1
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Mach N. The forecasting power of the mucin-microbiome interplay in livestock respiratory diseases. Vet Q 2024; 44:1-18. [PMID: 38606662 PMCID: PMC11018052 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2024.2340003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Complex respiratory diseases are a significant challenge for the livestock industry worldwide. These diseases considerably impact animal health and welfare and cause severe economic losses. One of the first lines of pathogen defense combines the respiratory tract mucus, a highly viscous material primarily composed of mucins, and a thriving multi-kingdom microbial ecosystem. The microbiome-mucin interplay protects from unwanted substances and organisms, but its dysfunction may enable pathogenic infections and the onset of respiratory disease. Emerging evidence also shows that noncoding regulatory RNAs might modulate the structure and function of the microbiome-mucin relationship. This opinion paper unearths the current understanding of the triangular relationship between mucins, the microbiome, and noncoding RNAs in the context of respiratory infections in animals of veterinary interest. There is a need to look at these molecular underpinnings that dictate distinct health and disease outcomes to implement effective prevention, surveillance, and timely intervention strategies tailored to the different epidemiological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Mach
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
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2
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Liu Q, Zhu H, Fang Z, Dong M, Qin H, Ye M. GP-Marker facilitates the analysis of intact glycopeptide quantitative data at different levels. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05499-z. [PMID: 39207492 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05499-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is a highly heterogeneous post-translational modification that has been demonstrated to exhibit significant variations in various diseases. Due to the differential patterns observed in disease and healthy populations, the glycosylated proteins hold promise as early indicators for multiple diseases. With the continuous development of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technology and spectrum analysis software, the sensitivity for the decipher of the tandem mass spectra of the glycopeptides carrying intact glycans, i.e., intact glycopeptides, enzymatic hydrolyzed from glycoproteins has been significantly improved. From quantified intact glycopeptides, the difference of protein glycosylation at multiple levels, e.g., glycoprotein, glycan, glycosite, and site-specific glycans, could be obtained for different samples. However, the manual analysis of the intact glycopeptide quantitative data at multiple levels is tedious and time consuming. In this study, we have developed a software tool named "GP-Marker" to facilitate large-scale data mining of spectra dataset of intact N-glycopeptide at multiple levels. This software provides a user-friendly and interactive interface, offering operational tools for machine learning to researchers without programming backgrounds. It includes a range of visualization plots displaying differential glycosylation and provides the ability to extract multi-level data analysis from intact glycopeptide data quantified by Glyco-Decipher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, National Chromatographic R. & A. Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - He Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, National Chromatographic R. & A. Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zheng Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, National Chromatographic R. & A. Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingming Dong
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Hongqiang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, National Chromatographic R. & A. Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingliang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Proteomics, National Chromatographic R. & A. Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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3
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Nilsson J, Eriksson P, Naguib MM, Jax E, Sihlbom C, Olsson BM, Lundkvist Å, Olsen B, Järhult JD, Larson G, Ellström P. Expression of influenza A virus glycan receptor candidates in mallard, chicken, and tufted duck. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwad098. [PMID: 38127648 PMCID: PMC10987293 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) pandemics result from interspecies transmission events within the avian reservoir and further into mammals including humans. Receptor incompatibility due to differently expressed glycan structures between species has been suggested to limit zoonotic IAV transmission from the wild bird reservoir as well as between different bird species. Using glycoproteomics, we have studied the repertoires of expressed glycan structures with focus on putative sialic acid-containing glycan receptors for IAV in mallard, chicken and tufted duck; three bird species with different roles in the zoonotic ecology of IAV. The methodology used pinpoints specific glycan structures to specific glycosylation sites of identified glycoproteins and was also used to successfully discriminate α2-3- from α2-6-linked terminal sialic acids by careful analysis of oxonium ions released from glycopeptides in tandem MS/MS (MS2), and MS/MS/MS (MS3). Our analysis clearly demonstrated that all three bird species can produce complex N-glycans including α2-3-linked sialyl Lewis structures, as well as both N- and O- glycans terminated with both α2-3- and α2-6-linked Neu5Ac. We also found the recently identified putative IAV receptor structures, Man-6P N-glycopeptides, in all tissues of the three bird species. Furthermore, we found many similarities in the repertoires of expressed receptors both between the bird species investigated and to previously published data from pigs and humans. Our findings of sialylated glycan structures, previously anticipated to be mammalian specific, in all three bird species may have major implications for our understanding of the role of receptor incompatibility in interspecies transmission of IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Vita Stråket 12, Gothenburg SE-413 45, Sweden
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Bruna Stråket 16, Gothenburg SE-413 45, Sweden
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Medicinaregatan 9E, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Per Eriksson
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Mahmoud M Naguib
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75237, Sweden
| | - Elinor Jax
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Am Obstberg 1, Radolfzell, Baden-Württemberg DE-78315, Germany
| | - Carina Sihlbom
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Medicinaregatan 9E, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Britt-Marie Olsson
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Medicinaregatan 9E, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75237, Sweden
| | - Björn Olsen
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Josef D Järhult
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Vita Stråket 12, Gothenburg SE-413 45, Sweden
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Bruna Stråket 16, Gothenburg SE-413 45, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ellström
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Husargatan 3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
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4
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Uprety T, Yu J, Nogales A, Naveed A, Yu H, Chen X, Liu Y, Bowman AS, Martinez-Sobrido L, Parrish CR, Melikyan GB, Wang D, Li F. Influenza D virus utilizes both 9- O-acetylated N-acetylneuraminic and 9- O-acetylated N-glycolylneuraminic acids as functional entry receptors. J Virol 2024; 98:e0004224. [PMID: 38376198 PMCID: PMC10949506 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00042-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) utilizes bovines as a primary reservoir with periodical spillover to other hosts. We have previously demonstrated that IDV binds both 9-O-acetylated N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac2) and 9-O-acetylated N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc9Ac). Bovines produce both Neu5,9Ac2 and Neu5Gc9Ac, while humans are genetically unable to synthesize Neu5Gc9Ac. 9-O-Acetylation of sialic acids is catalyzed by CASD1 via a covalent acetyl-enzyme intermediate. To characterize the role of Neu5,9Ac2 and Neu5Gc9Ac in IDV infection and determine which form of 9-O-acetylated sialic acids drives IDV entry, we took advantage of a CASD1 knockout (KO) MDCK cell line and carried out feeding experiments using synthetic 9-O-acetyl sialic acids in combination with the single-round and multi-round IDV infection assays. The data from our studies show that (i) CASD1 KO cells are resistant to IDV infection and lack of IDV binding to the cell surface is responsible for the failure of IDV replication; (ii) feeding CASD1 KO cells with Neu5,9Ac2 or Neu5Gc9Ac resulted in a dose-dependent rescue of IDV infectivity; and (iii) diverse IDVs replicated robustly in CASD1 KO cells fed with either Neu5,9Ac2 or Neu5Gc9Ac at a level similar to that in wild-type cells with a functional CASD1. These data demonstrate that IDV can utilize Neu5,9Ac2- or non-human Neu5Gc9Ac-containing glycan receptor for infection. Our findings provide evidence that IDV has acquired the ability to infect and transmit among agricultural animals that are enriched in Neu5Gc9Ac, in addition to posing a zoonotic risk to humans expressing only Neu5,9Ac2.IMPORTANCEInfluenza D virus (IDV) has emerged as a multiple-species-infecting pathogen with bovines as a primary reservoir. Little is known about the functional receptor that drives IDV entry and promotes its cross-species spillover potential among different hosts. Here, we demonstrated that IDV binds exclusively to 9-O-acetylated N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac2) and non-human 9-O-acetylated N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc9Ac) and utilizes both for entry and infection. This ability in effective engagement of both 9-O-acetylated sialic acids as functional receptors for infection provides an evolutionary advantage to IDV for expanding its host range. This finding also indicates that IDV has the potential to emerge in humans because Neu5,9Ac2 is ubiquitously expressed in human tissues, including lung. Thus, results of our study highlight a need for continued surveillance of IDV in humans, as well as for further investigation of its biology and cross-species transmission mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirth Uprety
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jieshi Yu
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CSIC. Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ahsan Naveed
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Andrew S. Bowman
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Colin R. Parrish
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | | - Dan Wang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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5
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Liang CY, Huang I, Han J, Sownthirarajan B, Kulhankova K, Murray NB, Taherzadeh M, Archer-Hartmann S, Pepi L, Manivasagam S, Plung J, Sturtz M, Yu Y, Vogel OA, Kandasamy M, Gourronc FA, Klingelhutz AJ, Choudhury B, Rong L, Perez JT, Azadi P, McCray PB, Neelamegham S, Manicassamy B. Avian influenza A viruses exhibit plasticity in sialylglycoconjugate receptor usage in human lung cells. J Virol 2023; 97:e0090623. [PMID: 37843369 PMCID: PMC10688379 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00906-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE It is well known that influenza A viruses (IAV) initiate host cell infection by binding to sialic acid, a sugar molecule present at the ends of various sugar chains called glycoconjugates. These sugar chains can vary in chain length, structure, and composition. However, it remains unknown if IAV strains preferentially bind to sialic acid on specific glycoconjugate type(s) for host cell infection. Here, we utilized CRISPR gene editing to abolish sialic acid on different glycoconjugate types in human lung cells, and evaluated human versus avian IAV infections. Our studies show that both human and avian IAV strains can infect human lung cells by utilizing any of the three major sialic acid-containing glycoconjugate types, specifically N-glycans, O-glycans, and glycolipids. Interestingly, simultaneous elimination of sialic acid on all three major glycoconjugate types in human lung cells dramatically decreased human IAV infection, yet had little effect on avian IAV infection. These studies show that avian IAV strains effectively utilize other less prevalent glycoconjugates for infection, whereas human IAV strains rely on a limited repertoire of glycoconjugate types. The remarkable ability of avian IAV strains to utilize diverse glycoconjugate types may allow for easy transmission into new host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Yu Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, lowa, USA
| | - Iris Huang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Julianna Han
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Nathan B. Murray
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Mehrnoush Taherzadeh
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Lauren Pepi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Jesse Plung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, lowa, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Miranda Sturtz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, lowa, USA
| | - Yolanda Yu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Olivia A. Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, lowa, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | - Biswa Choudhury
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lijun Rong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jasmine T. Perez
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Paul B. McCray
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, lowa, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, lowa, USA
| | - Sriram Neelamegham
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Balaji Manicassamy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, lowa, USA
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6
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Yi S, Feng Y, Wang Y, Ma F. Sialylation: fate decision of mammalian sperm development, fertilization, and male fertility†. Biol Reprod 2023; 109:137-155. [PMID: 37379321 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm development, maturation, and successful fertilization within the female reproductive tract are intricate and orderly processes that involve protein translation and post-translational modifications. Among these modifications, sialylation plays a crucial role. Any disruptions occurring throughout the sperm's life cycle can result in male infertility, yet our current understanding of this process remains limited. Conventional semen analysis often fails to diagnose some infertility cases associated with sperm sialylation, emphasizing the need to comprehend and investigate the characteristics of sperm sialylation. This review reanalyzes the significance of sialylation in sperm development and fertilization and evaluates the impact of sialylation damage on male fertility under pathological conditions. Sialylation serves a vital role in the life journey of sperm, providing a negatively charged glycocalyx and enriching the molecular structure of the sperm surface, which is beneficial to sperm reversible recognition and immune interaction. These characteristics are particularly crucial during sperm maturation and fertilization within the female reproductive tract. Moreover, enhancing the understanding of the mechanism underlying sperm sialylation can promote the development of relevant clinical indicators for infertility detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Yi
- Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Feng
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fang Ma
- Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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7
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Bui D, Favell J, Kitova EN, Li Z, McCord KA, Schmidt EN, Mozaneh F, Elaish M, El-Hawiet A, St-Pierre Y, Hobman TC, Macauley MS, Mahal LK, Flynn MR, Klassen JS. Absolute Affinities from Quantitative Shotgun Glycomics Using Concentration-Independent (COIN) Native Mass Spectrometry. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:1374-1387. [PMID: 37521792 PMCID: PMC10303200 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Native mass spectrometry (nMS) screening of natural glycan libraries against glycan-binding proteins (GBPs) is a powerful tool for ligand discovery. However, as the glycan concentrations are unknown, affinities cannot be measured directly from natural libraries. Here, we introduce Concentration-Independent (COIN)-nMS, which enables quantitative screening of natural glycan libraries by exploiting slow mixing of solutions inside a nanoflow electrospray ionization emitter. The affinities (Kd) of detected GBP-glycan interactions are determined, simultaneously, from nMS analysis of their time-dependent relative abundance changes. We establish the reliability of COIN-nMS using interactions between purified glycans and GBPs with known Kd values. We also demonstrate the implementation of COIN-nMS using the catch-and-release (CaR)-nMS assay for glycosylated GBPs. The COIN-CaR-nMS results obtained for plant, fungal, viral, and human lectins with natural libraries containing hundreds of N-glycans and glycopeptides highlight the assay's versatility for discovering new ligands, precisely measuring their affinities, and uncovering "fine" specificities. Notably, the COIN-CaR-nMS results clarify the sialoglycan binding properties of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain and establish the recognition of monosialylated hybrid and biantennary N-glycans. Moreover, pharmacological depletion of host complex N-glycans reduces both pseudotyped virions and SARS-CoV-2 cell entry, suggesting that complex N-glycans may serve as attachment factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duong
T. Bui
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Alberta, Canada
| | - James Favell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elena N. Kitova
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zhixiong Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kelli A. McCord
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Alberta, Canada
| | - Edward N. Schmidt
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Alberta, Canada
| | - Fahima Mozaneh
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mohamed Elaish
- Department
of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2H7, AB, Canada
- Poultry
Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Amr El-Hawiet
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria
University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
| | - Yves St-Pierre
- Institut
National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier
Santé Biotechnologie, Laval H7 V 1B7, QC, Canada
| | - Tom C. Hobman
- Department
of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2H7, AB, Canada
- Department
of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, AB, Canada
- Li
Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University
of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew S. Macauley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Alberta, Canada
- Department
of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, AB, Canada
| | - Lara K. Mahal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Alberta, Canada
| | - Morris R. Flynn
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 1H9, Alberta, Canada
| | - John S. Klassen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2G2, Alberta, Canada
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8
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Liu M, van Kuppeveld FJM, de Haan CAM, de Vries E. Gradual adaptation of animal influenza A viruses to human-type sialic acid receptors. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 60:101314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
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9
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Bui DT, Kitova EN, Mahal LK, Klassen JS. Mass spectrometry-based shotgun glycomics for discovery of natural ligands of glycan-binding proteins. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 77:102448. [PMID: 36088799 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The non-covalent associations of complex carbohydrates (glycans) with glycan-binding proteins mediate many important physiological and pathophysiological processes. Identifying these interactions is essential to understanding their diverse biological functions and enables the development of new disease treatments and diagnostics. Knowledge of the repertoire of glycans recognized by most glycan-binding proteins and their affinities is incomplete. Mass spectrometry-based screening of natural glycan libraries has emerged as a promising approach to defining the glycan interactome of glycan-binding proteins. Here, we review recent advances in mass spectrometry-based natural library screening that have led to the discovery of glycan ligands of endogenous and exogenous proteins and illuminated their binding specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duong T Bui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada. https://twitter.com/@Duong_T_Bui
| | - Elena N Kitova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Lara K Mahal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - John S Klassen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
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10
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Zhao C, Pu J. Influence of Host Sialic Acid Receptors Structure on the Host Specificity of Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102141. [PMID: 36298694 PMCID: PMC9608321 DOI: 10.3390/v14102141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses need to use sialic acid receptors to invade host cells, and the α-2,3 and α-2,6 sialic acids glycosidic bonds linking the terminal sialic acids are generally considered to be the most important factors influencing the cross-species transmission of the influenza viruses. The development of methods to detect the binding of influenza virus HA proteins to sialic acid receptors, as well as the development of glycobiological techniques, has led to a richer understanding of the structure of the sialylated glycan in influenza virus hosts. It was found that, in addition to the sialic acid glycosidic bond, sialic acid variants, length of the sialylated glycan, Gal-GlcNAc-linked glycosidic bond within the sialylated glycan, and sulfation/fucosylation of the GlcNAc within the sialylated glycan all affect the binding properties of influenza viruses to the sialic acid receptors, thus indirectly affecting the host specificity of influenza viruses. This paper will review the sialic acid variants, internal structural differences of sialylated glycan molecules that affect the host specificity of influenza viruses, and distribution characteristics of sialic acid receptors in influenza virus hosts, in order to provide a more reliable theoretical basis for the in-depth investigation of cross-species transmission of influenza viruses and the development of new antiviral drugs.
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11
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Tang Z, Zhang F, Wang Y, Zhang C, Li X, Yin M, Shu J, Yu H, Liu X, Guo Y, Li Z. Diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma based on salivary protein glycopatterns and machine learning algorithms. Clin Chem Lab Med 2022; 60:1963-1973. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is difficult to diagnose early and progresses rapidly, making it one of the most deadly malignancies worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate whether salivary glycopattern changes combined with machine learning algorithms could help in the accurate diagnosis of HCC.
Methods
Firstly, we detected the alteration of salivary glycopatterns by lectin microarrays in 118 saliva samples. Subsequently, we constructed diagnostic models for hepatic cirrhosis (HC) and HCC using three machine learning algorithms: Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selector Operation, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Random Forest (RF). Finally, the performance of the diagnostic models was assessed in an independent validation cohort of 85 saliva samples by a series of evaluation metrics, including area under the receiver operator curve (AUC), accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity.
Results
We identified alterations in the expression levels of salivary glycopatterns in patients with HC and HCC. The results revealed that the glycopatterns recognized by 22 lectins showed significant differences in the saliva of HC and HCC patients and healthy volunteers. In addition, after Boruta feature selection, the best predictive performance was obtained with the RF algorithm for the construction of models for HC and HCC. The AUCs of the RF-HC model and RF-HCC model in the validation cohort were 0.857 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.780–0.935) and 0.886 (95% CI: 0.814–0.957), respectively.
Conclusions
Detecting alterations in salivary protein glycopatterns with lectin microarrays combined with machine learning algorithms could be an effective strategy for diagnosing HCC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Tang
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics , College of Life Sciences, Northwest University , Xi’an , P.R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics , College of Life Sciences, Northwest University , Xi’an , P.R. China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases , Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University , Xi’an , P.R. China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics , College of Life Sciences, Northwest University , Xi’an , P.R. China
| | - Xia Li
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics , College of Life Sciences, Northwest University , Xi’an , P.R. China
| | - Mengqi Yin
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics , College of Life Sciences, Northwest University , Xi’an , P.R. China
| | - Jian Shu
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics , College of Life Sciences, Northwest University , Xi’an , P.R. China
| | - Hanjie Yu
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics , College of Life Sciences, Northwest University , Xi’an , P.R. China
| | - Xiawei Liu
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics , College of Life Sciences, Northwest University , Xi’an , P.R. China
| | - Yonghong Guo
- The infectious disease department , Gongli Hospital , Pudong New Area, Shanghai , P.R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics , College of Life Sciences, Northwest University , Xi’an , P.R. China
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12
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Abstract
Through their specific interactions with proteins, cellular glycans play key roles in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. One of the main goals of research in the areas of glycobiology and glycomedicine is to understand glycan-protein interactions at the molecular level. Over the past two decades, glycan microarrays have become powerful tools for the rapid evaluation of interactions between glycans and proteins. In this review, we briefly describe methods used for the preparation of glycan probes and the construction of glycan microarrays. Next, we highlight applications of glycan microarrays to rapid profiling of glycan-binding patterns of plant, animal and pathogenic lectins, as well as other proteins. Finally, we discuss other important uses of glycan microarrays, including the rapid analysis of substrate specificities of carbohydrate-active enzymes, the quantitative determination of glycan-protein interactions, discovering high-affinity or selective ligands for lectins, and identifying functional glycans within cells. We anticipate that this review will encourage researchers to employ glycan microarrays in diverse glycan-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Young Hyun
- Department of Drug Discovery, Data Convergence Drug Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.
| | - Injae Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Influenza A Virus Agnostic Receptor Tropism Revealed Using a Novel Biological System with Terminal Sialic Acid Knockout Cells. J Virol 2022; 96:e0041622. [PMID: 35862707 PMCID: PMC9364805 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00416-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian or human influenza A viruses bind preferentially to avian- or human-type sialic acid receptors, respectively, indicating that receptor tropism is an important factor for determining the viral host range. However, there are currently no reliable methods for analyzing receptor tropism biologically under physiological conditions. In this study, we established a novel system using MDCK cells with avian- or human-type sialic acid receptors and with both sialic acid receptors knocked out (KO). When we examined the replication of human and avian influenza viruses in these KO cells, we observed unique viral receptor tropism that could not be detected using a conventional solid-phase sialylglycan binding assay, which directly assesses physical binding between the virus and sialic acids. Furthermore, we serially passaged an engineered avian-derived H4N5 influenza virus, whose PB2 gene was deleted, in avian-type receptor KO cells stably expressing PB2 to select a mutant with enhanced replication in KO cells; however, its binding to human-type sialylglycan was undetectable using the solid-phase binding assay. These data indicate that a panel of sialic acid receptor KO cells could be a useful tool for determining the biological receptor tropism of influenza A viruses. Moreover, the PB2KO virus experimental system could help to safely and efficiently identify the mutations required for avian influenza viruses to adapt to human cells that could trigger a new influenza pandemic. IMPORTANCE The acquisition of mutations that allow avian influenza A virus hemagglutinins to recognize human-type receptors is mandatory for the transmission of avian viruses to humans, which could lead to a pandemic. In this study, we established a novel system using a set of genetically engineered MDCK cells with knocked out sialic acid receptors to biologically evaluate the receptor tropism for influenza A viruses. Using this system, we observed unique receptor tropism in several virus strains that was undetectable using conventional solid-phase binding assays that measure physical binding between the virus and artificially synthesized sialylglycans. This study contributes to elucidation of the relationship between the physical binding of virus and receptor and viral infectivity. Furthermore, the system using sialic acid knockout cells could provide a useful tool to explore the sialic acid-independent entry mechanism. In addition, our system could be safely used to identify mutations that could acquire human-type receptor tropism.
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14
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Hennig C, Graaf A, Petric PP, Graf L, Schwemmle M, Beer M, Harder T. Are pigs overestimated as a source of zoonotic influenza viruses? Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:30. [PMID: 35773676 PMCID: PMC9244577 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Swine influenza caused by influenza A viruses (IAV) directly affects respiratory health and indirectly impairs reproduction rates in pigs causing production losses. In Europe, and elsewhere, production systems have intensified featuring fewer holdings but, in turn, increased breeding herd and litter sizes. This seems to foster swine IAV (swIAV) infections with respect to the entrenchment within and spread between holdings. Disease management of swine influenza is difficult and relies on biosecurity and vaccination measures. Recently discovered and widely proliferating forms of self-sustaining modes of swIAV infections in large swine holdings challenge these preventive concepts by generating vaccine-escape mutants in rolling circles of infection. Main body The most recent human IAV pandemic of 2009 rooted at least partly in IAV of porcine origin highlighting the zoonotic potential of swIAV. Pigs constitute a mixing vessel of IAV from different species including avian and human hosts. However, other host species such as turkey and quail but also humans themselves may also act in this way; thus, pigs are not essentially required for the generation of IAV reassortants with a multispecies origin. Since 1918, all human pandemic influenza viruses except the H2N2 virus of 1958 have been transmitted in a reverse zoonotic mode from human into swine populations. Swine populations act as long-term reservoirs of these viruses. Human-derived IAV constitute a major driver of swIAV epidemiology in pigs. Swine-to-human IAV transmissions occurred rarely and mainly sporadically as compared to avian-to-human spill-over events of avian IAV. Yet, new swIAV variants that harbor zoonotic components continue to be detected. This increases the risk that such components might eventually reassort into viruses with pandemic potential. Conclusions Domestic pig populations should not be globally stigmatized as the only or most important reservoir of potentially zoonotic IAV. The likely emergence from swine of the most recent human IAV pandemic in 2009, however, emphasized the principal risks of swine populations in which IAV circulate unimpededly. Implementation of regular and close-meshed IAV surveillance of domestic swine populations to follow the dynamics of swIAV evolution is clearly demanded. Improved algorithms for directly inferring zoonotic potential from whole IAV genome sequences as well as improved vaccines are still being sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Hennig
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Annika Graaf
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Philipp P Petric
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura Graf
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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15
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Praena B, Wan XF. Influenza Virus Infections in Polarized Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:1307. [PMID: 35746778 PMCID: PMC9231244 DOI: 10.3390/v14061307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans and other mammals, the respiratory tract is represented by a complex network of polarized epithelial cells, forming an apical surface facing the external environment and a basal surface attached to the basement layer. These cells are characterized by differential expression of proteins and glycans, which serve as receptors during influenza virus infection. Attachment between these host receptors and the viral surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) initiates the influenza virus life cycle. However, the virus receptor binding specificities may not be static. Sialylated N-glycans are the most well-characterized receptors but are not essential for the entry of influenza viruses, and other molecules, such as O-glycans and non-sialylated glycans, may be involved in virus-cell attachment. Furthermore, correct cell polarity and directional trafficking of molecules are essential for the orderly development of the system and affect successful influenza infection; on the other hand, influenza infection can also change cell polarity. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of influenza virus infection in the respiratory tract of humans and other mammals, particularly the attachment between the virus and the surface of the polar cells and the polarity variation of these cells due to virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Praena
- MU Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins St., Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins St., Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- MU Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins St., Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins St., Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins St., Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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16
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Nemanichvili N, Spruit CM, Berends AJ, Gröne A, Rijks JM, Verheije MH, de Vries RP. Wild and domestic animals variably display Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc sialic acids. Glycobiology 2022; 32:791-802. [PMID: 35648131 PMCID: PMC9387512 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids are used as a receptor by several viruses and variations in the linkage type or C-5 modifications affect the binding properties. A species barrier for multiple viruses is present due to α2,3- or α2,6-linked sialic acids. The C-5 position of the sialic acid can be modified to form N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) or N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), which acts as a determinant for host susceptibility for pathogens such as influenza A virus, rotavirus, and transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus. Neu5Gc is present in most mammals such as pigs and horses but is absent in humans, ferrets, and dogs. However, little is known about C-5 content in wildlife species or how many C-5 modified sialic acids are present on N-linked glycans or glycolipids. Using our previously developed tissue microarray system, we investigated how 2 different lectins specific for Neu5Gc can result in varying detection levels of Neu5Gc glycans. We used these lectins to map Neu5Gc content in wild Suidae, Cervidae, tigers, and European hedgehogs. We show that Neu5Gc content is highly variable among different species. Furthermore, the removal of N-linked glycans reduces the binding of both Neu5Gc lectins while retention of glycolipids by omitting methanol treatment of tissues increases lectin binding. These findings highlight the importance of using multiple Neu5Gc lectins as the rich variety in which Neu5Gc is displayed can hardly be detected by a single lectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoloz Nemanichvili
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cindy M Spruit
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alinda J Berends
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Gröne
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jolianne M Rijks
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Monique H Verheije
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert P de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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17
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Tang W, Liu D, Nie SP. Food glycomics in food science: recent advances and future perspectives. Curr Opin Food Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2022.100850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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18
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Bui DT, Jung J, Kitova EN, Li Z, Willows SD, Boddington ME, Kitov PI, Mason AL, Capicciotti CJ, Mahal LK, Macauley MS, Klassen JS. Mass Spectrometry-Based Shotgun Glycomics Using Labeled Glycan Libraries. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4997-5005. [PMID: 35302744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry-based shotgun glycomics (MS-SG) is a rapid, sensitive, label-, and immobilization-free approach for the discovery of natural ligands of glycan-binding proteins (GBPs). To perform MS-SG, natural libraries of glycans derived from glycoconjugates in cells or tissues are screened against a target GBP using catch-and-release electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (CaR-ESI-MS). Because glycan concentrations are challenging to determine, ligand affinities cannot be directly measured. In principle, relative affinities can be ranked by combining CaR-ESI-MS data with relative concentrations established by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) performed on the fluorophore-labeled glycan library. To validate this approach, as well as the feasibility of performing CaR-ESI-MS directly on labeled glycans, libraries of labeled N-glycans extracted from the human monocytic U937 cells or intestinal tissues were labeled with 2-aminobenzamide (2-AB), 2-aminobenzoic acid (2-AA), or procainamide (proA). The libraries were screened against plant and human GBPs with known specificities for α2-3- and α2-6-linked sialosides and quantified by HILIC. Dramatic differences, in some cases, were found for affinity rankings obtained with libraries labeled with different fluorophores, as well as those produced using the combined unlabeled/labeled library approach. The origin of these differences could be explained by differential glycan labeling efficiencies, the impact of specific labels on glycan affinities for the GBPs, and the relative efficiency of release of ligands from GBPs in CaR-ESI-MS. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the 2-AB(CaR-ESI-MS)/2-AB(HILIC) combination provides the most reliable description of the binding specificities of GBPs for N-glycans and is recommended for MS-SG applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duong T Bui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Jaesoo Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Elena N Kitova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Zhixiong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Steven D Willows
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - Marie E Boddington
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Pavel I Kitov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Andrew L Mason
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - Chantelle J Capicciotti
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6.,Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Lara K Mahal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - John S Klassen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
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19
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Glycomic Analysis Reveals That Sialyltransferase Inhibition Is Involved in the Antiviral Effects of Arbidol. J Virol 2022; 96:e0214121. [PMID: 35044216 PMCID: PMC8941891 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02141-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the high mutation rate of influenza virus and the rapid increase of drug resistance, it is imperative to discover host-targeting antiviral agents with broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Considering the discrepancy between the urgent demand of antiviral drugs during an influenza pandemic and the long-term process of drug discovery and development, it is feasible to explore host-based antiviral agents and strategies from antiviral drugs on the market. In the current study, the antiviral mechanism of arbidol (ARB), a broad-spectrum antiviral drug with potent activity at early stages of viral replication, was investigated from the aspect of hemagglutinin (HA) receptors of host cells. N-glycans that act as the potential binding receptors of HA on 16-human bronchial epithelial (16-HBE) cells were comprehensively profiled for the first time by using an in-depth glycomic approach based on TiO2-PGC chip-Q-TOF MS. Their relative levels upon the treatment of ARB and virus were carefully examined by employing an ultra-high sensitive qualitative method based on Chip LC-QQQ MS, showing that ARB treatment led to significant and extensive decrease of sialic acid (SA)-linked N-glycans (SA receptors), and thereby impaired the virus utilization on SA receptors for rolling and entry. The SA-decreasing effect of ARB was demonstrated to result from its inhibitory effect on sialyltransferases (ST), ST3GAL4 and ST6GAL1 of 16-HBE cells. Silence of STs, natural ST inhibitors, as well as sialidase treatment of 16-HBE cells, resulted in similar potent antiviral activity, whereas ST-inducing agent led to the diminished antiviral effect of ARB. These observations collectively suggesting the involvement of ST inhibition in the antiviral effect of ARB. IMPORTANCE This study revealed, for the first time, that ST inhibition and the resulted destruction of SA receptors of host cells may be an underlying mechanism for the antiviral activity of ARB. ST inhibition has been proposed as a novel host-targeting antiviral approach recently and several compounds are currently under exploration. ARB is the first antiviral drug on the market that was found to possess ST inhibiting function. This will provide crucial evidence for the clinical usages of ARB, such as in combination with neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors to exert optimized antiviral effect, etc. More importantly, as an agent that can inhibit the expression of STs, ARB can serve as a novel lead compound for the discovery and development of host-targeting antiviral drugs.
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20
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Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) initiate infection by binding to glycans with terminal sialic acids on the cell surface. Hosts of IAV variably express two major forms of sialic acid, N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc). NeuGc is produced in most mammals including horses and pigs, but is absent in humans, ferrets, and birds. The only known naturally occurring IAVs that exclusively bind NeuGc are extinct highly pathogenic equine H7N7 viruses. We determined the crystal structure of a representative equine H7 hemagglutinin (HA) in complex with NeuGc and observed high similarity in the receptor-binding domain with an avian H7 HA. To determine the molecular basis for NeuAc and NeuGc specificity, we performed systematic mutational analyses, based on the structural insights, on two distant avian H7 HAs and an H15 HA. We found that mutation A135E is key for binding α2,3-linked NeuGc but does not abolish NeuAc binding. Additional mutations S128T, I130V, T189A, and K193R converted the specificity from NeuAc to NeuGc. We investigated the residues at positions 128, 130, 135, 189, and 193 in a phylogenetic analysis of avian and equine H7 HAs. This revealed a clear distinction between equine and avian residues. The highest variability was observed at key position 135, of which only the equine glutamic acid led to NeuGc binding. These results demonstrate that genetically distinct H7 and H15 HAs can be switched from NeuAc to NeuGc binding and vice versa after introduction of several mutations, providing insights into the adaptation of H7 viruses to NeuGc receptors. (250 words) Importance Influenza A viruses cause millions of cases of severe illness and deaths annually. To initiate infection and replicate, the virus first needs to bind to a structure on the cell surface, like a key fitting in a lock. For influenza A viruses, these 'keys' (receptors) on the cell surface are chains of sugar molecules (glycans). The terminal sugar on these glycans is often either N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) or N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc). Most influenza A viruses bind NeuAc, but a small minority binds NeuGc. NeuGc is present in species like horses, pigs, and mice, but not in humans, ferrets, and birds. Here, we investigated the molecular determinants of NeuGc specificity and the origin of viruses that bind NeuGc.
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21
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Lucas TM, Gupta C, Altman MO, Sanchez E, Naticchia MR, Gagneux P, Singharoy A, Godula K. Mucin-mimetic glycan arrays integrating machine learning for analyzing receptor pattern recognition by influenza A viruses. Chem 2021; 7:3393-3411. [PMID: 34993358 PMCID: PMC8726012 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) exploit host glycans in airway mucosa for entry and infection. Detection of changes in IAV glycan-binding phenotype can provide early indication of transmissibility and infection potential. While zoonotic viruses are monitored for mutations, the influence of host glycan presentation on viral specificity remains obscured. Here, we describe an array platform which uses synthetic mimetics of mucin glycoproteins to model how receptor presentation and density in the mucinous glycocalyx may impact IAV recognition. H1N1 and H3N2 binding in arrays of α2,3- and α2,6-sialyllactose receptors confirmed their known sialic acid-binding specificities and revealed their different sensitivities to receptor presentation. Further, the transition of H1N1 from avian to mammalian cell culture improved the ability of the virus to recognize mucin-like displays of α2,6-sialic acid receptors. Support vector machine (SVM) learning efficiently characterized this shift in binding preference and may prove useful to study viral evolution to a new host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn M. Lucas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Chitrak Gupta
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281
| | - Meghan O. Altman
- Department of Pathology, Division of Comparative Pathology and Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Emi Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Matthew R. Naticchia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Pascal Gagneux
- Department of Pathology, Division of Comparative Pathology and Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Abhishek Singharoy
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281
| | - Kamil Godula
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
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22
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Ward EM, Kizer ME, Imperiali B. Strategies and Tactics for the Development of Selective Glycan-Binding Proteins. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1795-1813. [PMID: 33497192 PMCID: PMC9200409 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The influences of glycans impact all biological processes, disease states, and pathogenic interactions. Glycan-binding proteins (GBPs), such as lectins, are decisive tools for interrogating glycan structure and function because of their ease of use and ability to selectively bind defined carbohydrate epitopes and glycosidic linkages. GBP reagents are prominent tools for basic research, clinical diagnostics, therapeutics, and biotechnological applications. However, the study of glycans is hindered by the lack of specific and selective protein reagents to cover the massive diversity of carbohydrate structures that exist in nature. In addition, existing GBP reagents often suffer from low affinity or broad specificity, complicating data interpretation. There have been numerous efforts to expand the GBP toolkit beyond those identified from natural sources through protein engineering, to improve the properties of existing GBPs or to engineer novel specificities and potential applications. This review details the current scope of proteins that bind carbohydrates and the engineering methods that have been applied to enhance the affinity, selectivity, and specificity of binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Ward
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames St, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Microbiology Graduate Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames St, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Megan E. Kizer
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames St, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Barbara Imperiali
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 31 Ames St, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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23
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Gamblin SJ, Vachieri SG, Xiong X, Zhang J, Martin SR, Skehel JJ. Hemagglutinin Structure and Activities. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:a038638. [PMID: 32513673 PMCID: PMC8485738 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hemagglutinins (HAs) are the receptor-binding and membrane fusion glycoproteins of influenza viruses. They recognize sialic acid-containing, cell-surface glycoconjugates as receptors but have limited affinity for them, and, as a consequence, virus attachment to cells requires their interaction with several virus HAs. Receptor-bound virus is transferred into endosomes where membrane fusion by HAs is activated at pH between 5 and 6.5, depending on the strain of virus. Fusion activity requires extensive rearrangements in HA conformation that include extrusion of a buried "fusion peptide" to connect with the endosomal membrane, form a bridge to the virus membrane, and eventually bring both membranes close together. In this review, we give an overview of the structures of the 16 genetically and antigenically distinct subtypes of influenza A HA in relation to these two functions in virus replication and in relation to recognition of HA by antibodies that neutralize infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Gamblin
- Structural Biology of Disease Processes Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Sébastien G Vachieri
- Structural Biology of Disease Processes Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoli Xiong
- Structural Biology of Disease Processes Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Jie Zhang
- Structural Biology of Disease Processes Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R Martin
- Structural Biology of Disease Processes Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - John J Skehel
- Structural Biology of Disease Processes Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
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24
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Byrd-Leotis L, Lasanajak Y, Bowen T, Baker K, Song X, Suthar MS, Cummings RD, Steinhauer DA. SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses bind to phosphorylated glycans from the human lung. Virology 2021; 562:142-148. [PMID: 34325286 PMCID: PMC8299723 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and potentially SARS-CoV-2 emerged as novel human coronaviruses following cross-species transmission from animal hosts. Although the receptor binding characteristics of human coronaviruses are well documented, the role of carbohydrate binding in addition to recognition of proteinaceous receptors has not been fully explored. Using natural glycan microarray technology, we identified N-glycans in the human lung that are recognized by various human and animal coronaviruses. All viruses tested, including SARS-CoV-2, bound strongly to a range of phosphorylated, high mannose N-glycans and to a very specific set of sialylated structures. Examination of two linked strains, human CoV OC43 and bovine CoV Mebus, reveals shared binding to the sialic acid form Neu5Gc (not found in humans), supporting the evidence for cross-species transmission of the bovine strain. Our findings, revealing robust recognition of lung glycans, suggest that these receptors could play a role in the initial stages of coronavirus attachment and entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Byrd-Leotis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Centers for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, Emory-UGA CEIRS, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Yi Lasanajak
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Thomas Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kelly Baker
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Xuezheng Song
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Centers for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, Emory-UGA CEIRS, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - David A Steinhauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Centers for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, Emory-UGA CEIRS, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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25
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Bakre AA, Jones LP, Murray J, Reneer ZB, Meliopoulos VA, Cherry S, Schultz-Cherry S, Tripp RA. Innate Antiviral Cytokine Response to Swine Influenza Virus by Swine Respiratory Epithelial Cells. J Virol 2021; 95:e0069221. [PMID: 33980596 PMCID: PMC8274599 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00692-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza virus (SIV) can cause respiratory illness in swine. Swine contribute to influenza virus reassortment, as avian, human, and/or swine influenza viruses can infect swine and reassort, and new viruses can emerge. Thus, it is important to determine the host antiviral responses that affect SIV replication. In this study, we examined the innate antiviral cytokine response to SIV by swine respiratory epithelial cells, focusing on the expression of interferon (IFN) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Both primary and transformed swine nasal and tracheal respiratory epithelial cells were examined following infection with field isolates. The results show that IFN and ISG expression is maximal at 12 h postinfection (hpi) and is dependent on cell type and virus genotype. IMPORTANCE Swine are considered intermediate hosts that have facilitated influenza virus reassortment events that have given rise pandemics or genetically related viruses have become established in swine. In this study, we examine the innate antiviral response to swine influenza virus in primary and immortalized swine nasal and tracheal epithelial cells, and show virus strain- and host cell type-dependent differential expression of key interferons and interferon-stimulated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet A Bakre
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Les P Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jackelyn Murray
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Z Beau Reneer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Victoria A Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis Tennessee
| | - Sean Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis Tennessee
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis Tennessee
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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26
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Abstract
Dual oxidase 1 (DUOX1) is an NADPH oxidase that is highly expre-ssed in respiratory epithelial cells and produces H2O2 in the airway lumen. While a line of prior in vitro observations suggested that DUOX1 works in partnership with an airway peroxidase, lactoperoxidase (LPO), to produce antimicrobial hypothiocyanite (OSCN-) in the airways, the in vivo role of DUOX1 in mammalian organisms has remained unproven to date. Here, we show that Duox1 promotes antiviral innate immunity in vivo. Upon influenza airway challenge, Duox1 -/- mice have enhanced mortality, morbidity, and impaired lung viral clearance. Duox1 increases the airway levels of several cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, CCL1, CCL3, CCL11, CCL19, CCL20, CCL27, CXCL5, and CXCL11), contributes to innate immune cell recruitment, and affects epithelial apoptosis in the airways. In primary human tracheobronchial epithelial cells, OSCN- is generated by LPO using DUOX1-derived H2O2 and inactivates several influenza strains in vitro. We also show that OSCN- diminishes influenza replication and viral RNA synthesis in infected host cells that is inhibited by the H2O2 scavenger catalase. Binding of the influenza virus to host cells and viral entry are both reduced by OSCN- in an H2O2-dependent manner in vitro. OSCN- does not affect the neuraminidase activity or morphology of the influenza virus. Overall, this antiviral function of Duox1 identifies an in vivo role of this gene, defines the steps in the infection cycle targeted by OSCN-, and proposes that boosting this mechanism in vivo can have therapeutic potential in treating viral infections.
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27
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Mathez G, Cagno V. Viruses Like Sugars: How to Assess Glycan Involvement in Viral Attachment. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1238. [PMID: 34200288 PMCID: PMC8230229 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The first step of viral infection requires interaction with the host cell. Before finding the specific receptor that triggers entry, the majority of viruses interact with the glycocalyx. Identifying the carbohydrates that are specifically recognized by different viruses is important both for assessing the cellular tropism and for identifying new antiviral targets. Advances in the tools available for studying glycan-protein interactions have made it possible to identify them more rapidly; however, it is important to recognize the limitations of these methods in order to draw relevant conclusions. Here, we review different techniques: genetic screening, glycan arrays, enzymatic and pharmacological approaches, and surface plasmon resonance. We then detail the glycan interactions of enterovirus D68 and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), highlighting the aspects that need further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valeria Cagno
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
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28
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Spruit CM, Nemanichvili N, Okamatsu M, Takematsu H, Boons GJ, de Vries RP. N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid in Animal Models for Human Influenza A Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:815. [PMID: 34062844 PMCID: PMC8147317 DOI: 10.3390/v13050815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The first step in influenza virus infection is the binding of hemagglutinin to sialic acid-containing glycans present on the cell surface. Over 50 different sialic acid modifications are known, of which N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) are the two main species. Animal models with α2,6 linked Neu5Ac in the upper respiratory tract, similar to humans, are preferred to enable and mimic infection with unadapted human influenza A viruses. Animal models that are currently most often used to study human influenza are mice and ferrets. Additionally, guinea pigs, cotton rats, Syrian hamsters, tree shrews, domestic swine, and non-human primates (macaques and marmosets) are discussed. The presence of NeuGc and the distribution of sialic acid linkages in the most commonly used models is summarized and experimentally determined. We also evaluated the role of Neu5Gc in infection using Neu5Gc binding viruses and cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH)-/- knockout mice, which lack Neu5Gc and concluded that Neu5Gc is unlikely to be a decoy receptor. This article provides a base for choosing an appropriate animal model. Although mice are one of the most favored models, they are hardly naturally susceptible to infection with human influenza viruses, possibly because they express mainly α2,3 linked sialic acids with both Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc modifications. We suggest using ferrets, which resemble humans closely in the sialic acid content, both in the linkages and the lack of Neu5Gc, lung organization, susceptibility, and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M. Spruit
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (C.M.S.); (G.-J.B.)
| | - Nikoloz Nemanichvili
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan;
| | - Hiromu Takematsu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan;
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (C.M.S.); (G.-J.B.)
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert P. de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (C.M.S.); (G.-J.B.)
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29
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Sempere Borau M, Stertz S. Entry of influenza A virus into host cells - recent progress and remaining challenges. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 48:23-29. [PMID: 33838498 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) are a major burden for human health and thus the topic of intense research efforts. The entry of IAV into host cells is of particular interest as early infection steps are the ideal target for intervention strategies. Here, we review recent key findings in the field of IAV entry. Specifically, we discuss the identification of novel entry receptors, the emerging role of the viral neuraminidase in entry, as well as recent progress from structural studies on the viral hemagglutinin during the fusion process and the viral matrix protein involved in virus uncoating. We also highlight remaining gaps in our understanding of IAV entry and point out important questions for ongoing research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silke Stertz
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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30
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Sialic Acid Receptors: The Key to Solving the Enigma of Zoonotic Virus Spillover. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020262. [PMID: 33567791 PMCID: PMC7915228 DOI: 10.3390/v13020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging viral diseases are a major threat to global health, and nearly two-thirds of emerging human infectious diseases are zoonotic. Most of the human epidemics and pandemics were caused by the spillover of viruses from wild mammals. Viruses that infect humans and a wide range of animals have historically caused devastating epidemics and pandemics. An in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of viral emergence and zoonotic spillover is still lacking. Receptors are major determinants of host susceptibility to viruses. Animal species sharing host cell receptors that support the binding of multiple viruses can play a key role in virus spillover and the emergence of novel viruses and their variants. Sialic acids (SAs), which are linked to glycoproteins and ganglioside serve as receptors for several human and animal viruses. In particular, influenza and coronaviruses, which represent two of the most important zoonotic threats, use SAs as cellular entry receptors. This is a comprehensive review of our current knowledge of SA receptor distribution among animal species and the range of viruses that use SAs as receptors. SA receptor tropism and the predicted natural susceptibility to viruses can inform targeted surveillance of domestic and wild animals to prevent the future emergence of zoonotic viruses.
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31
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Ratre YK, Vishvakarma NK, Bhaskar LVKS, Verma HK. Dynamic Propagation and Impact of Pandemic Influenza A (2009 H1N1) in Children: A Detailed Review. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:3809-3820. [PMID: 32959089 PMCID: PMC7505219 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by the circulating Swine flu virus. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the unique blending strain of influenza A H1N1 2009 (Swine Flu) is a pandemic affecting several geographical regions, including India. Previous literature indicates that children are "drivers" of influenza pandemics. At present, satisfactory data were not available to accurately estimate the role of children in the spread of influenza (in particular 2009 pandemic influenza). However, the role of children in the spread of pandemics influenza is unclear. Several studies in children have indicated that the immunization program decreased the occurrence of influenza, emphasizing the significance of communities impacted by global immunization programs. This article provides a brief overview on how children are a key contributor to pandemic Influenza A (2009 H1N1) and we would like to draw your attention to the need for a new vaccine for children to improve disease prevention and a positive impact on the community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - L V K S Bhaskar
- Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India
| | - Henu Kumar Verma
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology CNR, Naples, Italy.
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32
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Bakre AA, Jones LP, Kyriakis CS, Hanson JM, Bobbitt DE, Bennett HK, Todd KV, Orr-Burks N, Murray J, Zhang M, Steinhauer DA, Byrd-Leotis L, Cummings RD, Fent J, Coffey T, Tripp RA. Molecular epidemiology and glycomics of swine influenza viruses circulating in commercial swine farms in the southeastern and midwest United States. Vet Microbiol 2020; 251:108914. [PMID: 33181438 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tracking the genetic diversity and spread of swine influenza viruses (SIVs) in commercial swine farms is central for control and to reduce the potential emergence of SIV reassortants. We analyzed the diversity of SIVs in nasal washes or oral fluids from commercial swine farms in North Carolina using influenza M qRT-PCR and hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) subtyping. We found a predominance of H1 HAs and N2 NAs in the samples examined. The majority of the H1 HAs could be further classified into gamma and delta subclusters. We also identified HAs of the H1 alpha cluster, and those of human novel pandemic origin. Glycan binding profiles from a representative subset of these viruses revealed broad α2,6 sialylated glycan recognition, though some strains exhibited the ability to bind to α2,3 sialic acid. These data show that SIV surveillance can aid our understanding of viral transmission dynamics and help uncover the diversity at the human-swine interface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Les P Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Jarod M Hanson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Davis E Bobbitt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Kyle V Todd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Jackelyn Murray
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | | | - Richard D Cummings
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joseph Fent
- Smithfield Foods, Rose Hill, NC, United States
| | | | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, GA, United States.
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33
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Ciminski K, Chase GP, Beer M, Schwemmle M. Influenza A Viruses: Understanding Human Host Determinants. Trends Mol Med 2020; 27:104-112. [PMID: 33097424 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Previous influenza A virus (IAV) pandemics have invariably been caused by the introduction of an emergent IAV strain from an animal host into a human population with no or only little pre-existing immunity to the novel strain. Although zoonotic spillover of IAVs into humans can be associated with severe disease and a high fatality rate, these strains are typically poorly adapted to humans and are unable to establish sustained transmission between humans. Given the presumably very high degree of exposure to animal populations with endemic IAV, the number of pandemics remains surprisingly low. In this review, we provide an updated perspective on the molecular mechanisms underlying the adaptation of zoonotic IAV to human hosts, and discuss the implications for future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ciminski
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Geoffrey P Chase
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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34
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Park H, Jung J, Rodrigues E, Kitova EN, Macauley MS, Klassen JS. Mass Spectrometry-Based Shotgun Glycomics for Discovery of Natural Ligands of Glycan-Binding Proteins. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14012-14020. [PMID: 32936606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glycans attached to lipids and membrane-bound and secreted proteins and peptides mediate many important physiological and pathophysiological processes through interactions with glycan-binding proteins (GBPs). However, uncovering functional glycan ligands is challenging due to the large number of naturally occurring glycan structures, the limited availability of glycans in their purified form, the low affinities of GBP-glycan interactions, and limitations in existing binding assays. This work explores the application of catch-and-release electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (CaR-ESI-MS) for screening libraries of N-glycans derived from natural sources. The assay was tested by screening a small-defined library of complex N-glycans at equimolar concentrations against plant and human GBPs with known specificities for either α2-3- or α2-6-linked sialosides, with affinities in the millimolar to micromolar range. Validation experiments, performed in negative ion mode, revealed that bound N-glycan ligands are readily released, as intact deprotonated ions, from GBPs in the gas phase using collision-induced dissociation. Moreover, the relative abundances of the released ligands closely match their solution affinities. The results obtained for a natural N-glycan library produced from cultured immune cells serve to highlight the ease with which CaR-ESI-MS can screen complex mixtures of N-glycans for interactions. Additionally, scaling the relative abundances of released glycan ligands according to their relative abundances in solution, as determined by hydrophilic interaction-ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography of the fluorescently labeled library, allows the relative affinities of glycan ligands to be ranked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heajin Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Jaesoo Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Emily Rodrigues
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Elena N Kitova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - John S Klassen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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35
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Henritzi D, Petric PP, Lewis NS, Graaf A, Pessia A, Starick E, Breithaupt A, Strebelow G, Luttermann C, Parker LMK, Schröder C, Hammerschmidt B, Herrler G, Beilage EG, Stadlbauer D, Simon V, Krammer F, Wacheck S, Pesch S, Schwemmle M, Beer M, Harder TC. Surveillance of European Domestic Pig Populations Identifies an Emerging Reservoir of Potentially Zoonotic Swine Influenza A Viruses. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 28:614-627.e6. [PMID: 32721380 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Swine influenza A viruses (swIAVs) can play a crucial role in the generation of new human pandemic viruses. In this study, in-depth passive surveillance comprising nearly 2,500 European swine holdings and more than 18,000 individual samples identified a year-round presence of up to four major swIAV lineages on more than 50% of farms surveilled. Phylogenetic analyses show that intensive reassortment with human pandemic A(H1N1)/2009 (H1pdm) virus produced an expanding and novel repertoire of at least 31 distinct swIAV genotypes and 12 distinct hemagglutinin/neuraminidase combinations with largely unknown consequences for virulence and host tropism. Several viral isolates were resistant to the human antiviral MxA protein, a prerequisite for zoonotic transmission and stable introduction into human populations. A pronounced antigenic variation was noted in swIAV, and several H1pdm lineages antigenically distinct from current seasonal human H1pdm co-circulate in swine. Thus, European swine populations represent reservoirs for emerging IAV strains with zoonotic and, possibly, pre-pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinah Henritzi
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Philipp Peter Petric
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Sarah Lewis
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK; OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for avian influenza, swine influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) - Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Annika Graaf
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Alberto Pessia
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elke Starick
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Günter Strebelow
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christine Luttermann
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Larissa Mareike Kristin Parker
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Schröder
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bärbel Hammerschmidt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Georg Herrler
- Institute of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Große Beilage
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Büscheler Str. 9, 49456 Bakum, Germany
| | - Daniel Stadlbauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Silke Wacheck
- Ceva Santé Animale (former IDT Biologika GmbH), 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - Stefan Pesch
- Ceva Santé Animale (former IDT Biologika GmbH), 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Timm Clemens Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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Cipollo JF, Parsons LM. Glycomics and glycoproteomics of viruses: Mass spectrometry applications and insights toward structure-function relationships. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:371-409. [PMID: 32350911 PMCID: PMC7318305 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of viral glycomics has paralleled that of the mass spectrometry glycomics toolbox. In some regard the glycoproteins studied have provided the impetus for this advancement. Viral proteins are often highly glycosylated, especially those targeted by the host immune system. Glycosylation tends to be dynamic over time as viruses propagate in host populations leading to increased number of and/or "movement" of glycosylation sites in response to the immune system and other pressures. This relationship can lead to highly glycosylated, difficult to analyze glycoproteins that challenge the capabilities of modern mass spectrometry. In this review, we briefly discuss five general areas where glycosylation is important in the viral niche and how mass spectrometry has been used to reveal key information regarding structure-function relationships between viral glycoproteins and host cells. We describe the recent past and current glycomics toolbox used in these analyses and give examples of how the requirement to analyze these complex glycoproteins has provided the incentive for some advances seen in glycomics mass spectrometry. A general overview of viral glycomics, special cases, mass spectrometry methods and work-flows, informatics and complementary chemical techniques currently used are discussed. © 2020 The Authors. Mass Spectrometry Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Cipollo
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMaryland
| | - Lisa M. Parsons
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMaryland
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Hu M, Yang G, DeBeauchamp J, Crumpton JC, Kim H, Li L, Wan XF, Kercher L, Bowman AS, Webster RG, Webby RJ, Russell CJ. HA stabilization promotes replication and transmission of swine H1N1 gamma influenza viruses in ferrets. eLife 2020; 9:56236. [PMID: 32602461 PMCID: PMC7326494 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pandemic influenza A viruses can emerge from swine, an intermediate host that supports adaptation of human-preferred receptor-binding specificity by the hemagglutinin (HA) surface antigen. Other HA traits necessary for pandemic potential are poorly understood. For swine influenza viruses isolated in 2009–2016, gamma-clade viruses had less stable HA proteins (activation pH 5.5–5.9) than pandemic clade (pH 5.0–5.5). Gamma-clade viruses replicated to higher levels in mammalian cells than pandemic clade. In ferrets, a model for human adaptation, a relatively stable HA protein (pH 5.5–5.6) was necessary for efficient replication and airborne transmission. The overall airborne transmission frequency in ferrets for four isolates tested was 42%, and isolate G15 airborne transmitted 100% after selection of a variant with a stabilized HA. The results suggest swine influenza viruses containing both a stabilized HA and alpha-2,6 receptor binding in tandem pose greater pandemic risk. Increasing evidence supports adding HA stability to pre-pandemic risk assessment algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Guohua Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Jennifer DeBeauchamp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Jeri Carol Crumpton
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Hyunsuh Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, United States
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, United States.,Missouri University Center for Research on Influenza Systems Biology (CRISB), University of Missouri, Columbia, United States.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States.,Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States.,Department of Electrical Engineering Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States.,MU Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Lisa Kercher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Andrew S Bowman
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Robert G Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, United States
| | - Charles J Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, United States
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38
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Swine ANP32A Supports Avian Influenza Virus Polymerase. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00132-20. [PMID: 32269123 PMCID: PMC7307101 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00132-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses can jump from wild birds and poultry into mammalian species such as humans or swine, but they only continue to transmit if they accumulate mammalian adapting mutations. Pigs appear uniquely susceptible to both avian and human strains of influenza and are often described as virus “mixing vessels.” In this study, we describe how a host factor responsible for regulating virus replication, ANP32A, is different between swine and humans. Swine ANP32A allows a greater range of influenza viruses, specifically those from birds, to replicate. It does this by binding the virus polymerase more tightly than the human version of the protein. This work helps to explain the unique properties of swine as mixing vessels. Avian influenza viruses occasionally infect and adapt to mammals, including humans. Swine are often described as “mixing vessels,” being susceptible to both avian- and human-origin viruses, which allows the emergence of novel reassortants, such as the precursor to the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. ANP32 proteins are host factors that act as influenza virus polymerase cofactors. In this study, we describe how swine ANP32A, uniquely among the mammalian ANP32 proteins tested, supports the activity of avian-origin influenza virus polymerases and avian influenza virus replication. We further show that after the swine-origin influenza virus emerged in humans and caused the 2009 pandemic, it evolved polymerase gene mutations that enabled it to more efficiently use human ANP32 proteins. We map the enhanced proviral activity of swine ANP32A to a pair of amino acids, 106 and 156, in the leucine-rich repeat and central domains and show these mutations enhance binding to influenza virus trimeric polymerase. These findings help elucidate the molecular basis for the mixing vessel trait of swine and further our understanding of the evolution and ecology of viruses in this host. IMPORTANCE Avian influenza viruses can jump from wild birds and poultry into mammalian species such as humans or swine, but they only continue to transmit if they accumulate mammalian adapting mutations. Pigs appear uniquely susceptible to both avian and human strains of influenza and are often described as virus “mixing vessels.” In this study, we describe how a host factor responsible for regulating virus replication, ANP32A, is different between swine and humans. Swine ANP32A allows a greater range of influenza viruses, specifically those from birds, to replicate. It does this by binding the virus polymerase more tightly than the human version of the protein. This work helps to explain the unique properties of swine as mixing vessels.
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39
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Koehler M, Delguste M, Sieben C, Gillet L, Alsteens D. Initial Step of Virus Entry: Virion Binding to Cell-Surface Glycans. Annu Rev Virol 2020; 7:143-165. [PMID: 32396772 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-122019-070025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Virus infection is an intricate process that requires the concerted action of both viral and host cell components. Entry of viruses into cells is initiated by interactions between viral proteins and cell-surface receptors. Various cell-surface glycans function as initial, usually low-affinity attachment factors, providing a first anchor of the virus to the cell surface, and further facilitate high-affinity binding to virus-specific cell-surface receptors, while other glycans function as specific entry receptors themselves. It is now possible to rapidly identify specific glycan receptors using different techniques, define atomic-level structures of virus-glycan complexes, and study these interactions at the single-virion level. This review provides a detailed overview of the role of glycans in viral infection and highlights experimental approaches to study virus-glycan binding along with specific examples. In particular, we highlight the development of the atomic force microscope to investigate interactions with glycans at the single-virion level directly on living mammalian cells, which offers new perspectives to better understand virus-glycan interactions in physiologically relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Koehler
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium;
| | - Martin Delguste
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium;
| | - Christian Sieben
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Gillet
- Immunology-Vaccinology Laboratory, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health center (FARAH), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - David Alsteens
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; .,Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), 1300 Wavre, Belgium
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40
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Hong S, Grande G, Yu C, Chapla DG, Reigh N, Yang JY, Yang Y, Izumori K, Moremen KW, Xie J, Wu P. hFUT1-Based Live-Cell Assay To Profile α1-2-Fucoside-Enhanced Influenza Virus A Infection. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:819-823. [PMID: 32271008 PMCID: PMC7521629 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Host cell surface glycans play critical roles in influenza virus A (IVA) infection ranging from modulation of IVA attachment to membrane fusion and host tropism. Approaches for quick and sensitive profile of viral avidity toward a specific type of host cell glycan can contribute to the understanding of tropism switching among different IVA strains. Here, we developed a method based on chemoenzymatic glycan engineering to investigate the possible involvement of α1-2-fucosides in IVA infections. Using a truncated human fucosyltransferase 1 (hFUT1), we created α1-2-fucosides in situ on host cells to assess their influence on the host cell binding to IVA hemagglutinin and the susceptibility of host cells toward IVA-induced killing. We discovered that the newly created α1-2-fucosides on host cells enhanced the infection of several human pandemic IVA subtypes either directly or indirectly. These findings suggest that glycan epitopes other than sialic acid should also be considered for assessing the human pandemic risk of this viral pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senlian Hong
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Geramie Grande
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Chenhua Yu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Digantkumar G Chapla
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Natalie Reigh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jeong-Yeh Yang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ken Izumori
- International Institute of Rare Sugar Research and Education, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jia Xie
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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41
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Jia N, Byrd-Leotis L, Matsumoto Y, Gao C, Wein AN, Lobby JL, Kohlmeier JE, Steinhauer DA, Cummings RD. The Human Lung Glycome Reveals Novel Glycan Ligands for Influenza A Virus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5320. [PMID: 32210305 PMCID: PMC7093477 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans within human lungs are recognized by many pathogens such as influenza A virus (IAV), yet little is known about their structures. Here we present the first analysis of the N- and O- and glycosphingolipid-glycans from total human lungs, along with histological analyses of IAV binding. The N-glycome of human lung contains extremely large complex-type N-glycans with linear poly-N-acetyllactosamine (PL) [-3Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-]n extensions, which are predominantly terminated in α2,3-linked sialic acid. By contrast, smaller N-glycans lack PL and are enriched in α2,6-linked sialic acids. In addition, we observed large glycosphingolipid (GSL)-glycans, which also consists of linear PL, terminating in mainly α2,3-linked sialic acid. Histological staining revealed that IAV binds to sialylated and non-sialylated glycans and binding is not concordant with respect to binding by sialic acid-specific lectins. These results extend our understanding of the types of glycans that may serve as binding sites for human lung pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jia
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lauren Byrd-Leotis
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Emory-UGA Center of Excellence of Influenza Research and Surveillance, (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Matsumoto
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chao Gao
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Emory-UGA Center of Excellence of Influenza Research and Surveillance, (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexander N Wein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jenna L Lobby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jacob E Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David A Steinhauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Emory-UGA Center of Excellence of Influenza Research and Surveillance, (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Emory-UGA Center of Excellence of Influenza Research and Surveillance, (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, USA.
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42
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Yau LF, Chan KM, Yang CG, Ip SW, Kang Y, Mai ZT, Tong TT, Jiang ZH, Yang ZF, Wang JR. Comprehensive Glycomic Profiling of Respiratory Tract Tissues of Tree Shrews by TiO 2-PGC Chip Mass Spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:1470-1480. [PMID: 32129075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to its relatively small size, homology to humans, and susceptibility to human viruses, the tree shrew becomes an ideal alternative animal model for the study of human viral infectious diseases. However, there is still no report for the comprehensive glycan profile of the respiratory tract tissues in tree shrews. In this study, we characterized the structural diversity of N-glycans in the respiratory tract of tree shrews using our well-established TiO2-PGC chip-Q-TOF-MS method. As a result, a total of 219 N-glycans were identified. Moreover, each identified N-glycan was quantitated by a high sensitivity and accurate MRM method, in which 13C-labeled internal standards were used to correct the inherent run-to-run variation in MS detection. Our results showed that the N-glycan composition in the turbinate and lung was significantly different from the soft palate, trachea, and bronchus. Meanwhile, 28 high-level N-glycans in turbinate were speculated to be correlated with the infection of H1N1 virus A/California/04/2009. This study is the first to reveal the comprehensive glycomic profile of the respiratory tract of tree shrews. Our results also help to better understand the role of glycan receptors in human influenza infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Fong Yau
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Ka-Man Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Chun-Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Sun-Wai Ip
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yue Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Zhi-Tong Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Tian-Tian Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Zi-Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing-Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
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43
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McKitrick TR, Goth CK, Rosenberg CS, Nakahara H, Heimburg-Molinaro J, McQuillan AM, Falco R, Rivers NJ, Herrin BR, Cooper MD, Cummings RD. Development of smart anti-glycan reagents using immunized lampreys. Commun Biol 2020; 3:91. [PMID: 32111965 PMCID: PMC7048801 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0819-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the expression of cellular glycans are limited by a lack of sensitive tools that can discriminate specific structural features. Here we describe the development of a robust platform using immunized lampreys (Petromyzon marinus), which secrete variable lymphocyte receptors called VLRBs as antibodies, for generating libraries of anti-glycan reagents. We identified a wide variety of glycan-specific VLRBs detectable in lamprey plasma after immunization with whole fixed cells, tissue homogenates, and human milk. The cDNAs from lamprey lymphocytes were cloned into yeast surface display (YSD) libraries for enrichment by multiple methods. We generated VLRB-Ig chimeras, termed smart anti-glycan reagents (SAGRs), whose specificities were defined by microarray analysis and immunohistochemistry. 15 VLRB antibodies were discovered that discriminated between linkages, functional groups and unique presentations of the terminal glycan motif. The development of SAGRs will enhance future studies on glycan expression by providing sequenced, defined antibodies for a variety of research applications. Tanya McKitrick et al. develop a platform for generating libraries of anti-glycan reagents using immunized lampreys. They identify 15 glycan-specific lymphocyte receptor antibodies that can distinguish between different functional groups of the terminal glycan motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya R McKitrick
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Christoffer K Goth
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,University of Copenhagen Glycomics Program, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charles S Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hirotomo Nakahara
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Alyssa M McQuillan
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Rosalia Falco
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nicholas J Rivers
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Brantley R Herrin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Acceleron Pharma, Boston, MA, 02110, USA
| | - Max D Cooper
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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McKitrick TR, Eris D, Mondal N, Aryal RP, McCurley N, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Cummings RD. Antibodies from Lampreys as Smart Anti-Glycan Reagents (SAGRs): Perspectives on Their Specificity, Structure, and Glyco-genomics. Biochemistry 2020; 59:3111-3122. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya R. McKitrick
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087-3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Deniz Eris
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087-3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Nandini Mondal
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087-3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Rajindra P. Aryal
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087-3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Nathanael McCurley
- Office of Technology Transfer and Commercialization, Georgia State University, 58 Edgewood Ave Rm 341, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087-3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087-3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Breaking the Convention: Sialoglycan Variants, Coreceptors, and Alternative Receptors for Influenza A Virus Entry. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01357-19. [PMID: 31776280 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01357-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza A virus (IAV) envelope protein hemagglutinin binds α2,6- or α2,3-linked sialic acid as a host cell receptor. Bat IAV subtypes H17N10 and H18N11 form an exception to this rule and do not bind sialic acid but enter cells via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II. Here, we review current knowledge on IAV receptors with a focus on sialoglycan variants, protein coreceptors, and alternative receptors that impact IAV attachment and internalization beyond the well-described sialic acid binding.
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Long JS, Mistry B, Haslam SM, Barclay WS. Host and viral determinants of influenza A virus species specificity. Nat Rev Microbiol 2020; 17:67-81. [PMID: 30487536 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-018-0115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses cause pandemics when they cross between species and an antigenically novel virus acquires the ability to infect and transmit between these new hosts. The timing of pandemics is currently unpredictable but depends on ecological and virological factors. The host range of an influenza A virus is determined by species-specific interactions between virus and host cell factors. These include the ability to bind and enter cells, to replicate the viral RNA genome within the host cell nucleus, to evade host restriction factors and innate immune responses and to transmit between individuals. In this Review, we examine the host barriers that influenza A viruses of animals, especially birds, must overcome to initiate a pandemic in humans and describe how, on crossing the species barrier, the virus mutates to establish new interactions with the human host. This knowledge is used to inform risk assessments for future pandemics and to identify virus-host interactions that could be targeted by novel intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Long
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Bhakti Mistry
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Wendy S Barclay
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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47
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Gao C, Wei M, McKitrick TR, McQuillan AM, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Cummings RD. Glycan Microarrays as Chemical Tools for Identifying Glycan Recognition by Immune Proteins. Front Chem 2019; 7:833. [PMID: 31921763 PMCID: PMC6923789 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans and glycan binding proteins (GBPs or lectins) are essential components in almost every aspect of immunology. Investigations of the interactions between glycans and GBPs have greatly advanced our understanding of the molecular basis of these fundamental immunological processes. In order to better study the glycan-GBP interactions, microscope glass slide-based glycan microarrays were conceived and proved to be an incredibly useful and successful tool. A variety of methods have been developed to better present the glycans so that they mimic natural presentations. Breakthroughs in chemical biology approaches have also made available glycans with sophisticated structures that were considered practically impossible just a few decade ago. Glycan microarrays provide a wealth of valuable information in immunological studies. They allow for discovery of detailed glycan binding preferences or novel binding epitopes of known endogenous immune receptors, which can potentially lead to the discovery of natural ligands that carry the glycans. Glycan microarrays also serve as a platform to discover new GBPs that are vital to the process of infection and invasion by microorganisms. This review summarizes the construction strategies and the immunological applications of glycan microarrays, particularly focused on those with the most comprehensive sets of glycan structures. We also review new methods and technologies that have evolved. We believe that glycan microarrays will continue to benefit the growing research community with various interests in the field of immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard D. Cummings
- Department of Surgery, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Byrd-Leotis L, Gao C, Jia N, Mehta AY, Trost J, Cummings SF, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Cummings RD, Steinhauer DA. Antigenic Pressure on H3N2 Influenza Virus Drift Strains Imposes Constraints on Binding to Sialylated Receptors but Not Phosphorylated Glycans. J Virol 2019; 93:e01178-19. [PMID: 31484755 PMCID: PMC6819937 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01178-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
H3N2 strains of influenza A virus emerged in humans in 1968 and have continued to circulate, evolving in response to human immune pressure. During this process of "antigenic drift," viruses have progressively lost the ability to agglutinate erythrocytes of various species and to replicate efficiently under the established conditions for amplifying clinical isolates and generating vaccine candidates. We have determined the glycome profiles of chicken and guinea pig erythrocytes to gain insights into reduced agglutination properties displayed by drifted strains and show that both chicken and guinea pig erythrocytes contain complex sialylated N-glycans but that they differ with respect to the extent of branching, core fucosylation, and the abundance of poly-N-acetyllactosamine (PL) [-3Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-]n structures. We also examined binding of the H3N2 viruses using three different glycan microarrays: the synthetic Consortium for Functional Glycomics array; the defined N-glycan array designed to reveal contributions to binding based on sialic acid linkage type, branched structures, and core modifications; and the human lung shotgun glycan microarray. The results demonstrate that H3N2 viruses have progressively lost their capacity to bind nearly all canonical sialylated receptors other than a selection of biantennary structures and PL structures with or without sialic acid. Significantly, all viruses displayed robust binding to nonsialylated high-mannose phosphorylated glycans, even as the recognition of sialylated structures is decreased through antigenic drift.IMPORTANCE Influenza subtype H3N2 viruses have circulated in humans for over 50 years, continuing to cause annual epidemics. Such viruses have undergone antigenic drift in response to immune pressure, reducing the protective effects of preexisting immunity to previously circulating H3N2 strains. The changes in hemagglutinin (HA) affiliated with drift have implications for the receptor binding properties of these viruses, affecting virus replication in the culture systems commonly used to generate and amplify vaccine strains. Therefore, the antigenic properties of the vaccines may not directly reflect those of the circulating strains from which they were derived, compromising vaccine efficacy. In order to reproducibly provide effective vaccines, it will be critical to understand the interrelationships between binding, antigenicity, and replication properties in different growth substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Byrd-Leotis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Centers for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, Emory-UGA CEIRS, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chao Gao
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Centers for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, Emory-UGA CEIRS, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nan Jia
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Akul Y Mehta
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jessica Trost
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Centers for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, Emory-UGA CEIRS, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sandra F Cummings
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Centers for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, Emory-UGA CEIRS, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David A Steinhauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Centers for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, Emory-UGA CEIRS, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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49
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Post-Glycosylation Modification of Sialic Acid and Its Role in Virus Pathogenesis. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040171. [PMID: 31683930 PMCID: PMC6963189 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids are a family of nine carbon keto-aldononulosonic acids presented at the terminal ends of glycans on cellular membranes. α-Linked sialoglycoconjugates often undergo post-glycosylation modifications, among which O-acetylation of N-acetyl neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) is the most common in mammalian cells. Isoforms of sialic acid are critical determinants of virus pathogenesis. To date, the focus of viral receptor-mediated attachment has been on Neu5Ac. O-Acetylated Neu5Acs have been largely ignored as receptor determinants of virus pathogenesis, although it is ubiquitous across species. Significantly, the array of structures resulting from site-specific O-acetylation by sialic acid O-acetyltransferases (SOATs) provides a means to examine specificity of viral binding to host cells. Specifically, C4 O-acetylated Neu5Ac can influence virus pathogenicity. However, the biological implications of only O-acetylated Neu5Ac at C7-9 have been explored extensively. This review will highlight the biological significance, extraction methods, and synthetic modifications of C4 O-acetylated Neu5Ac that may provide value in therapeutic developments and targets to prevent virus related diseases.
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50
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Wei M, McKitrick TR, Mehta AY, Gao C, Jia N, McQuillan AM, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Sun L, Cummings RD. Novel Reversible Fluorescent Glycan Linker for Functional Glycomics. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:2897-2908. [PMID: 31600064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To aid in generating complex and diverse natural glycan libraries for functional glycomics, more efficient and reliable methods are needed to derivatize glycans. Here we present our development of a reversible, cleavable bifunctional linker 3-(methoxyamino)propylamine (MAPA). As the fluorenylmethyloxycarbonate (Fmoc) version (F-MAPA), it is highly fluorescent and efficiently derivatizes free reducing glycans to generate closed-ring derivatives that preserve the structural integrity of glycans. A library of glycans were derivatized and used to generate a covalent glycan microarray using N-hydroxysuccinimide derivatization. The array was successfully interrogated by a variety of lectins and antibodies, demonstrating the importance of closed-ring chemistry. The glycan derivatization was also performed at large scale using milligram quantities of glycans and excess F-MAPA, and the reaction system was successfully recycled up to five times, without an apparent decrease in conjugation efficiency. The MAPA-glycan is also easy to link to protein to generate neoglycoproteins with equivalent glycan densities. Importantly, the MAPA linker can be reversibly cleaved to regenerate free reducing glycans for detailed structural analysis (catch-and-release), often critical for functional studies of undefined glycans from natural sources. The high conjugation efficiency, bright fluorescence, and reversible cleavage of the linker enable access to natural glycans for functional glycomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohui Wei
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087-3 Blackfan Circle , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Tanya R McKitrick
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087-3 Blackfan Circle , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Akul Y Mehta
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087-3 Blackfan Circle , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087-3 Blackfan Circle , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Nan Jia
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087-3 Blackfan Circle , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Alyssa M McQuillan
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087-3 Blackfan Circle , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087-3 Blackfan Circle , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Lijun Sun
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087-3 Blackfan Circle , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , National Center for Functional Glycomics, CLS 11087-3 Blackfan Circle , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
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