1
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Javanshad R, Nguyen TTA, Azaria RD, Li W, Edmison D, Gong LW, Gowrishankar S, Lieberman AP, Schultz ML, Cologna SM. Endogenous Protein-Protein Interaction Network of the NPC Cholesterol Transporter 1 in the Cerebral Cortex. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:3174-3187. [PMID: 38686625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 (NPC1) is a multipass, transmembrane glycoprotein mostly recognized for its key role in facilitating cholesterol efflux. Mutations in the NPC1 gene result in Niemann-Pick disease, type C (NPC), a fatal, lysosomal storage disease. Due to the progressively expanding implications of NPC1-related disorders, we investigated endogenous NPC1 protein-protein interactions in the mouse cortex and human-derived iPSCs neuronal models of the disease through coimmunoprecipitation-coupled with LC-MS based proteomics. The current study investigated protein-protein interactions specific to the wild-type and the most prevalent NPC1 mutation (NPC1I1061T) while filtering out any protein interactor identified in the Npc1-/- mouse model. Additionally, the results were matched across the two species to map the parallel interactome of wild-type and mutant NPC1I1061T. Most of the identified wild-type NPC1 interactors were related to cytoskeleton organization, synaptic vesicle activity, and translation. We found many putative NPC1 interactors not previously reported, including two SCAR/WAVE complex proteins that regulate ARP 2/3 complex actin nucleation and multiple membrane proteins important for neuronal activity at synapse. Moreover, we identified proteins important in trafficking specific to wild-type and mutant NPC1I1061T. Together, the findings are essential for a comprehensive understanding of NPC1 biological functions in addition to its classical role in sterol efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Javanshad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Thu T A Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Ruth D Azaria
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Wenping Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Daisy Edmison
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Liang-Wei Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Swetha Gowrishankar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Andrew P Lieberman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Mark L Schultz
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Stephanie M Cologna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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2
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Butt E, Günder T, Stürzebecher P, Kowalski I, Schneider P, Buschmann N, Schäfer S, Bender A, Hermanns HM, Zernecke A. Cholesterol uptake in the intestine is regulated by the LASP1-AKT-NPC1L1 signaling pathway. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 327:G25-G35. [PMID: 38713618 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00222.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Cholesterol is essential for the stability and architecture of the plasma membrane and a precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones in mammals. Excess dietary cholesterol uptake leads to hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis and plays a role in cancer development. The role of actin-binding scaffolding protein LIM and SH3 protein 1 (LASP1) in cholesterol trafficking has not been investigated previously. Cholesterol levels, its uptake, and excretion were studied in mice deficient for low-density lipoprotein receptor and Lasp1 (Ldlr-/-Lasp1-/- mice) upon feeding a high-fat diet, and in LASP1-knockdown, differentiated human intestinal epithelial CaCo-2 cells. When compared with diet-fed Ldlr-/- control mice, Ldlr-/-Lasp1-/- mice displayed a reduction in serum cholesterol levels. Mechanistically, we identified a new role of LASP1 in controlling the translocation of the intestinal cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) to the apical cell surface, which was limited in LASP1-knockdown human CaCo-2 enterocytes and in the intestine of Ldlr-/- Lasp1-/- compared with Ldlr-/- mice, linked to LASP1-pAKT signaling but not CDC42 activation. In line, a reduction in cholesterol reabsorption was noted in LASP1-knockdown CaCo-2 cells in vitro, and an enhanced cholesterol excretion via the feces was observed in Ldlr-/- Lasp1-/- mice. These data uncover a novel function of Lasp1 in cholesterol trafficking, promoting cholesterol reabsorption in the intestine. Targeting LASP1 locally could thus represent a novel targeting strategy to ameliorate hypercholesterolemia and associated diseases.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We here uncovered LASP1 as a novel regulator of the shuttling of the sterol transporter NPC1L1 to the cell surface in enterocytes to control cholesterol absorption. Accordingly, LASP1-deficient mice displayed lowered serum cholesterol levels under dietary cholesterol supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Butt
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Günder
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paulina Stürzebecher
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Kowalski
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pia Schneider
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nils Buschmann
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Schäfer
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alicia Bender
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike M Hermanns
- Division of Hepatology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alma Zernecke
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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3
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Malara M, Prestel M, Tahirovic S. Endo-lysosomal dysfunction and neuronal-glial crosstalk in Niemann-Pick type C disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220388. [PMID: 38368932 PMCID: PMC10874755 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is a rare progressive lysosomal lipid storage disorder that manifests with a heterogeneous spectrum of clinical syndromes, including visceral, neurological and psychiatric symptoms. This monogenetic autosomal recessive disease is largely caused by mutations in the NPC1 gene, which controls intracellular lipid homeostasis. Vesicle-mediated endo-lysosomal lipid trafficking and non-vesicular lipid exchange via inter-organelle membrane contact sites are both regulated by the NPC1 protein. Loss of NPC1 function therefore triggers intracellular accumulation of diverse lipid species, including cholesterol, glycosphingolipids, sphingomyelin and sphingosine. The NPC1-mediated dysfunction of lipid transport has severe consequences for all brain cells, leading to neurodegeneration. Besides the cell-autonomous contribution of neuronal NPC1, aberrant NPC1 signalling in other brain cells is critical for the pathology. We discuss here the importance of endo-lysosomal dysfunction and a tight crosstalk between neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia in NPC pathology. We strongly believe that a cell-specific rescue may not be sufficient to counteract the severity of the NPC pathology, but targeting common mechanisms, such as endo-lysosomal and lipid trafficking dysfunction, may ameliorate NPC pathology. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Understanding the endo-lysosomal network in neurodegeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariagiovanna Malara
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Prestel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sabina Tahirovic
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
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4
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Chadwick SR, Barreda D, Wu JZ, Ye G, Yusuf B, Ren D, Freeman SA. Two-pore channels regulate endomembrane tension to enable remodeling and resolution of phagolysosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2309465121. [PMID: 38354262 PMCID: PMC10895354 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309465121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Phagocytes promptly resolve ingested targets to replenish lysosomes and maintain their responsiveness. The resolution process requires that degradative hydrolases, solute transporters, and proteins involved in lipid traffic are delivered and made active in phagolysosomes. It also involves extensive membrane remodeling. We report that cation channels that localize to phagolysosomes were essential for resolution. Specifically, the conductance of Na+ by two-pore channels (TPCs) and the presence of a Na+ gradient between the phagolysosome lumen and the cytosol were critical for the controlled release of membrane tension that permits deformation of the limiting phagolysosome membrane. In turn, membrane deformation was a necessary step to efficiently transport the cholesterol extracted from cellular targets, permeabilizing them to hydrolases. These results place TPCs as regulators of endomembrane remodeling events that precede target degradation in cases when the target is bound by a cholesterol-containing membrane. The findings may help to explain lipid metabolism dysfunction and autophagic flux impairment reported in TPC KO mice and establish stepwise regulation to the resolution process that begins with lysis of the target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R. Chadwick
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ONM5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Dante Barreda
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ONM5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Jing Ze Wu
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ONM5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Gang Ye
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ONM5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Bushra Yusuf
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ONM5G 0A4, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Dejian Ren
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Spencer A. Freeman
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ONM5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 1A8, Canada
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5
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Lee D, Hong JH. Niemann-Pick Disease Type C (NPDC) by Mutation of NPC1 and NPC2: Aberrant Lysosomal Cholesterol Trafficking and Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2021. [PMID: 38136141 PMCID: PMC10740957 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol trafficking is initiated by the endocytic pathway and transported from endo/lysosomes to other intracellular organelles. Deficiencies in cholesterol-sensing and binding proteins NPC1 and NPC2 induce accumulation in lysosomes and the malfunction of trafficking to other organelles. Each organelle possesses regulatory factors to induce cholesterol trafficking. The mutation of NPC1 and NPC2 genes induces Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPDC), which is a hereditary disease and causes progressive neurodegeneration, developmental disability, hypotonia, and ataxia. Oxidative stress induces damage in NPDC-related intracellular organelles. Although studies on the relationship between NPDC and oxidation are relatively rare, several studies have reported the therapeutic potential of antioxidants in treating NPDC. Investigating antioxidant drugs to relieve oxidative stress and cholesterol accumulation is suggested to be a powerful tool for developing treatments for NPDC. Understanding NPDC provides challenging issues in understanding the oxidative stress-lysosome metabolism of the lipid axis. Thus, we elucidated the relationship between complexes of intracellular organelles and NPDC to develop our knowledge and suggested potential antioxidant reagents for NPDC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeong Hee Hong
- Department of Health Sciences & Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, 155 Getbeolro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea;
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6
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Encarnação M, Ribeiro I, David H, Coutinho MF, Quelhas D, Alves S. Challenges in the Definitive Diagnosis of Niemann-Pick Type C-Leaky Variants and Alternative Transcripts. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1990. [PMID: 38002933 PMCID: PMC10671040 DOI: 10.3390/genes14111990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C (NPC, ORPHA: 646) is a neuro-visceral, psychiatric disease caused predominantly by pathogenic variants in the NPC1 gene or seldom in NPC2. The rarity of the disease, and its wide range of clinical phenotypes and ages of onset, turn the diagnosis into a significant challenge. Other than the detailed clinical history, the typical diagnostic work-up for NPC includes the quantification of pathognomonic metabolites. However, the molecular basis diagnosis is still of utmost importance to fully characterize the disorder. Here, the authors provide an overview of splicing variants in the NPC1 and NPC2 genes and propose a new workflow for NPC diagnosis. Splicing variants cover a significant part of the disease-causing variants in NPC. The authors used cDNA analysis to study the impact of such variants, including the collection of data to classify them as leaky or non-leaky pathogenic variants. However, the presence of naturally occurring spliced transcripts can misdiagnose or mask a pathogenic variant and make the analysis even more difficult. Analysis of the NPC1 cDNA in NPC patients in parallel with controls is vital to assess and detect alternatively spliced forms. Moreover, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) analysis plays an essential role in evaluating the naturally occurring transcripts during cDNA analysis and distinguishing them from other pathogenic variants' associated transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Encarnação
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, INSA I.P., Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; (M.E.); (H.D.); (M.F.C.)
- Center for the Study of Animal Science-Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AL4AnimalS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isaura Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Genética, Serviço de Genética Laboratorial, Centro de Genética Médica Jacinto Magalhães, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Santo António (CHUdSA), 4099-001 Porto, Portugal; (I.R.); (D.Q.)
- UMIB-Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- ITR—Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo David
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, INSA I.P., Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; (M.E.); (H.D.); (M.F.C.)
- Center for the Study of Animal Science-Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AL4AnimalS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Francisca Coutinho
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, INSA I.P., Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; (M.E.); (H.D.); (M.F.C.)
- Center for the Study of Animal Science-Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AL4AnimalS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Dulce Quelhas
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Genética, Serviço de Genética Laboratorial, Centro de Genética Médica Jacinto Magalhães, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Santo António (CHUdSA), 4099-001 Porto, Portugal; (I.R.); (D.Q.)
- UMIB-Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- ITR—Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Alves
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, INSA I.P., Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal; (M.E.); (H.D.); (M.F.C.)
- Center for the Study of Animal Science-Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AL4AnimalS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
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7
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Guatibonza Moreno P, Pardo LM, Pereira C, Schroeder S, Vagiri D, Almeida LS, Juaristi C, Hosny H, Loh CCY, Leubauer A, Torres Morales G, Oppermann S, Iurașcu MI, Fischer S, Steinicke TM, Viceconte N, Cozma C, Kandaswamy KK, Pinto Basto J, Böttcher T, Bauer P, Bertoli-Avella A. At a glance: the largest Niemann-Pick type C1 cohort with 602 patients diagnosed over 15 years. Eur J Hum Genet 2023; 31:1108-1116. [PMID: 37433892 PMCID: PMC10545733 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-023-01408-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C1 disease (NPC1 [OMIM 257220]) is a rare and severe autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by a multitude of neurovisceral clinical manifestations and a fatal outcome with no effective treatment to date. Aiming to gain insights into the genetic aspects of the disease, clinical, genetic, and biomarker PPCS data from 602 patients referred from 47 countries and diagnosed with NPC1 in our laboratory were analyzed. Patients' clinical data were dissected using Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) terms, and genotype-phenotype analysis was performed. The median age at diagnosis was 10.6 years (range 0-64.5 years), with 287 unique pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants identified, expanding NPC1 allelic heterogeneity. Importantly, 73 P/LP variants were previously unpublished. The most frequent variants detected were: c.3019C > G, p.(P1007A), c.3104C > T, p.(A1035V), and c.2861C > T, p.(S954L). Loss of function (LoF) variants were significantly associated with earlier age at diagnosis, highly increased biomarker levels, and a visceral phenotype (abnormal abdomen and liver morphology). On the other hand, the variants p.(P1007A) and p.(S954L) were significantly associated with later age at diagnosis (p < 0.001) and mildly elevated biomarker levels (p ≤ 0.002), consistent with the juvenile/adult form of NPC1. In addition, p.(I1061T), p.(S954L), and p.(A1035V) were associated with abnormality of eye movements (vertical supranuclear gaze palsy, p ≤ 0.05). We describe the largest and most heterogenous cohort of NPC1 patients published to date. Our results suggest that besides its utility in variant classification, the biomarker PPCS might serve to indicate disease severity/progression. In addition, we establish new genotype-phenotype relationships for "frequent" NPC1 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Bauer
- CENTOGENE GmbH, Rostock, Germany.
- Univesrity of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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8
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Ansell TB, Corey RA, Viti LV, Kinnebrew M, Rohatgi R, Siebold C, Sansom MS. The energetics and ion coupling of cholesterol transport through Patched1. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh1609. [PMID: 37611095 PMCID: PMC10446486 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh1609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Patched1 (PTCH1) is a tumor suppressor protein of the mammalian Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway, implicated in embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis. PTCH1 inhibits the G protein-coupled receptor Smoothened (SMO) via a debated mechanism involving modulating ciliary cholesterol accessibility. Using extensive molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations to evaluate cholesterol transport through PTCH1, we find an energetic barrier of ~15 to 20 kilojoule per mole for cholesterol export. In silico data are coupled to in vivo biochemical assays of PTCH1 mutants to probe coupling between cation binding sites, transmembrane motions, and PTCH1 activity. Using complementary simulations of Dispatched1, we find that transition between "inward-open" and solvent "occluded" states is accompanied by Na+-induced pinching of intracellular helical segments. Thus, our findings illuminate the energetics and ion coupling stoichiometries of PTCH1 transport mechanisms, whereby one to three Na+ or two to three K+ couple to cholesterol export, and provide the first molecular description of transitions between distinct transport states.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Bertie Ansell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Robin A. Corey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Bristol University, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Lucrezia Vittoria Viti
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Maia Kinnebrew
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Mark S. P. Sansom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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9
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Pfrieger FW. The Niemann-Pick type diseases – A synopsis of inborn errors in sphingolipid and cholesterol metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 90:101225. [PMID: 37003582 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Disturbances of lipid homeostasis in cells provoke human diseases. The elucidation of the underlying mechanisms and the development of efficient therapies represent formidable challenges for biomedical research. Exemplary cases are two rare, autosomal recessive, and ultimately fatal lysosomal diseases historically named "Niemann-Pick" honoring the physicians, whose pioneering observations led to their discovery. Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (ASMD) and Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPCD) are caused by specific variants of the sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 (SMPD1) and NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 (NPC1) or NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 2 (NPC2) genes that perturb homeostasis of two key membrane components, sphingomyelin and cholesterol, respectively. Patients with severe forms of these diseases present visceral and neurologic symptoms and succumb to premature death. This synopsis traces the tortuous discovery of the Niemann-Pick diseases, highlights important advances with respect to genetic culprits and cellular mechanisms, and exposes efforts to improve diagnosis and to explore new therapeutic approaches.
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10
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Ansell TB, Corey RA, Viti LV, Kinnebrew M, Rohatgi R, Siebold C, Sansom MSP. The Energetics and Ion Coupling of Cholesterol Transport Through Patched1. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.14.528445. [PMID: 36824746 PMCID: PMC9949057 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.14.528445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Patched1 (PTCH1) is the principal tumour suppressor protein of the mammalian Hedgehog (HH) signalling pathway, implicated in embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis. PTCH1 inhibits the Class F G protein-coupled receptor Smoothened (SMO) via a debated mechanism involving modulating accessible cholesterol levels within ciliary membranes. Using extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and free energy calculations to evaluate cholesterol transport through PTCH1, we find an energetic barrier of ~15-20 kJ mol -1 for cholesterol export. In simulations we identify cation binding sites within the PTCH1 transmembrane domain (TMD) which may provide the energetic impetus for cholesterol transport. In silico data are coupled to in vivo biochemical assays of PTCH1 mutants to probe coupling between transmembrane motions and PTCH1 activity. Using complementary simulations of Dispatched1 (DISP1) we find that transition between 'inward-open' and solvent 'occluded' states is accompanied by Na + induced pinching of intracellular helical segments. Thus, our findings illuminate the energetics and ion-coupling stoichiometries of PTCH1 transport mechanisms, whereby 1-3 Na + or 2-3 K + couple to cholesterol export, and provide the first molecular description of transitions between distinct transport states.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Bertie Ansell
- Department of Biochemistry, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Robin A. Corey
- Department of Biochemistry, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Lucrezia Vittoria Viti
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Maia Kinnebrew
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
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11
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Kennelly JP, Tontonoz P. Cholesterol Transport to the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:cshperspect.a041263. [PMID: 35940908 PMCID: PMC9899650 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Most cholesterol in mammalian cells is stored in the plasma membrane (PM). Cholesterol transport from the PM to low-sterol regulatory regions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) controls cholesterol synthesis and uptake, and thereby influences the rates of cholesterol flux between tissues of complex organisms. Cholesterol transfer to the ER is also required for steroidogenesis, oxysterol and bile acid synthesis, and cholesterol esterification. The ER-resident Aster proteins (Aster-A, -B, and -C) form contacts with the PM to move cholesterol to the ER in mammals. Mice lacking Aster-B have low adrenal cholesteryl ester stores and impaired steroidogenesis because of a defect in cholesterol transport from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to the ER. This work reviews the molecular characteristics of Asters, their role in HDL- and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol movement, and how cholesterol transferred to the ER is utilized by cells. The roles of other lipid transporters and of membrane lipid organization in maintaining aspects of cholesterol homeostasis are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Kennelly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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12
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Cologna SM, Pathmasiri KC, Pergande MR, Rosenhouse-Dantsker A. Alterations in Cholesterol and Phosphoinositides Levels in the Intracellular Cholesterol Trafficking Disorder NPC. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1422:143-165. [PMID: 36988880 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21547-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Lipid mistrafficking is a biochemical hallmark of Niemann-Pick Type C (NPC) disease and is classically characterized with endo/lysosomal accumulation of unesterified cholesterol due to genetic mutations in the cholesterol transporter proteins NPC1 and NPC2. Storage of this essential signaling lipid leads to a sequence of downstream events, including oxidative stress, calcium imbalance, neuroinflammation, and progressive neurodegeneration, another hallmark of NPC disease. These observations have been validated in a growing number of studies ranging from NPC cell cultures and animal models to patient specimens. In recent reports, alterations in the levels of another class of critical signaling lipids, namely phosphoinositides, have been described in NPC disease. Focusing on cholesterol and phosphoinositides, the chapter begins by reviewing the interactions of NPC proteins with cholesterol and their role in cholesterol transport. It then continues to describe the modulation of cholesterol efflux in NPC disease. The chapter concludes with a summary of findings related to the functional consequences of perturbations in phosphoinositides in this fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Melissa R Pergande
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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13
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Rosenhouse-Dantsker A, Gazgalis D, Logothetis DE. PI(4,5)P 2 and Cholesterol: Synthesis, Regulation, and Functions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1422:3-59. [PMID: 36988876 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21547-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) is the most abundant membrane phosphoinositide and cholesterol is an essential component of the plasma membrane (PM). Both lipids play key roles in a variety of cellular functions including as signaling molecules and major regulators of protein function. This chapter provides an overview of these two important lipids. Starting from a brief description of their structure, synthesis, and regulation, the chapter continues to describe the primary functions and signaling processes in which PI(4,5)P2 and cholesterol are involved. While PI(4,5)P2 and cholesterol can act independently, they often act in concert or affect each other's impact. The chapters in this volume on "Cholesterol and PI(4,5)P2 in Vital Biological Functions: From Coexistence to Crosstalk" focus on the emerging relationship between cholesterol and PI(4,5)P2 in a variety of biological systems and processes. In this chapter, the next section provides examples from the ion channel field demonstrating that PI(4,5)P2 and cholesterol can act via common mechanisms. The chapter ends with a discussion of future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitris Gazgalis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diomedes E Logothetis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Dickson EJ. Role of Lysosomal Cholesterol in Regulating PI(4,5)P 2-Dependent Ion Channel Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1422:193-215. [PMID: 36988882 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21547-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes are central regulators of cellular growth and signaling. Once considered the acidic garbage can of the cell, their ever-expanding repertoire of functions include the regulation of cell growth, gene regulation, metabolic signaling, cell migration, and cell death. In this chapter, we detail how another of the lysosome's crucial roles, cholesterol transport, plays a vital role in the control of ion channel function and neuronal excitability through its ability to influence the abundance of the plasma membrane signaling lipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2). This chapter will introduce the biosynthetic pathways of cholesterol and PI(4,5)P2, discuss the molecular mechanisms through which each lipid distinctly regulates ion channels, and consider the interdependence of these lipids in the control of ion channel function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn J Dickson
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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15
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Schultz ML, Schache KJ, Azaria RD, Kuiper EQ, Erwood S, Ivakine EA, Farhat NY, Porter FD, Pathmasiri KC, Cologna SM, Uhler MD, Lieberman AP. Species-specific differences in NPC1 protein trafficking govern therapeutic response in Niemann-Pick type C disease. JCI Insight 2022; 7:160308. [PMID: 36301667 PMCID: PMC9746915 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.160308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The folding and trafficking of transmembrane glycoproteins are essential for cellular homeostasis and are compromised in many diseases. In Niemann-Pick type C disease, a lysosomal disorder characterized by impaired intracellular cholesterol trafficking, the transmembrane glycoprotein NPC1 misfolds due to disease-causing missense mutations. While mutant NPC1 has emerged as a robust target for proteostasis modulators, drug development efforts have been unsuccessful in mouse models. Here, we demonstrated unexpected differences in trafficking through the medial Golgi between mouse and human I1061T-NPC1, a common disease-causing mutant. We established that these distinctions are governed by differences in the NPC1 protein sequence rather than by variations in the endoplasmic reticulum-folding environment. Moreover, we demonstrated direct effects of mutant protein trafficking on the response to small molecules that modulate the endoplasmic reticulum-folding environment by affecting Ca++ concentration. Finally, we developed a panel of isogenic human NPC1 iNeurons expressing WT, I1061T-, and R934L-NPC1 and demonstrated their utility in testing these candidate therapeutics. Our findings identify important rules governing mutant NPC1's response to proteostatic modulators and highlight the importance of species- and mutation-specific responses for therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L. Schultz
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kylie J. Schache
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ruth D. Azaria
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Esmée Q. Kuiper
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Steven Erwood
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics and
| | - Evgueni A. Ivakine
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole Y. Farhat
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Forbes D. Porter
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Michael D. Uhler
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute and,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew P. Lieberman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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16
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Uthailak N, Adisakwattana P, Thiangtrongjit T, Limpanont Y, Chusongsang P, Chusongsang Y, Tanasarnprasert K, Reamtong O. Discovery of Schistosoma mekongi circulating proteins and antigens in infected mouse sera. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275992. [PMID: 36227939 PMCID: PMC9562170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by an infection of the parasitic flatworms schistosomes. Schistosoma mekongi is a restricted Schistosoma species found near the Mekong River, mainly in southern Laos and northern Cambodia. Because there is no vaccine or effective early diagnosis available for S. mekongi, additional biomarkers are required. In this study, serum biomarkers associated with S. mekongi-infected mice were identified at 14-, 28-, 42-, and 56-days post-infection. Circulating proteins and antigens of S. mekongi in mouse sera were analyzed using mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Serine protease inhibitors and macrophage erythroblast attacher were down-regulated in mouse sera at all infection timepoints. In addition, 54 circulating proteins and 55 antigens of S. mekongi were identified. Notable circulating proteins included kyphoscoliosis peptidase and putative tuberin, and antigens were detected at all four infection timepoints, particularly in the early stages (12 days). The putative tuberin sequence of S. mekongi was highly similar to homologs found in other members of the genus Schistosoma and less similar to human and murine sequences. Our study provided the identity of promising diagnostic biomarkers that could be applicable in early schistosomiasis diagnosis and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naphatsamon Uthailak
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Poom Adisakwattana
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tipparat Thiangtrongjit
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yanin Limpanont
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phiraphol Chusongsang
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yupa Chusongsang
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanthi Tanasarnprasert
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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17
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Li JK, Rao YQ, Koh SK, Zhao P, Zhou L, Li J. Proteomic analysis of s-acylated proteins in human retinal pigment epithelial cells and the role of palmitoylation of Niemann-Pick type C1 protein in cholesterol transport. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:965943. [PMID: 36262888 PMCID: PMC9576141 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.965943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylation is a dynamic process that regulates the activity of the modified proteins. Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells play pivotal roles in the visual cycle and maintaining healthy photoreceptor cells. Dysfunctional RPE cells are often associated with degenerative retinal diseases. The aim of the study was to identify potentially palmitoylated proteins in human RPE cells. By using the detergent-resistant membrane, we found 312 potentially palmitoylated peptides which corresponded to 192 proteins in RPE cells, including 55 new candidate proteins which were not reported before. Gene enrichment analysis highlighted significant enrichment of palmitoylated proteins in cell-matrix adhesion, cell-cell recognition, protein cellular localization, and translation, among others. We further studied the effect of 3 potential palmitoylation sites (Cys 799, 900, and 816) of Niemann-Pick type C1 protein (NPC1) on cholesterol accumulation. We found that mutation of any single Cys alone had no significant effect on intracellular cholesterol accumulation while simultaneous mutation of Cys799 and 800 caused significant cholesterol accumulation in the late endosome. No further cholesterol accumulation was observed by adding another mutation at Cys 816. However, the mutation did not alter the cellular localization of the protein. Conclusion: PRE cells have an abundant number of palmitoylated proteins which are involved in cellular processes critical to visual function. The palmitoylation at Cys799 and 800 was needed for cholesterol export, but not the intracellular localization of NPC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Kai Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Qing Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Siew Kwan Koh
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peiquan Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Research Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Lei Zhou,
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Jing Li,
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18
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Lu A. Endolysosomal cholesterol export: More than just NPC1. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200111. [PMID: 35934896 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
NPC1 plays a central role in cholesterol egress from endolysosomes, a critical step for maintaining intracellular cholesterol homeostasis. Despite recent advances in the field, the full repertoire of molecules and pathways involved in this process remains unknown. Emerging evidence suggests the existence of NPC1-independent, alternative routes. These may involve vesicular and non-vesicular mechanisms, as well as release of extracellular vesicles. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms that bypass NPC1 function could have important implications for the development of therapies for lysosomal storage disorders. Here we discuss how cholesterol may be exported from lysosomes in which NPC1 function is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Lu
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cellular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Chen H, Qi X, Faulkner RA, Schumacher MM, Donnelly LM, DeBose-Boyd RA, Li X. Regulated degradation of HMG CoA reductase requires conformational changes in sterol-sensing domain. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4273. [PMID: 35879350 PMCID: PMC9314443 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis and target of cholesterol-lowering statin drugs. Accumulation of sterols in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes accelerates degradation of HMGCR, slowing the synthesis of cholesterol. Degradation of HMGCR is inhibited by its binding to UBIAD1 (UbiA prenyltransferase domain-containing protein-1). This inhibition contributes to statin-induced accumulation of HMGCR, which limits their cholesterol-lowering effects. Here, we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of the HMGCR-UBIAD1 complex, which is maintained by interactions between transmembrane helix (TM) 7 of HMGCR and TMs 2-4 of UBIAD1. Disrupting this interface by mutagenesis prevents complex formation, enhancing HMGCR degradation. TMs 2-6 of HMGCR contain a 170-amino acid sterol sensing domain (SSD), which exists in two conformations-one of which is essential for degradation. Thus, our data supports a model that rearrangement of the TMs in the SSD permits recruitment of proteins that initate HMGCR degradation, a key reaction in the regulatory system that governs cholesterol synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwen Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Qi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rebecca A Faulkner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Marc M Schumacher
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Linda M Donnelly
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Russell A DeBose-Boyd
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Xiaochun Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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20
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O’Neill KI, Kuo LW, Williams MM, Lind H, Crump LS, Hammond NG, Spoelstra NS, Caino MC, Richer JK. NPC1 Confers Metabolic Flexibility in Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3543. [PMID: 35884604 PMCID: PMC9319388 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) often undergoes at least partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to facilitate metastasis. Identifying EMT-associated characteristics can reveal novel dependencies that may serve as therapeutic vulnerabilities in this aggressive breast cancer subtype. We found that NPC1, which encodes the lysosomal cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick type C1 is highly expressed in TNBC as compared to estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer, and is significantly elevated in high-grade disease. We demonstrated that NPC1 is directly targeted by microRNA-200c (miR-200c), a potent suppressor of EMT, providing a mechanism for its differential expression in breast cancer subtypes. The silencing of NPC1 in TNBC causes an accumulation of cholesterol-filled lysosomes, and drives decreased growth in soft agar and invasive capacity. Conversely, overexpression of NPC1 in an ER+ cell line increases invasion and growth in soft agar. We further identified TNBC cell lines as cholesterol auxotrophs, however, they do not solely depend on NPC1 for adequate cholesterol supply. The silencing of NPC1 in TNBC cell lines led to altered mitochondrial function and morphology, suppression of mTOR signaling, and accumulation of autophagosomes. A small molecule inhibitor of NPC1, U18666A, decreased TNBC proliferation and synergized with the chemotherapeutic drug, paclitaxel. This work suggests that NPC1 promotes aggressive characteristics in TNBC, and identifies NPC1 as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen I. O’Neill
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.I.O.); (L.-W.K.); (M.M.W.); (H.L.); (L.S.C.); (N.G.H.); (N.S.S.)
| | - Li-Wei Kuo
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.I.O.); (L.-W.K.); (M.M.W.); (H.L.); (L.S.C.); (N.G.H.); (N.S.S.)
| | - Michelle M. Williams
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.I.O.); (L.-W.K.); (M.M.W.); (H.L.); (L.S.C.); (N.G.H.); (N.S.S.)
| | - Hanne Lind
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.I.O.); (L.-W.K.); (M.M.W.); (H.L.); (L.S.C.); (N.G.H.); (N.S.S.)
| | - Lyndsey S. Crump
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.I.O.); (L.-W.K.); (M.M.W.); (H.L.); (L.S.C.); (N.G.H.); (N.S.S.)
| | - Nia G. Hammond
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.I.O.); (L.-W.K.); (M.M.W.); (H.L.); (L.S.C.); (N.G.H.); (N.S.S.)
| | - Nicole S. Spoelstra
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.I.O.); (L.-W.K.); (M.M.W.); (H.L.); (L.S.C.); (N.G.H.); (N.S.S.)
| | - M. Cecilia Caino
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Jennifer K. Richer
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (K.I.O.); (L.-W.K.); (M.M.W.); (H.L.); (L.S.C.); (N.G.H.); (N.S.S.)
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21
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Yoon HJ, Jeong J, Kim G, Lee HH, Jang S. The point mutation of the cholesterol trafficking membrane protein NPC1 may affect its proper function in more than a single step: Molecular dynamics simulation study. Comput Biol Chem 2022; 99:107725. [PMID: 35850050 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2022.107725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) protein is one of the key players of cholesterol trafficking from the lysosome and its function is closely coupled with the Niemann-Pick type C2 (NPC2) protein. The dysfunction of one of these proteins can cause problems in the overall cholesterol homeostasis and leads to a disease, which is called the Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease. The parts of the cholesterol transport mechanism by NPC1 have begun to recently emerge, especially after the full-length NPC1 structure was determined from a cryo-EM study. However, many details about the overall cholesterol trafficking process by NPC1 still remain to be elucidated. Notably, the NPC1 could act as one of the target proteins for the control of infectious diseases due to its role as the virus entry point into the cells as well as for cancer treatment due to the inhibitory effect of tumor growth. A mutation of NPC1 can leads to dysfunctions and understanding this process can provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of the corresponding protein and the therapeutic strategies against the disease that are caused by the mutation. It has been found that patients with the point mutation R518W (or R518Q) on the NPC1 show the accumulation of lipids within the lysosomal lumen. In this paper, we report how the corresponding mutation can affect the cholesterol transport process by NPC1 in the different stages by the molecular dynamics simulations. The simulation results show that the point mutation intervenes at least at two different steps during the cholesterol transport by NPC1 and NPC2 in combination, which includes the association step of NPC2 with the NPC1, the cholesterol transfer step from NPC2 to NPC1-NTD while the cholesterol passage within the NPC1 via a channel is relatively unaffected by R518W mutation. The detailed analysis of the resulting simulation trajectories reveals the important structural features that are essential for the proper functioning of the NPC1 for the cholesterol transport, and it shows how the overall structure, which thereby includes the function, can be affected by a single mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Jian Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Guun Kim
- Department of Physics, Sejong University, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, the Republic of Korea.
| | - Soonmin Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul, the Republic of Korea.
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22
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Dyslipidemia in Renal Transplant Recipients. TRANSPLANTOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/transplantology3020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a frequent complication after kidney transplantation (KT) and is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Renal transplant recipients (RTRs) are considered at high, or very high, risk of CVD, which is a leading cause of death in this patient group. Despite many factors of post-transplant dyslipidemia, the immunosuppressive treatment has the biggest influence on a lipid profile. There are no strict dyslipidemia treatment guidelines for RTRs, but the ones proposing an individual approach regarding CVD risk seem most suitable. Proper diet and physical activity are the main general measures to manage dyslipidemia and should be introduced initially in every patient after KT. In the case of an insufficient correction of lipemia, statins are the basis for hypolipidemic treatment. Statins should be introduced with caution to avoid serious side-effects (e.g., myopathy) or drug-drug interactions, especially with immunosuppressants. To lower the incidence of adverse effects, and improve medication adherence, ezetimibe in combination with statins is recommended. Fibrates and bile sequestrants are not recommended due to their side-effects and variable efficacy. However, several new lipid-lowering drugs like Proprotein convertase subtilisin/Kexin type9 (PCSK9) inhibitors may have promising effects in RTRs, but further research assessing efficacy and safety is yet to be carried out.
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23
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Vo ML, Levy T, Lakhani S, Wang C, Ross ME. Adult-onset Niemann-Pick disease type C masquerading as spinocerebellar ataxia. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2022; 10:e1906. [PMID: 35192242 PMCID: PMC9000929 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adult‐onset Nieman–Pick disease type C (NPC) is a rare progressive ataxia caused by lysosomal accumulation of unesterified cholesterol resulting in severe disability and death. The diagnosis of NPC can be challenging as clinical features overlap with other more common hereditary ataxias. This study pursued the molecular genetic basis of adult‐onset cerebellar ataxia manifesting in two siblings. A prior diagnosis of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) based on an ataxia gene panel was questioned when the younger sibling developed similar symptoms but had discordant genetic results. Methods Neurologic examination, whole exome sequence (WES), targeted sequence to establish genome phasing, and cytochemical and biochemical studies of fibroblast cultures were employed. Results The pedigree and neurological examinations suggested a recessive or possibly dominant cerebellar ataxia. WES showed the siblings were both compound heterozygous for two rare variants in the NPC1 gene—one pathogenic, stop gain at p.Arg934Ter (NM_000271.4), and a missense change, p.Pro471Leu (NM_000271.4), of uncertain significance. Filipin staining of fibroblast cultures showed lysosomal cholesterol accumulation and biochemical assay demonstrated impaired cholesterol esterification. Conclusions The study established the correct molecular diagnosis of biallelic, adult‐onset NPC in a patient initially diagnosed with SCA. Additionally, the p.Pro471Leu variant was identified as likely pathogenic. Inaccurate molecular diagnosis will deprive NPC patients of treatment options. Investigation using WES is justified when a detected expansion size is in the borderline range for pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L Vo
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tess Levy
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shenela Lakhani
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chengbing Wang
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - M Elizabeth Ross
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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24
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Zhong C, Wang B. Regulation of Cholesterol Binding to the Receptor Patched1 by its interactions With the Ligand Sonic Hedgehog (Shh). Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:831891. [PMID: 35187087 PMCID: PMC8847689 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.831891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is essential in cell development and regeneration, which is activated by the ligand Sonic hedgehog (Shh). The binding of Shh to its receptor Patched1 (PTCH1) releases the inhibitory effect on the downstream protein Smoothened (SMO), a G-protein-coupled-receptor (GPCR) protein. Cholesterol was supposed to function as a secondary messenger between PTCH1 and SMO. However, the molecular mechanism of this regulation process is still unclear. Therefore, microsecond coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the protein-lipid interactions of the PTCH1 monomer and dimer-Shh complex. It was observed that the binding of cholesterols to the monomer is more stable than that to the dimer-Shh complex. It is regulated by the enrichment of Ganglioside lipids around proteins and the conformation of Y446, a residue in the sterol-sensing domain (SSD). The regulation of Shh on the dynamics of PTCH1 was further analyzed to explore the allosteric communication pathways between the Shh and the SSD. Our study provides structural and dynamic details of an additional perspective on the regulation of Hh signaling pathway through the lipid micro-environments of PTCH1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Zhong
- Centre for Informational Biology, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- Centre for Advanced Materials Research, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, China
- *Correspondence: Beibei Wang,
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25
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Wu X, Yan R, Cao P, Qian H, Yan N. Structural advances in sterol-sensing domain-containing proteins. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:289-300. [PMID: 35012873 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The sterol-sensing domain (SSD) is present in several membrane proteins that function in cholesterol metabolism, transport, and signaling. Recent progress in structural studies of SSD-containing proteins, such as sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-cleavage activating protein (Scap), Patched, Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NPC1), and related proteins, reveals a conserved core that is essential for their sterol-dependent functions. This domain, by its name, 'senses' the presence of sterol substrates through interactions and may modulate protein behaviors with changing sterol levels. We summarize recent advances in structural and mechanistic investigations of these proteins and propose to divide them to two classes: M for 'moderator' proteins that regulate sterol metabolism in response to membrane sterol levels, and T for 'transporter' proteins that harbor inner tunnels for cargo trafficking across cellular membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Renhong Yan
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Pingping Cao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Hongwu Qian
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Nieng Yan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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26
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Winkler MBL, Nel L, Frain KM, Dedic E, Olesen E, Pedersen BP. Sterol uptake by the NPC system in eukaryotes: a Saccharomyces cerevisiae perspective. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:160-179. [PMID: 34897668 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sterols are an essential component of membranes in all eukaryotic cells and the precursor of multiple indispensable cellular metabolites. After endocytotic uptake, sterols are integrated into the lysosomal membrane by the Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) system before redistribution to other membranes. The process is driven by two proteins that, together, compose the NPC system: the lysosomal sterol shuttle protein NPC2 and the membrane protein NPC1 (named NCR1 in fungi), which integrates sterols into the lysosomal membrane. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae NPC system provides a compelling model to study the molecular mechanism of sterol integration into membranes and sterol homeostasis. This review summarizes recent advances in the field, and by interpreting available structural data, we propose a unifying conceptual model for sterol loading, transfer and transport by NPC proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael B L Winkler
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Lynette Nel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Kelly M Frain
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Emil Dedic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Esben Olesen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
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27
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Lu A. Sorting (Nexin-13) out Novel Insights into Endolysosomal Cholesterol Export. CONTACT (THOUSAND OAKS (VENTURA COUNTY, CALIF.)) 2022; 5:25152564221114513. [PMID: 37366510 PMCID: PMC10243570 DOI: 10.1177/25152564221114513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Transport in and out of the endolysosomal compartment represents a key step in the regulation of cellular cholesterol homeostasis. Despite important recent advances, how LDL-derived, free cholesterol is exported from the lumen of endolysosomes to other organelles is still a matter of debate. We recently devised a CRISPR/Cas9 genome-scale strategy to uncover genes involved in the regulation of endolysosomal cholesterol homeostasis and the functionally linked phospholipid, bis(monoacylglycerol)-phosphate. This approach confirmed known genes and pathways involved in this process, and more importantly revealed previously unrecognized roles for new players, such as Sorting Nexin-13 (SNX13). Here we discuss the unexpected regulatory role of SNX13 in endolysosomal cholesterol export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Lu
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular,
Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut
d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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28
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Jiang X, Ory DS. Advancing Diagnosis and Treatment of Niemann-Pick C disease through Biomarker Discovery. EXPLORATION OF NEUROPROTECTIVE THERAPY 2021; 1:146-158. [PMID: 35356760 PMCID: PMC8963791 DOI: 10.37349/ent.2021.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick C is a rare neurodegenerative, lysosomal storage disease caused by accumulation of unesterified cholesterol. Diagnosis of the disease is often delayed due to its rarity, the heterogeneous presentation and the early non-specific symptoms. The discovery of disease-specific biomarkers - cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol (C-triol), trihydroxycholanic acid glycinate (TCG) and N-palmitoyl-O-phosphocholineserine (PPCS, initially referred to as lysoSM-509) - has led to development of non-invasive, blood-based diagnostics. Dissemination of these rapid, sensitive, and specific clinical assays has accelerated diagnosis. Moreover, the superior receiver operating characteristic of the TCG bile acid biomarker and its detection in dried blood spots has also facilitated development of a newborn screen for NPC, which is currently being piloted in New York state. The C-triol, TCG and PPCS biomarkers have also proven useful for monitoring treatment response in peripheral tissues, but are uninformative with respect to treatment efficacy in the central nervous system (CNS). A major gap for the field is the lack of a validated, non-invasive biomarker to monitor the course of disease and CNS response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuntian Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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29
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Bradfute SB. The discovery and development of novel treatment strategies for filoviruses. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 17:139-149. [PMID: 34962451 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2013800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Filoviruses are negative-stranded, enveloped RNA viruses that can cause hemorrhagic fever in humans and include Ebola and Marburg viruses. Lethality rates can reach 90% in isolated outbreaks. The 2013-2016 Ebola virus epidemic demonstrated the global threat of filoviruses and hastened development of vaccines and therapeutics. There are six known filoviruses that cause disease in humans, but still few therapeutics are available for treatment. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes identification, testing, and development of therapeutics based on the peer-reviewed scientific literature beginning with the discovery of filoviruses in 1967. Small molecules, antibodies, cytokines, antisense, post-exposure vaccination, and host-targeted therapeutic approaches are discussed. An emphasis is placed on therapeutics that have shown promise in in vivo studies. EXPERT OPINION Two monoclonal antibody regimens are approved for use in humans for one filovirus (Ebola virus), and preclinical nonhuman primate studies suggest that other monoclonal-based therapies are likely to be effective against other filoviruses. Significant progress has been made in small-molecule antivirals and host-targeted approaches. An important consideration is the necessity of pan-filovirus therapeutics via broadly effective small molecules, antibody cocktails, and cross-reactive antibodies. The use of filovirus therapeutics as prophylactic treatment or in chronically infected individuals should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Bradfute
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, USA
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30
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Long T, Liu Y, Li X. Molecular structures of human ACAT2 disclose mechanism for selective inhibition. Structure 2021; 29:1410-1418.e4. [PMID: 34520735 PMCID: PMC8642284 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum-localized acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferases (ACAT), including ACAT1 and ACAT2, convert cholesterol to cholesteryl esters that become incorporated into lipoproteins or stored in cytosolic lipid droplets. Selective inhibition of ACAT2 has been shown to considerably attenuate hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in mice. Here, we report cryogenic electron microscopy structures of human ACAT2 bound to its specific inhibitor pyripyropene A or the general ACAT inhibitor nevanimibe. Structural analysis reveals that ACAT2 has a topology in membranes similar to that of ACAT1. A catalytic core with an entry site occupied by a cholesterol molecule and another site for allosteric activation of ACAT2 is observed in these structures. Enzymatic assays show that mutations within sites of cholesterol entry or allosteric activation attenuate ACAT2 activity in vitro. Together, these results reveal mechanisms for ACAT2-mediated esterification of cholesterol, providing a blueprint to design new ACAT2 inhibitors for use in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Long
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiaochun Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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31
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Wen X, Yang Y, Klionsky DJ. Moments in autophagy and disease: Past and present. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 82:100966. [PMID: 33931245 PMCID: PMC8548407 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, research on autophagy, a highly conserved lysosomal degradation pathway, has been advanced by studies in different model organisms, especially in the field of its molecular mechanism and regulation. The malfunction of autophagy is linked to various diseases, among which cancer and neurodegenerative diseases are the major focus. In this review, we cover some other important diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, infectious and inflammatory diseases, and metabolic disorders, as well as rare diseases, with a hope of providing a more complete understanding of the spectrum of autophagy's role in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wen
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ying Yang
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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32
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Li W, Wang L, Wierbowski BM, Lu M, Dong F, Liu W, Li S, Wang P, Salic A, Gong X. Structural insights into proteolytic activation of the human Dispatched1 transporter for Hedgehog morphogen release. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6966. [PMID: 34845226 PMCID: PMC8630017 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27257-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane protein Dispatched (Disp), which belongs to the RND family of small molecule transporters, is essential for Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, by catalyzing the extracellular release of palmitate- and cholesterol-modified Hh ligands from producing cells. Disp function requires Furin-mediated proteolytic cleavage of its extracellular domain, but how this activates Disp remains obscure. Here, we employ cryo-electron microscopy to determine atomic structures of human Disp1 (hDisp1), before and after cleavage, and in complex with lipid-modified Sonic hedgehog (Shh) ligand. These structures, together with biochemical data, reveal that proteolytic cleavage opens the extracellular domain of hDisp1, removing steric hindrance to Shh binding. Structure-guided functional experiments demonstrate the role of hDisp1-Shh interactions in ligand release. Our results clarify the mechanisms of hDisp1 activation and Shh morphogen release, and highlight how a unique proteolytic cleavage event enabled acquisition of a protein substrate by a member of a family of small molecule transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqiu Li
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, Guangdong China ,grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Present Address: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Linlin Wang
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Bradley M. Wierbowski
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Mo Lu
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Feitong Dong
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Wenchen Liu
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Sisi Li
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, Guangdong China ,grid.508211.f0000 0004 6004 3854Present Address: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, 518060 Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Peiyi Wang
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790SUSTech Cryo-EM Facility Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Adrian Salic
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Xin Gong
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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33
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Griffiths WJ, Wang Y. Sterols, Oxysterols, and Accessible Cholesterol: Signalling for Homeostasis, in Immunity and During Development. Front Physiol 2021; 12:723224. [PMID: 34690800 PMCID: PMC8531217 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.723224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article we discuss the concept of accessible plasma membrane cholesterol and its involvement as a signalling molecule. Changes in plasma membrane accessible cholesterol, although only being minor in the context of total cholesterol plasma membrane cholesterol and total cell cholesterol, are a key regulator of overall cellular cholesterol homeostasis by the SREBP pathway. Accessible cholesterol also provides the second messenger between patched 1 and smoothened in the hedgehog signalling pathway important during development, and its depletion may provide a mechanism of resistance to microbial pathogens including SARS-CoV-2. We revise the hypothesis that oxysterols are a signalling form of cholesterol, in this instance as a rapidly acting and paracrine version of accessible cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
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34
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Kinnebrew M, Luchetti G, Sircar R, Frigui S, Viti LV, Naito T, Beckert F, Saheki Y, Siebold C, Radhakrishnan A, Rohatgi R. Patched 1 reduces the accessibility of cholesterol in the outer leaflet of membranes. eLife 2021; 10:e70504. [PMID: 34698632 PMCID: PMC8654371 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A long-standing mystery in vertebrate Hedgehog signaling is how Patched 1 (PTCH1), the receptor for Hedgehog ligands, inhibits the activity of Smoothened, the protein that transmits the signal across the membrane. We previously proposed (Kinnebrew et al., 2019) that PTCH1 inhibits Smoothened by depleting accessible cholesterol from the ciliary membrane. Using a new imaging-based assay to directly measure the transport activity of PTCH1, we find that PTCH1 depletes accessible cholesterol from the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. This transport activity is terminated by binding of Hedgehog ligands to PTCH1 or by dissipation of the transmembrane potassium gradient. These results point to the unexpected model that PTCH1 moves cholesterol from the outer to the inner leaflet of the membrane in exchange for potassium ion export in the opposite direction. Our study provides a plausible solution for how PTCH1 inhibits SMO by changing the organization of cholesterol in membranes and establishes a general framework for studying how proteins change cholesterol accessibility to regulate membrane-dependent processes in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia Kinnebrew
- Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Giovanni Luchetti
- Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, GenentechSouth San FranciscoUnited States
| | - Ria Sircar
- Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Sara Frigui
- Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Lucrezia Vittoria Viti
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Tomoki Naito
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Francis Beckert
- Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
| | - Yasunori Saheki
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Arun Radhakrishnan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
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35
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Luo Y, Wan G, Zhou X, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Bao J, Cong Y, Zhao Y, Li D. Architecture of Dispatched, a Transmembrane Protein Responsible for Hedgehog Release. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:701826. [PMID: 34557519 PMCID: PMC8453165 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.701826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is crucial for programmed cell differentiation and proliferation. Dispatched (Disp) is a 12-transmembrane protein that plays a critical role in the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway by releasing the dually lipidated ligand HhN from the membrane, a prerequisite step to the downstream signaling cascade. In this study, we focus on the Disp from water bear, a primitive animal known as the most indestructible on Earth. Using a zebrafish model, we show that the water bear homolog possesses the function of Disp. We have solved its structure to a 6.5-Å resolution using single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy. Consistent with the evolutional conservation of the pathway, the water bear Disp structure is overall similar to the previously reported structures of the fruit fly and human homologs. Although not revealing much detail at this resolution, the water bear Disp shows a different conformation compared to published structures, suggesting that they represent different functional snapshots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitian Luo
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoyue Wan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuwen Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunbin Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Bao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Cong
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dianfan Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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36
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Reinisch KM, Prinz WA. Mechanisms of nonvesicular lipid transport. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211813. [PMID: 33605998 PMCID: PMC7901144 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202012058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have long known that lipids traffic between cellular membranes via vesicles but have only recently appreciated the role of nonvesicular lipid transport. Nonvesicular transport can be high volume, supporting biogenesis of rapidly expanding membranes, or more targeted and precise, allowing cells to rapidly alter levels of specific lipids in membranes. Most such transport probably occurs at membrane contact sites, where organelles are closely apposed, and requires lipid transport proteins (LTPs), which solubilize lipids to shield them from the aqueous phase during their transport between membranes. Some LTPs are cup like and shuttle lipid monomers between membranes. Others form conduits allowing lipid flow between membranes. This review describes what we know about nonvesicular lipid transfer mechanisms while also identifying many remaining unknowns: How do LTPs facilitate lipid movement from and into membranes, do LTPs require accessory proteins for efficient transfer in vivo, and how is directionality of transport determined?
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin M Reinisch
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - William A Prinz
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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37
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García-Dorival I, Cuesta-Geijo MÁ, Barrado-Gil L, Galindo I, Garaigorta U, Urquiza J, Puerto AD, Campillo NE, Martínez A, Gastaminza P, Gil C, Alonso C. Identification of Niemann-Pick C1 protein as a potential novel SARS-CoV-2 intracellular target. Antiviral Res 2021; 194:105167. [PMID: 34450201 PMCID: PMC8382594 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) receptor is an endosomal membrane protein that regulates intracellular cholesterol traffic. This protein has been shown to play an important role for several viruses. It has been reported that SARS-CoV-2 enters the cell through plasma membrane fusion and/or endosomal entry upon availability of proteases. However, the whole process is not fully understood yet and additional viral/host factors might be required for viral fusion and subsequent viral replication. Here, we report a novel interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein (N) and the cholesterol transporter NPC1. Furthermore, we have found that some compounds reported to interact with NPC1, carbazole SC816 and sulfides SC198 and SC073, were able to reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral infection with a good selectivity index in human cell infection models. These findings suggest the importance of NPC1 for SARS-CoV-2 viral infection and a new possible potential therapeutic target to fight against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel García-Dorival
- Dpt. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Cuesta-Geijo
- Dpt. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Barrado-Gil
- Dpt. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Galindo
- Dpt. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Urtzi Garaigorta
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología CSIC, Calle Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Urquiza
- Dpt. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Del Puerto
- Dpt. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria E Campillo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Gastaminza
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología CSIC, Calle Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Gil
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Covadonga Alonso
- Dpt. Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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38
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Krasnoselska GO, Dumoux M, Gamage N, Cheruvara H, Birch J, Quigley A, Owens RJ. Transient Transfection and Expression of Eukaryotic Membrane Proteins in Expi293F Cells and Their Screening on a Small Scale: Application for Structural Studies. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2305:105-128. [PMID: 33950386 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1406-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cancers, neurodegenerative and infectious diseases remain some of the leading causes of deaths worldwide. The structure-guided drug design is essential to advance drug development for these important diseases. One of the key challenges in the structure determination workflow is the production of eukaryotic membrane proteins (drug targets) of high quality. A number of expression systems have been developed for the production of eukaryotic membrane proteins. In this chapter, an optimized detailed protocol for transient transfection and expression of eukaryotic membrane proteins in Expi293F cells is presented. Testing expression and purification on a small scale allow optimizing conditions for sample preparation for downstream structural (cryo-EM) elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna O Krasnoselska
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Raymond J Owens
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford, UK.
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Didcot, UK.
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39
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Chu TT, Tu X, Yang K, Wu J, Repa JJ, Yan N. Tonic prime-boost of STING signalling mediates Niemann-Pick disease type C. Nature 2021; 596:570-575. [PMID: 34290407 PMCID: PMC8859990 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03762-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The classic mode of STING activation is through binding the cyclic dinucleotide 2'3'-cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), produced by the DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), which is important for the innate immune response to microbial infection and autoimmune disease. Modes of STING activation that are independent of cGAS are much less well understood. Here, through a spatiotemporally resolved proximity labelling screen followed by quantitative proteomics, we identify the lysosomal membrane protein Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) as a cofactor in the trafficking of STING. NPC1 interacts with STING and recruits it to the lysosome for degradation in both human and mouse cells. Notably, we find that knockout of Npc1 'primes' STING signalling by physically linking or 'tethering' STING to SREBP2 trafficking. Loss of NPC1 protein also 'boosts' STING signalling by blocking lysosomal degradation. Both priming and boosting of STING signalling are required for severe neurological disease in the Npc1-/- mouse. Genetic deletion of Sting1 (the gene that encodes STING) or Irf3, but not that of Cgas, significantly reduced the activation of microglia and relieved the loss of Purkinje neurons in the cerebellum of Npc1-/- mice, leading to improved motor function. Our study identifies a cGAS- and cGAMP-independent mode of STING activation that affects neuropathology and provides a therapeutic target for the treatment of Niemann-Pick disease type C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Chu
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xintao Tu
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jianjun Wu
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joyce J Repa
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nan Yan
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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40
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Long T, Liu Y, Qin Y, DeBose-Boyd RA, Li X. Structures of dimeric human NPC1L1 provide insight into mechanisms for cholesterol absorption. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/34/eabh3997. [PMID: 34407950 PMCID: PMC8373123 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh3997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Polytopic Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) plays a major role in intestinal absorption of biliary cholesterol, vitamin E (VE), and vitamin K (VK). The drug ezetimibe inhibits NPC1L1-mediated absorption of cholesterol, lowering of circulating levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Here, we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of human NPC1L1 (hNPC1L1) bound to either cholesterol or a lipid resembling VE. These findings, together with functional assays, reveal that the same intramolecular channel in hNPC1L1 mediates transport of VE and cholesterol. hNPC1L1 exists primarily as a homodimer; dimerization is mediated by aromatic residues within a region of transmembrane helix 2 that exhibits a horizonal orientation in the membrane. Mutation of tryptophan-347 lies in this region disrupts dimerization and the resultant monomeric NPC1L1 exhibits reduced efficiency of cholesterol uptake. These findings identify the oligomeric state of hNPC1L1 as a target for therapies that inhibit uptake of dietary cholesterol and reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Long
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yu Qin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Russell A DeBose-Boyd
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiaochun Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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41
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Kober DL, Radhakrishnan A, Goldstein JL, Brown MS, Clark LD, Bai XC, Rosenbaum DM. Scap structures highlight key role for rotation of intertwined luminal loops in cholesterol sensing. Cell 2021; 184:3689-3701.e22. [PMID: 34139175 PMCID: PMC8277531 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cholesterol-sensing protein Scap induces cholesterol synthesis by transporting membrane-bound transcription factors called sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus for proteolytic activation. Transport requires interaction between Scap's two ER luminal loops (L1 and L7), which flank an intramembrane sterol-sensing domain (SSD). Cholesterol inhibits Scap transport by binding to L1, which triggers Scap's binding to Insig, an ER retention protein. Here we used cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) to elucidate two structures of full-length chicken Scap: (1) a wild-type free of Insigs and (2) mutant Scap bound to chicken Insig without cholesterol. Strikingly, L1 and L7 intertwine tightly to form a globular domain that acts as a luminal platform connecting the SSD to the rest of Scap. In the presence of Insig, this platform undergoes a large rotation accompanied by rearrangement of Scap's transmembrane helices. We postulate that this conformational change halts Scap transport of SREBPs and inhibits cholesterol synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Kober
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Arun Radhakrishnan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Joseph L Goldstein
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Michael S Brown
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lindsay D Clark
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiao-Chen Bai
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Daniel M Rosenbaum
- Department of Biophysics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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42
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Ilnytska O, Lai K, Gorshkov K, Schultz ML, Tran BN, Jeziorek M, Kunkel TJ, Azaria RD, McLoughlin HS, Waghalter M, Xu Y, Schlame M, Altan-Bonnet N, Zheng W, Lieberman AP, Dobrowolski R, Storch J. Enrichment of NPC1-deficient cells with the lipid LBPA stimulates autophagy, improves lysosomal function, and reduces cholesterol storage. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100813. [PMID: 34023384 PMCID: PMC8294588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick C (NPC) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by mutations in the NPC1 or NPC2 genes encoding endolysosomal lipid transport proteins, leading to cholesterol accumulation and autophagy dysfunction. We have previously shown that enrichment of NPC1-deficient cells with the anionic lipid lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA; also called bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate) via treatment with its precursor phosphatidylglycerol (PG) results in a dramatic decrease in cholesterol storage. However, the mechanisms underlying this reduction are unknown. In the present study, we showed using biochemical and imaging approaches in both NPC1-deficient cellular models and an NPC1 mouse model that PG incubation/LBPA enrichment significantly improved the compromised autophagic flux associated with NPC1 disease, providing a route for NPC1-independent endolysosomal cholesterol mobilization. PG/LBPA enrichment specifically enhanced the late stages of autophagy, and effects were mediated by activation of the lysosomal enzyme acid sphingomyelinase. PG incubation also led to robust and specific increases in LBPA species with polyunsaturated acyl chains, potentially increasing the propensity for membrane fusion events, which are critical for late-stage autophagy progression. Finally, we demonstrated that PG/LBPA treatment efficiently cleared cholesterol and toxic protein aggregates in Purkinje neurons of the NPC1I1061T mouse model. Collectively, these findings provide a mechanistic basis supporting cellular LBPA as a potential new target for therapeutic intervention in NPC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ilnytska
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
| | - Kimberly Lai
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kirill Gorshkov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark L Schultz
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bruce Nguyen Tran
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Maciej Jeziorek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Thaddeus J Kunkel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ruth D Azaria
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Hayley S McLoughlin
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Miriam Waghalter
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yang Xu
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Schlame
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nihal Altan-Bonnet
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew P Lieberman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Radek Dobrowolski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Judith Storch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA; Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.
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43
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Cariati I, Masuelli L, Bei R, Tancredi V, Frank C, D’Arcangelo G. Neurodegeneration in Niemann-Pick Type C Disease: An Updated Review on Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Approaches to Counteract Brain and Cognitive Impairment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126600. [PMID: 34202978 PMCID: PMC8234817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann–Pick type C (NPC) disease is an autosomal recessive storage disorder, characterized by abnormal sequestration of unesterified cholesterol in the late endo-lysosomal system of cells. Progressive neurological deterioration and the onset of symptoms, such as ataxia, seizures, cognitive decline, and severe dementia, are pathognomonic features of the disease. In addition, different pathological similarities, including degeneration of hippocampal and cortical neurons, hyperphosphorylated tau, and neurofibrillary tangle formation, have been identified between NPC disease and other neurodegenerative pathologies. However, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are not yet well understood, and even a real cure to counteract neurodegeneration has not been identified. Therefore, the combination of current pharmacological therapies, represented by miglustat and cyclodextrin, and non-pharmacological approaches, such as physical exercise and appropriate diet, could represent a strategy to improve the quality of life of NPC patients. Based on this evidence, in our review we focused on the neurodegenerative aspects of NPC disease, summarizing the current knowledge on the molecular and biochemical mechanisms responsible for cognitive impairment, and suggesting physical exercise and nutritional treatments as additional non-pharmacologic approaches to reduce the progression and neurodegenerative course of NPC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Cariati
- Medical-Surgical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Laura Masuelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Roberto Bei
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Virginia Tancredi
- Department of Systems Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Centre of Space Bio-Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Frank
- UniCamillus-Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Via di Sant’Alessandro 8, 00131 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giovanna D’Arcangelo
- Department of Systems Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Centre of Space Bio-Medicine, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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44
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Liu EA, Mori E, Hamasaki F, Lieberman AP. TDP-43 proteinopathy occurs independently of autophagic substrate accumulation and underlies nuclear defects in Niemann-Pick C disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2021; 47:1019-1032. [PMID: 34048071 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions of TAR-DNA binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) are a pathological hallmark of diverse neurodegenerative disorders, yet the processes that mediate their formation and their functional significance remain incompletely understood. Both dysfunction in autophagy and neuroinflammation have been linked to TDP-43 mislocalisation. Here, we investigate TDP-43 proteinopathy in Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPC), an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease (LSD) distinguished by the accumulation of unesterified cholesterol within late endosomes and lysosomes. NPC is characterised by neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation and multifocal disruption of the autophagy pathway. METHODS We utilised immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, electron microscopy and biochemical and gene expression studies to characterise TDP-43 pathology and autophagic substrate accumulation in Npc1-deficient mice. RESULTS In the NPC brain, cytoplasmic TDP-43 mislocalisation was independent of autophagic substrate accumulation. These pathologies occurred in distinct neuronal subtypes, as brainstem cholinergic neurons were more susceptible to TDP-43 mislocalisation, whereas glutamatergic neurons exhibited hallmarks of autophagic dysfunction. Furthermore, TDP-43 mislocalisation did not co-localise with markers of stress granules or progress to ubiquitinated aggregates over months in vivo, indicating a stable, early stage in the aggregation process. Neither microgliosis nor neuroinflammation were sufficient to drive TDP-43 proteinopathy in the NPC brain. Notably, cytoplasmic TDP-43 co-localised with the nuclear import factor importin α, and TDP-43 mislocalised neurons demonstrated nuclear membrane abnormalities and disruption of nucleocytoplasmic transport. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the relationship between LSDs and TDP-43 proteinopathy, define its functional importance in NPC by triggering nuclear dysfunction, and expand the spectrum of TDP-43 pathology in the diseased brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine A Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erika Mori
- Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | | | - Andrew P Lieberman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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45
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Cruz DL, Pipalia N, Mao S, Gadi D, Liu G, Grigalunas M, O'Neill M, Quinn TR, Kipper A, Ekebergh A, Dimmling A, Gartner C, Melancon BJ, Wagner FF, Holson E, Helquist P, Wiest O, Maxfield FR. Inhibition of Histone Deacetylases 1, 2, and 3 Enhances Clearance of Cholesterol Accumulation in Niemann-Pick C1 Fibroblasts. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1136-1148. [PMID: 34151204 PMCID: PMC8204796 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NPC1) is a rare genetic cholesterol storage disorder
caused by mutations in the NPC1 gene. Mutations in this transmembrane
late endosome protein lead to loss of normal cholesterol efflux from late endosomes and
lysosomes. It has been shown that broad spectrum histone deacetylase inhibitors
(HDACi's) such as Vorinostat correct the cholesterol accumulation phenotype in the
majority of NPC1 mutants tested in cultured cells. In order to determine the optimal
specificity for HDACi correction of the mutant NPC1s, we screened 76 HDACi's of varying
specificity. We tested the ability of these HDACi's to correct the excess accumulation
of cholesterol in patient fibroblast cells that homozygously express
NPC1I1061T, the most common mutation. We
determined that inhibition of HDACs 1, 2, and 3 is important for correcting the defect,
and combined inhibition of all three is needed to achieve the greatest effect,
suggesting a need for multiple effects of the HDACi treatments. Identifying the specific
HDACs involved in the process of regulating cholesterol trafficking in NPC1 will help to
focus the search for more specific druggable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana L Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Nina Pipalia
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Shu Mao
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Deepti Gadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Michael Grigalunas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Matthew O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Taylor R Quinn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Andi Kipper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Andreas Ekebergh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Alexander Dimmling
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Carlos Gartner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Bruce J Melancon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Florence F Wagner
- Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Edward Holson
- Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States.,KDAc Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Paul Helquist
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Olaf Wiest
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States.,Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Frederick R Maxfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
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Alav I, Kobylka J, Kuth MS, Pos KM, Picard M, Blair JMA, Bavro VN. Structure, Assembly, and Function of Tripartite Efflux and Type 1 Secretion Systems in Gram-Negative Bacteria. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5479-5596. [PMID: 33909410 PMCID: PMC8277102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tripartite efflux pumps and the related type 1 secretion systems (T1SSs) in Gram-negative organisms are diverse in function, energization, and structural organization. They form continuous conduits spanning both the inner and the outer membrane and are composed of three principal components-the energized inner membrane transporters (belonging to ABC, RND, and MFS families), the outer membrane factor channel-like proteins, and linking the two, the periplasmic adaptor proteins (PAPs), also known as the membrane fusion proteins (MFPs). In this review we summarize the recent advances in understanding of structural biology, function, and regulation of these systems, highlighting the previously undescribed role of PAPs in providing a common architectural scaffold across diverse families of transporters. Despite being built from a limited number of basic structural domains, these complexes present a staggering variety of architectures. While key insights have been derived from the RND transporter systems, a closer inspection of the operation and structural organization of different tripartite systems reveals unexpected analogies between them, including those formed around MFS- and ATP-driven transporters, suggesting that they operate around basic common principles. Based on that we are proposing a new integrated model of PAP-mediated communication within the conformational cycling of tripartite systems, which could be expanded to other types of assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyas Alav
- Institute
of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Kobylka
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe Universität
Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Miriam S. Kuth
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe Universität
Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Klaas M. Pos
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe Universität
Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martin Picard
- Laboratoire
de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, CNRS
UMR 7099, Université de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
- Fondation
Edmond de Rothschild pour le développement de la recherche
Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jessica M. A. Blair
- Institute
of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Vassiliy N. Bavro
- School
of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ United Kingdom
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47
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Gu Y, Liu X, Liao L, Gao Y, Shi Y, Ni J, He G. Relationship between lipid metabolism and Hedgehog signaling pathway. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 209:105825. [PMID: 33529733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is highly conserved signaling pathway in cells. Steroids was found to play a vital role in Hh signaling pathway and aberrant Hh signaling was found to lead a series of disease correlate with abnormal lipid metabolism. This paper aimed to elucidate the relationship between lipid metabolism and Hedgehog signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Xiaochen Liu
- University of Toledo Medical Center 3000 Arlington Ave. Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Lele Liao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Yongquan Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Yu Shi
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Jiangdong Ni
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Guangxu He
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan 410011, PR China.
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48
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Dziurdzik SK, Conibear E. The Vps13 Family of Lipid Transporters and Its Role at Membrane Contact Sites. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062905. [PMID: 33809364 PMCID: PMC7999203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved VPS13 proteins constitute a new family of lipid transporters at membrane contact sites. These large proteins are suspected to bridge membranes and form a direct channel for lipid transport between organelles. Mutations in the 4 human homologs (VPS13A–D) are associated with a number of neurological disorders, but little is known about their precise functions or the relevant contact sites affected in disease. In contrast, yeast has a single Vps13 protein which is recruited to multiple organelles and contact sites. The yeast model system has proved useful for studying the function of Vps13 at different organelles and identifying the localization determinants responsible for its membrane targeting. In this review we describe recent advances in our understanding of VPS13 proteins with a focus on yeast research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Katarzyna Dziurdzik
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada;
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Conibear
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada;
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Correspondence:
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49
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Wang LL, Palermo N, Estrada L, Thompson C, Patten JJ, Anantpadma M, Davey RA, Xiang SH. Identification of filovirus entry inhibitors targeting the endosomal receptor NPC1 binding site. Antiviral Res 2021; 189:105059. [PMID: 33705865 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Filoviruses, mainly consisting of Ebola viruses (EBOV) and Marburg viruses (MARV), are enveloped negative-strand RNA viruses which can infect humans to cause severe hemorrhagic fevers and outbreaks with high mortality rates. The filovirus infection is mediated by the interaction of viral envelope glycoprotein (GP) and the human endosomal receptor Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1). Blocking this interaction will prevent the infection. Therefore, we utilized an In silico screening approach to conduct virtual compound screening against the NPC1 receptor-binding site (RBS). Twenty-six top-hit compounds were purchased and evaluated by in vitro cell based inhibition assays against pseudotyped or replication-competent filoviruses. Two classes (A and U) of compounds were identified to have potent inhibitory activity against both Ebola and Marburg viruses. The IC50 values are in the lower level of micromolar concentrations. One compound (compd-A) was found to have a sub-micromolar IC50 value (0.86 μM) against pseudotyped Marburg virus. The cytotoxicity assay (MTT) indicates that compd-A has a moderate cytotoxicity level but the compd-U has much less toxicity and the CC50 value was about 100 μM. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) study has found some analogs of compd-A and -U have reduced the toxicity and enhanced the inhibitory activity. In conclusion, this work has identified several qualified lead-compounds for further drug development against filovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Liu Wang
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA; Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Nicholas Palermo
- Computational Chemistry Core Facility, VCR Cores, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Leslie Estrada
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Colton Thompson
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - J J Patten
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, 0211, USA
| | - Manu Anantpadma
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, 0211, USA
| | - Robert A Davey
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, 0211, USA
| | - Shi-Hua Xiang
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA; Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA.
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50
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Yan R, Cao P, Song W, Qian H, Du X, Coates HW, Zhao X, Li Y, Gao S, Gong X, Liu X, Sui J, Lei J, Yang H, Brown AJ, Zhou Q, Yan C, Yan N. A structure of human Scap bound to Insig-2 suggests how their interaction is regulated by sterols. Science 2021; 371:science.abb2224. [PMID: 33446483 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb2224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) pathway controls cellular homeostasis of sterols. The key players in this pathway, Scap and Insig-1 and -2, are membrane-embedded sterol sensors. The 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC)-dependent association of Scap and Insig acts as the master switch for the SREBP pathway. Here, we present cryo-electron microscopy analysis of the human Scap and Insig-2 complex in the presence of 25HC, with the transmembrane (TM) domains determined at an average resolution of 3.7 angstrom. The sterol-sensing domain in Scap and all six TMs in Insig-2 were resolved. A 25HC molecule is sandwiched between the S4 to S6 segments in Scap and TMs 3 and 4 in Insig-2 in the luminal leaflet of the membrane. Unwinding of the middle of the Scap-S4 segment is crucial for 25HC binding and Insig association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhong Yan
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Pingping Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenqi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongwu Qian
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ximing Du
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Hudson W Coates
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yaning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuai Gao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Xin Gong
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Ximing Liu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jianhua Sui
- National Institute of Biological Sciences (NIBS), Beijing 102206, China.,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jianlin Lei
- Technology Center for Protein Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongyuan Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Andrew J Brown
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chuangye Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Nieng Yan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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