rejection has been consistently demonstrated, while more recent studies have suggested a role for this population in other immune-related conditions, such as infections, allergy, cancer, and chronic metabolic diseases. Initial studies identified IL-10 as the hallmark of Breg function; nevertheless, the past decade has seen the discovery of other molecules utilized by human and murine B cells to regulate immune responses. This new arsenal includes other anti-inflammatory cytokines such IL-35 and TGF-β, as well as cell surface proteins like CD1d and PD-L1. In this review, we examine the main suppressive mechanisms employed by these novel Breg populations. We also discuss recent evidence that helps to unravel previously unknown aspects of the phenotype, development, activation, and function of IL-10-producing Bregs, incorporating an overview on those questions that remain obscure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Catalán
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto Milenio en Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Andrés Mansilla
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ashley Ferrier
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto Milenio en Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lilian Soto
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Unidad de Dolor, Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Chile (HCUCH), Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Juan Carlos Aguillón
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Octavio Aravena
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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6
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Lundy SK, Taitano SH, van der Vlugt LEPM. Characterization and Activation of Fas Ligand-Producing Mouse B Cells and Their Killer Exosomes. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2270:149-178. [PMID: 33479898 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1237-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes make several contributions to immune regulation including production of antibodies with regulatory properties, release of immune suppressive cytokines, and expression of death-inducing ligands. A role for Fas ligand (FasL)-expressing "killer" B cells in regulating T helper (TH) cell survival and chronic inflammation has been demonstrated in animal models of schistosome worm and other infections, asthma, autoimmune arthritis, and type 1 diabetes. FasL+ B cells were also capable of inducing immune tolerance in a male-to-female transplantation model. Interestingly, populations of B cells found in the spleen and lungs of naïve mice constitutively expresses FasL and have potent killer function against TH cells that is antigen-specific and FasL-dependent. Epstein-Barr virus-transformed human B cells constitutively express FasL and package it into exosomes that co-express MHC Class II molecules and have killer function against antigen-specific TH cells. FasL+ exosomes with markers of B-cell lineage are abundant in the spleen of naïve mice. Killer B cells therefore represent a novel target for immune modulation in many disease settings. Our laboratory has published methods of characterizing FasL+ B cells and inducing their proliferation in vitro. This updated chapter will describe methods of identifying and expanding killer B cells from mice, detecting FasL expression in B cells, extracting FasL+ exosomes from spleen and culture supernatants, and performing functional killing assays against antigen-specific TH cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K Lundy
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Program in Biomedical Sciences and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Sophina H Taitano
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Program in Biomedical Sciences and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Luciën E P M van der Vlugt
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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7
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Toll-like receptor-9 stimulated plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors suppress autoimmune neuroinflammation in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4735. [PMID: 33637789 PMCID: PMC7910458 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early innate education of hematopoietic progenitors within the bone marrow (BM) stably primes them for either trained immunity or instead immunoregulatory functions. We herein demonstrate that in vivo or in vitro activation within the BM via Toll-like receptor-9 generates a population of plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) precursors (CpG-pre-pDCs) that, unlike pDC precursors isolated from PBS-incubated BM (PBS-pre-pDCs), are endowed with the capacity to halt progression of ongoing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. CpG activation enhances the selective migration of pDC precursors to the inflamed spinal cord, induces their immediate production of TGF-β, and after migration, of enhanced levels of IL-27. CpG-pre-pDC derived TGF-β and IL-27 ensure protection at early and late phases of the disease, respectively. Spinal cords of CpG-pre-pDC-protected recipient mice display enhanced percentages of host-derived pDCs expressing TGF-β as well as an accumulation of IL-10 producing B cells and of CD11c+ CD11b+ dendritic cells. These results reveal that pDC precursors are conferred stable therapeutic properties by early innate activation within the BM. They further extend to the pDC lineage promising perspectives for cell therapy of autoimmune diseases with innate activated hematopoietic precursor cells.
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Korniotis S, D'Aveni M, Hergalant S, Letscher H, Tejerina E, Gastineau P, Agbogan VA, Gras C, Fouquet G, Rossignol J, Chèvre JC, Cagnard N, Rubio MT, Hermine O, Zavala F. Mobilized Multipotent Hematopoietic Progenitors Stabilize and Expand Regulatory T Cells to Protect Against Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:607175. [PMID: 33424854 PMCID: PMC7786289 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.607175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving immunoregulation via in vivo expansion of Foxp3+ regulatory CD4+ T cells (Treg) remains challenging. We have shown that mobilization confers to multipotent hematopoietic progenitors (MPPs) the capacity to enhance Treg proliferation. Transcriptomic analysis of Tregs co-cultured with MPPs revealed enhanced expression of genes stabilizing the suppressive function of Tregs as well as the activation of IL-1β-driven pathways. Adoptive transfer of only 25,000 MPPs effectively reduced the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a pre-clinical model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Production of the pathogenic cytokines IL-17 and GM-CSF by spinal cord-derived CD4+ T-cells in MPP-protected recipients was reduced while Treg expansion was enhanced. Treg depletion once protection by MPPs was established, triggered disease relapse to the same level as in EAE mice without MPP injection. The key role of IL-1β was further confirmed in vivo by the lack of protection against EAE in recipients of IL-1β-deficient MPPs. Mobilized MPPs may thus be worth considering for cell therapy of MS either per se or for enrichment of HSC grafts in autologous bone marrow transplantation already implemented in patients with severe refractory multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarantis Korniotis
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Paris, France
| | - Maud D'Aveni
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Paris, France.,Université de Lorraine, UMR 7365, IMoPA, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, CHRU Nancy, Hematology Department, Nancy, France
| | | | - Hélène Letscher
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Tejerina
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Paris, France
| | - Pauline Gastineau
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Paris, France
| | - Viviane A Agbogan
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Paris, France
| | - Christophe Gras
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Paris, France
| | - Guillemette Fouquet
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Paris, France
| | - Julien Rossignol
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Chèvre
- Université de Lorraine, Inserm U1256, NGERE, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | - Marie-Thérèse Rubio
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 7365, IMoPA, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, CHRU Nancy, Hematology Department, Nancy, France
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Paris, France
| | - Flora Zavala
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Paris, France
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9
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Ran Z, Yue-Bei L, Qiu-Ming Z, Huan Y. Regulatory B Cells and Its Role in Central Nervous System Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1884. [PMID: 32973780 PMCID: PMC7468432 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B (Breg) cells represent a population of suppressor B cells that participate in immunomodulatory processes and inhibition of excessive inflammation. The regulatory function of Breg cells have been demonstrated in mice and human with inflammatory diseases, cancer, after transplantation, and particularly in autoinflammatory disorders. In order to suppress inflammation, Breg cells produce anti-inflammatory mediators, induce death ligand-mediated apoptosis, and regulate many kinds of immune cells such as suppressing the proliferation and differentiation of effector T cell and increasing the number of regulatory T cells. Central nervous system Inflammatory demyelinating diseases (CNS IDDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders, which occur against the background of an acute or chronic inflammatory process. With the advent of monoclonal antibodies directed against B cells, breakthroughs have been made in the treatment of CNS IDDs. Therefore, the number and function of B cells in IDDs have attracted attention. Meanwhile, increasing number of studies have confirmed that Breg cells play a role in alleviating autoimmune diseases, and treatment with Breg cells has also been proposed as a new therapeutic direction. In this review, we focus on the understanding of the development and function of Breg cells and on the diversification of Breg cells in CNS IDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Ran
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Luo Yue-Bei
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zeng Qiu-Ming
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Huan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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10
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Dendritic cells license regulatory B cells to produce IL-10 and mediate suppression of antigen-specific CD8 T cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 17:843-855. [PMID: 31728048 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0324-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) suppress and reduce autoimmune pathology. However, given the variety of Breg subsets, the role of Bregs in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes is still unclear. Here, we dissect this fundamental mechanism. We show that natural protection from type 1 diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice is associated with increased numbers of IL-10-producing B cells, while development of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice occurs in animals with compromised IL-10 production by B cells. However, B cells from diabetic mice regain IL-10 function if activated by the innate immune receptor TLR4 and can suppress insulin-specific CD8 T cells in a dendritic cell (DC)-dependent, IL-10-mediated fashion. Suppression of CD8 T cells is reliant on B-cell contact with DCs. This cell contact results in deactivation of DCs, inducing a tolerogenic state, which in turn can regulate pathogenic CD8 T cells. Our findings emphasize the importance of DC-Breg interactions during the development of type 1 diabetes.
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Ragonnaud E, Moritoh K, Bodogai M, Gusev F, Garaud S, Chen C, Wang X, Baljinnyam T, Becker KG, Maul RW, Willard-Gallo K, Rogaev E, Biragyn A. Tumor-Derived Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Expands Bone Marrow B-cell Precursors in Circulation to Support Metastasis. Cancer Res 2019; 79:5826-5838. [PMID: 31575547 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immature B cells in the bone marrow emigrate into the spleen during adult lymphopoiesis. Here, we report that emigration is shifted to earlier B-cell stages in mice with orthotopic breast cancer, spontaneous ovarian cancer, and possibly in human breast carcinoma. Using mouse and human bone marrow aspirates and mouse models challenged with highly metastatic 4T1 breast cancer cells, we demonstrated that this was the result of secretion of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) by cancer cells. First, TSLP downregulated surface expression of bone marrow (BM) retention receptors CXCR4 and VLA4 in B-cell precursors, increasing their motility and, presumably, emigration. Then, TSLP supported peripheral survival and proliferation of BM B-cell precursors such as pre-B-like cells. 4T1 cancer cells used the increased pool of circulating pre-B-like cells to generate metastasis-supporting regulatory B cells. As such, the loss of TSLP expression in cancer cells alone or TSLPR deficiency in B cells blocked both accumulation of pre-B-like cells in circulation and cancer metastasis, implying that the pre-B cell-TSLP axis can be an attractive therapeutic target. SIGNIFICANCE: Cancer cells induce premature emigration of B-cell precursors from the bone marrow to generate regulatory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Ragonnaud
- Immunoregulation Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kanako Moritoh
- Immunoregulation Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Monica Bodogai
- Immunoregulation Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Fedor Gusev
- Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Soizic Garaud
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chen Chen
- Immunoregulation Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xin Wang
- Immunoregulation Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Kevin G Becker
- Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert W Maul
- Antibody Diversity Section, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Karen Willard-Gallo
- Center for Genetics and Genetic Technologies, Faculty of Biology, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny Rogaev
- Department of Genomics and Human Genetics, Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Genetics and Genetic Technologies, Faculty of Biology, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Arya Biragyn
- Immunoregulation Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are potent inhibitors of the immune system with the capacity to suppress autoimmune and alloimmune responses. Murine transplant models showing that Bregs can promote allograft tolerance are now supported by clinical data showing that patients who develop operational tolerance have higher frequency of Bregs. Breg function has been widely studied resulting in improved understanding of their biology and effector mechanisms. However, our overall understanding of Bregs remains poor due the lack of specific marker, limited knowledge of how and where they act in vivo, and whether different Breg subpopulations exhibit different functions. RECENT FINDINGS In this review we detail murine and human phenotypic markers used to identify Bregs, their induction, maintenance, and mechanisms of immune suppression. We highlight recent advances in the field including their use as biomarkers to predict allograft rejection, in-vitro expansion of Bregs, and the effects of commonly used immunosuppressive drugs on their induction and frequency. SUMMARY Clinical data continue to emerge in support of Bregs playing an important role in preventing transplant rejection. Hence, it is necessary for the transplant field to better comprehend the mechanisms of Breg induction and approaches to preserve or even enhance their activity to improve long-term transplant outcomes.
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Vonberg AD, Acevedo-Calado M, Cox AR, Pietropaolo SL, Gianani R, Lundy SK, Pietropaolo M. CD19+IgM+ cells demonstrate enhanced therapeutic efficacy in type 1 diabetes mellitus. JCI Insight 2018; 3:99860. [PMID: 30518692 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.99860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a protective effect on autoimmune diabetes and reduced destructive insulitis in NOD.scid recipients following splenocyte injections from diabetic NOD donors and sorted CD19+ cells compared with NOD.scid recipients receiving splenocytes alone. This protective effect was age specific (only CD19+ cells from young NOD donors exerted this effect; P < 0.001). We found that the CD19+IgM+ cell is the primary subpopulation of B cells that delayed transfer of diabetes mediated by diabetogenic T cells from NOD mice (P = 0.002). Removal of IgM+ cells from the CD19+ pool did not result in protection. Notably, protection conferred by CD19+IgM+ cotransfers were not dependent on the presence of Tregs, as their depletion did not affect their ability to delay onset of diabetes. Blockade of IL-10 with neutralizing antibodies at the time of CD19+ cell cotransfers also abrogated the therapeutic effect, suggesting that IL-10 secretion was an important component of protection. These results were strengthened by ex vivo incubation of CD19+ cells with IL-5, resulting in enhanced proliferation and IL-10 production and equivalently delayed diabetes progression (P = 0.0005). The potential to expand CD19+IgM+ cells, especially in response to IL-5 stimulation or by pharmacologic agents, may be a new therapeutic option for type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Vonberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Medicine, and
| | - Maria Acevedo-Calado
- Diabetes Research Center, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Medicine, and
| | - Aaron R Cox
- Diabetes Research Center, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Susan L Pietropaolo
- Diabetes Research Center, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Medicine, and
| | - Roberto Gianani
- Diabetes Research Center, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Medicine, and
| | - Steven K Lundy
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Massimo Pietropaolo
- Diabetes Research Center, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Medicine, and
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Pearson JA, Agriantonis A, Wong FS, Wen L. Modulation of the immune system by the gut microbiota in the development of type 1 diabetes. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:2580-2596. [PMID: 30156993 PMCID: PMC6314421 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1514354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
T1D is an autoimmune disease characterized by T cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, resulting in hyperglycemia, with patients requiring lifelong insulin treatment. Many studies have shown that genetics alone are not sufficient for the increase in T1D incidence and thus other factors have been suggested to modify the disease risk. T1D incidence has sharply increased in the developed world, especially amongst youth. In Europe, T1D incidence is increasing at an annual rate of 3-4%. Increasing evidence shows that gut microbiota, as one of the environmental factors influencing diabetes development, play an important role in development of T1D. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about the relationship between the microbiota and T1D. We also discuss the possibility of T1D prevention by changing the composition of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Pearson
- Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew Agriantonis
- Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - F. Susan Wong
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Lin JX, Leonard WJ. The Common Cytokine Receptor γ Chain Family of Cytokines. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a028449. [PMID: 29038115 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21 form a family of cytokines based on their sharing the common cytokine receptor γ chain (γc), which was originally discovered as the third receptor component of the IL-2 receptor, IL-2Rγ. The IL2RG gene is located on the X chromosome and is mutated in humans with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID). The breadth of the defects in XSCID could not be explained solely by defects in IL-2 signaling, and it is now clear that γc is a shared receptor component of the six cytokines noted above, making XSCID a disease of defective cytokine signaling. Janus kinase (JAK)3 associates with γc, and JAK3-deficient SCID phenocopies XSCID, findings that served to stimulate the development of JAK3 inhibitors as immunosuppressants. γc family cytokines collectively control broad aspects of lymphocyte development, growth, differentiation, and survival, and these cytokines are clinically important, related to allergic and autoimmune diseases and cancer as well as immunodeficiency. In this review, we discuss the actions of these cytokines, their critical biological roles and signaling pathways, focusing mainly on JAK/STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) signaling, and how this information is now being used in clinical therapeutic efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1674
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1674
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van Rensburg IC, Wagman C, Stanley K, Beltran C, Ronacher K, Walzl G, Loxton AG. Successful TB treatment induces B-cells expressing FASL and IL5RA mRNA. Oncotarget 2018; 8:2037-2043. [PMID: 27682872 PMCID: PMC5356777 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated B-cells increase T-cell behaviour during autoimmune disease and other infections by means of cytokine production and antigen-presentation. Functional studies in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) indicate that B-cell deficiencies, and a lack of IL10 and IL35 leads to a poor prognosis. We hypothesised that B-cells play a role during tuberculosis. We evaluated B-cell mRNA expression using real-time PCR from healthy community controls, individuals with other lung diseases and newly diagnosed untreated pulmonary TB patients at three different time points (diagnosis, month 2 and 6 of treatment). We show that FASLG, IL5RA, CD38 and IL4 expression was lower in B-cells from TB cases compared to healthy controls. The changes in expression levels of CD38 may be due to a reduced activation of B-cells from TB cases at diagnosis. By month 2 of treatment, there was a significant increase in the expression of APRIL and IL5RA in TB cases. Furthermore, after 6 months of treatment, APRIL, FASLG, IL5RA and CD19 were upregulated in B-cells from TB cases. The increase in the expression of APRIL and CD19 suggests that there may be restored activation of B-cells following anti-TB treatment. The upregulation of FASLG and IL5RA indicates that B-cells expressing regulatory genes may play an important role in the protective immunity against M.tb infection. Our results show that increased activation of B-cells is present following successful TB treatment, and that the expression of FASLG and IL5RA could potentially be utilised as a signature to monitor treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana C van Rensburg
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Chandre Wagman
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kim Stanley
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Caroline Beltran
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Katharina Ronacher
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andre G Loxton
- SA MRC Centre for TB Research, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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17
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Chu Z, Zou W, Xu Y, Sun Q, Zhao Y. The regulatory roles of B cell subsets in transplantation. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2018; 14:115-125. [PMID: 29338551 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2018.1426461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhulang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Pathology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Weilong Zou
- Surgery of Transplant and Hepatopancrobiliary, The General Hospital of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiquan Sun
- Department of Renal Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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18
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Wang K, Tao L, Su J, Zhang Y, Zou B, Wang Y, Zou M, Chen N, Lei L, Li X. TLR4 supports the expansion of FasL +CD5 +CD1d hi regulatory B cells, which decreases in contact hypersensitivity. Mol Immunol 2017; 87:188-199. [PMID: 28505514 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Certain B cells termed as "regulatory B cells" (Bregs) can suppress the ongoing immune responses and a splenic CD5+CD1dhi Breg subset identified earlier was shown to exert its regulatory functions through secretion of IL-10. Though FasL expression is an alternative mechanism of immune suppression used by B cells, little is known about the FasL expressing CD5+CD1dhi Bregs. In this study, we isolated splenocytes or splenic CD19+ B cells and compared the efficiency of toll-like receptor(TLR)4 ligand (lipopolysaccharide) with TLR9 ligand (CpG), anti-CD40 and TLR9 ligand (CpG) plus anti-CD40 on the FasL expression of splenic CD5+CD1dhi Bregs by flow cytometry. FasL expression in CD5+CD1dhi B cells was rapidly increased after TLR4 ligation. Intriguingly, anti-CD40 and CpG plus anti-CD40 combinations failed to stimulate FasL expression in CD5+CD1dhi B cells although the IL-10 production was up-regulated in this subset. In addition, LPS and other B10-cell inducers increased the expression of surface molecules like CD86 and CD25, which are correlated to the regulatory functions of B cells. Furthermore, NF-κB and NF-AT inhibitors decreased the TLR4-activated FasL expression in CD5+CD1dhi B cells. Then we sorted splenic CD5+CD1dhi Bregs using flow cytometry and found that TLR4-activated CD5+CD1dhi Bregs suppressed the proliferation of CFSE-labeled CD4+ T cells in vitro, which was partly blocked by anti-FasL antibody. In oxazolone-sensitized mice having contact hypersensitivity, FasL expression in splenic CD5+CD1dhi B cells was decreased compared to the control group after TLR4 ligation. Our findings suggest that the regulatory function of CD5+CD1dhi B cells could be partly mediated by Fas-FasL pathway and this FasL expressing CD5+CD1dhi Bregs might participate in the regulation of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng Wang
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory Immunomodulatory Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Affiliated Nanhai Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan 528200, PR China
| | - Lei Tao
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory Immunomodulatory Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Jianbing Su
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory Immunomodulatory Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Yueyang Zhang
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory Immunomodulatory Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Binhua Zou
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory Immunomodulatory Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Yiyuan Wang
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory Immunomodulatory Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Min Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Nana Chen
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory Immunomodulatory Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Linsheng Lei
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory Immunomodulatory Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory Immunomodulatory Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
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Guzman-Genuino RM, Diener KR. Regulatory B Cells in Pregnancy: Lessons from Autoimmunity, Graft Tolerance, and Cancer. Front Immunol 2017; 8:172. [PMID: 28261223 PMCID: PMC5313489 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of pregnancy is contingent on the maternal immune system recognizing and accommodating a growing semi-allogeneic fetus. Specialized subsets of lymphocytes capable of negative regulation are fundamental in this process, and include the regulatory T cells (Tregs) and potentially, regulatory B cells (Bregs). Most of our current understanding of the immune regulatory role of Bregs comes from studies in the fields of autoimmunity, transplantation tolerance, and cancer biology. Bregs control autoimmune diseases and can elicit graft tolerance by inhibiting the differentiation of effector T cells and dendritic cells (DCs), and activating Tregs. Furthermore, in cancer, Bregs are hijacked by neoplastic cells to promote tumorigenesis. Pregnancy therefore represents a condition that reconciles these fields-mechanisms must be in place to ensure maternal immunological tolerance throughout gravidity to allow the semi-allogeneic fetus to grow within. Thus, the mechanisms underlying Breg activities in autoimmune diseases, transplantation tolerance, and cancer may take place during pregnancy as well. In this review, we discuss the potential role of Bregs as guardians of pregnancy and propose an endocrine-modulated feedback loop highlighting the Breg-Treg-tolerogenic DC interface essential for the induction of maternal immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Marian Guzman-Genuino
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Hanson Institute and Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia , Adelaide, SA , Australia
| | - Kerrilyn R Diener
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Hanson Institute and Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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van Rensburg IC, Kleynhans L, Keyser A, Walzl G, Loxton AG. B-cells with a FasL expressing regulatory phenotype are induced following successful anti-tuberculosis treatment. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2016; 5:57-67. [PMID: 28250925 PMCID: PMC5322165 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Studies show that B‐cells, in addition to producing antibodies and antigen‐presentation, are able to produce cytokines as well. These include regulatory cytokines such as IL‐10 by regulatory B‐cells. Furthermore, a rare regulatory subset of B‐cells have the potential to express FasL, which is a death‐inducing ligand. This subset of B‐cells have a positive role during autoimmune disease, but has not yet been studied during tuberculosis. These FasL‐expressing B‐cells are induced by bacterial LPS and CpG, thus we hypothesized that this phenotype might be induced during tuberculosis as well. Methods B‐cells from participants with TB (at diagnosis and during treatment) and controls were collected, and analyzed by means of real‐time PCR and flow cytometry. In addition to this, BAL was collected from TB participants as well and analyzed by means of MAGPix (multi‐cytokine) technology. Results Gene expression analysis show that FASL transcript levels increase by the end of treatment. Similarly, phenotypic analysis show that there is a higher frequency of FasL‐expressing B‐cells by the end of treatment. Conclusion Collectively, these results indicate that these FasL‐expressing B‐cells are being induced during anti‐TB treatment, and thus may play a positive role. Further studies are required to elucidate this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana C van Rensburg
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences SA MRC Centre for TB Research DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa
| | - Léanie Kleynhans
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences SA MRC Centre for TB Research DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa
| | - Alana Keyser
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences SA MRC Centre for TB Research DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa
| | - Andre G Loxton
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences SA MRC Centre for TB Research DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa
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21
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Samitas K, Malmhäll C, Rådinger M, Ramos-Ramirez P, Lu Y, Deák T, Semitekolou M, Gaga M, Sjöstrand M, Lötvall J, Bossios A. Precursor B Cells Increase in the Lung during Airway Allergic Inflammation: A Role for B Cell-Activating Factor. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161161. [PMID: 27513955 PMCID: PMC4981371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background B cells, key cells in allergic inflammation, differentiate in the bone marrow and their precursors include pro-B, pre-B and immature B cells. Eosinophil progenitor cells increase in the lung after allergen exposure. However, the existence and possible role of B cell precursors in the lung during allergic inflammation remains elusive. Methods A BALB/c mouse model of allergic airway inflammation was utilized to perform phenotypic and quantification analyses of pro-B and pre-B cells in the lung by flow cytometry. B cell maturation factors IL-7 and B cell-activating factor (BAFF) and their receptors (CD127 and BAFFR, BCMA, TACI, respectively) were also evaluated in the lung and serum. The effect of anti-BAFF treatment was investigated both in vivo (i.p. administration of BAFF-R-Ig fusion protein) and in vitro (colony forming cell assay). Finally, BAFF levels were examined in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of asthmatic patients and healthy controls. Results Precursor pro and pre-B cells increase in the lung after allergen exposure, proliferate in the lung tissue in vivo, express markers of chemotaxis (CCR10 and CXCR4) and co-stimulation (CD40, CD86) and are resistant to apoptosis (Bax). Precursor B cells express receptors for BAFF at baseline, while after allergen challenge both their ligand BAFF and the BCMA receptor expression increases in B cell precursors. Blocking BAFFR in the lung in vivo decreases eosinophils and proliferating precursor B cells. Blocking BAFFR in bone marrow cultures in vitro reduces pre-B colony formation units. BAFF is increased in the BAL of severe asthmatics. Conclusion Our data support the concept of a BAFF-mediated role for B cell precursors in allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Samitas
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Division of Cell Biology, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- 7th Respiratory Medicine Dept. and Asthma Center, Athens Chest Hospital “Sotiria”, Athens, Greece
| | - Carina Malmhäll
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Madeleine Rådinger
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Patricia Ramos-Ramirez
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - You Lu
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tünde Deák
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Semitekolou
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Division of Cell Biology, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Mina Gaga
- 7th Respiratory Medicine Dept. and Asthma Center, Athens Chest Hospital “Sotiria”, Athens, Greece
| | - Margareta Sjöstrand
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Lötvall
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Apostolos Bossios
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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22
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Korniotis S, Gras C, Letscher H, Montandon R, Mégret J, Siegert S, Ezine S, Fallon PG, Luther SA, Fillatreau S, Zavala F. Treatment of ongoing autoimmune encephalomyelitis with activated B-cell progenitors maturing into regulatory B cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12134. [PMID: 27396388 PMCID: PMC4942579 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of signals perceived by immature B cells during their development in bone marrow on their subsequent functions as mature cells are poorly defined. Here, we show that bone marrow cells transiently stimulated in vivo or in vitro through the Toll-like receptor 9 generate proB cells (CpG-proBs) that interrupt experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) when transferred at the onset of clinical symptoms. Protection requires differentiation of CpG-proBs into mature B cells that home to reactive lymph nodes, where they trap T cells by releasing the CCR7 ligand, CCL19, and to inflamed central nervous system, where they locally limit immunopathogenesis through interleukin-10 production, thereby cooperatively inhibiting ongoing EAE. These data demonstrate that a transient inflammation at the environment, where proB cells develop, is sufficient to confer regulatory functions onto their mature B-cell progeny. In addition, these properties of CpG-proBs open interesting perspectives for cell therapy of autoimmune diseases. Evidence of how functional Bregs develop in vivo has been lacking. Here the authors show that proB cells exposed in vivo to CpG differentiate into distinct Breg subsets that inhibit autoimmunity by arresting T cells in the lymph nodes via CCL19 and by producing IL-10 at the site of immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarantis Korniotis
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Immunology, Infectiology and Haematology Department, Inserm U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira da Silva, CS 61431, Paris 75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Site Necker, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira da Silva, CS 61431, Paris 75014, France
| | - Christophe Gras
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Immunology, Infectiology and Haematology Department, Inserm U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira da Silva, CS 61431, Paris 75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Site Necker, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira da Silva, CS 61431, Paris 75014, France
| | - Hélène Letscher
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Immunology, Infectiology and Haematology Department, Inserm U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira da Silva, CS 61431, Paris 75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Site Necker, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira da Silva, CS 61431, Paris 75014, France
| | - Ruddy Montandon
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Immunology, Infectiology and Haematology Department, Inserm U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira da Silva, CS 61431, Paris 75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Site Necker, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira da Silva, CS 61431, Paris 75014, France
| | - Jérôme Mégret
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Site Necker, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira da Silva, CS 61431, Paris 75014, France.,Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM US 24, CNRS UMS 3633, Paris 75014, France
| | - Stefanie Siegert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Ezine
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Immunology, Infectiology and Haematology Department, Inserm U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira da Silva, CS 61431, Paris 75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Site Necker, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira da Silva, CS 61431, Paris 75014, France
| | - Padraic G Fallon
- Department of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sanjiv A Luther
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Simon Fillatreau
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Immunology, Infectiology and Haematology Department, Inserm U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira da Silva, CS 61431, Paris 75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Site Necker, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira da Silva, CS 61431, Paris 75014, France.,Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris 75015, France.,Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Chariteplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Flora Zavala
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Immunology, Infectiology and Haematology Department, Inserm U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira da Silva, CS 61431, Paris 75014, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Site Necker, 14 rue Maria Helena Vieira da Silva, CS 61431, Paris 75014, France
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23
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Huarte E, Jun S, Rynda-Apple A, Golden S, Jackiw L, Hoffman C, Maddaloni M, Pascual DW. Regulatory T Cell Dysfunction Acquiesces to BTLA+ Regulatory B Cells Subsequent to Oral Intervention in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:5036-46. [PMID: 27194787 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) induced during autoimmunity often become quiescent and unable to resolve disease, suggesting inadequate activation. Resolution of established experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) can be achieved with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) fused to reovirus protein σ1 (MOG-pσ1), which activates Tregs, restoring protection, but requiring other regulatory cells to revitalize them. B cells have a dichotomous role in both the pathogenesis and recovery from EAE. Although inflammatory B cells contribute to EAE's pathogenesis, treatment of EAE mice with MOG-pσ1, but not OVA-pσ1, resulted in an influx of IL-10-producing B220(+)CD5(+) B regulatory cells (Bregs) enabling Tregs to recover their inhibitory activity, and in turn, leading to the rapid amelioration of EAE. These findings implicate direct interactions between Bregs and Tregs to facilitate this recovery. Adoptive transfer of B220(+)CD5(-) B cells from MOG-pσ1-treated EAE or Bregs from PBS-treated EAE mice did not resolve disease, whereas the adoptive transfer of MOG-pσ1-induced B220(+)CD5(+) Bregs greatly ameliorated EAE. MOG-pσ1-, but not OVA-pσ1-induced IL-10-producing Bregs, expressed elevated levels of B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) relative to CD5(-) B cells, as opposed to Tregs or effector T (Teff) cells, whose BTLA expression was not affected. These induced Bregs restored EAE Treg function in a BTLA-dependent manner. BTLA(-/-) mice showed more pronounced EAE with fewer Tregs, but upon adoptive transfer of MOG-pσ1-induced BTLA(+) Bregs, BTLA(-/-) mice were protected against EAE. Hence, this evidence shows the importance of BTLA in activating Tregs to facilitate recovery from EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Huarte
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; and
| | - SangMu Jun
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; and
| | - Agnieszka Rynda-Apple
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718
| | - Sara Golden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718
| | - Larissa Jackiw
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718
| | - Carol Hoffman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; and
| | - Massimo Maddaloni
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; and
| | - David W Pascual
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; and
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24
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Thornley TB, Agarwal KA, Kyriazis P, Ma L, Chipashvili V, Aker JE, Korniotis S, Csizmadia E, Strom TB, Koulmanda M. Contrasting Roles of Islet Resident Immunoregulatory Macrophages and Dendritic Cells in Experimental Autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150792. [PMID: 26943809 PMCID: PMC4778921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system critically shapes diabetogenic adaptive immunity during type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis. While the role of tissue-infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages in T1D is well established, the role of their tissue-resident counterparts remains undefined. We now demonstrate that islet resident macrophages (IRMs) from non-autoimmune mice have an immunoregulatory phenotype and powerfully induce FoxP3+ Tregs in vitro. The immunoregulatory phenotype and function of IRMs is compromised by TLR4 activation in vitro. Moreover, as T1D approaches in NOD mice, the immunoregulatory phenotype of IRMs is diminished as is their relative abundance compared to immunostimulatory DCs. Our findings suggest that maintenance of IRM abundance and their immunoregulatory phenotype may constitute a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent and/or cure T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B. Thornley
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and the Transplant Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, United States of America
| | - Krishna A. Agarwal
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and the Transplant Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, United States of America
| | - Periklis Kyriazis
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and the Transplant Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, United States of America
| | - Lingzhi Ma
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and the Transplant Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, United States of America
| | - Vaja Chipashvili
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and the Transplant Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, United States of America
| | - Jonathan E. Aker
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and the Transplant Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, United States of America
| | - Sarantis Korniotis
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and the Transplant Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, United States of America
| | - Eva Csizmadia
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School and the Transplant Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, United States of America
| | - Terry B. Strom
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and the Transplant Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School and the Transplant Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TBS); (MK)
| | - Maria Koulmanda
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and the Transplant Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School and the Transplant Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TBS); (MK)
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25
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Estrogen induces multiple regulatory B cell subtypes and promotes M2 microglia and neuroprotection during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 293:45-53. [PMID: 27049561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sex hormones promote immunoregulatory effects on multiple sclerosis. The current study evaluated estrogen effects on regulatory B cells and resident CNS microglia during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Herein, we demonstrate an estrogen-dependent induction of multiple regulatory B cell markers indicative of IL-10 dependent as well as IFN-γ dependent pathways. Moreover, although estrogen pretreatment of EAE mice inhibited the infiltration of pro-inflammatory cells into the CNS, it enhanced the frequency of regulatory B cells and M2 microglia. Our study suggests that estrogen has a broad effect on the development of regulatory B cells during EAE, which in turn could promote neuroprotection.
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26
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Abstract
Control of T-cell responses can be achieved by several subsets of B cells with immunoregulatory functions, mostly acting by provision of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 or exhibiting killing properties through Fas ligand (Fas-L) or granzyme B-induced cell death. We herein describe the characterization as well as the cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating the suppressive properties of bone marrow immature innate pro-B cell progenitors that emerge upon transient activation of Toll-like receptor 9. They are licensed by activated T-cell-derived IFN-γ to become suppressive by up-regulating their Fas-L expression and inducing effector CD4(+) T-cell apoptosis. They also up-regulate their own IFN-γ production which dramatically reduces T-cell production of a major pathogenic cytokine, IL-21. A single adoptive transfer of as little as 60,000 of them efficiently prevents the onset of spontaneous type 1 diabetes in recipient nonobese diabetes (NOD) mice, highlighting the remarkable regulatory potency of these so-called CpG-proB cell progenitors compared to regulatory cells of diverse lineages so far described. The CpG-proB cell activity is prolonged in vivo by their differentiation after migration in the pancreas and the spleen into B-cell progeny with high Fas-L expression that can keep up inducing apoptosis of effector T cells in the long term.
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27
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Durand J, Chiffoleau E. B cells with regulatory properties in transplantation tolerance. World J Transplant 2015; 5:196-208. [PMID: 26722647 PMCID: PMC4689930 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v5.i4.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of tolerance remains a major goal in transplantation. Indeed, despite potent immunosuppression, chronic rejection is still a real problem in transplantation. The humoral response is an important mediator of chronic rejection, and numerous strategies have been developed to target either B cells or plasma cells. However, the use of anti-CD20 therapy has highlighted the beneficial role of subpopulation of B cells, termed regulatory B cells. These cells have been characterized mainly in mice models of auto-immune diseases but emerging literature suggests their role in graft tolerance in transplantation. Regulatory B cells seem to be induced following inflammation to restrain excessive response. Different phenotypes of regulatory B cells have been described and are functional at various differentiation steps from immature to plasma cells. These cells act by multiple mechanisms such as secretion of immuno-suppressive cytokines interleukin-10 (IL-10) or IL-35, cytotoxicity, expression of inhibitory receptors or by secretion of non-inflammatory antibodies. Better characterization of the development, phenotype and mode of action of these cells seems urgent to develop novel approaches to manipulate the different B cell subsets and the response to the graft in a clinical setting.
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28
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Bézie S, Picarda E, Ossart J, Martinet B, Anegon I, Guillonneau C. Compensatory Regulatory Networks between CD8 T, B, and Myeloid Cells in Organ Transplantation Tolerance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:5805-15. [PMID: 26553075 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In transplantation tolerance, numerous regulatory populations have the capacity to inhibit allograft rejection; however, their compensatory capacities have never been clearly evidenced. We have previously demonstrated that the tolerogenic effect mediated by CD8(+)CD45RC(low) regulatory T cells (Tregs) in a model of organ transplantation with CD40Ig could be abrogated by permanent depletion of CD8(+) cells that resulted in allograft rejection in half of the recipients. This result demonstrated that CD8(+) Tregs were essential, but also that half of the recipients still survived indefinitely. We also demonstrated that no other regulatory populations, besides CD8(+) Tregs, could induce and maintain allograft tolerance in CD40Ig-treated tolerant animals. In the current study, we analyzed the mechanisms that arose following CD8(+) Treg depletion and allowed establishment of networks of new regulatory cells to maintain allograft survival. We identified regulatory B cells (Bregs) and regulatory myeloid cells (RegMCs) as being responsible of the maintenance of the long-term allograft survival. We demonstrated that both regulatory cell subsets efficiently inhibited antidonor immune responses in adoptively transferred recipients. Although Bregs were induced, they were not essential for the maintenance of the graft as demonstrated in IgM-deficient recipients. In addition, we showed that RegMCs were the most suppressive and acted alone, whereas Bregs activity was associated with increased suppressive activity of other subsets in adoptively transferred recipients. Altogether, to our knowledge, we demonstrated in this study for the first time the emergence of both Bregs and RegMCs following Tregs depletion and highlighted the importance of regulatory cell networks and their synergistic potential in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Bézie
- INSERM UMR1064-Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie-Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Urologie et Néphrologie, 44093 Nantes, France; andCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Elodie Picarda
- INSERM UMR1064-Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie-Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Urologie et Néphrologie, 44093 Nantes, France; andCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Jason Ossart
- INSERM UMR1064-Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie-Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Urologie et Néphrologie, 44093 Nantes, France; andCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Bernard Martinet
- INSERM UMR1064-Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie-Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Urologie et Néphrologie, 44093 Nantes, France; andCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Ignacio Anegon
- INSERM UMR1064-Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie-Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Urologie et Néphrologie, 44093 Nantes, France; andCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Carole Guillonneau
- INSERM UMR1064-Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie-Institut de Transplantation et de Recherche en Urologie et Néphrologie, 44093 Nantes, France; andCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
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29
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW B cells are known to play a central role in humoral immunity and to boost cellular immunity, however, in a variety of experimental models, B-cell subsets ameliorate inflammation and autoimmune disease, indicating that they can also play a regulatory role. Here, we highlight the advances in regulatory B-cell (Breg) biology of the past year with an emphasis on findings pertinent to transplantation. Several recent observations highlight the relevance to clinical transplantation. Data from at least three independent groups demonstrated that spontaneously tolerant renal transplant recipients exhibit a peripheral blood B-cell signature although the significance of these data remains unclear. Moreover, new data suggest that regulatory B cells may serve as a biomarker for long-term allograft outcomes. Finally, recent evidence suggesting that plasma cells may be an essential component of Bregs raises new concerns about targeting antibody producing cells. RECENT FINDINGS We describe new information on Breg mechanisms of action to suppress the alloresponse, signals to expand Bregs in vitro, and more functional evidence of Breg involvement in operationally tolerant kidney patients and in maintaining stable allograft function. SUMMARY Although lymphocyte depletion remains central to tolerance induction therapy, the sparing or expansion of regulatory B cells may be an additional strategy to preempt graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I. Kim
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Thier 8, Boston, MA 02114
| | - David M. Rothstein
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, 200 Lothrop Street, E1555 Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - James F. Markmann
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Thier 8, Boston, MA 02114
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30
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Ray A, Wang L, Dittel BN. IL-10-independent regulatory B-cell subsets and mechanisms of action. Int Immunol 2015; 27:531-6. [PMID: 25999596 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although classically B cells are known to play important roles in immune protection via humoral immunity, recently their regulatory mechanisms have been best appreciated in the context of autoimmunity. Several studies have identified different subsets of regulatory B cells that vary not only in their phenotype but also in their mechanism of action. Although the best-studied mechanism of B-cell immune regulation is IL-10 production, other IL-10-independent mechanisms have been proposed. These include maintenance of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells; production of transforming growth factor-β, IL-35, IgM or adenosine or expression of PD-L1 (programmed death 1 ligand 1) or FasL (Fas ligand). Given that B-cell-targeted therapy is being increasingly used in the clinic, a complete understanding of the mechanisms whereby B cells regulate inflammation associated with specific diseases is required for designing safe and effective immunotherapies targeting B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Ray
- BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Luman Wang
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Biotherapy Research Center of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Bonnie N Dittel
- BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
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31
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Karumuthil-Melethil S, Sofi MH, Gudi R, Johnson BM, Perez N, Vasu C. TLR2- and Dectin 1-associated innate immune response modulates T-cell response to pancreatic β-cell antigen and prevents type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2015; 64:1341-57. [PMID: 25377877 PMCID: PMC4375080 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The progression of autoimmune diseases is dictated by deviations in the fine balance between proinflammatory versus regulatory responses, and pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) play a key role in maintaining this balance. Previously, we have reported that ligation of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Dectin 1 on antigen-presenting cells by zymosan results in a regulatory immune response that prevents type 1 diabetes (T1D). Here, we show that TLR2 and Dectin 1 engagement by zymosan promotes regulatory T-cell (Treg) responses against the pancreatic β-cell-specific antigen (Ag). Unlike the TLR4 ligand, bacterial lipopolysaccharide, which induced proinflammatory cytokines and pathogenic T cells, zymosan induced a mixture of pro- and anti-inflammatory factors and Tregs, both in vitro and in vivo. Ag-specific T cells that are activated using zymosan-exposed dendritic cells (DCs) expressed Foxp3 and produced large amounts of IL-10, TGF-β1, and IL-17. NOD mice that received β-cell-Ag-loaded, zymosan-exposed DCs showed delayed hyperglycemia. Injection of NOD mice at the prediabetic age and early hyperglycemic stage with β-cell-Ag, along with zymosan, results in a superior protection of the NOD mice from diabetes as compared with mice that received zymosan alone. This therapeutic effect was associated with increased frequencies of IL-10-, IL-17-, IL-4-, and Foxp3-positive T cells, especially in the pancreatic lymph nodes. These results show that zymosan can be used as an immune regulatory adjuvant for modulating the T-cell response to pancreatic β-cell-Ag and reversing early-stage hyperglycemia in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Hanief Sofi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Radhika Gudi
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Benjamin M Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Nicolas Perez
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Chenthamarakshan Vasu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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32
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Lundy SK, Klinker MW, Fox DA. Killer B lymphocytes and their fas ligand positive exosomes as inducers of immune tolerance. Front Immunol 2015; 6:122. [PMID: 25852690 PMCID: PMC4367442 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of immune tolerance is a key process by which the immune system is educated to modulate reactions against benign stimuli such as self-antigens and commensal microbes. Understanding and harnessing the natural mechanisms of immune tolerance may become an increasingly useful strategy for treating many types of allergic and autoimmune diseases, as well as for improving the acceptance of solid organ transplants. Our laboratory and others have been interested in the natural ability of some B lymphocytes to express the death-inducing molecule Fas ligand (FasL), and their ability to kill T helper (TH) lymphocytes. We have recently shown that experimental transformation of human B cells by a non-replicative variant of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) consistently resulted in high expression of functional FasL protein. The production and release of FasL+ exosomes that co-expressed major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules and had the capacity to kill antigen-specific TH cells was also observed. Several lines of evidence indicate that FasL+ B cells and FasL+MHCII+ exosomes have important roles in natural immune tolerance and have a great deal of therapeutic potential. Taken together, these findings suggest that EBV-immortalized human B lymphoblastoid cell lines could be used as cellular factories for FasL+ exosomes, which would be employed to therapeutically establish and/or regain immune tolerance toward specific antigens. The goals of this review are to summarize current knowledge of the roles of FasL+ B cells and exosomes in immune regulation, and to suggest methods of manipulating killer B cells and FasL+ exosomes for clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K Lundy
- Department of Internal Medicine-Rheumatology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI , USA ; Graduate Training Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Matthew W Klinker
- Graduate Training Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - David A Fox
- Department of Internal Medicine-Rheumatology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI , USA ; Graduate Training Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
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Lundy SK, Klinker MW. Characterization and activity of Fas ligand producing CD5⁺ B cells. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1190:81-102. [PMID: 25015275 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1161-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocytes make several contributions to immune regulation including production of antibodies with regulatory properties, release of immune suppressive cytokines, and expression of death-inducing ligands. A role for Fas ligand (FasL)-expressing "killer" B cells in regulating T helper cell survival and chronic inflammation has been demonstrated in animal models of schistosome worm infection, asthma, and autoimmune arthritis. Interestingly, a population of CD5(+) B cells found in the spleen and lungs of naïve mice constitutively expresses FasL and has potent killer function against T helper cells that is antigen-specific and FasL-dependent. Killer B cells therefore represent a novel target for immune modulation in many disease settings. Our laboratory has recently published methods of characterizing FasL(+) B cells and inducing their proliferation in vitro. This chapter will describe detailed methods of identifying and expanding killer B cells from mice, detecting FasL expression in B cells, and performing functional killing assays against antigen-specific TH cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K Lundy
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 4043 Biomedical Sciences Research Bldg., 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA,
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Olalekan SA, Cao Y, Hamel KM, Finnegan A. B cells expressing IFN-γ suppress Treg-cell differentiation and promote autoimmune experimental arthritis. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:988-98. [PMID: 25645456 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Clinical efficacy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with anti-CD20 (Rituximab)-mediated B-cell depletion has garnered interest in the mechanisms by which B cells contribute to autoimmunity. We have reported that B-cell depletion in a murine model of proteoglycan-induced arthritis (PGIA) leads to an increase in Treg cells that correlate with decreased autoreactivity. Here, we demonstrate that the increase in Treg cells after B-cell depletion is due to an increase in the differentiation of naïve CD4(+) T cells into Treg cells. Since the development of PGIA is dependent on IFN-γ and B cells are reported to produce IFN-γ, we hypothesized that B-cell-specific IFN-γ plays a role in the development of PGIA. Accordingly, mice with B-cell-specific IFN-γ deficiency were as resistant to the induction of PGIA as mice that were completely IFN-γ deficient. Importantly, despite a normal frequency of IFN-γ-producing CD4(+) T cells, B-cell-specific IFN-γ-deficient mice exhibited a higher percentage of Treg cells compared with that in WT mice. These data indicate that B-cell IFN-γ production inhibits Treg-cell differentiation and exacerbates arthritis. Thus, we have established that IFN-γ, specifically derived from B cells, uniquely contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmunity through prevention of immunoregulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Olalekan
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Cohn Research Building, Chicago, IL, USA
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Hu J, Wang Y, Wang F, Wang L, Yu X, Sun R, Wang Z, Wang L, Gao H, Fu Z, Zhao W, Yan S. Effect and mechanisms of human Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells on type 1 diabetes in NOD model. Endocrine 2015; 48:124-34. [PMID: 24590294 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0219-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that results from an inflammatory destruction of β-cells in islets. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from Wharton's jelly (WJ-MSCs) own a peculiar immunomodulatory feature and might reverse the inflammatory destruction and repair the function of β-cells. Sixty NOD mice were divided into four groups, including normal control group, WJ-MSCs prevention group (before onset), WJ-MSCs treatment group (after onset), and diabetic control group. After homologous therapy, onset time of diabetes, levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fed blood glucose and C-peptide, regulation of cytokines, and islet cells were examined and evaluated. After WJ-MSCs infusion, FPG and fed blood glucose in WJ-MSCs treatment group decreased to normal level in 6-8 days and maintained for 6 weeks. Level of fasting C-peptide of these mice was higher compared to diabetic control mice (P=0.027). In WJ-MSCs prevention group, WJ-MSCs played a protective role for 8-week delayed onset of diabetes, and fasting C-peptide in this group was higher compared to the other two diabetic groups (P=0.013, 0.035). Compared with diabetic control group, frequencies of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs in WJ-MSCs prevention group and treatment group were higher, while levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α were lower (P<0.001); the degree of insulitis was also depressed, especially for WJ-MSCs prevention group (P<0.05). Infusion of WJ-MSCs could aid in T1DM through regulation of the autoimmunity and recovery of islet β-cells no matter before or after onset of T1DM. WJ-MSCs might be an effective method for T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxia Hu
- Stem Cell Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, No. 16, Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
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Braza F, Chesne J, Castagnet S, Magnan A, Brouard S. Regulatory functions of B cells in allergic diseases. Allergy 2014; 69:1454-63. [PMID: 25060230 DOI: 10.1111/all.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
B cells are essentially described for their capacity to produce antibodies ensuring anti-infectious immunity or deleterious responses in the case of autoimmunity or allergy. However, abundant data described their ability to restrain inflammation by diverse mechanisms. In allergy, some regulatory B-cell subsets producing IL-10 have been recently described as potent suppressive cells able to restrain inflammatory responses both in vitro and in vivo by regulatory T-cell differentiation or directly inhibiting T-cell-mediated inflammation. A specific deficit in regulatory B cells participates to more severe allergic inflammation. Induction of allergen tolerance through specific immunotherapy induces a specific expansion of these cells supporting their role in establishment of allergen tolerance. However, the regulatory functions carried out by B cells are not exclusively IL-10 dependent. Indeed, other regulatory mechanisms mediated by B cells are (i) the production of TGF-β, (ii) the promotion of T-cell apoptosis by Fas-Fas ligand or granzyme-B pathways, and (iii) their capacity to produce inhibitory IgG4 and sialylated IgG able to mediate anti-inflammatory mechanisms. This points to Bregs as interesting targets for the development of new therapies to induce allergen tolerance. In this review, we highlight advances in the study of regulatory mechanisms mediated by B cells and outline what is known about their phenotype as well as their suppressive role in allergy from studies in both mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Braza
- INSERM; UMR 1087; l'institut du Thorax; Nantes France
- CNRS; UMR 6291; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hôtel Dieu; Nantes France
- INSERM; UMR U1064; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hôtel Dieu; Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; Nantes France
| | - J. Chesne
- INSERM; UMR 1087; l'institut du Thorax; Nantes France
- CNRS; UMR 6291; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hôtel Dieu; Nantes France
- INSERM; UMR U1064; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hôtel Dieu; Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; Nantes France
| | - S. Castagnet
- Laboratoire HLA; Établissement Français du Sang; Nantes France
| | - A. Magnan
- INSERM; UMR 1087; l'institut du Thorax; Nantes France
- CNRS; UMR 6291; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hôtel Dieu; Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; Nantes France
- CHU Nantes; l'institut du Thorax; Service de Pneumologie; Nantes France
| | - S. Brouard
- INSERM; UMR U1064; Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hôtel Dieu; Nantes France
- Université de Nantes; Nantes France
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Karumuthil-Melethil S, Gudi R, Johnson BM, Perez N, Vasu C. Fungal β-glucan, a Dectin-1 ligand, promotes protection from type 1 diabetes by inducing regulatory innate immune response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3308-21. [PMID: 25143443 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
β-Glucans are naturally occurring polysaccharides in cereal grains, mushrooms, algae, or microbes, including bacteria, fungi, and yeast. Immune cells recognize these β-glucans through a cell surface pathogen recognition receptor called Dectin-1. Studies using β-glucans and other Dectin-1 binding components have demonstrated the potential of these agents in activating the immune cells for cancer treatment and controlling infections. In this study, we show that the β-glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces the expression of immune regulatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β1, and IL-2) and a tolerogenic enzyme (IDO) in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells as well as spleen cells. These properties can be exploited to modulate autoimmunity in the NOD mouse model of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Treatment of prediabetic NOD mice with low-dose β-glucan resulted in a profound delay in hyperglycemia, and this protection was associated with increase in the frequencies of Foxp3(+), LAP(+), and GARP(+) T cells. Upon Ag presentation, β-glucan-exposed dendritic cells induced a significant increase in Foxp3(+) and LAP(+) T cells in in vitro cultures. Furthermore, systemic coadministration of β-glucan plus pancreatic β cell Ag resulted in an enhanced protection of NOD mice from T1D as compared with treatment with β-glucan alone. These observations demonstrate that the innate immune response induced by low-dose β-glucan is regulatory in nature and can be exploited to modulate T cell response to β cell Ag for inducing an effective protection from T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Radhika Gudi
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425; and
| | - Benjamin M Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Nicolas Perez
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Chenthamarakshan Vasu
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612; Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
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Klinker MW, Lizzio V, Reed TJ, Fox DA, Lundy SK. Human B Cell-Derived Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines Constitutively Produce Fas Ligand and Secrete MHCII(+)FasL(+) Killer Exosomes. Front Immunol 2014; 5:144. [PMID: 24765093 PMCID: PMC3980107 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune suppression mediated by exosomes is an emerging concept with potentially immense utility for immunotherapy in a variety of inflammatory contexts, including allogeneic transplantation. Exosomes containing the apoptosis-inducing molecule Fas ligand (FasL) have demonstrated efficacy in inhibiting antigen-specific immune responses upon adoptive transfer in animal models. We report here that a very high frequency of human B cell-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) constitutively produce MHCII+FasL+ exosomes that can induce apoptosis in CD4+ T cells. All LCL tested for this study (>20 independent cell lines) showed robust expression of FasL, but had no detectable FasL on the cell surface. Given this intracellular sequestration, we hypothesized that FasL in LCL was retained in the secretory lysosome and secreted via exosomes. Indeed, we found both MHCII and FasL proteins present in LCL-derived exosomes, and using a bead-based exosome capture assay demonstrated the presence of MHCII+FasL+ exosomes among those secreted by LCL. Using two independent experimental approaches, we demonstrated that LCL-derived exosomes were capable of inducing antigen-specific apoptosis in autologous CD4+ T cells. These results suggest that LCL-derived exosomes may present a realistic source of immunosuppressive exosomes that could reduce or eliminate T cell-mediated responses against donor-derived antigens in transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Klinker
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA ; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Vincent Lizzio
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Tamra J Reed
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - David A Fox
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA ; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
| | - Steven K Lundy
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA ; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI , USA
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Abstract
Though type 1 diabetes (T1D) is considered a T cell-mediated autoimmune disorder, recent evidence indicates that B cells play a critical role in disease. This conclusion is based in part on the success of anti-CD20 (rituximab) therapy, which by broadly depleting B cells delays disease progression in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice and new-onset patients. B cell receptor (BCR) specificity to islet autoantigen is key. NOD mice whose B cell repertoire is biased toward insulin reactivity show increased disease development, while bias away from insulin reactivity largely prevents disease. Although the operative disease-promoting B cell effector function remains undefined, islet-antigen reactive B cells function in antigen presentation to diabetogenic CD4 T cells. Other studies implicate B cells in antigen presentation to CD8 T cells. B cell participation in TID appears predicated on faulty B cell tolerance. Here, we review extant findings implicating B cells in T1D in mice and men.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/pharmacology
- Autoantibodies/blood
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology
- Disease Progression
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance/drug effects
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Immunologic Factors/pharmacology
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Rituximab
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle M Hinman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 E 19th Avenue, P18-8100, Mail Stop 8333, RC1 N, Aurora, CO, 80045-2537, USA,
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Chesneau M, Michel L, Degauque N, Brouard S. Regulatory B cells and tolerance in transplantation: from animal models to human. Front Immunol 2013; 4:497. [PMID: 24427159 PMCID: PMC3876023 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, the role of B cells in transplantation was thought to be restricted to producing antibodies that have been clearly shown to be deleterious in the long-term, but, in fact, B cells are also able to produce cytokine and to present antigen. Their role as regulatory cells in various pathological situations has also been highlighted, and their role in transplantation is beginning to emerge in animal, and also in human, models. This review summarizes the different studies in animals and humans that suggest a B-cell regulatory role in the transplant tolerance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Chesneau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1064, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie , Nantes , France ; Université de Nantes , Nantes , France
| | - Laure Michel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1064, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie , Nantes , France ; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire , Nantes , France
| | - Nicolas Degauque
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1064, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie , Nantes , France
| | - Sophie Brouard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1064, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie , Nantes , France ; Université de Nantes , Nantes , France ; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire , Nantes , France
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Klinker MW, Reed TJ, Fox DA, Lundy SK. Interleukin-5 supports the expansion of fas ligand-expressing killer B cells that induce antigen-specific apoptosis of CD4(+) T cells and secrete interleukin-10. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70131. [PMID: 23940537 PMCID: PMC3734024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond their critical role in humoral immunity, B lymphocytes can employ a variety of immunomodulatory mechanisms including expression of the apoptosis-inducing molecule Fas ligand (FasL; CD178). Here, we extensively characterized the surface phenotype of FasL+ killer B cells, showing they are enriched in the IgMhighCD5+CD1dhigh B cell subset previously reported to contain a higher frequency of B cells producing interleukin-10 (IL-10). A rare population of B cells expressing IL-10 was present among FasL+ B cells, but most FasL+ B cells did not produce IL-10. We also identify interleukin-5 (IL-5) as a novel inducer of killer B cell function. Constitutively FasL+ B cells expressed higher levels of the IL-5 receptor, and treating B cells with IL-5 and CD40L resulted in the expansion of a B cell population enriched for FasL+ cells. B cells stimulated with IL-5 and CD40L were potent inducers of apoptosis in activated primary CD4+ T cells, and this killing function was antigen-specific and dependent upon FasL. IL-5 also enhanced IL-10 secretion in B cells stimulated with CD40L. Taken together these findings elucidate the relationship of FasL+ B cells and IL-10-producing B cells and demonstrate that IL-5 can induce or enhance both killer B cell activity and IL-10 secretion in B cells. Finally, we found that the killer B cell activity induced by IL-5 was completely blocked by IL-4, suggesting the existence of a previously unknown antagonistic relationship between these type-2 cytokines in modulating the activity of killer B cells. Targeting this IL-5/IL-4 signaling axis may therefore represent a novel area of drug discovery in inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. Klinker
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Tamra J. Reed
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - David A. Fox
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Steven K. Lundy
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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