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Chen Z, Shi Z, Ni S, Ren B, Hu J. Origin, formation, and transformation of different forms of silica in Xuanwei Formation coal, China, and its' emerging environmental problem. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:120735-120748. [PMID: 37943432 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30757-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The study on the origin of quartz and silica in Xuanwei Formation coal in Northwest Yunnan, China, is helpful to understand the relationship between quartz and silica and the high incidence of lung cancer from the root. To address these questions, the mineralogy and microscopic studies of silica in Xuanwei Formation coal were performed. The following results were obtained: (1) silica in the late Permian Xuanwei Formation coal seams originated from detrital input, early diagenesis, and late diagenesis. (2) A more significant contribution comes from early diagenesis, which contains abundant authigenic quartz and amorphous silica. (3) Quartz and silica from inorganic silicon are more symbiotic with kaolinite and from biogenic silicon with chamosite. (4) Three silica polymorphs in coal samples have been identified: opal-A (amorphous silica), opal-CT/-C (cristobalite/tridymite), and α quartz. (5) Opal-A is ubiquitous, while opal-CT/-C and α quartz are rare. (5) Opal-A is an amorphous and nontoxic ordinary silica. (6) Since the toxicity of amorphous silica and its presence in coal is an emerging topic, it should be continuously monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zailin Chen
- Engineering Center of Yunnan Education Department for Health Geological Survey & Evaluation, Kunming, 652501, China
- College of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
- Applied Nuclear Technology in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
| | - Zeming Shi
- College of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China.
- Applied Nuclear Technology in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China.
| | - Shijun Ni
- College of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
- Applied Nuclear Technology in Geosciences Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
| | - Bangzheng Ren
- Institute of Ecology, China West Normal University, Nanchong, 637002, China
| | - Junchun Hu
- Coal Geology Prospecting Institute of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650218, China
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Schoelynck J, De Block P, Van Dyck E, Cooke J. Is there silicon in flowers and what does it tell us? Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10630. [PMID: 37854315 PMCID: PMC10580012 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of flowers marked an important development in plant evolution. Flowers in many species evolved to attract animal pollinators to increase fertilisation chances. In leaves, silicon (Si) discourages herbivores, for example by wearing down mouthparts. Flowers are essentially modified leaves and hence may also have the capacity to accumulate Si. If Si in flowers discourages animal visitors as it does in leaves, Si accumulation may be disadvantageous for pollination. Whether flowers accumulate Si, and what the implications may be, was not known for many species. We analysed leaves and flowers of different taxa, separated into their different anatomical parts. Flowers mostly have low Si concentrations in all parts (mean ± SE of BSi in mg g-1 was 0.22 ± 0.04 in petals, 0.59 ± 0.24 in sepals, 0.14 ± 0.03 in stamens, 0.15 ± 0.04 in styles and stigmas and 0.37 ± 0.19 in ovaries for a subset of 56 species). In most cases, less Si was accumulated in flowers than in leaves (mean ± SE of BSi in mg g-1 was 1.51 ± 0.55 in whole flowers vs. 2.97 ± 0.57 in leaves in 104 species) though intriguing exceptions are found, with some species accumulating more Si in flowers than leaves. The large variation in concentration among flowers across the taxa examined, with a particularly high concentration in grass inflorescences, tantalisingly suggests differences in the use of Si for flowers across plant groups. We conclude that the study of the functions of Si for flowers warrants more attention, with pollination strategy a potential contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Schoelynck
- Department of Biology, ECOSPHERE Research GroupUniversity of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
| | | | - Eva Van Dyck
- Department of Biology, ECOSPHERE Research GroupUniversity of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
| | - Julia Cooke
- Earth, Environment and Ecosystem SciencesThe Open UniversityMilton KeynesUK
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Whalen NS, Hunt TC, Erickson GM. Evapotranspiration-linked silica deposition in a basal tracheophyte plant (Lycopodiaceae: Lycopodiella alopecuroides): implications for the evolutionary origins of phytoliths. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:2224-2235. [PMID: 36869439 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Phytoliths, microscopic deposits of hydrated silica within plants, play a myriad of functional roles in extant tracheophytes - yet their evolutionary origins and the original selective pressures leading to their deposition remain poorly understood. To gain new insights into the ancestral condition of tracheophyte phytolith production and function, phytolith content was intensively assayed in a basal, morphologically conserved tracheophyte: the foxtail clubmoss Lycopodiella alopecuroides. Wet ashing was employed to perform phytolith extractions from every major anatomical region of L. alopecuroides. Phytolith occurrence was recorded, alongside abundance, morphometric information, and morphological descriptions. Phytoliths were recovered exclusively from the microphylls, which were apicodistally silicified into multiphytolith aggregates. Phytolith aggregates were larger and more numerous in anatomical regions engaging in greater evapotranspirational activity. The tissue distribution of L. alopecuroides phytoliths is inconsistent with the expectations of proposed adaptive hypotheses of phytolith evolutionary origin. Instead, it is hypothesized that phytoliths may have arisen incidentally in the L. alopecuroides-like ancestral plant, polymerizing from intraplant silicon accumulations arising via bulk flow and 'leaky' cellular micronutrient channels. This basal, nonadaptive phytolith formation model would provide the evolutionary 'raw material' for later modification into the useful, adaptative, phytolith deposits seen in later-diverging plant clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall S Whalen
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, 319 Stadium Drive, Tallahassee, FL, 32304, USA
| | - Tyler C Hunt
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, 319 Stadium Drive, Tallahassee, FL, 32304, USA
| | - Gregory M Erickson
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, 319 Stadium Drive, Tallahassee, FL, 32304, USA
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4
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de Tombeur F, Raven JA, Toussaint A, Lambers H, Cooke J, Hartley SE, Johnson SN, Coq S, Katz O, Schaller J, Violle C. Why do plants silicify? Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:275-288. [PMID: 36428125 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite seminal papers that stress the significance of silicon (Si) in plant biology and ecology, most studies focus on manipulations of Si supply and mitigation of stresses. The ecological significance of Si varies with different levels of biological organization, and remains hard to capture. We show that the costs of Si accumulation are greater than is currently acknowledged, and discuss potential links between Si and fitness components (growth, survival, reproduction), environment, and ecosystem functioning. We suggest that Si is more important in trait-based ecology than is currently recognized. Si potentially plays a significant role in many aspects of plant ecology, but knowledge gaps prevent us from understanding its possible contribution to the success of some clades and the expansion of specific biomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix de Tombeur
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France; School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
| | - John A Raven
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, UK; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Aurèle Toussaint
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Julia Cooke
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Sue E Hartley
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Scott N Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Sylvain Coq
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Ofir Katz
- Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, Mount Masada, Tamar Regional Council, Israel; Eilat Campus, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Eilat, Israel
| | - Jörg Schaller
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Cyrille Violle
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
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5
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Saitoh Y, Suga M. Structure and function of a silicic acid channel Lsi1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:982068. [PMID: 36172553 PMCID: PMC9510833 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.982068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Silicon is a beneficial element for plant growth and production, especially in rice. Plant roots take up silicon in the form of silicic acid. Silicic acid channels, which belong to the NIP subfamily of aquaporins, are responsible for silicic acid uptake. Accumulated experimental results have deepened our understanding of the silicic acid channel for its uptake mechanism, physiological function, localization, and other aspects. However, how the silicic acid channel efficiently and selectively permeates silicic acid remains to be elucidated. Recently reported crystal structures of the silicic acid channel enabled us to discuss the mechanism of silicic acid uptake by plant roots at an atomic level. In this mini-review, we focus on the crystal structures of the silicic acid channel and provide a detailed description of the structural determinants of silicic acid permeation and its transport mechanism, which are crucial for the rational creation of secure and sustainable crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Saitoh
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Michihiro Suga
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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6
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Shih MC, Xie PJ, Chen J, Chesson P, Sheue CR. Size always matters, shape matters only for the big: potential optical effects of silica bodies in Selaginella. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220204. [PMID: 35857904 PMCID: PMC9257597 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Silica bodies are commonly found in Selaginella, but their function is unclear. Lens-like appearance and location in many species above giant chloroplasts of dorsal epidermal cells suggest optical functions. Silica body morphology in three Selaginella species was studied by microscopy. Optical effects were assessed by wave-optic simulations. Large convex, approximately hemispherical (papillose) and small approximately conical (concave-convex) silica bodies were found in different species. Both types lead to a concentrated spot of light high in the dorsal epidermal cell. Large convex bodies concentrate light 10-25 times in a shape-dependent manner by refraction, and small silica bodies concentrate light in a shape-insensitive, but wavelength-dependent, manner by diffraction (red light: approx. 2.3 times; blue light: approx. 1.5 times). Due to chloroplast movement, this concentrated light is above the chloroplast under high light, but within it under low light. Beyond the spot of concentration, light is dispersed into the chloroplast. Thin Selaginella leaves mean these effects may enhance light capture and minimize photodamage, but other effects such as inhibition of herbivory, mechanical support, and immune responses need to be considered. Silica bodies undoubtedly have optical effects, but their significance to the functioning of the plant requires direct studies of ecophysiological performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chih Shih
- Department of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xing Da Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- i-Center for Advanced Science and Technology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xing Da Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jung Xie
- Department of Life Sciences and Center of Global Change Biology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xing Da Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Jiannyeu Chen
- Department of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xing Da Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- i-Center for Advanced Science and Technology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xing Da Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Peter Chesson
- Department of Life Sciences and Center of Global Change Biology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xing Da Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Chiou-Rong Sheue
- Department of Life Sciences and Center of Global Change Biology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xing Da Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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7
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Imada Y, Oyama N, Shinoda K, Takahashi H, Yukawa H. Oldest leaf mine trace fossil from East Asia provides insight into ancient nutritional flow in a plant-herbivore interaction. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5254. [PMID: 35347200 PMCID: PMC8960907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Late Triassic saw a flourish of plant–arthropod interactions. By the Late Triassic, insects had developed all distinct strategies of herbivory, notably including some of the earliest occurrences of leaf-mining. Herein we describe exceptionally well-preserved leaf-mine trace fossils on a Cladophlebis Brongniart fern pinnule from the Momonoki Formation, Mine Group, Japan (Middle Carnian), representing the oldest unequivocal leaf-mines from East Asia. The mines all display a distinctive frass trail—a continuous meandering line, which later becomes a broad band containing spheroidal particles—demonstrating larval development. Although the shapes of the frass trails are generally comparable to those of Lepidoptera or Coleoptera, they cannot be unequivocally assigned to a specific extant leaf-mining taxon. Furthermore, elemental analyses by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) reveals that the frass trail comprises phosphate coprolites. The quantitative variations in P, S, and Si between coprolites and leaf veins may reflect physiological processes (e.g., consumption, absorption, and excretion) mediated by plant chemicals. Our findings reinforce the idea that leaf-mining had become a pervasive feeding strategy of herbivorous insects by the Late Triassic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yume Imada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-Cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Nozomu Oyama
- Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kenji Shinoda
- Department of Construction, Agriculture, and Forestry, Mine City Office, 326-1 Higashibun, Omine-Cho, Mine, Yamaguchi, 759-2292, Japan
| | - Humio Takahashi
- Mine City Museum of History and Folklore, 279-1 Higashibun, Omine-Cho, Mine, Yamaguchi, 759-2212, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Yukawa
- Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum, 51-11 Terao, Muroko, Katsuyama, Fukui, 911-8601, Japan
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Shivaraj SM, Mandlik R, Bhat JA, Raturi G, Elbaum R, Alexander L, Tripathi DK, Deshmukh R, Sonah H. Outstanding Questions on the Beneficial Role of Silicon in Crop Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:4-18. [PMID: 34558628 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is widely accepted as a beneficial element for plants. Despite the substantial progress made in understanding Si transport mechanisms and modes of action in plants, several questions remain unanswered. In this review, we discuss such outstanding questions and issues commonly encountered by biologists studying the role of Si in plants in relation to Si bioavailability. In recent years, advances in our understanding of the role of Si-solubilizing bacteria and the efficacy of Si nanoparticles have been made. However, there are many unknown aspects associated with structural and functional features of Si transporters, Si loading into the xylem, and the role of specialized cells like silica cells and compounds preventing Si polymerization in plant tissues. In addition, despite several 1,000 reports showing the positive effects of Si in high as well as low Si-accumulating plant species, the exact roles of Si at the molecular level are yet to be understood. Some evidence suggests that Si regulates hormonal pathways and nutrient uptake, thereby explaining various observed benefits of Si uptake. However, how Si modulates hormonal pathways or improves nutrient uptake remains to be explained. Finally, we summarize the knowledge gaps that will provide a roadmap for further research on plant silicon biology, leading to an exploration of the benefits of Si uptake to enhance crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Shivaraj
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
| | - Rushil Mandlik
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Punjab 160014, India
| | - Javaid Akhter Bhat
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Gaurav Raturi
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Punjab 160014, India
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- R H Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Lux Alexander
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Bratislava SK-84215, Slovakia
| | - Durgesh Kumar Tripathi
- Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313, India
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
| | - Humira Sonah
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
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9
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Klotz M, Schaller J, Kurze S, Engelbrecht BMJ. Variation of foliar silicon concentrations in temperate forbs: effects of soil silicon, phylogeny and habitat. Oecologia 2021; 196:977-987. [PMID: 34259905 PMCID: PMC8367921 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04978-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) accumulation is known to alleviate various biotic and abiotic stressors in plants with potential ecological consequences. However, for dicotyledonous plants our understanding of Si variation remains limited. We conducted a comparative experimental study to investigate (1) interspecific variation of foliar Si concentrations across 37 dicotyledonous forbs of temperate grasslands, (2) intraspecific variation in foliar Si concentration in response to soil Si availability, the influence of (3) phylogenetic relatedness, and (4) habitat association to moisture. Foliar Si differed markedly (approx. 70-fold) across the investigated forbs, with some species exhibiting Si accumulation similar to grasses. Foliar Si increased with soil Si availability, but the response varied across species: species with higher Si accumulation capacity showed a stronger response, indicating that they did not actively upregulate Si uptake under low soil Si availability. Foliar Si showed a pronounced phylogenetic signal, i.e., closely related species exhibited more similar foliar Si concentrations than distantly related species. Significant differences in foliar Si concentration within closely related species pairs nevertheless support that active Si uptake and associated high Si concentrations has evolved multiple times in forbs. Foliar Si was not higher in species associated with drier habitats, implying that in dicotyledonous forbs of temperate grasslands high foliar Si is not an adaptive trait to withstand drought. Our results demonstrated considerable inter- and intraspecific variation in foliar Si concentration in temperate forbs. This variation should have pervasive, but so far understudied, ecological consequences for community composition and functioning of temperate grasslands under land-use and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Klotz
- Department of Plant Ecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Jörg Schaller
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Kurze
- Department of Plant Ecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Bettina M J Engelbrecht
- Department of Plant Ecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
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10
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Coskun D, Deshmukh R, Shivaraj SM, Isenring P, Bélanger RR. Lsi2: A black box in plant silicon transport. PLANT AND SOIL 2021; 466:1-20. [PMID: 34720209 PMCID: PMC8550040 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-021-05061-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silicon (Si) is widely considered a non-essential but beneficial element for higher plants, providing broad protection against various environmental stresses (both biotic and abiotic), particularly in species that can readily absorb the element. Two plasma-membrane proteins are known to coordinate the radial transport of Si (in the form of Si(OH)4) from soil to xylem within roots: the influx channel Lsi1 and the efflux transporter Lsi2. From a structural and mechanistic perspective, much more is known about Lsi1 (a member of the NIP-III subgroup of the Major Intrinsic Proteins) compared to Lsi2 (a putative Si(OH)4/H+ antiporter, with some homology to bacterial anion transporters). SCOPE Here, we critically review the current state of understanding regarding the physiological role and molecular characteristics of Lsi2. We demonstrate that the structure-function relationship of Lsi2 is largely uncharted and that the standing transport model requires much better supportive evidence. We also provide (to our knowledge) the most current and extensive phylogenetic analysis of Lsi2 from all fully sequenced higher-plant genomes. We end by suggesting research directions and hypotheses to elucidate the properties of Lsi2. CONCLUSIONS Given that Lsi2 is proposed to mediate xylem Si loading and thus root-to-shoot translocation and biosilicification, it is imperative that the field of Si transport focus its efforts on a better understanding of this important topic. With this review, we aim to stimulate and advance research in the field of Si transport and thus better exploit Si to improve crop resilience and agricultural output. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11104-021-05061-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Coskun
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté Des Sciences de L’Agriculture Et de L’Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, Québec Canada
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - S. M. Shivaraj
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Paul Isenring
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec Canada
| | - Richard R. Bélanger
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté Des Sciences de L’Agriculture Et de L’Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, Québec Canada
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11
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Can sustainable, monodisperse, spherical silica be produced from biomolecules? A review. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-01869-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Khan MIR, Ashfaque F, Chhillar H, Irfan M, Khan NA. The intricacy of silicon, plant growth regulators and other signaling molecules for abiotic stress tolerance: An entrancing crosstalk between stress alleviators. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 162:36-47. [PMID: 33667965 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Unfavorable environmental conditions are the critical inimical to the sustainable agriculture. Among various novel strategies designed to protect plants from abiotic stress threats, use of mineral elements as 'stress mitigators' has emerged as the most crucial and interesting aspect. Silicon (Si) is a quasi-essential nutrient that mediates plant growth and development and interacts with plant growth regulators (PGRs) and signaling molecules to combat abiotic stress induced adversities in plants and increase stress tolerance. PGRs are one of the most important chemical messengers that mediate plant growth and development during stressful conditions. However, the individual roles of Si and PGRs have extensively defined but their exquisite crosstalk with each other to mediate plant stress responses is still indiscernible. The present review is an upfront effort to delineate an intricate crosstalk/interaction between Si and PGRs to reduce abiotic stress adversities. The combined effects of interaction of Si with other signaling molecules such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and calcium (Ca2+) for the survival of plants under stress and optimal conditions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farha Ashfaque
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | | | - Mohammad Irfan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nafees A Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
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13
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Katz O, Puppe D, Kaczorek D, Prakash NB, Schaller J. Silicon in the Soil-Plant Continuum: Intricate Feedback Mechanisms within Ecosystems. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:652. [PMID: 33808069 PMCID: PMC8066056 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plants' ability to take up silicon from the soil, accumulate it within their tissues and then reincorporate it into the soil through litter creates an intricate network of feedback mechanisms in ecosystems. Here, we provide a concise review of silicon's roles in soil chemistry and physics and in plant physiology and ecology, focusing on the processes that form these feedback mechanisms. Through this review and analysis, we demonstrate how this feedback network drives ecosystem processes and affects ecosystem functioning. Consequently, we show that Si uptake and accumulation by plants is involved in several ecosystem services like soil appropriation, biomass supply, and carbon sequestration. Considering the demand for food of an increasing global population and the challenges of climate change, a detailed understanding of the underlying processes of these ecosystem services is of prime importance. Silicon and its role in ecosystem functioning and services thus should be the main focus of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Katz
- Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, Mt. Masada, Tamar Regional Council, 86910 Tamar, Israel
- Eilat Campus, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Hatmarim Blv, 8855630 Eilat, Israel
| | - Daniel Puppe
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany; (D.P.); (D.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Danuta Kaczorek
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany; (D.P.); (D.K.); (J.S.)
- Department of Soil Environment Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), 02776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nagabovanalli B. Prakash
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore 560065, India;
| | - Jörg Schaller
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany; (D.P.); (D.K.); (J.S.)
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Tombeur F, Laliberté E, Lambers H, Faucon M, Zemunik G, Turner BL, Cornelis J, Mahy G. A shift from phenol to silica‐based leaf defences during long‐term soil and ecosystem development. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:984-995. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Tombeur
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech University of Liege Gembloux Belgium
| | - Etienne Laliberté
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale Université de Montréal 4101 Sherbrooke Est Montréal QC H1X 2B2 Canada
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley (Perth) WA 6009 Australia
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley (Perth) WA 6009 Australia
| | - Michel‐Pierre Faucon
- AGHYLE SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417 UniLaSalle 19 rue Pierre Waguet Beauvais 60026 France
| | - Graham Zemunik
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley (Perth) WA 6009 Australia
| | - Benjamin L. Turner
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado 0843‐03092 Balboa Ancon Panama
- Soil and Water Science Department University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Jean‐Thomas Cornelis
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech University of Liege Gembloux Belgium
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Grégory Mahy
- TERRA Teaching and Research Centre Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech University of Liege Gembloux Belgium
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15
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Acevedo FE, Peiffer M, Ray S, Tan CW, Felton GW. Silicon-Mediated Enhancement of Herbivore Resistance in Agricultural Crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:631824. [PMID: 33679847 PMCID: PMC7928372 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.631824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is a beneficial mineral that enhances plant protection against abiotic and biotic stresses, including insect herbivores. Si increases mechanical and biochemical defenses in a variety of plant species. However, the use of Si in agriculture remains poorly adopted despite its widely documented benefits in plant health. In this study, we tested the effect of Si supplementation on the induction of plant resistance against a chewing herbivore in crops with differential ability to accumulate this element. Our model system comprised the generalist herbivore fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda and three economically important plant species with differential ability to uptake silicon: tomato (non-Si accumulator), soybean, and maize (Si-accumulators). We investigated the effects of Si supply and insect herbivory on the induction of physical and biochemical plant defenses, and herbivore growth using potted plants in greenhouse conditions. Herbivory and Si supply increased peroxidase (POX) activity and trichome density in tomato, and the concentration of phenolics in soybean. Si supplementation increased leaf Si concentration in all plants. Previous herbivory affected FAW larval weight gain in all plants tested, and the Si treatment further reduced weight gain of larvae fed on Si accumulator plants. Notably, our results strongly suggest that non-glandular trichomes are important reservoirs of Si in maize and may increase plant resistance to chewing herbivores. We conclude that Si offers transient resistance to FAW in soybean, and a more lasting resistance in maize. Si supply is a promising strategy in management programs of chewing herbivores in Si-accumulator plants.
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16
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A Series of Data-Driven Hypotheses for Inferring Biogeochemical Conditions in Alkaline Lakes and Their Deposits Based on the Behavior of Mg and SiO2. MINERALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/min11020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline (pH > 8.5) lakes have been common features of Earth’s surface environments throughout its history and are currently among the most biologically productive environments on the planet. The chemistry of alkaline lakes favors the deposition of aluminum-poor magnesian clays (e.g., sepiolite, stevensite, and kerolite) whose chemistry and mineralogy may provide a useful record of the biogeochemistry of the lake waters from which they were precipitated. In this forward-looking review, we present six data-driven, testable hypotheses devoted to furthering our understanding of the biogeochemical conditions in paleolake waters based on the geochemical behavior of Mg and SiO2. In the development of these hypotheses, we bring together a compilation of modern lake water chemistry, recently published and new experimental data, and empirical, thermodynamic, and kinetic relationships developed from these data. We subdivide the hypotheses and supporting evidence into three categories: (1) interpreting paleolake chemistry from mineralogy; (2) interpreting the impact of diatoms on alkaline lake sedimentation; and (3) interpreting depositional mineralogy based on water chemistry. We demonstrate the need for further investigation by discussing evidence both for and against each hypothesis, which, in turn, highlights the gaps in our knowledge and the importance of furthering our understanding of the relevant geological and biological systems. The focused testing of these hypotheses against modern occurrences and the geologic record of alkaline lakes can have profound implications for the interpretation of the paleo-biogeochemistry and paleohabitability of these systems on Earth and beyond.
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17
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Zexer N, Elbaum R. Unique lignin modifications pattern the nucleation of silica in sorghum endodermis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6818-6829. [PMID: 32154874 PMCID: PMC7709913 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Silicon dioxide in the form of hydrated silica is a component of plant tissues that can constitute several percent by dry weight in certain taxa. Nonetheless, the mechanism of plant silica formation is mostly unknown. Silicon (Si) is taken up from the soil by roots in the form of monosilicic acid molecules. The silicic acid is carried in the xylem and subsequently polymerizes in target sites to silica. In roots of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), silica aggregates form in an orderly pattern along the inner tangential cell walls of endodermis cells. Using Raman microspectroscopy, autofluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy, we investigated the structure and composition of developing aggregates in roots of sorghum seedlings. Putative silica aggregation loci were identified in roots grown under Si starvation. These micrometer-scale spots were constructed of tightly packed modified lignin, and nucleated trace concentrations of silicic acid. Substantial variation in cell wall autofluorescence between Si+ and Si- roots demonstrated the impact of Si on cell wall chemistry. We propose that in Si- roots, the modified lignin cross-linked into the cell wall and lost its ability to nucleate silica. In Si+ roots, silica polymerized on the modified lignin and altered its structure. Our work demonstrates a high degree of control over lignin and silica deposition in cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerya Zexer
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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18
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Deshmukh R, Sonah H, Belanger RR. New evidence defining the evolutionary path of aquaporins regulating silicon uptake in land plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6775-6788. [PMID: 32710120 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the evolution events defining silicon (Si) uptake in plant species is important for the efficient exploration of Si-derived benefits. In the present study, Si accumulation was studied in 456 diverse plant species grown in uniform field conditions, and in a subset of 151 species grown under greenhouse conditions, allowing efficient comparison among the species. In addition, a systematic analysis of nodulin 26-like intrinsic proteins III (NIP-III), which form Si channels, was performed in >1000 species to trace their evolutionary path and link with Si accumulation. Significant variations in Si accumulation were observed among the plant species studied. For their part, species lacking NIP-IIIs systematically showed low Si accumulation. Interestingly, seven NIP-IIIs were identified in three moss species, namely Physcomitrella patens, Andreaea rupestris, and Scouleria aquatica, indicating that the evolution of NIP-IIIs dates back as early as 515 million years ago. These results were further supported from previous reports of Si deposition in moss fossils estimated to be from around the Ordovician era. The taxonomical distribution provided in the present study will be helpful for several other disciplines, such as palaeoecology and geology, that define the biogeochemical cycling of Si. In addition to the prediction of Si uptake potential of plant species based on sequence information and taxonomical positioning, the evolutionary path of the Si uptake mechanism described here will be helpful to understand the Si environment over the different eras of land plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Deshmukh
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Humira Sonah
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Richard R Belanger
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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19
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Brightly WH, Hartley SE, Osborne CP, Simpson KJ, Strömberg CAE. High silicon concentrations in grasses are linked to environmental conditions and not associated with C 4 photosynthesis. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:7128-7143. [PMID: 32897634 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The uptake and deposition of silicon (Si) as silica phytoliths is common among land plants and is associated with a variety of functions. Among these, herbivore defense has received significant attention, particularly with regard to grasses and grasslands. Grasses are well known for their high silica content, a trait which has important implications ranging from defense to global Si cycling. Here, we test the classic hypothesis that C4 grasses evolved stronger mechanical defenses than C3 grasses through increased phytolith deposition, in response to extensive ungulate herbivory ("C4 -grazer hypothesis"). Despite mixed support, this hypothesis has received broad attention, even outside the realm of plant biology. Because C3 and C4 grasses typically dominate in different climates, with the latter more abundant in hot, dry regions, we also investigated the effects of water availability and temperature on Si deposition. We compiled a large dataset of grasses grown under controlled environmental conditions. Using phylogenetically informed generalized linear mixed models and character evolution models, we evaluated whether photosynthetic pathway or growth condition influenced Si concentration. We found that C4 grasses did not show consistently elevated Si concentrations compared with C3 grasses. High temperature treatments were associated with increased concentration, especially in taxa adapted to warm regions. Although the effect was less pronounced, reduced water treatment also promoted silica deposition, with slightly stronger response in dry habitat species. The evidence presented here rejects the "C4 -grazer hypothesis." Instead, we propose that the tendency for C4 grasses to outcompete C3 species under hot, dry conditions explains previous observations supporting this hypothesis. These findings also suggest a mechanism via which anthropogenic climate change may influence silica deposition in grasses and, by extension, alter the important ecological and geochemical processes it affects.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Brightly
- Department of Biology and the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sue E Hartley
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Colin P Osborne
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kimberley J Simpson
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Caroline A E Strömberg
- Department of Biology and the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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20
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Nawaz MA, Azeem F, Zakharenko AM, Lin X, Atif RM, Baloch FS, Chan TF, Chung G, Ham J, Sun S, Golokhvast KS. In-silico Exploration of Channel Type and Efflux Silicon Transporters and Silicification Proteins in 80 Sequenced Viridiplantae Genomes. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111612. [PMID: 33233677 PMCID: PMC7709012 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) accumulation protects plants from biotic and abiotic stresses. It is transported and distributed within the plant body through a cooperative system of channel type (e.g., OsLsi1) and efflux (Lsi2s e.g., OsLsi2) Si transporters (SITs) that belong to Noduline-26 like intrinsic protein family of aquaporins and an uncharacterized anion transporter family, respectively. Si is deposited in plant tissues as phytoliths and the process is known as biosilicification but the knowledge about the proteins involved in this process is limited. In the present study, we explored channel type SITs and Lsi2s, and siliplant1 protein (Slp1) in 80 green plant species. We found 80 channel type SITs and 133 Lsi2s. The channel type SITs characterized by the presence of two NPA motifs, GSGR or STAR selectivity filter, and 108 amino acids between two NPA motifs were absent from Chlorophytes, while Streptophytes evolved two different types of channel type SITs with different selectivity filters. Both channel type SITs and Lsi2s evolved two types of gene structures each, however, Lsi2s are ancient and were also found in Chlorophyta. Homologs of Slp1 (225) were present in almost all Streptophytes regardless of their Si accumulation capacity. In Si accumulator plant species, the Slp1s were characterized by the presence of H, D-rich domain, P, K, E-rich domain, and P, T, Y-rich domain, while moderate Si accumulators lacked H, D-rich domain and P, T, Y-rich domains. The digital expression analysis and coexpression networks highlighted the role of channel type and Lsi2s, and how Slp1 homologs were ameliorating plants’ ability to withstand different stresses by co-expressing with genes related to structural integrity and signaling. Together, the in-silico exploration made in this study increases our knowledge of the process of biosilicification in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Amjad Nawaz
- Laboratory of Bio-Economics and Biotechnology, Department of Bio-Economics and Food Safety, School of Economics and Management, Far Eastern Federal University, 690950 Vladivostok, Russia;
| | - Farrukh Azeem
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | | | - Xiao Lin
- Center for Soybean Research, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong 999077, China; (X.L.); (T.-F.C.)
| | - Rana Muhammad Atif
- US-Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Faheem Shehzad Baloch
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Sivas University of Science and Technology, Sivas 58140, Turkey;
| | - Ting-Fung Chan
- Center for Soybean Research, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong 999077, China; (X.L.); (T.-F.C.)
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Chonnam 59626, Korea;
| | - Junghee Ham
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea;
| | - Sangmi Sun
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Chonnam 59626, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (K.S.G.)
| | - Kirill S. Golokhvast
- N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 42, 44 Bolshaya Morskaya Street, 190000 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Education and Scientific Center of Nanotechnology, Far Eastern Federal University, 690950 Vladivostok, Russia
- Pacific Geographical Institute, FEB RAS, 7 Radio street, 690014 Vladivostok, Russia
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (K.S.G.)
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21
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Sheng H, Chen S. Plant silicon-cell wall complexes: Identification, model of covalent bond formation and biofunction. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:13-19. [PMID: 32736240 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element on earth crust, consisting primarily of silicate minerals. Si is found in the tissues of almost all terrestrial plants and is mostly deposited in specialized cells or cell walls as amorphous silica. Numerous discoveries have shown that in addition to non-covalent interactions through amorphous silica, Si can form covalent bonds with plant cell wall components such as hemicelluloses, pectin and lignin. The covalent bonds may be formed via Si-O-C linkages between monosilicic acid (H4SiO4) and cis-diols of cell wall polysaccharides or lignin. The covalently bound organosilicon, independent of amorphous inorganic silica, may play a crucial role in plant cell wall structure and remodeling and thus plant growth and its resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. This review discusses the existing research on the discovery of plant silicon-cell wall complexes and proposes a model of their covalent bond formation and biofunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huachun Sheng
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
| | - Shaolin Chen
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
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22
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Sakizadeh J, Cline JP, Snyder MA, Kiely CJ, McIntosh S. Tailored Coupling of Biomineralized CdS Quantum Dots to rGO to Realize Ambient Aqueous Synthesis of a High-Performance Hydrogen Evolution Photocatalyst. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:42773-42780. [PMID: 32865390 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanocomposite photocatalysts offer a promising route to efficient and clean hydrogen production. However, the multistep, high-temperature, solvent-based syntheses typically utilized to prepare these photocatalysts can limit their scalability and sustainability. Biosynthetic routes to produce functional nanomaterials occur at room temperature and in aqueous conditions, but typically do not produce high-performance materials. We have developed a method to produce a highly efficient hydrogen evolution photocatalyst consisting of CdS quantum dots (QDs) supported on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) via enzyme-based syntheses combined with tuned ligand exchange-mediated self-assembly. All preparation steps are carried out in an aqueous environment at ambient temperature. Size-controlled CdS QDs and rGO are prepared through enzyme-mediated turnover of l-cysteine to HS- in aqueous solutions of Cd-acetate and graphene oxide, respectively. Exchange of cysteamine for the native l-cysteine ligand capping the CdS QDs drives self-assembly of the now positively charged cysteamine-capped CdS (CdS/CA) onto negatively charged rGO. The use of this short linker molecule additionally enables efficient charge transfer from CdS to rGO, increasing exciton lifetime and, subsequently, photocatalytic activity. The visible-light hydrogen evolution rate of the resulting CdS/CA/rGO photocatalyst is 3300 μmol h-1 g-1. This represents, to our knowledge, one of the highest reported rates for a CdS/rGO nanocomposite photocatalyst, irrespective of the synthesis method.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Sakizadeh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Joseph P Cline
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Mark A Snyder
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Christopher J Kiely
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Steven McIntosh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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23
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Quigley KM, Griffith DM, Donati GL, Anderson TM. Soil nutrients and precipitation are major drivers of global patterns of grass leaf silicification. Ecology 2020; 101:e03006. [PMID: 32020594 PMCID: PMC7317429 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Grasses accumulate high concentrations of silicon (Si) in their tissues, with potential benefits including herbivore defense, improved water balance, and reduced leaf construction costs. Although Si is one of the most widely varying leaf constituents among individuals, species, and ecosystems, the environmental forces driving this variation remain elusive and understudied. To understand relationships between environmental factors and grass Si accumulation better, we analyzed foliar chemistry of grasses from 17 globally distributed sites where nutrient inputs and grazing were manipulated. These sites span natural gradients in temperature, precipitation, and underlying soil properties, which allowed us to assess the relative importance of soil moisture and nutrients across variation in climate. Foliar Si concentration did not respond to large mammalian grazer exclusion, but significant variation in herbivore abundance among sites may have precluded the observation of defoliation effects at these sites. However, nutrient addition consistently reduced leaf Si, especially at sites with low soil nitrogen prior to nutrient addition. Additionally, a leaf‐level trade‐off between Si and carbon (C) existed that was stronger at arid sites than mesic sites. Our results suggest soil nutrient limitation favors investment in Si over C‐based leaf construction, and that fixing C is especially costly relative to assimilating Si when water is limiting. Our results demonstrate the importance of soil nutrients and precipitation as key drivers of global grass silicification patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Quigley
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27109, USA
| | - Daniel M Griffith
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27109, USA
| | - George L Donati
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27109, USA
| | - T Michael Anderson
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27109, USA
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24
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Silicon and Plant-Animal Interactions: Towards an Evolutionary Framework. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040430. [PMID: 32244583 PMCID: PMC7238073 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Herbivory is fundamental in ecology, being a major driver of ecosystem structure and functioning. Plant Si and phytoliths play a significant antiherbivory role, the understanding of which and of its evolutionary context will increase our understanding of this phenomenon, its origins, and its significance for past, extant, and future ecosystems. To achieve this goal, we need a superdisciplinary evolutionary framework connecting the role of Si in plant–herbivore interactions, in global processes, and in plant and herbivore evolution. To do this properly, we should acknowledge and incorporate into our work some basic facts that are too often overlooked. First, there is great taxonomic variance both in plant Si contents, forms, and roles, but also in herbivore responses, dietary preferences, and in fossil evidence. Second, species and their traits, as well as whole ecosystems, should be seen in the context of their entire evolutionary history and may therefore reflect not only adaptations to extant selective factors but also anachronistic traits. Third, evolutionary history and evolutionary transitions are complex, resulting in true and apparent asynchronisms. Fourth, evolution and ecology are multiscalar, in which various phenomena and processes act at various scales. Taking these issues into consideration will improve our ability to develop this needed theoretical framework and will bring us closer to gaining a more complete understanding of one of the most exciting and elusive phenomena in plant biology and ecology.
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25
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Pommerrenig B, Diehn TA, Bernhardt N, Bienert MD, Mitani-Ueno N, Fuge J, Bieber A, Spitzer C, Bräutigam A, Ma JF, Chaumont F, Bienert GP. Functional evolution of nodulin 26-like intrinsic proteins: from bacterial arsenic detoxification to plant nutrient transport. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1383-1396. [PMID: 31550387 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nodulin 26-like intrinsic proteins (NIPs) play essential roles in transporting the nutrients silicon and boron in seed plants, but the evolutionary origin of this transport function and the co-permeability to toxic arsenic remains enigmatic. Horizontal gene transfer of a yet uncharacterised bacterial AqpN-aquaporin group was the starting-point for plant NIP evolution. We combined intense sequence, phylogenetic and genetic context analyses and a mutational approach with various transport assays in oocytes and plants to resolve the transorganismal and functional evolution of bacterial and algal and terrestrial plant NIPs and to reveal their molecular transport specificity features. We discovered that aqpN genes are prevalently located in arsenic resistance operons of various prokaryotic phyla. We provided genetic and functional evidence that these proteins contribute to the arsenic detoxification machinery. We identified NIPs with the ancestral bacterial AqpN selectivity filter composition in algae, liverworts, moss, hornworts and ferns and demonstrated that these archetype plant NIPs and their prokaryotic progenitors are almost impermeable to water and silicon but transport arsenic and boron. With a mutational approach, we demonstrated that during evolution, ancestral NIP selectivity shifted to allow subfunctionalisations. Together, our data provided evidence that evolution converted bacterial arsenic efflux channels into essential seed plant nutrient transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pommerrenig
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
- Division of Plant Physiology, University Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Till A Diehn
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Nadine Bernhardt
- Genebank Department, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Manuela D Bienert
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Namiki Mitani-Ueno
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 710-0046, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Jacqueline Fuge
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Annett Bieber
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Christoph Spitzer
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Andrea Bräutigam
- Computational Biology, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jian Feng Ma
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 710-0046, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - François Chaumont
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UC Louvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Gerd P Bienert
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
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Maguire TJ, Fulweiler RW. Urban groundwater dissolved silica concentrations are elevated due to vertical composition of historic land-filling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 684:89-95. [PMID: 31150879 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Human influences on global silicon (Si) cycling include land-use change, deforestation, and wastewater discharge. Here we quantified the effect of urban expansion and historic land fill on dissolved silica (DSi) concentrations in urban groundwater in a northern temperate city. We hypothesized that historical land use, fill material, and urban infrastructure buried below cities create a unique anthropogenic geology which acts as a DSi source. We found that concentrations of DSi in urban groundwater are significantly higher than those from non-urban environments. We also found that historic land-use variables out-perform traditional topographic variables predicting urban DSi concentrations. We show that higher groundwater DSi concentrations result in increased subterranean groundwater discharge (SGD) fluxes, thereby altering coastal receiving water DSi availability. Further, we demonstrate that accounting for urban SGD DSi fluxes globally, could increase DSi SGD export by 20%. Together these results call for a re-evaluation of anthropogenic impacts on the global Si cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Maguire
- Biology Department, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America.
| | - Robinson W Fulweiler
- Biology Department, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America; Earth and Environment Department, Boston University, 685 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
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Gewirtzman J, Tang J, Melillo JM, Werner WJ, Kurtz AC, Fulweiler RW, Carey JC. Soil Warming Accelerates Biogeochemical Silica Cycling in a Temperate Forest. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1097. [PMID: 31572416 PMCID: PMC6749086 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biological cycling of silica plays an important role in terrestrial primary production. Soil warming stemming from climate change can alter the cycling of elements, such as carbon and nitrogen, in forested ecosystems. However, the effects of soil warming on the biogeochemical cycle of silica in forested ecosystems remain unexplored. Here we examine long-term forest silica cycling under ambient and warmed conditions over a 15-year period of experimental soil warming at Harvard Forest (Petersham, MA). Specifically, we measured silica concentrations in organic and mineral soils, and in the foliage and litter of two dominant species (Acer rubrum and Quercus rubra), in a large (30 × 30 m) heated plot and an adjacent control plot (30 × 30 m). In 2016, we also examined effects of heating on dissolved silica in the soil solution, and conducted a litter decomposition experiment using four tree species (Acer rubrum, Quercus rubra, Betula lenta, Tsuga canadensis) to examine effects of warming on the release of biogenic silica (BSi) from plants to soils. We find that tree foliage maintained constant silica concentrations in the control and warmed plots, which, coupled with productivity enhancements under warming, led to an increase in total plant silica uptake. We also find that warming drove an acceleration in the release of silica from decaying litter in three of the four species we examined, and a substantial increase in the silica dissolved in soil solution. However, we observe no changes in soil BSi stocks with warming. Together, our data indicate that warming increases the magnitude of silica uptake by vegetation and accelerates the internal cycling of silica in in temperate forests, with possible, and yet unresolved, effects on the delivery of silica from terrestrial to marine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gewirtzman
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jianwu Tang
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Jerry M. Melillo
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - William J. Werner
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Andrew C. Kurtz
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robinson W. Fulweiler
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joanna C. Carey
- The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Math and Science, Babson College, Babson Park, MA, United States
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Nawaz MA, Zakharenko AM, Zemchenko IV, Haider MS, Ali MA, Imtiaz M, Chung G, Tsatsakis A, Sun S, Golokhvast KS. Phytolith Formation in Plants: From Soil to Cell. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E249. [PMID: 31357485 PMCID: PMC6724085 DOI: 10.3390/plants8080249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Silica is deposited extra- and intracellularly in plants in solid form, as phytoliths. Phytoliths have emerged as accepted taxonomic tools and proxies for reconstructing ancient flora, agricultural economies, environment, and climate. The discovery of silicon transporter genes has aided in the understanding of the mechanism of silicon transport and deposition within the plant body and reconstructing plant phylogeny that is based on the ability of plants to accumulate silica. However, a precise understanding of the process of silica deposition and the formation of phytoliths is still an enigma and the information regarding the proteins that are involved in plant biosilicification is still scarce. With the observation of various shapes and morphologies of phytoliths, it is essential to understand which factors control this mechanism. During the last two decades, significant research has been done in this regard and silicon research has expanded as an Earth-life science superdiscipline. We review and integrate the recent knowledge and concepts on the uptake and transport of silica and its deposition as phytoliths in plants. We also discuss how different factors define the shape, size, and chemistry of the phytoliths and how biosilicification evolved in plants. The role of channel-type and efflux silicon transporters, proline-rich proteins, and siliplant1 protein in transport and deposition of silica is presented. The role of phytoliths against biotic and abiotic stress, as mechanical barriers, and their use as taxonomic tools and proxies, is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Amjad Nawaz
- Education and Scientific Center of Nanotechnology, Far Eastern Federal University, 690950 Vladivostok, Russia
| | | | | | - Muhammad Sajjad Haider
- Department of Forestry, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, 40100 Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Amjad Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, 38040 Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, 38040 Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imtiaz
- Soil and Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, 38040 Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, 59626 Yeosu-Si, Korea
| | - Aristides Tsatsakis
- Department of Toxicology and Forensics, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion GR-71003, Crete, Greece
| | - Sangmi Sun
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, 59626 Yeosu-Si, Korea.
| | - Kirill Sergeyevich Golokhvast
- Education and Scientific Center of Nanotechnology, Far Eastern Federal University, 690950 Vladivostok, Russia.
- Pacific Geographical Institute, FEB RAS, 7 Radio street, Vladivostok 690014, Russia.
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Wang M, Yang W, Zhou F, Du Z, Xue M, Chen T, Liang D. Effect of phosphate and silicate on selenite uptake and phloem-mediated transport in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:20475-20484. [PMID: 31102230 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The ambiguous mechanism that selenite seems to be absorbed by roots via phosphorus (P) and silicon (Si) transporters signifies P and Si may affect selenite uptake. However, the role of P and Si in phloem-mediated selenium (Se) transport within plant tissue is unknown. Therefore, in this work, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings were exposed to selenite under different hydroponic conditions firstly. And then, split-root experiments were conducted. Results showed that Se uptake decreased as external pH increased. At pH 8, more selenite in the form of SeO32- was assimilated under P-deficient conditions than under P-normal conditions. Silicate inhibited Se uptake only at pH 3 (27.5% H2SeO3 +72.5% HSeO3-). The results of split-root experiments showed that Se concentrations in seedlings increased under heterogeneously high P or Si. Selenium transport from shoots to roots immersed in solution without selenite was also enhanced. This study illustrated that the affinity of tomato roots to assimilate selenite species followed the order of H2SeO3 >HSeO3- >SeO32-. H2SeO3 was absorbed into roots via Si transporters, whereas HSeO3- and a portion of SeO32- were absorbed via low- and high-affinity P transporters, respectively. In addition, heterogeneously high P or Si concentrations in environmental media could enhance phloem-mediated Se redistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengke Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenxiao Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zekun Du
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingyue Xue
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tao Chen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongli Liang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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30
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Wang Y, Xiao X, Zhang K, Chen B. Effects of biochar amendment on the soil silicon cycle in a soil-rice ecosystem. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 248:823-833. [PMID: 30856498 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
For the soil-plant ecosystem, knowledge about the effects of biochars on the soil silicon (Si) cycle is still tenuous. In this study, the effect of biochars on the yield, Si uptake and Si distribution within different tissues of rice plants and the soil Si cycles in a soil-plant system were investigated. Si-rich (RH300-700) and Si-deficient (WB300-700) biochars prepared from rice husk and wood sawdust were applied to high-Si soil (HSS) and low-Si soil (LSS). Biochar addition increased the yield of grain and straw and had no effect on the yield of root, and the increase in the yield with Si-rich biochars was obvious; this effect had a high response to LSS. Si-rich biochars increased the plant Si content of grain and root and had no effect on straw. RH300 amendment increased the Si concentration in grains, compared to RH500 and RH700. The addition of Si-deficient biochar to HSS had little effect on the Si content, while Si-deficient biochar-amended LSS had a great impact on the reduced Si content in rice straw and root, and WB700 decreased the Si concentration in grains, compared to WB300 and WB500. Finally, the Si-rich biochars increased the total Si uptake within rice, while Si-deficient biochars decreased the total Si uptake in LSS. According to the FTIR and SEM-EDX spectra of biochars before and after rice harvest, a new band of SiOSi at 471 cm-1 was found after aged WB700, and the minerals of iron and Si were found on the surface of aged WB700; biochars can fix the dissolved Si on its surface as a temporary store to prevent Si loss. Therefore, biochars can be considered reservoirs of soil Si, which is a slow release source of available Si, to impact the speed of biogeochemical cycling of soil Si in agricultural paddy soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofeng Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Baoliang Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
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31
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Kaur H, Greger M. A Review on Si Uptake and Transport System. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E81. [PMID: 30934978 PMCID: PMC6524041 DOI: 10.3390/plants8040081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) was long listed as a non-essential component for plant growth and development because of its universal availability. However, there has been a resurgence of interest in studying the underlying uptake and transport mechanism of silicon in plants because of the reported dynamic role of silicon in plants under stressed environmental conditions. This uptake and transport mechanism is greatly dependent upon the uptake ability of the plant's roots. Plant roots absorb Si in the form of silicic acid from the soil solution, and it is moved through different parts of the plant using various influx and efflux transporters. Both these influx and efflux transporters are mostly found in the plasma membrane; however, their location and pattern of expression varies among different plants. The assessment of these features provides a new understanding of different species-dependent Si accumulations, which have been studied in monocots but are poorly understood in other plant groups. Therefore, the present review provides insight into the most recent research exploring the use of Si transporters in angiosperms and cryptogams. This paper presents an extensive representation of data from different families of angiosperms, including monocots and eudicots. Eudicots (previously referred to as dicots) have often been neglected in the literature, because they are categorized as low/intermediate Si accumulators. However, in this review, we attempt to highlight the accumulating species of different plant groups in which Si uptake is mediated through transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmanjit Kaur
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Maria Greger
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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32
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Thummel RV, Brightly WH, Strömberg CAE. Evolution of phytolith deposition in modern bryophytes, and implications for the fossil record and influence on silica cycle in early land plant evolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:2273-2285. [PMID: 30347428 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Anecdotal evidence indicating substantial silica accumulation in tissues of bryophytes suggests that silica (phytolith) deposition evolved early on in embryophytes. To test this hypothesis, we conducted the first survey of phytolith content representing the major liverwort, moss and hornwort clades. We also assessed the diagnostic value of bryophyte phytoliths. Silica extracted from bryophyte material through wet-ashing was described, focusing on abundance, classifying taxa as nonproducers, light producers and higher producers; and phytolith morphotypes. Ancestral state reconstruction of these characters was performed for mosses and liverworts using published phylogenies. Phytoliths are present in multiple subclades within liverworts, mosses and hornworts, but these phyla were not ancestrally high silica-producers. Higher deposition occurs in liverworts and mosses with specialized water-conducting cells. We hypothesize that active, high silica accumulation was not ancestral for embryophytes, but became possible in clades with increased water conductance. Phytoliths of diagnostic structures (e.g. pegged rhizoids) could help track bryophyte clades or water conductance evolution in the fossil record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan V Thummel
- Department of Biology and the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, WA, 98195-1800, USA
| | - William H Brightly
- Department of Biology and the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, WA, 98195-1800, USA
| | - Caroline A E Strömberg
- Department of Biology and the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, WA, 98195-1800, USA
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33
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Grašič M, Malovrh U, Golob A, Vogel-Mikuš K, Gaberščik A. Effects of water availability and UV radiation on silicon accumulation in the C4 crop proso millet. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:375-386. [DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00517f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In proso millet, water shortage reduced leaf silicon, calcium, phosphorus, and sulphur levels, and ambient ultraviolet radiation reinforced this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateja Grašič
- Department of Biology
- Biotechnical Faculty
- University of Ljubljana
- SI-1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
| | - Urša Malovrh
- Department of Biology
- Biotechnical Faculty
- University of Ljubljana
- SI-1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
| | - Aleksandra Golob
- Department of Biology
- Biotechnical Faculty
- University of Ljubljana
- SI-1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
| | - Katarina Vogel-Mikuš
- Department of Biology
- Biotechnical Faculty
- University of Ljubljana
- SI-1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
| | - Alenka Gaberščik
- Department of Biology
- Biotechnical Faculty
- University of Ljubljana
- SI-1000 Ljubljana
- Slovenia
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Coskun D, Deshmukh R, Sonah H, Menzies JG, Reynolds O, Ma JF, Kronzucker HJ, Bélanger RR. The controversies of silicon's role in plant biology. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:67-85. [PMID: 30007071 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 67 I. Introduction 68 II. Silicon transport in plants: to absorb or not to absorb 69 III. The role of silicon in plants: not just a matter of semantics 71 IV. Silicon and biotic stress: beyond mechanical barriers and defense priming 76 V. Silicon and abiotic stress: a proliferation of proposed mechanisms 78 VI. The apoplastic obstruction hypothesis: a working model 79 VII. Perspectives and conclusions 80 Acknowledgements 81 References 81 SUMMARY: Silicon (Si) is not classified as an essential plant nutrient, and yet numerous reports have shown its beneficial effects in a variety of species and environmental circumstances. This has created much confusion in the scientific community with respect to its biological roles. Here, we link molecular and phenotypic data to better classify Si transport, and critically summarize the current state of understanding of the roles of Si in higher plants. We argue that much of the empirical evidence, in particular that derived from recent functional genomics, is at odds with many of the mechanistic assertions surrounding Si's role. In essence, these data do not support reports that Si affects a wide range of molecular-genetic, biochemical and physiological processes. A major reinterpretation of Si's role is therefore needed, which is critical to guide future studies and inform agricultural practice. We propose a working model, which we term the 'apoplastic obstruction hypothesis', which attempts to unify the various observations on Si's beneficial influences on plant growth and yield. This model argues for a fundamental role of Si as an extracellular prophylactic agent against biotic and abiotic stresses (as opposed to an active cellular agent), with important cascading effects on plant form and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Coskun
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Humira Sonah
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - James G Menzies
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB, R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Olivia Reynolds
- Biosecurity and Food Safety, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Jian Feng Ma
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Herbert J Kronzucker
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Richard R Bélanger
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
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35
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Sun H, Duan Y, Qi X, Zhang L, Huo H, Gong H. Isolation and functional characterization of CsLsi2, a cucumber silicon efflux transporter gene. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:641-648. [PMID: 29905780 PMCID: PMC6153473 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Silicon has been proven to exert beneficial effects on plant growth and stress tolerance, and silicon accumulation varies among different plant species. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is a widely used dicot model for silicon accumulation, but little is known about the molecular mechanism of its silicon uptake. Previously, we isolated and characterized CsLsi1, a silicon influx transporter gene from cucumber. In this study, we cloned a putative silicon efflux transporter gene, CsLsi2, from cucumber and investigated its role in silicon uptake. METHODS The expression pattern, transport activity, and subcellular and cellular localizations of CsLsi2 were investigated. The transport activity of CsLsi2 was determined in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The subcelluar and cellular localizations were conducted by transient expression of fused 35S::CsLsi2-eGFP in onion epidermal cells and expression of ProCsLsi2::CsLsi2-mGFP in cucumber, respectively. KEY RESULTS CsLsi2 was mainly expressed in the roots. Expression of CsLsi2-eGFP fusion sequence in onion epidermis cells showed that CsLsi2 was localized at the plasma membrane. Transient expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes showed that CsLsi2 demonstrated efflux but no influx transport activity for silicon, and the transport was energy-dependent. Expression of CsLsi2-mGFP under its own promoter revealed that CsLsi2 was mainly expressed on endodermal cells, showing no polar distribution. In combination with our previous work on CsLsi1, a model for silicon uptake in cucumber roots is proposed. CONCLUSION The results suggest that CsLsi2 is a silicon efflux transporter gene in cucumber. The coordination of CsLsi1 and CsLsi2 mediates silicon uptake in cucumber roots. This study may help us understand the molecular mechanism for silicon uptake in cucumber, one of the few dicots with a relatively high capacity for silicon accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yaoke Duan
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xiaocui Qi
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Liyang Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Heqiang Huo
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Apopka, FL, USA
| | - Haijun Gong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
- For correspondence. E-mail or
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Pierantoni M, Tenne R, Rephael B, Brumfeld V, van Casteren A, Kupczik K, Oron D, Addadi L, Weiner S. Mineral Deposits in Ficus Leaves: Morphologies and Locations in Relation to Function. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:1751-1763. [PMID: 29242376 PMCID: PMC5813535 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ficus trees are adapted to diverse environments and have some of the highest rates of photosynthesis among trees. Ficus leaves can deposit one or more of the three major mineral types found in leaves: amorphous calcium carbonate cystoliths, calcium oxalates, and silica phytoliths. In order to better understand the functions of these minerals and the control that the leaf exerts over mineral deposition, we investigated leaves from 10 Ficus species from vastly different environments (Rehovot, Israel; Bologna, Italy; Issa Valley, Tanzania; and Ngogo, Uganda). We identified the mineral locations in the soft tissues, the relative distributions of the minerals, and mineral volume contents using microcomputed tomography. Each Ficus species is characterized by a unique 3D mineral distribution that is preserved in different environments. The mineral distribution patterns are generally different on the adaxial and abaxial sides of the leaf. All species examined have abundant calcium oxalate deposits around the veins. We used micromodulated fluorimetry to examine the effect of cystoliths on photosynthetic efficiency in two species having cystoliths abaxially and adaxially (Ficusmicrocarpa) or only abaxially (Ficuscarica). In F. microcarpa, both adaxial and abaxial cystoliths efficiently contributed to light redistribution inside the leaf and, hence, increased photosynthetic efficiency, whereas in F. carica, the abaxial cystoliths did not increase photosynthetic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pierantoni
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ron Tenne
- Department of Physics and Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Batel Rephael
- Department of Physics and Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Vlad Brumfeld
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Adam van Casteren
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kornelius Kupczik
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dan Oron
- Department of Physics and Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Lia Addadi
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Steve Weiner
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Phytoliths in Paleoecology: Analytical Considerations, Current Use, and Future Directions. VERTEBRATE PALEOBIOLOGY AND PALEOANTHROPOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-94265-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Wu Y, You HL, Li XQ. Dinosaur-associated Poaceae epidermis and phytoliths from the Early Cretaceous of China. Natl Sci Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwx145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100044, China
- College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hai-Lu You
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100044, China
- College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100044, China
- College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Soukup M, Martinka M, Bosnić D, Čaplovičová M, Elbaum R, Lux A. Formation of silica aggregates in sorghum root endodermis is predetermined by cell wall architecture and development. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:739-753. [PMID: 28651339 PMCID: PMC5714252 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Deposition of silica in plant cell walls improves their mechanical properties and helps plants to withstand various stress conditions. Its mechanism is still not understood and silica-cell wall interactions are elusive. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of silica deposition on the development and structure of sorghum root endodermis and to identify the cell wall components involved in silicification. Methods Sorghum bicolor seedlings were grown hydroponically with (Si+) or without (Si-) silicon supplementation. Primary roots were used to investigate the transcription of silicon transporters by quantitative RT-PCR. Silica aggregation was induced also under in vitro conditions in detached root segments. The development and architecture of endodermal cell walls were analysed by histochemistry, microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Water retention capability was compared between silicified and non-silicified roots. Raman spectroscopy analyses of isolated silica aggregates were also carried out. Key Results Active uptake of silicic acid is provided at the root apex, where silicon transporters Lsi1 and Lsi2 are expressed. The locations of silica aggregation are established during the development of tertiary endodermal cell walls, even in the absence of silicon. Silica aggregation takes place in non-lignified spots in the endodermal cell walls, which progressively accumulate silicic acid, and its condensation initiates at arabinoxylan-ferulic acid complexes. Silicification does not support root water retention capability; however, it decreases root growth inhibition imposed by desiccation. Conclusion A model is proposed in which the formation of silica aggregates in sorghum roots is predetermined by a modified cell wall architecture and takes place as governed by endodermal development. The interaction with silica is provided by arabinoxylan-ferulic acid complexes and interferes with further deposition of lignin. Due to contrasting hydrophobicity, silicification and lignification do not represent functionally equivalent modifications of plant cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Soukup
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Martinka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Dragana Bosnić
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mária Čaplovičová
- Department of Geology of Mineral Deposits, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alexander Lux
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84538 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Brembu T, Chauton MS, Winge P, Bones AM, Vadstein O. Dynamic responses to silicon in Thalasiossira pseudonana - Identification, characterisation and classification of signature genes and their corresponding protein motifs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4865. [PMID: 28687794 PMCID: PMC5501833 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04921-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The diatom cell wall, or frustule, is a highly complex, three-dimensional structure consisting of nanopatterned silica as well as proteins and other organic components. While some key components have been identified, knowledge on frustule biosynthesis is still fragmented. The model diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana was subjected to silicon (Si) shift-up and shift-down situations. Cellular and molecular signatures, dynamic changes and co-regulated clusters representing the hallmarks of cellular and molecular responses to changing Si availabilities were characterised. Ten new proteins with silaffin-like motifs, two kinases and a novel family of putatively frustule-associated transmembrane proteins induced by Si shift-up with a possible role in frustule biosynthesis were identified. A separate cluster analysis performed on all significantly regulated silaffin-like proteins (SFLPs), as well as silaffin-like motifs, resulted in the classification of silaffins, cingulins and SFLPs into distinct clusters. A majority of the genes in the Si-responsive clusters are highly divergent, but positive selection does not seem to be the driver behind this variability. This study provides a high-resolution map over transcriptional responses to changes in Si availability in T. pseudonana. Hallmark Si-responsive genes are identified, characteristic motifs and domains are classified, and taxonomic and evolutionary implications outlined and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Brembu
- NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Departments of Biology, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| | | | - Per Winge
- NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Departments of Biology, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Atle M Bones
- NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Departments of Biology, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Olav Vadstein
- Biotechnology and Food Science, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway
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Chater CCC, Caine RS, Fleming AJ, Gray JE. Origins and Evolution of Stomatal Development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:624-638. [PMID: 28356502 PMCID: PMC5462063 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The fossil record suggests stomata-like pores were present on the surfaces of land plants over 400 million years ago. Whether stomata arose once or whether they arose independently across newly evolving land plant lineages has long been a matter of debate. In Arabidopsis, a genetic toolbox has been identified that tightly controls stomatal development and patterning. This includes the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors SPEECHLESS (SPCH), MUTE, FAMA, and ICE/SCREAMs (SCRMs), which promote stomatal formation. These factors are regulated via a signaling cascade, which includes mobile EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR (EPF) peptides to enforce stomatal spacing. Mosses and hornworts, the most ancient extant lineages to possess stomata, possess orthologs of these Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) stomatal toolbox genes, and manipulation in the model bryophyte Physcomitrella patens has shown that the bHLH and EPF components are also required for moss stomatal development and patterning. This supports an ancient and tightly conserved genetic origin of stomata. Here, we review recent discoveries and, by interrogating newly available plant genomes, we advance the story of stomatal development and patterning across land plant evolution. Furthermore, we identify potential orthologs of the key toolbox genes in a hornwort, further supporting a single ancient genetic origin of stomata in the ancestor to all stomatous land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caspar C C Chater
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico (C.C.C.C.);
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (R.S.C., J.E.G.); and
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (A.J.F.)
| | - Robert S Caine
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico (C.C.C.C.)
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (R.S.C., J.E.G.); and
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (A.J.F.)
| | - Andrew J Fleming
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico (C.C.C.C.)
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (R.S.C., J.E.G.); and
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (A.J.F.)
| | - Julie E Gray
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico (C.C.C.C.)
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (R.S.C., J.E.G.); and
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom (A.J.F.)
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Schaller J, Hodson MJ, Struyf E. Is relative Si/Ca availability crucial to the performance of grassland ecosystems? Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Schaller
- Environmental Geochemistry; University Bayreuth; Universitätsstrasse 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Martin J. Hodson
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences; Oxford Brookes University; Headington Campus Oxford OX3 0BP UK
| | - Eric Struyf
- Department of Biology; University of Antwerp; Campus Drie Eiken Universiteitsplein 1C Wilrijk 2610 Belgium
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Liu J, Zhu J, Zhang P, Han L, Reynolds OL, Zeng R, Wu J, Shao Y, You M, Gurr GM. Silicon Supplementation Alters the Composition of Herbivore Induced Plant Volatiles and Enhances Attraction of Parasitoids to Infested Rice Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1265. [PMID: 28769965 PMCID: PMC5515826 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is important in plant defenses that operate in a direct manner against herbivores, and work in rice (Oryza sativa) has established that this is mediated by the jasmonate signaling pathway. Plant defenses also operate indirectly, by the production of herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) that attract predators and parasitoids of herbivores. These indirect defenses too are mediated by the jasmonate pathway but no earlier work has demonstrated an effect of Si on HIPVs. In this study, we tested the effect of Si supplementation versus Si deprivation to rice plants on subsequent HIPV production following feeding by the important pest, rice leaffolder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses showed lower production of α-bergamotene, β-sesquiohellandrene, hexanal 2-ethyl, and cedrol from +Si herbivore-infested plants compared with -Si infested plants. These changes in plant chemistry were ecologically significant in altering the extent to which parasitoids were attracted to infested plants. Adult females of Trathala flavo-orbitalis and Microplitis mediator both exhibited greater attraction to the HIPV blend of +Si plants infested with their respective insect hosts compared to -Si infested plants. In equivalent studies using RNAi rice plants in which jasmonate perception was silenced there was no equivalent change to the HIPV blend associated with Si treatment; indicating that the effects of Si on HIPVs are modulated by the jasmonate pathway. Further, this work demonstrates that silicon alters the HIPV blend of herbivore-infested rice plants. The significance of this finding is that there are no earlier-published studies of this phenomenon in rice or any other plant species. Si treatment to crops offers scope for enhancing induced, indirect defenses and associated biological control of pests because parasitoids are more strongly attracted by the HIPVs produced by +Si plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, OrangeNSW, Australia
| | - Jiwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Pengjun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, China Jiliang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Liwei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Olivia L. Reynolds
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, MenangleNSW, Australia
| | - Rensen Zeng
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Jinhong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Yue Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Minsheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Geoff M. Gurr
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, OrangeNSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Geoff M. Gurr,
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Luyckx M, Hausman JF, Lutts S, Guerriero G. Silicon and Plants: Current Knowledge and Technological Perspectives. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:411. [PMID: 28386269 PMCID: PMC5362598 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Elemental silicon (Si), after oxygen, is the second most abundant element in the earth's crust, which is mainly composed of silicates. Si is not considered essential for plant growth and development, however, increasing evidence in the literature shows that this metalloid is beneficial to plants, especially under stress conditions. Indeed Si alleviates the toxic effects caused by abiotic stresses, e.g., salt stress, drought, heavy metals, to name a few. Biogenic silica is also a deterrent against herbivores. Additionally, Si ameliorates the vigor of plants and improves their resistance to exogenous stresses. The protective role of Si was initially attributed to a physical barrier fortifying the cell wall (e.g., against fungal hyphae penetration), however, several studies have shown that the action of this element on plants is far more complex, as it involves a cross-talk with the cell interior and an effect on plant metabolism. In this study the beneficial role of Si on plants will be discussed, by reviewing the available data in the literature. Emphasis will be given to the protective role of Si during (a)biotic stresses and in this context both priming and the effects of Si on endogenous phytohormones will be discussed. A whole section will be devoted to the use of silica (SiO2) nanoparticles, in the light of the interest that nanotechnology has for agriculture. The paper also discusses the potential technological aspects linked to the use of Si in agriculture and to modify/improve the physical parameters of plant fibers. The study indeed provides perspectives on the use of Si to increase the yield of fiber crops and to improve the thermal stability and tensile strength of natural fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Luyckx
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale, Earth and Life Institute - Agronomy, Université Catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyEsch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Stanley Lutts
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale, Earth and Life Institute - Agronomy, Université Catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Stanley Lutts, Gea Guerriero,
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and TechnologyEsch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- *Correspondence: Stanley Lutts, Gea Guerriero,
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Kumar S, Milstein Y, Brami Y, Elbaum M, Elbaum R. Mechanism of silica deposition in sorghum silica cells. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:791-798. [PMID: 27621091 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Grasses take up silicic acid from soil and deposit it in their leaves as solid silica. This mineral, comprising 1-10% of the grass dry weight, improves plants' tolerance to various stresses. The mechanisms promoting stress tolerance are mostly unknown, and even the mineralization process is poorly understood. To study leaf mineralization in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), we followed silica deposition in epidermal silica cells by in situ charring and air-scanning electron microscopy. Our findings were correlated to the viability of silica cells tested by fluorescein diacetate staining. We compared our results to a sorghum mutant defective in root uptake of silicic acid. We showed that the leaf silicification in these plants is intact by detecting normal mineralization in leaves exposed to silicic acid. Silica cells were viable while condensing silicic acid into silica. The controlled mineral deposition was independent of water evapotranspiration. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching suggested that the forming mineral conformed to the cellulosic cell wall, leaving the cytoplasm well connected to neighboring cells. As the silicified wall thickened, the functional cytoplasm shrunk into a very small space. These results imply that leaf silica deposition is an active, physiologically regulated process as opposed to a simple precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- R H Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | | | | | - Michael Elbaum
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- R H Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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Marron AO, Ratcliffe S, Wheeler GL, Goldstein RE, King N, Not F, de Vargas C, Richter DJ. The Evolution of Silicon Transport in Eukaryotes. Mol Biol Evol 2016; 33:3226-3248. [PMID: 27729397 PMCID: PMC5100055 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Biosilicification (the formation of biological structures from silica) occurs in diverse eukaryotic lineages, plays a major role in global biogeochemical cycles, and has significant biotechnological applications. Silicon (Si) uptake is crucial for biosilicification, yet the evolutionary history of the transporters involved remains poorly known. Recent evidence suggests that the SIT family of Si transporters, initially identified in diatoms, may be widely distributed, with an extended family of related transporters (SIT-Ls) present in some nonsilicified organisms. Here, we identify SITs and SIT-Ls in a range of eukaryotes, including major silicified lineages (radiolarians and chrysophytes) and also bacterial SIT-Ls. Our evidence suggests that the symmetrical 10-transmembrane-domain SIT structure has independently evolved multiple times via duplication and fusion of 5-transmembrane-domain SIT-Ls. We also identify a second gene family, similar to the active Si transporter Lsi2, that is broadly distributed amongst siliceous and nonsiliceous eukaryotes. Our analyses resolve a distinct group of Lsi2-like genes, including plant and diatom Si-responsive genes, and sequences unique to siliceous sponges and choanoflagellates. The SIT/SIT-L and Lsi2 transporter families likely contribute to biosilicification in diverse lineages, indicating an ancient role for Si transport in eukaryotes. We propose that these Si transporters may have arisen initially to prevent Si toxicity in the high Si Precambrian oceans, with subsequent biologically induced reductions in Si concentrations of Phanerozoic seas leading to widespread losses of SIT, SIT-L, and Lsi2-like genes in diverse lineages. Thus, the origin and diversification of two independent Si transporter families both drove and were driven by ancient ocean Si levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan O Marron
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom .,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Ratcliffe
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Glen L Wheeler
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond E Goldstein
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole King
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Fabrice Not
- CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff, France
| | - Colomban de Vargas
- CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff, France
| | - Daniel J Richter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA.,CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, Roscoff, France
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Cooke J, Leishman MR. Consistent alleviation of abiotic stress with silicon addition: a meta‐analysis. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Cooke
- Department of Environment Earth and Ecosystems The Open University Milton KeynesMK7 6AA UK
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University North Ryde NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Michelle R. Leishman
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University North Ryde NSW 2109 Australia
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49
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Cooke J, DeGabriel JL, Hartley SE. The functional ecology of plant silicon: geoscience to genes. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Cooke
- Department of Earth, Environment and Ecosystems The Open University Walton Hall Milton Keynes MK7 6AA UK
| | - Jane L. DeGabriel
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Locked Bag 1797 Penrith New South Wales 2751 Australia
| | - Susan E. Hartley
- Department of Biology York Environmental Sustainability Institute University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐Thomas Cornelis
- Biosystem Engineering Department Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech Université de Liège Passage des Déportés 2 5030 Gembloux Belgium
| | - Bruno Delvaux
- Soil Science and Environment Geochemistry Earth and Life Institute Université catholique de Louvain L7.05.10 Croix du Sud, 2 1348 Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
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