1
|
Ye Y, Liu H, Wang Z, Qi Q, Du J, Tian S. A cellulosomal yeast reaction system of lignin-degrading enzymes for cellulosic ethanol fermentation. Biotechnol Lett 2024; 46:531-543. [PMID: 38607604 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-024-03485-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Biofuel production from lignocellulose feedstocks is sustainable and environmentally friendly. However, the lignocellulosic pretreatment could produce fermentation inhibitors causing multiple stresses and low yield. Therefore, the engineering construction of highly resistant microorganisms is greatly significant. In this study, a composite functional chimeric cellulosome equipped with laccase, versatile peroxidase, and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase was riveted on the surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to construct a novel yeast strain YI/LVP for synergistic lignin degradation and cellulosic ethanol production. The assembly of cellulosome was assayed by immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. During the whole process of fermentation, the maximum ethanol concentration and cellulose conversion of engineering strain YI/LVP reached 8.68 g/L and 83.41%, respectively. The results proved the availability of artificial chimeric cellulosome containing lignin-degradation enzymes for cellulosic ethanol production. The purpose of the study was to improve the inhibitor tolerance and fermentation performance of S. cerevisiae through the construction and optimization of a synergistic lignin-degrading enzyme system based on cellulosome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Ye
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Han Liu
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Zhipeng Wang
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Qi Qi
- Beijing Chaoyang Foreign Language School, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jiliang Du
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Shen Tian
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shao X, Fang H, Li T, Yang L, Yang D, Pan L. Heterologous Expression and Biochemical Characterization of a Novel Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase from Chitinilyticum aquatile CSC-1. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1381. [PMID: 39065150 PMCID: PMC11278713 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper-dependent enzymes that catalyze the oxidative cleavage of recalcitrant polysaccharides. There are limited reports on LPMOs capable of concurrently catalyzing the oxidative cleavage of both cellulose and chitin. In this study, we identified and cloned a novel LPMO from the newly isolated bacterium Chitinilyticum aquatile CSC-1, designated as CaLPMO10. When using 2, 6-dimethylphenol (2, 6-DMP) as the substrate, CaLPMO10 exhibited optimal activity at 50 °C and pH 8, demonstrating good temperature stability at 30 °C. Even after a 6 h incubation at pH 8 and 30 °C, CaLPMO10 retained approximately 83.03 ± 1.25% residual enzyme activity. Most metal ions were found to enhance the enzyme activity of CaLPMO10, with ascorbic acid identified as the optimal reducing agent. Mass spectrometry analysis indicated that CaLPMO10 displayed oxidative activity towards both chitin and cellulose, identifying it as a C1/C4-oxidized LPMO. CaLPMO10 shows promise as a key enzyme for the efficient utilization of biomass resources in future applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhi Shao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.S.); (H.F.)
| | - Hongliang Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (X.S.); (H.F.)
| | - Tao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (T.L.); (L.Y.)
| | - Liyan Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (T.L.); (L.Y.)
| | - Dengfeng Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (T.L.); (L.Y.)
| | - Lixia Pan
- National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China; (T.L.); (L.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Munzone A, Pujol M, Tamhankar A, Joseph C, Mazurenko I, Réglier M, Jannuzzi SAV, Royant A, Sicoli G, DeBeer S, Orio M, Simaan AJ, Decroos C. Integrated Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Copper Active Site Properties of a Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase from Serratia marcescens. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:11063-11078. [PMID: 38814816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we employed a multidisciplinary approach, combining experimental techniques and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to elucidate key features of the copper coordination environment of the bacterial lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) from Serratia marcescens (SmAA10). The structure of the holo-enzyme was successfully obtained by X-ray crystallography. We then determined the copper(II) binding affinity using competing ligands and observed that the affinity of the histidine brace ligands for copper is significantly higher than previously described. UV-vis, advanced electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) techniques, including high-energy resolution fluorescence detected (HERFD) XAS, were further used to gain insight into the copper environment in both the Cu(II) and Cu(I) redox states. The experimental data were successfully rationalized by DFT models, offering valuable information on the electronic structure and coordination geometry of the copper center. Finally, the Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox potential was determined using two different methods at ca. 350 mV vs NHE and rationalized by DFT calculations. This integrated approach not only advances our knowledge of the active site properties of SmAA10 but also establishes a robust framework for future studies of similar enzymatic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Munzone
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, Marseille 13013, France
| | - Manon Pujol
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, Marseille 13013, France
| | - Ashish Tamhankar
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Chris Joseph
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | | | - Marius Réglier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, Marseille 13013, France
| | - Sergio A V Jannuzzi
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Antoine Royant
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble 38000, France
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble 38043, France
| | - Giuseppe Sicoli
- LASIRE UMR CNRS 8516, Université de Lille, Villeneuve-d'Arcy 59655, France
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Maylis Orio
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, Marseille 13013, France
| | - A Jalila Simaan
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, Marseille 13013, France
| | - Christophe Decroos
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, Marseille 13013, France
- Department of Integrative Structural Biology, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch 67400, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Isaksen I, Jana S, Payne CM, Bissaro B, Røhr ÅK. The rotamer of the second-sphere histidine in AA9 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase is pH dependent. Biophys J 2024; 123:1139-1151. [PMID: 38571309 PMCID: PMC11079946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) catalyze a reaction that is crucial for the biological decomposition of various biopolymers and for the industrial conversion of plant biomass. Despite the importance of LPMOs, the exact molecular-level nature of the reaction mechanism is still debated today. Here, we investigated the pH-dependent conformation of a second-sphere histidine (His) that we call the stacking histidine, which is conserved in fungal AA9 LPMOs and is speculated to assist catalysis in several of the LPMO reaction pathways. Using constant-pH and accelerated molecular dynamics simulations, we monitored the dynamics of the stacking His in different protonation states for both the resting Cu(II) and active Cu(I) forms of two fungal LPMOs. Consistent with experimental crystallographic and neutron diffraction data, our calculations suggest that the side chain of the protonated and positively charged form is rotated out of the active site toward the solvent. Importantly, only one of the possible neutral states of histidine (HIE state) is observed in the stacking orientation at neutral pH or when bound to cellulose. Our data predict that, in solution, the stacking His may act as a stabilizer (via hydrogen bonding) of the Cu(II)-superoxo complex after the LPMO-Cu(I) has reacted with O2 in solution, which, in fine, leads to H2O2 formation. Also, our data indicate that the HIE-stacking His is a poor acid/base catalyst when bound to the substrate and, in agreement with the literature, may play an important stabilizing role (via hydrogen bonding) during the peroxygenase catalysis. Our study reveals the pH titration midpoint values of the pH-dependent orientation of the stacking His should be considered when modeling and interpreting LPMO reactions, whether it be for classical LPMO kinetics or in industry-oriented enzymatic cocktails, and for understanding LPMO behavior in slightly acidic natural processes such as fungal wood decay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild Isaksen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Suvamay Jana
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Christina M Payne
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Bastien Bissaro
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway; INRAE, Aix Marseille University, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Marseille, France.
| | - Åsmund K Røhr
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wieduwilt EK, Lo Leggio L, Hedegård ED. A frontier-orbital view of the initial steps of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase reactions. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:5796-5807. [PMID: 38445349 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04275h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper enzymes that oxidatively cleave the strong C-H bonds in recalcitrant polysaccharide substrates, thereby playing a crucial role in biomass degradation. Recently, LPMOs have also been shown to be important for several pathogens. It is well established that the Cu(II) resting state of LPMOs is inactive, and the electronic structure of the active site needs to be altered to transform the enzyme into an active form. Whether this transformation occurs due to substrate binding or due to a unique priming reduction has remained speculative. Starting from four different crystal structures of the LPMO LsAA9A with well-defined oxidation states, we use a frontier molecular orbital approach to elucidate the initial steps of the LPMO reaction. We give an explanation for the requirement of the unique priming reduction and analyse electronic structure changes upon substrate binding. We further investigate how the presence of the substrate could facilitate an electron transfer from the copper active site to an H2O2 co-substrate. Our findings could help to control experimental LPMO reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erna Katharina Wieduwilt
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Leila Lo Leggio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik Donovan Hedegård
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sarangi PK, Srivastava RK, Sahoo UK, Singh AK, Parikh J, Bansod S, Parsai G, Luqman M, Shadangi KP, Diwan D, Lanterbecq D, Sharma M. Biotechnological innovations in nanocellulose production from waste biomass with a focus on pineapple waste. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140833. [PMID: 38043620 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
New materials' synthesis and utilization have shown many critical challenges in healthcare and other industrial sectors as most of these materials are directly or indirectly developed from fossil fuel resources. Environmental regulations and sustainability concepts have promoted the use of natural compounds with unique structures and properties that can be biodegradable, biocompatible, and eco-friendly. In this context, nanocellulose (NC) utility in different sectors and industries is reported due to their unique properties including biocompatibility and antimicrobial characteristics. The bacterial nanocellulose (BNC)-based materials have been synthesized by bacterial cells and extracted from plant waste materials including pineapple plant waste biomass. These materials have been utilized in the form of nanofibers and nanocrystals. These materials are found to have excellent surface properties, low density, and good transparency, and are rich in hydroxyl groups for their modifications to other useful products. These materials are well utilized in different sectors including biomedical or health care centres, nanocomposite materials, supercapacitors, and polymer matrix production. This review explores different approaches for NC production from pineapple waste residues using biotechnological interventions, approaches for their modification, and wider applications in different sectors. Recent technological developments in NC production by enzymatic treatment are critically discussed. The utilization of pineapple waste-derived NC from a bioeconomic perspective is summarized in the paper. The chemical composition and properties of nanocellulose extracted from pineapple waste may have unique characteristics compared to other sources. Pineapple waste for nanocellulose production aligns with the principles of sustainability, waste reduction, and innovation, making it a promising and novel approach in the field of nanocellulose materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Kumar Sarangi
- College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, 795004, Manipur, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, GIT, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management (GITAM), Visakhapatnam, 530045, India
| | | | - Akhilesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, 845401, India
| | - Jigisha Parikh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, 395007, Gujarat, India
| | - Shama Bansod
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, 395007, Gujarat, India
| | - Ganesh Parsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, 395007, Gujarat, India
| | - Mohammad Luqman
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Taibah University, Yanbu Al-Bahr-83, Al-Bandar District 41911, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Krushna Prasad Shadangi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Sambalpur, Odisha, 768018, India
| | - Deepti Diwan
- Washington University, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Deborah Lanterbecq
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Biologie Appliquée, CARAH ASBL, Rue Paul Pastur, 11, Ath, 7800, Belgium
| | - Minaxi Sharma
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Biologie Appliquée, CARAH ASBL, Rue Paul Pastur, 11, Ath, 7800, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Munzone A, Eijsink VGH, Berrin JG, Bissaro B. Expanding the catalytic landscape of metalloenzymes with lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:106-119. [PMID: 38200220 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00565-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) have an essential role in global carbon cycle, industrial biomass processing and microbial pathogenicity by catalysing the oxidative cleavage of recalcitrant polysaccharides. Despite initially being considered monooxygenases, experimental and theoretical studies show that LPMOs are essentially peroxygenases, using a single copper ion and H2O2 for C-H bond oxygenation. Here, we examine LPMO catalysis, emphasizing key studies that have shaped our comprehension of their function, and address side and competing reactions that have partially obscured our understanding. Then, we compare this novel copper-peroxygenase reaction with reactions catalysed by haem iron enzymes, highlighting the different chemistries at play. We conclude by addressing some open questions surrounding LPMO catalysis, including the importance of peroxygenase and monooxygenase reactions in biological contexts, how LPMOs modulate copper site reactivity and potential protective mechanisms against oxidative damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Munzone
- UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Bastien Bissaro
- UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kumar A, Singh A, Sharma VK, Goel A, Kumar A. The upsurge of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases in biomass deconstruction: characteristic functions and sustainable applications. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38291603 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are one of the emerging classes of copper metalloenzymes that have received considerable attention due to their ability to boost the enzymatic conversion of intractable polysaccharides such as plant cell walls and chitin polymers. LPMOs catalyze the oxidative cleavage of β-1,4-glycosidic bonds using molecular O2 or H2 O2 in the presence of an external electron donor. LPMOs have been classified as an auxiliary active (AA) class of enzymes and, further based on substrate specificity, divided into eight families. Until now, multiple LPMOs from AA9 and AA10 families, mostly from microbial sources, have been investigated; the exact mechanism and structure-function are elusive to date, and recently discovered AA families of LPMOs are just scratched. This review highlights the origin and discovery of the enzyme, nomenclature, three-dimensional protein structure, substrate specificity, copper-dependent reaction mechanism, and different techniques used to determine the product formation through analytical and biochemical methods. Moreover, the diverse functions of proteins in various biological activities such as plant-pathogen/pest interactions, cell wall remodeling, antibiotic sensitivity of biofilms, and production of nanocellulose along with certain obstacles in deconstructing the complex polysaccharides have also been summarized, while highlighting the innovative and creative ways to overcome the limitations of LPMOs in hydrolyzing the biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asheesh Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Aishwarya Singh
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Sharma
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Akshita Goel
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Datta R. Enzymatic degradation of cellulose in soil: A review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24022. [PMID: 38234915 PMCID: PMC10792583 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellulose degradation is a critical process in soil ecosystems, playing a vital role in nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition. Enzymatic degradation of cellulosic biomass is the most sustainable and green method of producing liquid biofuel. It has gained intensive research interest with future perspective as the majority of terrestrial lignocellulose biomass has a great potential to be used as a source of bioenergy. However, the recalcitrant nature of lignocellulose limits its use as a source of energy. Noteworthy enough, enzymatic conversion of cellulose biomass could be a leading future technology. Fungal enzymes play a central role in cellulose degradation. Our understanding of fungal cellulases has substantially redirected in the past few years with the discovery of a new class of enzymes and Cellulosome. Efforts have been made from time to time to develop an economically viable method of cellulose degradation. This review provides insights into the current state of knowledge regarding cellulose degradation in soil and identifies areas where further research is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Datta
- Department of Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology. Mendel University In Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fujieda N, Tonomura A, Mochizuki T, Itoh S. Asymmetric Michael addition catalysed by copper-amyloid complexes. RSC Adv 2024; 14:206-210. [PMID: 38173591 PMCID: PMC10759172 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07900g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
We developed self-assembled peptides containing a partial amyloid β protein sequence and a metal-coordination site. The amyloid fibril-copper complexes exhibited excellent reactivity and moderate enantioselectivity in Michael addition reactions with 2-azachalcone and dimethylmalonate. The catalytic amyloids were characterized using various measurements to confirm their amyloid-like nanofibre structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Fujieda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku Sakai-shi Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Atsushi Tonomura
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University 2-1 Yamada-oka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Tomofumi Mochizuki
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku Sakai-shi Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Shinobu Itoh
- Department of Molecular Chemistry, Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University 2-1 Yamada-oka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dan M, Zheng Y, Zhao G, Hsieh YSY, Wang D. Current insights of factors interfering the stability of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108216. [PMID: 37473820 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose and chitin are two of the most abundant biopolymers in nature, but they cannot be effectively utilized in industry due to their recalcitrance. This limitation was overcome by the advent of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), which promote the disruption of biopolymers through oxidative mechanism and provide a breakthrough in the action of hydrolytic enzymes. In the application of LPMOs to biomass degradation, the key to consistent and effective functioning lies in their stability. The efficient transformation of biomass resources using LPMOs depends on factors that interfere with their stability. This review discussed three aspects that affect LPMO stability: general external factors, structural factors, and factors in the enzyme-substrate reaction. It explains how these factors impact LPMO stability, discusses the resulting effects, and finally presents relevant measures and considerations, including potential resolutions. The review also provides suggestions for the application of LPMOs in polysaccharide degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Dan
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuting Zheng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guohua Zhao
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yves S Y Hsieh
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Damao Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hall K, Joseph C, Ayuso-Fernández I, Tamhankar A, Rieder L, Skaali R, Golten O, Neese F, Røhr ÅK, Jannuzzi SAV, DeBeer S, Eijsink VGH, Sørlie M. A Conserved Second Sphere Residue Tunes Copper Site Reactivity in Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18888-18903. [PMID: 37584157 PMCID: PMC10472438 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are powerful monocopper enzymes that can activate strong C-H bonds through a mechanism that remains largely unknown. Herein, we investigated the role of a conserved glutamine/glutamate in the second coordination sphere. Mutation of the Gln in NcAA9C to Glu, Asp, or Asn showed that the nature and distance of the headgroup to the copper fine-tune LPMO functionality and copper reactivity. The presence of Glu or Asp close to the copper lowered the reduction potential and decreased the ratio between the reduction and reoxidation rates by up to 500-fold. All mutants showed increased enzyme inactivation, likely due to changes in the confinement of radical intermediates, and displayed changes in a protective hole-hopping pathway. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and X-ray absorption spectroscopic (XAS) studies gave virtually identical results for all NcAA9C variants, showing that the mutations do not directly perturb the Cu(II) ligand field. DFT calculations indicated that the higher experimental reoxidation rate observed for the Glu mutant could be reconciled if this residue is protonated. Further, for the glutamic acid form, we identified a Cu(III)-hydroxide species formed in a single step on the H2O2 splitting path. This is in contrast to the Cu(II)-hydroxide and hydroxyl intermediates, which are predicted for the WT and the unprotonated glutamate variant. These results show that this second sphere residue is a crucial determinant of the catalytic functioning of the copper-binding histidine brace and provide insights that may help in understanding LPMOs and LPMO-inspired synthetic catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsi
R. Hall
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Chris Joseph
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Iván Ayuso-Fernández
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Ashish Tamhankar
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Lukas Rieder
- Institute
for Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University
of Technology, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Rannei Skaali
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Ole Golten
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Frank Neese
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Åsmund K. Røhr
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Sergio A. V. Jannuzzi
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lim H, Brueggemeyer MT, Transue WJ, Meier KK, Jones SM, Kroll T, Sokaras D, Kelemen B, Hedman B, Hodgson KO, Solomon EI. Kβ X-ray Emission Spectroscopy of Cu(I)-Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase: Direct Observation of the Frontier Molecular Orbital for H 2O 2 Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:16015-16025. [PMID: 37441786 PMCID: PMC10557184 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) catalyze the degradation of recalcitrant carbohydrate polysaccharide substrates. These enzymes are characterized by a mononuclear Cu(I) active site with a three-coordinate T-shaped "His-brace" configuration including the N-terminal histidine and its amine group as ligands. This study explicitly investigates the electronic structure of the d10 Cu(I) active site in a LPMO using Kβ X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES). The lack of inversion symmetry in the His-brace site enables the 3d/p mixing required for intensity in the Kβ valence-to-core (VtC) XES spectrum of Cu(I)-LPMO. These Kβ XES data are correlated to density functional theory (DFT) calculations to define the bonding, and in particular, the frontier molecular orbital (FMO) of the Cu(I) site. These experimentally validated DFT calculations are used to evaluate the reaction coordinate for homolytic cleavage of the H2O2 O-O bond and understand the contribution of this FMO to the low barrier of this reaction and how the geometric and electronic structure of the Cu(I)-LPMO site is activated for rapid reactivity with H2O2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongtaek Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | - Wesley J Transue
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Katlyn K Meier
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Stephen M Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Thomas Kroll
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Bradley Kelemen
- IFF Health and Biosciences, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States
| | - Britt Hedman
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Keith O Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Edward I Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
The interplay between lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases and glycoside hydrolases. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:551-559. [PMID: 36876880 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
In nature, enzymatic degradation of recalcitrant polysaccharides such as chitin and cellulose takes place by a synergistic interaction between glycoside hydrolases (GHs) and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs). The two different families of carbohydrate-active enzymes use two different mechanisms when breaking glycosidic bonds between sugar moieties. GHs employ a hydrolytic activity and LPMOs are oxidative. Consequently, the topologies of the active sites differ dramatically. GHs have tunnels or clefts lined with a sheet of aromatic amino acid residues accommodating single polymer chains being threaded into the active site. LPMOs are adapted to bind to the flat crystalline surfaces of chitin and cellulose. It is believed that the LPMO oxidative mechanism provides new chain ends that the GHs can attach to and degrade, often in a processive manner. Indeed, there are many reports of synergies as well as rate enhancements when LPMOs are applied in concert with GHs. Still, these enhancements vary in magnitude with respect to the nature of the GH and the LPMO. Moreover, impediment of GH catalysis is also observed. In the present review, we discuss central works where the interplay between LPMOs and GHs has been studied and comment on future challenges to be addressed to fully use the potential of this interplay to improve enzymatic polysaccharide degradation.
Collapse
|
15
|
Revisiting the role of electron donors in lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase biochemistry. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:585-595. [PMID: 36748351 PMCID: PMC10154616 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is rich in carbohydrates and many fungi and bacteria have evolved to take advantage of this carbon source. These carbohydrates are largely locked away in polysaccharides and so these organisms deploy a range of enzymes that can liberate individual sugars from these challenging substrates. Glycoside hydrolases (GHs) are the enzymes that are largely responsible for bringing about this sugar release; however, 12 years ago, a family of enzymes known as lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) were also shown to be of key importance in this process. LPMOs are copper-dependent oxidative enzymes that can introduce chain breaks within polysaccharide chains. Initial work demonstrated that they could activate O2 to attack the substrate through a reaction that most likely required multiple electrons to be delivered to the enzyme. More recently, it has emerged that LPMO kinetics are significantly improved if H2O2 is supplied to the enzyme as a cosubstrate instead of O2. Only a single electron is required to activate an LPMO and H2O2 cosubstrate and the enzyme has been shown to catalyse multiple turnovers following the initial one-electron reduction of the copper, which is not possible if O2 is used. This has led to further studies of the roles of the electron donor in LPMO biochemistry, and this review aims to highlight recent findings in this area and consider how ongoing research could impact our understanding of the interplay between redox processes in nature.
Collapse
|
16
|
Wu Y, Zhao C, Su Y, Shaik S, Lai W. Mechanistic Insight into Peptidyl-Cysteine Oxidation by the Copper-Dependent Formylglycine-Generating Enzyme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212053. [PMID: 36545867 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The copper-dependent formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE) catalyzes the oxygen-dependent oxidation of specific peptidyl-cysteine residues to formylglycine. Our QM/MM calculations provide a very likely mechanism for this transformation. The reaction starts with dioxygen binding to the tris-thiolate CuI center to form a triplet CuII -superoxide complex. The rate-determining hydrogen atom abstraction involves a triplet-singlet crossing to form a CuII -OOH species that couples with the substrate radical, leading to a CuI -alkylperoxo intermediate. This is accompanied by proton transfer from the hydroperoxide to the S atom of the substrate via a nearby water molecule. The subsequent O-O bond cleavage is coupled with the C-S bond breaking that generates the formylglycine and a CuII -oxyl complex. Moreover, our results suggest that the aldehyde oxygen of the final product originates from O2 , which will be useful for future experimental work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Cong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Yanzhuang Su
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Wenzhen Lai
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hagemann MM, Hedegård ED. Molecular Mechanism of Substrate Oxidation in Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases: Insight from Theoretical Investigations. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202379. [PMID: 36207279 PMCID: PMC10107554 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper enzymes that today comprise a large enzyme superfamily, grouped into the distinct members AA9-AA17 (with AA12 exempted). The LPMOs have the potential to facilitate the upcycling of biomass waste products by boosting the breakdown of cellulose and other recalcitrant polysaccharides. The cellulose biopolymer is the main component of biomass waste and thus comprises a large, unexploited resource. The LPMOs work through a catalytic, oxidative reaction whose mechanism is still controversial. For instance, the nature of the intermediate performing the oxidative reaction is an open question, and the same holds for the employed co-substrate. Here we review theoretical investigations addressing these questions. The applied theoretical methods are usually based on quantum mechanics (QM), often combined with molecular mechanics (QM/MM). We discuss advantages and disadvantages of the employed theoretical methods and comment on the interplay between theoretical and experimental results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlisa M Hagemann
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Erik D Hedegård
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Concentrations of Transition Metal Ions in Rat Lungs after Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Treatment with His-Leu Dipeptide. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020628. [PMID: 36677686 PMCID: PMC9862342 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is deleterious to the lungs because it exposes them to many toxic substances. These include transition metal ions, such as cadmium. However, there is a lack of information about the influence of endogenous metal-binding peptides, such as His-Leu (HL), on the lung distribution of transition metals in smokers. To address this, we administered HL subcutaneously to rats exposed to tobacco smoke for six weeks, then we measured the concentrations of transition metal ions in the lungs. We found that exposure to tobacco smoke elevates the concentrations of Cd(II) and Cu(II). Administration of the HL peptide, whose elevation is a consequence of angiotensin receptor blocker anti-hypertension therapy, increases the concentration of Fe in the lungs of rats exposed to smoke. These findings suggest that smoking is a risk factor for patients receiving angiotensin receptor blockers to treat hypertension.
Collapse
|
19
|
Tong X, He Z, Zheng L, Pande H, Ni Y. Enzymatic treatment processes for the production of cellulose nanomaterials: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 299:120199. [PMID: 36876810 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanomaterials have attracted much attention in recent years because of their unique properties. Commercial or semi-commercial production of nanocellulose has been reported in recent years. Mechanical treatments for nanocellulose production are viable but highly energy-intensive. Chemical processes are well reported; however, these chemical processes are not only costly, but also cause environmental concerns and end-use related challenges. This review summarizes recent researches on enzymatic treatment of cellulose fibers for the production of cellulose nanomaterials, with focus on novel enzymatic processes with xylanase and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMO) to enhance the efficacy of cellulase. Different enzymes are discussed, including endoglucanase, exoglucanase and xylanase, as well as LPMO, with emphasis on the accessibility and hydrolytic specificity of LPMO enzymes to cellulose fiber structures. LPMO acts in a synergistic way with cellulase to cause significant physical and chemical changes to the cellulose fiber cell-wall structures, which facilitate the nano-fibrillation of the fibers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B5A3, Canada; Key Laboratory of Recycling and Eco-treatment of Waste Biomass of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, PR China
| | - Zhibin He
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B5A3, Canada.
| | - Linqiang Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B5A3, Canada
| | - Harshad Pande
- Domtar Corporation, 395 Blvd Maisonneuve West, Montreal, PQ H3A 1L6, Canada
| | - Yonghao Ni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B5A3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are unique redox enzymes capable of disrupting the crystalline surfaces of industry-relevant recalcitrant polysaccharides, such as chitin and cellulose. Historically, LPMOs were thought to be slow enzymes relying on O2 as the co-substrate, but it is now clear that these enzymes prefer H2O2, allowing for fast depolymerization of polysaccharides through a peroxygenase reaction. Thus, quantifying H2O2 in LPMO reaction set-ups is of a great interest. The horseradish peroxidase (HRP)/Amplex Red (AR) assay is one of the most popular and accessible tools for measuring hydrogen peroxide. This assay has been used in various types of biological and biochemical studies, including LPMO research, but suffers from pitfalls that need to be accounted for. In this Chapter, we discuss this method and its use for assessing the often rate-limiting in situ formation of H2O2 in LPMO reactions. We show that, after accounting for multiple potential side reactions, quantitative data on H2O2 production obtained with the HRP/Amplex Red assay provide useful clues for understanding the catalytic activity of LPMOs, including the impact of reductants and transition metal ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton A Stepnov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Schröder GC, O'Dell WB, Webb SP, Agarwal PK, Meilleur F. Capture of activated dioxygen intermediates at the copper-active site of a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13303-13320. [PMID: 36507176 PMCID: PMC9683017 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05031e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metalloproteins perform a diverse array of redox-related reactions facilitated by the increased chemical functionality afforded by their metallocofactors. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are a class of copper-dependent enzymes that are responsible for the breakdown of recalcitrant polysaccharides via oxidative cleavage at the glycosidic bond. The activated copper-oxygen intermediates and their mechanism of formation remains to be established. Neutron protein crystallography which permits direct visualization of protonation states was used to investigate the initial steps of oxygen activation directly following active site copper reduction in Neurospora crassa LPMO9D. Herein, we cryo-trap an activated dioxygen intermediate in a mixture of superoxo and hydroperoxo states, and we identify the conserved second coordination shell residue His157 as the proton donor. Density functional theory calculations indicate that both superoxo and hydroperoxo active site states are stable. The hydroperoxo formed is potentially an early LPMO catalytic reaction intermediate or the first step in the mechanism of hydrogen peroxide formation in the absence of substrate. We observe that the N-terminal amino group of the copper coordinating His1 remains doubly protonated directly following molecular oxygen reduction by copper. Aided by molecular dynamics and mining minima free energy calculations we establish that the conserved second-shell His161 in MtPMO3* displays conformational flexibility in solution and that this flexibility is also observed, though to a lesser extent, in His157 of NcLPMO9D. The imidazolate form of His157 observed in our structure following oxygen intermediate protonation can be attributed to abolished His157 flexibility due steric hindrance in the crystal as well as the solvent-occluded active site environment due to crystal packing. A neutron crystal structure of NcLPMO9D at low pH further supports occlusion of the active site since His157 remains singly protonated even at acidic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela C. Schröder
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC 27695USA,Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN 37831USA
| | - William B. O'Dell
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC 27695USA,Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN 37831USA
| | - Simon P. Webb
- VeraChem LLC12850 Middlebrook Rd. Ste 205GermantownMD 20874-5244USA
| | - Pratul K. Agarwal
- Department of Physiological Sciences and High-Performance Computing Center, Oklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOK 74078USA
| | - Flora Meilleur
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC 27695USA,Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN 37831USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bouchey C, Shopov DY, Gruen AD, Tolman WB. Mimicking the Cu Active Site of Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase Using Monoanionic Tridentate N-Donor Ligands. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:35217-35232. [PMID: 36211076 PMCID: PMC9535706 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to prepare small molecule mimics of the active site of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO), three monoanionic tridentate N donor ligands comprising a central deprotonated amide group flanked by two neutral donors were prepared, and their coordination chemistry with Cu(I) and Cu(II) was evaluated. With Cu(I), a dimer formed, which was characterized by X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. A variety of mononuclear and dinuclear Cu(II) species with a range of auxiliary ligands (MeCN, Cl-, OH-, OAc-, OBz-, CO3 2-) were prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction and various spectroscopies (UV-vis, EPR). The complexes exhibit structural similarities to the LPMO active site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin
J. Bouchey
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Dimitar Y. Shopov
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington University in St.
Louis, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1134, St.
Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Aaron D. Gruen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - William B. Tolman
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington University in St.
Louis, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1134, St.
Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ngo ST, Phan HN, Luu CX, Le CN, Ho GT, Ngo NTC, Le LQ, Mai BK, Phung HTT, Nguyen HD, Vu KB, Vu VV. Distal Hydrophobic Loop Modulates the Copper Active Site and Reaction of AA13 Polysaccharide Monooxygenases. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:7567-7578. [PMID: 36137238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c04215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharide monooxygenases (PMOs) use a type-2 copper center to activate O2 for the selective hydroxylation of one of the two C-H bonds of glycosidic linkages. Our electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations suggest the unprecedented dynamic roles of the loop containing the residue G89 (G89 loop) on the active site structure and reaction cycle of starch-active PMOs (AA13 PMOs). In the Cu(II) state, the G89 loop could switch between an "open" and "closed" conformation, which is associated with the binding and dissociation of an aqueous ligand in the distal site, respectively. The conformation of the G89 loop influences the positioning of the copper center on the preferred substrate of AA13 PMOs. The dissociation of the distal ligand results in the bending of the T-shaped core of the Cu(II) active site, which could help facilitate its reduction to the active Cu(I) state. In the Cu(I) state, the G89 loop is in the "closed" conformation with a confined copper center, which could allow for efficient O2 binding. In addition, the G89 loop remains in the "closed" conformation in the Cu(II)-superoxo intermediate, which could prevent off-pathway superoxide release via exchange with the distal aqueous ligand. Finally, at the end of the reaction cycle, aqueous ligand binding to the distal site could switch the G89 loop to the "open" conformation and facilitate product release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Son Tung Ngo
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Han N Phan
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh Street, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Cuong X Luu
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh Street, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Chinh N Le
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh Street, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Giap T Ho
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh Street, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Nhung T C Ngo
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh Street, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Loan Q Le
- Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 9/621 Hanoi Highway, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Binh Khanh Mai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Huong T T Phung
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh Street, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Hoang-Dung Nguyen
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh Street, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.,Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 9/621 Hanoi Highway, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Khanh B Vu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Biotechnology, International University, Quarter 6, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.,Vietnam National University, Quarter 6, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Van V Vu
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh Street, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tandrup T, Muderspach SJ, Banerjee S, Santoni G, Ipsen JØ, Hernández-Rollán C, Nørholm MHH, Johansen KS, Meilleur F, Lo Leggio L. Changes in active-site geometry on X-ray photoreduction of a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase active-site copper and saccharide binding. IUCRJ 2022; 9:666-681. [PMID: 36071795 PMCID: PMC9438499 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252522007175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The recently discovered lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are Cu-containing enzymes capable of degrading polysaccharide substrates oxidatively. The generally accepted first step in the LPMO reaction is the reduction of the active-site metal ion from Cu2+ to Cu+. Here we have used a systematic diffraction data collection method to monitor structural changes in two AA9 LPMOs, one from Lentinus similis (LsAA9_A) and one from Thermoascus auranti-acus (TaAA9_A), as the active-site Cu is photoreduced in the X-ray beam. For LsAA9_A, the protein produced in two different recombinant systems was crystallized to probe the effect of post-translational modifications and different crystallization conditions on the active site and metal photoreduction. We can recommend that crystallographic studies of AA9 LPMOs wishing to address the Cu2+ form use a total X-ray dose below 3 × 104 Gy, while the Cu+ form can be attained using 1 × 106 Gy. In all cases, we observe the transition from a hexa-coordinated Cu site with two solvent-facing ligands to a T-shaped geometry with no exogenous ligands, and a clear increase of the θ2 parameter and a decrease of the θ3 parameter by averages of 9.2° and 8.4°, respectively, but also a slight increase in θT. Thus, the θ2 and θ3 parameters are helpful diagnostics for the oxidation state of the metal in a His-brace protein. On binding of cello-oligosaccharides to LsAA9_A, regardless of the production source, the θT parameter increases, making the Cu site less planar, while the active-site Tyr-Cu distance decreases reproducibly for the Cu2+ form. Thus, the θT increase found on copper reduction may bring LsAA9_A closer to an oligosaccharide-bound state and contribute to the observed higher affinity of reduced LsAA9_A for cellulosic substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Tandrup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100-DK, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sebastian J. Muderspach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100-DK, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sanchari Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100-DK, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gianluca Santoni
- ESRF, Structural Biology Group, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38027 Grenoble cedex, France
| | - Johan Ø. Ipsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, 1958-DK, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Cristina Hernández-Rollán
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800-DK, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Morten H. H. Nørholm
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800-DK, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Katja S. Johansen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, 1958-DK, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Flora Meilleur
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7622, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Leila Lo Leggio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100-DK, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Czaikowski ME, McNeece AJ, Boyn JN, Jesse KA, Anferov SW, Filatov AS, Mazziotti DA, Anderson JS. Generation and Aerobic Oxidative Catalysis of a Cu(II) Superoxo Complex Supported by a Redox-Active Ligand. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15569-15580. [PMID: 35977083 PMCID: PMC10017013 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cu systems feature prominently in aerobic oxidative catalysis in both biology and synthetic chemistry. Metal ligand cooperativity is a common theme in both areas as exemplified by galactose oxidase and by aminoxyl radicals in alcohol oxidations. This has motivated investigations into the aerobic chemistry of Cu and specifically the isolation and study of Cu-superoxo species that are invoked as key catalytic intermediates. While several examples of complexes that model biologically relevant Cu(II) superoxo intermediates have been reported, they are not typically competent aerobic catalysts. Here, we report a new Cu complex of the redox-active ligand tBu,TolDHP (2,5-bis((2-t-butylhydrazono)(p-tolyl)methyl)-pyrrole) that activates O2 to generate a catalytically active Cu(II)-superoxo complex via ligand-based electron transfer. Characterization using ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectroscopy, Raman isotope labeling studies, and Cu extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis confirms the assignment of an end-on κ1 superoxo complex. This Cu-O2 complex engages in a range of aerobic catalytic oxidations with substrates including alcohols and aldehydes. These results demonstrate that bioinspired Cu systems can not only model important bioinorganic intermediates but can also mediate and provide mechanistic insight into aerobic oxidative transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maia E Czaikowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Andrew J McNeece
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jan-Niklas Boyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Kate A Jesse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Sophie W Anferov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Alexander S Filatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - David A Mazziotti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - John S Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Koebke KJ, Pinter TBJ, Pitts WC, Pecoraro VL. Catalysis and Electron Transfer in De Novo Designed Metalloproteins. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12046-12109. [PMID: 35763791 PMCID: PMC10735231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the hallmark advances in our understanding of metalloprotein function is showcased in our ability to design new, non-native, catalytically active protein scaffolds. This review highlights progress and milestone achievements in the field of de novo metalloprotein design focused on reports from the past decade with special emphasis on de novo designs couched within common subfields of bioinorganic study: heme binding proteins, monometal- and dimetal-containing catalytic sites, and metal-containing electron transfer sites. Within each subfield, we highlight several of what we have identified as significant and important contributions to either our understanding of that subfield or de novo metalloprotein design as a discipline. These reports are placed in context both historically and scientifically. General suggestions for future directions that we feel will be important to advance our understanding or accelerate discovery are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl J. Koebke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | | | - Winston C. Pitts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Prakash D, Mitra S, Murphy M, Chakraborty S. Oxidation and Peroxygenation of C–H Bonds by Artificial Cu Peptides (ArCuPs): Improved Catalysis via Selective Outer Sphere Modifications. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Divyansh Prakash
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Suchitra Mitra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Morgan Murphy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Saumen Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Saikia J, Bhat VT, Potnuru LR, Redkar AS, Agarwal V, Ramakrishnan V. Minimalist De Novo Design of an Artificial Enzyme. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:19131-19140. [PMID: 35721939 PMCID: PMC9202009 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We employed a reductionist approach in designing the first heterochiral tripeptide that forms a robust heterogeneous short peptide catalyst similar to the "histidine brace" active site of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. The histidine brace is a conserved divalent copper ion-binding motif that comprises two histidine side chains and an amino group to create the T-shaped 3N geometry at the reaction center. The geometry parameters, including a large twist angle (73°) between the two imidazole rings of the model complex, are identical to those of native lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (72.61°). The complex was synthesized and characterized as a structural and functional mimic of the histidine brace. UV-vis, vis-circular dichroism, Raman, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic analyses suggest a distorted square-pyramidal geometry with a 3N coordination at pH 7. Solution- and solid-state NMR results further confirm the 3N coordination in the copper center of the complex. The complex is pH-dependent and could catalyze the oxidation of benzyl alcohol in water to benzaldehyde with yields up to 82% in 3 h at pH 7 and above at 40 °C. The catalyst achieved 100% selectivity for benzaldehyde compared to conventional copper catalysis. The design of such a minimalist building block for functional soft materials with a pH switch can be a stepping stone in addressing needs for a cleaner and sustainable future catalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jahnu Saikia
- Department
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Venugopal T. Bhat
- Organic
Synthesis and Catalysis Laboratory SRM Research Institute and Department
of Chemistry SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Lokeswara Rao Potnuru
- TIFR
Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata
Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500107, India
| | - Amay S. Redkar
- Department
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Vipin Agarwal
- TIFR
Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata
Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500107, India
| | - Vibin Ramakrishnan
- Department
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Theoretical perspective on mononuclear copper-oxygen mediated C–H and O–H activations: A comparison between biological and synthetic systems. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63974-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
30
|
Copper monooxygenase reactivity: Do consensus mechanisms accurately reflect experimental observations? J Inorg Biochem 2022; 231:111780. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
31
|
Wang Z, Fang W, Peng W, Wu P, Wang B. Recent Computational Insights into the Oxygen Activation by Copper-Dependent Metalloenzymes. Top Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-021-01444-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
32
|
Sagarika MS, Parameswaran C, Senapati A, Barala J, Mitra D, Prabhukarthikeyan SR, Kumar A, Nayak AK, Panneerselvam P. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) producing microbes: A novel approach for rapid recycling of agricultural wastes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150451. [PMID: 34607097 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Out of the huge quantity of agricultural wastes produced globally, rice straw is one of the most abundant ligno-cellulosic waste. For efficient utilization of these wastes, several cost-effective biological processes are available. The practice of field level in-situ or ex-situ decomposition of rice straw is having less degree of adoption due to its poor decomposition ability within a short time span between rice harvest and sowing of the next crop. Agricultural wastes including rice straw are in general utilized by using lignocellulose degrading microbes for industrial metabolite or compost production. However, bioconversion of crystalline cellulose and lignin present in the waste, into simple molecules is a challenging task. To resolve this issue, researchers have identified a novel new generation microbial enzyme i.e., lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) and reported that the combination of LPMOs with other glycolytic enzymes are found efficient. This review explains the progress made in LPMOs and their role in lignocellulose bioconversion and the possibility of exploring LPMOs producers for rapid decomposition of agricultural wastes. Also, it provides insights to identify the knowledge gaps in improving the potential of the existing ligno-cellulolytic microbial consortium for efficient utilization of agricultural wastes at industrial and field levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahapatra Smruthi Sagarika
- ICAR - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha 753006, India; Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492012, India
| | | | - Ansuman Senapati
- ICAR - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha 753006, India
| | - Jatiprasad Barala
- ICAR - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha 753006, India
| | - Debasis Mitra
- ICAR - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha 753006, India
| | | | - Anjani Kumar
- ICAR - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha 753006, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Structural perturbations of substrate binding and oxidation state changes in a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase. J Biol Inorg Chem 2022; 27:705-713. [PMID: 36208326 PMCID: PMC9653361 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-022-01966-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
LPMOs are enzymes which catalyse the oxidation of a C-H bond within polysaccharides, leading to their oxidative cleavage. To achieve this, LPMOs employ highly reactive oxidising intermediates, the generation of which is likely coupled to substrate binding to the enzyme. The nature of this coupling is unknown. Here we report a statistical comparison for four three-dimensional structures of an AA9 LPMO crystallised in the same space group but in different oxidation and substrate-binding states, to determine which significant structural perturbations occur at the enzyme upon either oxidation state change or the binding of substrate. In a novel step, we determine the global random error associated with the positional coordinates of atoms using the method of moments to ascertain the statistical estimators of Gaussian distributions of pairwise RMS differences between individual atoms in different structures. The results show that a change in the oxidation state of the copper leads to no significant structural changes, and that binding of the substrate leads to a single change in the conformation of a tryptophan residue. This tryptophan has previously been identified as part of a charge transfer pathway between the active site and the external surface of the protein, and the structural change identified herein may be part of the substrate-enzyme coupling mechanism.
Collapse
|
34
|
Stepnov AA, Christensen IA, Forsberg Z, Aachmann FL, Courtade G, Eijsink VGH. The impact of reductants on the catalytic efficiency of a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase and the special role of dehydroascorbic acid. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:53-70. [PMID: 34845720 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Monocopper lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) catalyse oxidative cleavage of glycosidic bonds in a reductant-dependent reaction. Recent studies indicate that LPMOs, rather than being O2 -dependent monooxygenases, are H2 O2 -dependent peroxygenases. Here, we describe SscLPMO10B, a novel LPMO from the phytopathogenic bacterium Streptomyces scabies and address links between this enzyme's catalytic rate and in situ hydrogen peroxide production in the presence of ascorbic acid, gallic acid and l-cysteine. Studies of Avicel degradation showed a clear correlation between the catalytic rate of SscLPMO10B and the rate of H2 O2 generation in the reaction mixture. We also assessed the impact of oxidised ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), on LPMO activity, since DHA, which is not considered a reductant, was recently reported to drive LPMO reactions. Kinetic studies, combined with NMR analysis, showed that DHA is unstable and converts into multiple derivatives, some of which are redox active and can fuel the LPMO reaction by reducing the active site copper and promoting H2 O2 production. These results show that the apparent monooxygenase activity observed in SscLPMO10B reactions without exogenously added H2 O2 reflects a peroxygenase reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton A Stepnov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Idd A Christensen
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Zarah Forsberg
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Finn L Aachmann
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gaston Courtade
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Rieder L, Stepnov AA, Sørlie M, Eijsink VG. Fast and Specific Peroxygenase Reactions Catalyzed by Fungal Mono-Copper Enzymes. Biochemistry 2021; 60:3633-3643. [PMID: 34738811 PMCID: PMC8638258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The copper-dependent lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are receiving attention because of their role in the degradation of recalcitrant biomass and their intriguing catalytic properties. The fundamentals of LPMO catalysis remain somewhat enigmatic as the LPMO reaction is affected by a multitude of LPMO- and co-substrate-mediated (side) reactions that result in a complex reaction network. We have performed kinetic studies with two LPMOs that are active on soluble substrates, NcAA9C and LsAA9A, using various reductants typically employed for LPMO activation. Studies with NcAA9C under "monooxygenase" conditions showed that the impact of the reductant on catalytic activity is correlated with the hydrogen peroxide-generating ability of the LPMO-reductant combination, supporting the idea that a peroxygenase reaction is taking place. Indeed, the apparent monooxygenase reaction could be inhibited by a competing H2O2-consuming enzyme. Interestingly, these fungal AA9-type LPMOs were found to have higher oxidase activity than bacterial AA10-type LPMOs. Kinetic analysis of the peroxygenase activity of NcAA9C on cellopentaose revealed a fast stoichiometric conversion of high amounts of H2O2 to oxidized carbohydrate products. A kcat value of 124 ± 27 s-1 at 4 °C is 20 times higher than a previously described kcat for peroxygenase activity on an insoluble substrate (at 25 °C) and some 4 orders of magnitude higher than typical "monooxygenase" rates. Similar studies with LsAA9A revealed differences between the two enzymes but confirmed fast and specific peroxygenase activity. These results show that the catalytic site arrangement of LPMOs provides a unique scaffold for highly efficient copper redox catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Rieder
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology,
and Food Sciences, Norwegian University
of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003,
NO, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Anton A. Stepnov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology,
and Food Sciences, Norwegian University
of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003,
NO, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology,
and Food Sciences, Norwegian University
of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003,
NO, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G.H. Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology,
and Food Sciences, Norwegian University
of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003,
NO, 1432 Ås, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gray HB, Winkler JR. Functional and protective hole hopping in metalloenzymes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13988-14003. [PMID: 34760183 PMCID: PMC8565380 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04286f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrons can tunnel through proteins in microseconds with a modest release of free energy over distances in the 15 to 20 Å range. To span greater distances, or to move faster, multiple charge transfers (hops) are required. When one of the reactants is a strong oxidant, it is convenient to consider the movement of a positively charged "hole" in a direction opposite to that of the electron. Hole hopping along chains of tryptophan (Trp) and tyrosine (Tyr) residues is a critical function in several metalloenzymes that generate high-potential intermediates by reactions with O2 or H2O2, or by activation with visible light. Examination of the protein structural database revealed that Tyr/Trp chains are common protein structural elements, particularly among enzymes that react with O2 and H2O2. In many cases these chains may serve a protective role in metalloenzymes by deactivating high-potential reactive intermediates formed in uncoupled catalytic turnover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harry B Gray
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology 1200 E California Boulevard Pasadena CA 19925 USA
| | - Jay R Winkler
- Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology 1200 E California Boulevard Pasadena CA 19925 USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Brander S, Tokin R, Ipsen JØ, Jensen PE, Hernández-Rollán C, Nørholm MHH, Lo Leggio L, Dupree P, Johansen KS. Scission of Glucosidic Bonds by a Lentinus similis Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases Is Strictly Dependent on H2O2 while the Oxidation of Saccharide Products Depends on O2. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Søren Brander
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Copenhagen University, DK-1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Radina Tokin
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Johan Ø. Ipsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Poul Erik Jensen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Cristina Hernández-Rollán
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Morten H. H. Nørholm
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Leila Lo Leggio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1QW Cambridge, U.K
| | - Katja S. Johansen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Copenhagen University, DK-1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Schröder GC, Meilleur F. Metalloprotein catalysis: structural and mechanistic insights into oxidoreductases from neutron protein crystallography. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2021; 77:1251-1269. [PMID: 34605429 PMCID: PMC8489226 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798321009025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metalloproteins catalyze a range of reactions, with enhanced chemical functionality due to their metal cofactor. The reaction mechanisms of metalloproteins have been experimentally characterized by spectroscopy, macromolecular crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy. An important caveat in structural studies of metalloproteins remains the artefacts that can be introduced by radiation damage. Photoreduction, radiolysis and ionization deriving from the electromagnetic beam used to probe the structure complicate structural and mechanistic interpretation. Neutron protein diffraction remains the only structural probe that leaves protein samples devoid of radiation damage, even when data are collected at room temperature. Additionally, neutron protein crystallography provides information on the positions of light atoms such as hydrogen and deuterium, allowing the characterization of protonation states and hydrogen-bonding networks. Neutron protein crystallography has further been used in conjunction with experimental and computational techniques to gain insight into the structures and reaction mechanisms of several transition-state metal oxidoreductases with iron, copper and manganese cofactors. Here, the contribution of neutron protein crystallography towards elucidating the reaction mechanism of metalloproteins is reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela C. Schröder
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Flora Meilleur
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Rieder L, Petrović D, Väljamäe P, Eijsink VG, Sørlie M. Kinetic Characterization of a Putatively Chitin-Active LPMO Reveals a Preference for Soluble Substrates and Absence of Monooxygenase Activity. ACS Catal 2021; 11:11685-11695. [PMID: 34567832 PMCID: PMC8453653 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Enzymes known as
lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are
recognized as important contributors to aerobic enzymatic degradation
of recalcitrant polysaccharides such as chitin and cellulose. LPMOs
are remarkably abundant in nature, with some fungal species possessing
more than 50 LPMO genes, and the biological implications of this diversity
remain enigmatic. For example, chitin-active LPMOs have been encountered
in biological niches where chitin conversion does not seem to take
place. We have carried out an in-depth kinetic characterization of
a putatively chitin-active LPMO from Aspergillus fumigatus (AfAA11B), which, as we show here, has multiple
unusual properties, such as a low redox potential and high oxidase
activity. Furthermore, AfAA11B is hardly active on
chitin, while being very active on soluble oligomers of N-acetylglucosamine. In the presence of chitotetraose, the enzyme
can withstand considerable amounts of H2O2,
which it uses to efficiently and stoichiometrically convert this substrate.
The unique properties of AfAA11B allowed experiments
showing that it is a strict peroxygenase and does not catalyze a monooxygenase
reaction. This study shows that nature uses LPMOs for breaking glycosidic
bonds in non-polymeric substrates in reactions that depend on H2O2. The quest for the true substrates of these
enzymes, possibly carbohydrates in the cell wall of the fungus or
its competitors, will be of major interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Rieder
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås N-1432, Norway
| | - Dejan Petrović
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås N-1432, Norway
| | - Priit Väljamäe
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia
| | - Vincent G.H. Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås N-1432, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås N-1432, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Mitra S, Prakash D, Rajabimoghadam K, Wawrzak Z, Prasad P, Wu T, Misra SK, Sharp JS, Garcia-Bosch I, Chakraborty S. De Novo Design of a Self-Assembled Artificial Copper Peptide that Activates and Reduces Peroxide. ACS Catal 2021; 11:10267-10278. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suchitra Mitra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Divyansh Prakash
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | | | - Zdzislaw Wawrzak
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Pallavi Prasad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
| | - Sandeep K. Misra
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Joshua S. Sharp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Isaac Garcia-Bosch
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
| | - Saumen Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
|
42
|
C-type cytochrome-initiated reduction of bacterial lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. Biochem J 2021; 478:2927-2944. [PMID: 34240737 PMCID: PMC8981238 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The release of glucose from lignocellulosic waste for subsequent fermentation into biofuels holds promise for securing humankind's future energy needs. The discovery of a set of copper-dependent enzymes known as lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) has galvanised new research in this area. LPMOs act by oxidatively introducing chain breaks into cellulose and other polysaccharides, boosting the ability of cellulases to act on the substrate. Although several proteins have been implicated as electron sources in fungal LPMO biochemistry, no equivalent bacterial LPMO electron donors have been previously identified, although the proteins Cbp2D and E from Cellvibrio japonicus have been implicated as potential candidates. Here we analyse a small c-type cytochrome (CjX183) present in Cellvibrio japonicus Cbp2D, and show that it can initiate bacterial CuII/I LPMO reduction and also activate LPMO-catalyzed cellulose-degradation. In the absence of cellulose, CjX183-driven reduction of the LPMO results in less H2O2 production from O2, and correspondingly less oxidative damage to the enzyme than when ascorbate is used as the reducing agent. Significantly, using CjX183 as the activator maintained similar cellulase boosting levels relative to the use of an equivalent amount of ascorbate. Our results therefore add further evidence to the impact that the choice of electron source can have on LPMO action. Furthermore, the study of Cbp2D and other similar proteins may yet reveal new insight into the redox processes governing polysaccharide degradation in bacteria.
Collapse
|
43
|
Jeon H, Oh H, Hong S. Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of a mononuclear nonheme copper(II)-iodosylbenzene adduct. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 223:111524. [PMID: 34218127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Iodosylbenzene (PhIO) and its derivatives have attracted significant attention due to their various applications in organic synthesis and biomimetic studies. For example, PhIO has been extensively used for generating high-valent metal-oxo species that have been regarded as key intermediates in diverse oxidative reactions in biological system. However, recent studies have shown that metal-iodosylbenzene adduct, known as a precursor of metal-oxo species, plays an important role in transition metal-catalyzed oxidation reactions. During last few decades, extensive investigations have been conducted on the synthesis and reactivity studies of metal-iodosylbenzene adducts with early and middle transition metals including manganese, iron, cobalt. Nevertheless, metal-iodosylbenzene adducts with late transition metals such as nickel, copper and zinc, still remains elusive. Herein, we report a novel copper(II)-iodosylbenzene adduct bearing a linear ligand composed of two pyridine rings and an ethoxyethanol side-chain, [Cu(OIPh)(HN3O2)]2+ (1). The copper(II)-iodosylbenzene adduct was characterized by several spectroscopic methods including UV-vis spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometer (ESI MS), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) combined with theoretical calculations. Interestingly, 1 can carry out the catalytic sulfoxidation reaction. In sulfoxidation reaction with thioanisole under catalytic reaction condition, not only two-electron but also four-electron oxidized products such sulfoxide and sulfone were yielded, respectively. However, 1 was not an efficient oxidant towards CH bond activation and epoxidation reactions due to the steric hindrance created by the intramolecular H-bonding interaction between HN3O2 ligand and iodosylbenzene moiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeri Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women's University, 04310, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hana Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women's University, 04310, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women's University, 04310, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ipsen JØ, Hernández-Rollán C, Muderspach SJ, Brander S, Bertelsen AB, Jensen PE, Nørholm MHH, Lo Leggio L, Johansen KS. Copper binding and reactivity at the histidine brace motif: insights from mutational analysis of the Pseudomonas fluorescens copper chaperone CopC. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:1708-1720. [PMID: 33896006 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The histidine brace (His-brace) is a copper-binding motif that is associated with both oxidative enzymes and proteinaceous copper chaperones. Here, we used biochemical and structural methods to characterize mutants of a His-brace-containing copper chaperone from Pseudomonas fluorescens (PfCopC). A total of 15 amino acid variants in primary and second-sphere residues were produced and characterized in terms of their copper binding and redox properties. PfCopC has a very high affinity for Cu(II) and also binds Cu(I). A high reorganization barrier likely prevents redox cycling and, thus, catalysis. In contrast, mutations in the conserved second-sphere Glu27 enable slow oxidation of ascorbate. The crystal structure of the variant E27A confirmed copper binding at the His-brace. Unexpectedly, Asp83 at the equatorial position was shown to be indispensable for Cu(II) binding in the His-brace of PfCopC. A PfCopC mutant that was designed to mimic the His-brace from lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase-like family X325 did not bind Cu(II), but was still able to bind Cu(I). These results highlight the importance of the proteinaceous environment around the copper His-brace for reactivity and, thus, the difference between enzyme and chaperone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Ø Ipsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Cristina Hernández-Rollán
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Søren Brander
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Andreas B Bertelsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Poul Erik Jensen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Morten H H Nørholm
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Katja S Johansen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Schröder GC, O’Dell WB, Swartz PD, Meilleur F. Preliminary results of neutron and X-ray diffraction data collection on a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase under reduced and acidic conditions. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2021; 77:128-133. [PMID: 33830078 PMCID: PMC8034432 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x21002399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper-center enzymes that are involved in the oxidative cleavage of the glycosidic bond in crystalline cellulose and other polysaccharides. The LPMO reaction is initiated by the addition of a reductant and oxygen to ultimately form an unknown activated copper-oxygen species that is responsible for polysaccharide-substrate H-atom abstraction. Given the sensitivity of metalloproteins to radiation damage, neutron protein crystallography provides a nondestructive technique for structural characterization while also informing on the positions of H atoms. Neutron cryo-crystallography permits the trapping of catalytic intermediates, thereby providing insight into the protonation states and chemical nature of otherwise short-lived species in the reaction mechanism. To characterize the reaction-mechanism intermediates of LPMO9D from Neurospora crassa, a cryo-neutron diffraction data set was collected from an ascorbate-reduced crystal. A second neutron diffraction data set was collected at room temperature from an LPMO9D crystal exposed to low-pH conditions to probe the protonation states of ionizable groups involved in catalysis under acidic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela C. Schröder
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - William B. O’Dell
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Paul D. Swartz
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Flora Meilleur
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Leisinger F, Miarzlou DA, Seebeck FP. Non-Coordinative Binding of O 2 at the Active Center of a Copper-Dependent Enzyme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6154-6159. [PMID: 33245183 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular oxygen (O2 ) is a sustainable oxidation reagent. O2 is strongly oxidizing but kinetically stable and its final reaction product is water. For these reasons learning how to activate O2 and how to steer its reactivity along desired reaction pathways is a longstanding challenge in chemical research.[1] Activation of ground-state diradical O2 can occur either via conversion to singlet oxygen or by one-electron reduction to superoxide. Many enzymes facilitate activation of O2 by direct fomation of a metal-oxygen coordination complex concomitant with inner sphere electron transfer. The formylglycine generating enzyme (FGE) is an unusual mononuclear copper enzyme that appears to follow a different strategy. Atomic-resolution crystal structures of the precatalytic complex of FGE demonstrate that this enzyme binds O2 juxtaposed, but not coordinated to the catalytic CuI . Isostructural complexes that contain AgI instead of CuI or nitric oxide instead of O2 confirm that formation of the initial oxygenated complex of FGE does not depend on redox activity. A stepwise mechanism that decouples binding and activation of O2 is unprecedented for metal-dependent oxidases, but is reminiscent of flavin-dependent enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Leisinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dzmitry A Miarzlou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian P Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Leisinger F, Miarzlou DA, Seebeck FP. Non‐Coordinative Binding of O
2
at the Active Center of a Copper‐Dependent Enzyme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Leisinger
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Dzmitry A. Miarzlou
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Florian P. Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Brander S, Lausten S, Ipsen JØ, Falkenberg KB, Bertelsen AB, Nørholm MHH, Østergaard LH, Johansen KS. Colorimetric LPMO assay with direct implication for cellulolytic activity. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:51. [PMID: 33640002 PMCID: PMC7916272 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01902-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are important industrial enzymes known for their catalytic degradation of recalcitrant polymers such as cellulose or chitin. Their activity can be measured by lengthy HPLC methods, while high-throughput methods are less specific. A fast and specific LPMO assay would simplify screening for new or engineered LPMOs and accelerate biochemical characterization. RESULTS A novel LPMO activity assay was developed based on the production of the dye phenolphthalein (PHP) from its reduced counterpart (rPHP). The colour response of rPHP oxidisation catalysed by the cellulose-specific LPMO from Thermoascus aurantiacus (TaAA9A), was found to increase tenfold by adding dehydroascorbate (DHA) as a co-substrate. The assay using a combination of rPHP and DHA was tested on 12 different metallo-enzymes, but only the LPMOs catalysed this reaction. The assay was optimized for characterization of TaAA9A and showed a sensitivity of 15 nM after 30 min incubation. It followed apparent Michaelis-Menten kinetics with kcat = 0.09 s-1 and KM = 244 µM, and the assay was used to confirm stoichiometric copper-enzyme binding and enzyme unfolding at a temperature of approximately 60 °C. DHA, glutathione and fructose were found to enhance LPMO oxidation of rPHP and in the optimized assay conditions these co-substrates also enabled cellulose degradation. CONCLUSIONS This novel and specific LPMO assay can be carried out in a convenient microtiter plate format ready for high-throughput screening and enzyme characterization. DHA was the best co-substrate tested for oxidation of rPHP and this preference appears to be LPMO-specific. The identified co-substrates DHA and fructose are not normally considered as LPMO co-substrates but here they are shown to facilitate both oxidation of rPHP and degradation of cellulose. This is a rare example of a finding from a high-throughput assay that directly translate into enzyme activity on an insoluble substrate. The rPHP-based assay thus expands our understanding of LPMO catalysed reactions and has the potential to characterize LPMO activity in industrial settings, where usual co-substrates such as ascorbate and oxygen are depleted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Søren Brander
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, 1958, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine Lausten
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johan Ø Ipsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer B Falkenberg
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andreas B Bertelsen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Morten H H Nørholm
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Katja S Johansen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, 1958, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Frączyk T. Cu(II)-Binding N-Terminal Sequences of Human Proteins. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100043. [PMID: 33617675 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proteins anchor copper(II) ions mainly by imidazole from histidine residues located in different positions in the primary protein structures. However, the motifs with histidine in the first three N-terminal positions (His1 , His2 , and His3 ) show unique Cu(II)-binding properties, such as availability from the surface of the protein, high flexibility, and high Cu(II) exchangeability with other ligands. It makes such sequences beneficial for the fast exchange of Cu(II) between ligands. Furthermore, sequences with His1 and His2 , thus, non-saturating the Cu(II) coordination sphere, are redox-active and may play a role in Cu(II) reduction to Cu(I). All human protein sequences deposited in UniProt Knowledgebase were browsed for those containing His1 , His2 , or His3 . Proteolytically modified sequences (with the removal of a propeptide or Met residue) were taken for the analysis. Finally, the sequences were sorted out according to the subcellular localization of the proteins to match the respective sequences with the probability of interaction with divalent copper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Frączyk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wang Z, Feng S, Rovira C, Wang B. How Oxygen Binding Enhances Long‐Range Electron Transfer: Lessons From Reduction of Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases by Cellobiose Dehydrogenase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry of Solid Surface and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Shishi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry of Solid Surface and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Carme Rovira
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB) Universitat de Barcelona 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) Passeig Lluís Companys 08020 Barcelona Spain
| | - Binju Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry of Solid Surface and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| |
Collapse
|