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Kathiresan N, Harini K, Veera Ravi A, Veerabharathi P, Pandian S, Ramesh M, Collince A, Langeswaran K. "Deciphering the Potential Therapeutic Effects of Hydnocarpus wightianus Seed Extracts using in vitro and in silico approaches". Microb Pathog 2024:106798. [PMID: 39025383 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Phytocompounds possess the potential to treat a broad spectrum of disorders due to their remarkable bioactivity. Naturally occurring compound possess lower toxicity profiles, which make them attractive targets for drug development. Hydnocarpus wightianus seeds were extracted using ethanol, acetone, and hexane solvents. Evaluated for phytochemicals screening and other therapeutic characteristics such as free radicals scavenging, anti α-amylase, anti α-glucosidase, and anti-bacterial activities, ethanolic extract exhibited noteworthy antibacterial characteristics, and demonstrated considerable antioxidant, and anti-diabetic effects. Ethanolic extracts IC50 value ranges for Dpph, α-amylase and α-glucosidase was found to be 77.299±3.381μg/mL, 165.56±2.56μg/mL, and 136.58±5.82μg/mL. The ethanolic extract showed effective against Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (26 mm zone of inhibition at 100 μL concentration). Molecular docking investigations revealed the phytoconstituents inhibitory mechanisms against diabetic, free radicals, and bacterial activity. Docking score for phytocompounds against targeted protein varies from -7.2 to -5.1 kcal/mol. The bioactive compounds present in the ethanolic extract identified by Gas chromatography/Mass spectrometry analysis, followed by molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation studies to further explore the phytoconstituents inhibitory mechanism of α-glucosidase, radical scavenging, and bacterial activity. Phytocompound electronic structure and possible pharmacological actions were revealed through the use of Density Functional Theory (DFT) analysis. Computational and in vitro studies revealed that these identified compounds have anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, and anti-bacterial activities against antibiotic-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachammai Kathiresan
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kasilingam Harini
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arumugam Veera Ravi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Sangavi Pandian
- Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manikandan Ramesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Awere Collince
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kulanthaivel Langeswaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Biomedical Science, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
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Fernandez‐Calvo A, Reifs A, Saa L, Cortajarena AL, De Sancho D, Perez‐Jimenez R. The strongest protein binder is surprisingly labile. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e5030. [PMID: 38864696 PMCID: PMC11168069 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial adhesins are cell-surface proteins that anchor to the cell wall of the host. The first stage of infection involves the specific attachment to fibrinogen (Fg), a protein found in human blood. This attachment allows bacteria to colonize tissues causing diseases such as endocarditis. The study of this family of proteins is hence essential to develop new strategies to fight bacterial infections. In the case of the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, there exists a class of adhesins known as microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs). Here, we focus on one of them, the clumping factor A (ClfA), which has been found to bind Fg through the dock-lock-latch mechanism. Interestingly, it has recently been discovered that MSCRAMM proteins employ a catch-bond to withstand forces exceeding 2 nN, making this type of interaction as mechanically strong as a covalent bond. However, it is not known whether this strength is an evolved feature characteristic of the bacterial protein or is typical only of the interaction with its partner. Here, we combine single-molecule force spectroscopy, biophysical binding assays, and molecular simulations to study the intrinsic mechanical strength of ClfA. We find that despite the extremely high forces required to break its interactions with Fg, ClfA is not by itself particularly strong. Integrating the results from both theory and experiments we dissect contributions to the mechanical stability of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Fernandez‐Calvo
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)DerioBizkaiaSpain
| | - Antonio Reifs
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)DerioBizkaiaSpain
| | - Laura Saa
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)Donostia‐San SebastiánSpain
| | - Aitziber L. Cortajarena
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)Donostia‐San SebastiánSpain
- Ikerbasque Foundation for ScienceBilbaoSpain
| | - David De Sancho
- Polimero eta Material Aurreratuak: Fisika, Kimika eta Teknologia, Kimika Fakultatea, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)San SebastianSpain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)San SebastianSpain
| | - Raul Perez‐Jimenez
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)DerioBizkaiaSpain
- Ikerbasque Foundation for ScienceBilbaoSpain
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Siddiqui H, Parikh G, Doub JB. Bacterial Aggregation in Cerebral Spinal Fluid: The Extent it Occurs and the Clinical Ramifications. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:205. [PMID: 38831167 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03727-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria can form aggregates in synovial fluid that are resistant to antibiotics, but the ability to form aggregates in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) is poorly defined. Consequently, the aims of this study were to assess the propensity of four bacterial species to form aggregates in CSF under various conditions. To achieve these aims, bacteria were added to CSF in microwell plates and small flasks at static and different dynamic conditions with the aid of an incubating shaker. The aggregates that formed were assessed for antibiotic resistance and the ability of tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) to disrupt these aggregates and reduce the number of bacteria present when used with antibiotics. The results of this study show that under dynamic conditions all four bacteria species formed aggregates that were resistant to high concentrations of antibiotics. Yet with static conditions, no bacteria formed aggregates and when the CSF volume was increased, only Staphylococcus aureus formed aggregates. Interestingly, the aggregates that formed were easily dispersed by TPA and significant (p < 0.005) decreases in colony-forming units were seen when a combination of TPA and antibiotics were compared to antibiotics alone. These findings have clinical significance in that they show bacterial aggregation does not habitually occur in central nervous system infections, but rather occurs under specific conditions. Furthermore, the use of TPA combined with antibiotics may be advantageous in recalcitrant central nervous system infections and this provides a pathophysiological explanation for an unusual finding in the CLEAR III clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamda Siddiqui
- The Doub Laboratory of Translational Bacterial Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Gunjan Parikh
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James B Doub
- The Doub Laboratory of Translational Bacterial Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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Díaz MA, Vega-Hissi EG, Blázquez MA, Alberto MR, Arena ME. Restraining Staphylococcus aureus Virulence Factors and Quorum Sensing through Lactic Acid Bacteria Supernatant Extracts. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:297. [PMID: 38666973 PMCID: PMC11047364 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13040297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The escalating prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria poses a grave threat to human health, necessitating the exploration of novel alternatives to conventional antibiotics. This study investigated the impact of extracts derived from the supernatant of four lactic acid bacteria strains on factors contributing to the pathogenicity of three Staphylococcus aureus strains. The study evaluated the influence of lactic acid bacteria supernatant extracts on the growth, biofilm biomass formation, biofilm metabolic activity, and biofilm integrity of the S. aureus strains. Additionally, the impact on virulence factors (hemolysin and coagulase) was examined. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used to identify the bioactive compounds in the extracts, while molecular docking analyses explored potential interactions. Predominantly, the extracts contain eight 2,5-diketopiperazines, which are cyclic forms of peptides. The extracts demonstrated inhibitory effects on biofilm formation, the ability to disrupt mature biofilms, and reduce the biofilm cell metabolic activity of the S. aureus strains. Furthermore, they exhibited the ability to inhibit α-hemolysin production and reduce coagulase activity. An in silico docking analysis reveals promising interactions between 2,5-diketopiperazines and key proteins (SarA and AgrA) in S. aureus, confirming their antivirulence and antibiofilm activities. These findings suggest that 2,5-diketopiperazines could serve as a promising lead compound in the fight against antibiotic-resistant S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Anabel Díaz
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Chacabuco 461, San Miguel de Tucumán CP 4000, Argentina;
| | - Esteban Gabriel Vega-Hissi
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas (IMIBIO-SL), Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejército de Los Andes 950, San Luis CP 5700, Argentina;
| | - María Amparo Blázquez
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de València, Avd. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjasot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Rosa Alberto
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), Ayacucho 471, San Miguel de Tucumán CP 4000, Argentina
- Instituto de Biotecnología Farmacéutica y Alimentaria (INBIOFAL, CONICET-UNT), Avenida Kirchner 1900, San Miguel de Tucumán CP 4000, Argentina
| | - Mario Eduardo Arena
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), Ayacucho 471, San Miguel de Tucumán CP 4000, Argentina
- Instituto de Biotecnología Farmacéutica y Alimentaria (INBIOFAL, CONICET-UNT), Avenida Kirchner 1900, San Miguel de Tucumán CP 4000, Argentina
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Siddiqui H, Jasiak A, Doub JB. Do All Prosthetic Joint Infection Clinical Isolates Form Aggregates in Synovial Fluid That Are Resistant to Antibiotic Agents? Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2024; 25:71-76. [PMID: 38150525 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2023.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic prosthetic joint infections (PJI) are associated with substantial morbidity because conventional antibiotic agents lack activity to bacteria in biofilms that necessitates prosthetic removal to attempt definitive cure. However, these are complex infections that go beyond biofilms and bacteria can be present in various other different states such as synovial fluid aggregates. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to assess the propensity of historically preserved PJI clinical isolates to form synovial fluid aggregates and if aggregation occurred then what is proclivity to be tolerant to high doses of antibiotic agents. Patients and Methods: Historically preserved chronic PJI clinical isolates from 2021 were evaluated for their ability to form synovial fluid aggregates under static and dynamic conditions in 24-microwell plates. Tolerance to vancomycin, gentamicin, or amphotericin was conducted by adding high concentrations of these antibiotic agents to synovial fluid microbial aggregates. Results: All clinical isolates formed synovial fluid aggregates under dynamic conditions, which with the use of scanning electron microscopy showed dense collections of bacteria with synovial fluid polymers. However, under static conditions only Staphylococcus aureus formed aggregates. Importantly, all the microbes in these aggregates were tolerant to high concentrations of antibiotic agents. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that synovial fluid aggregation occurred with all bacterial and fungal species assessed. Therefore, the findings here have important clinical ramifications given the extent that this phenomenon occurs across microbial species and the propensity for the microbes in these aggregates to be tolerant to antibiotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamda Siddiqui
- The Doub Laboratory of Translational Bacterial Research, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam Jasiak
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James B Doub
- The Doub Laboratory of Translational Bacterial Research, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Clinical Care and Research, Institute of Human Virology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Spengler C, Maikranz E, Glatz B, Klatt MA, Heintz H, Bischoff M, Santen L, Fery A, Jacobs K. The adhesion capability of Staphylococcus aureus cells is heterogeneously distributed over the cell envelope. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:484-494. [PMID: 37842771 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01045g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and controlling microbial adhesion is a critical challenge in biomedical research, given the profound impact of bacterial infections on global health. Many facets of bacterial adhesion, including the distribution of adhesion forces across the cell wall, remain poorly understood. While a recent 'patchy colloid' model has shed light on adhesion in Gram-negative Escherichia coli cells, a corresponding model for Gram-positive cells has been elusive. In this study, we employ single cell force spectroscopy to investigate the adhesion force of Staphylococcus aureus. Normally, only one contact point of the entire bacterial surface is measured. However, by using a sine-shaped surface and recording force-distance curves along a path perpendicular to the rippled structures, we can characterize almost a hemisphere of one and the same bacterium. This unique approach allows us to study a greater number of contact points between the bacterium and the surface compared to conventional flat substrata. Distributed over the bacterial surface, we identify sites of higher and lower adhesion, which we call 'patchy adhesion', reminiscent of the patchy colloid model. The experimental results show that only some cells exhibit particularly strong adhesion at certain locations. To gain a better understanding of these locations, a geometric model of the bacterial cell surface was created. The experimental results were best reproduced by a model that features a few (5-6) particularly strong adhesion sites (diameter about 250 nm) that are widely distributed over the cell surface. Within the simulated patches, the number of molecules or their individual adhesive strength is increased. A more detailed comparison shows that simple geometric considerations for interacting molecules are not sufficient, but rather strong angle-dependent molecule-substratum interactions are required. We discuss the implications of our results for the development of new materials and the design and analysis of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Spengler
- Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Center for Biophysics, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Erik Maikranz
- Theoretical Physics, Saarland University, Center for Biophysics, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Bernhard Glatz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Physics of Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Andreas Klatt
- Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Center for Biophysics, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Jadwin Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544-0001, USA
| | - Hannah Heintz
- Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Center for Biophysics, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Insitute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Center for Biophysics, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Ludger Santen
- Theoretical Physics, Saarland University, Center for Biophysics, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Physics of Polymers, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Physical Chemistry of Polymer Materials, Technical University Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Karin Jacobs
- Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Center for Biophysics, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Bhattacharya M, Horswill AR. The role of human extracellular matrix proteins in defining Staphylococcus aureus biofilm infections. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2024; 48:fuae002. [PMID: 38337187 PMCID: PMC10873506 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Twenty to forty one percent of the world's population is either transiently or permanently colonized by the Gram-positive bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus. In 2017, the CDC designated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) as a serious threat, reporting ∼300 000 cases of MRSA-associated hospitalizations annually, resulting in over 19 000 deaths, surpassing that of HIV in the USA. S. aureus is a proficient biofilm-forming organism that rapidly acquires resistance to antibiotics, most commonly methicillin (MRSA). This review focuses on a large group of (>30) S. aureus adhesins, either surface-associated or secreted that are designed to specifically bind to 15 or more of the proteins that form key components of the human extracellular matrix (hECM). Importantly, this includes hECM proteins that are pivotal to the homeostasis of almost every tissue environment [collagen (skin), proteoglycans (lung), hemoglobin (blood), elastin, laminin, fibrinogen, fibronectin, and fibrin (multiple organs)]. These adhesins offer S. aureus the potential to establish an infection in every sterile tissue niche. These infections often endure repeated immune onslaught, developing into chronic, biofilm-associated conditions that are tolerant to ∼1000 times the clinically prescribed dose of antibiotics. Depending on the infection and the immune response, this allows S. aureus to seamlessly transition from colonizer to pathogen by subtly manipulating the host against itself while providing the time and stealth that it requires to establish and persist as a biofilm. This is a comprehensive discussion of the interaction between S. aureus biofilms and the hECM. We provide particular focus on the role of these interactions in pathogenesis and, consequently, the clinical implications for the prevention and treatment of S. aureus biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohini Bhattacharya
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
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Lin WC, Hsu KC, You MF, Lee KH, Chi CH, Chen JY. Octanoic acid promotes clearance of antibiotic-tolerant cells and eradicates biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from recurrent bovine mastitis. Biofilm 2023; 6:100149. [PMID: 37635811 PMCID: PMC10450856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2023.100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic therapy is the primary treatment for bovine mastitis, but the drawbacks of this strategy include poor cure rate and economic losses from the need to discard milk with antibiotic residues. Unfortunately, few other treatment options are currently available for mastitis. Failure of antibiotic treatments is often attributed to formation of bacterial biofilms and abscesses in the mammary gland tissue, which lead to chronic infections that are difficult to eradicate and drive recurrent disease. A major mastitis-causing pathogen (MCP) associated with biofilms in bovine mastitis is Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, we demonstrate that octanoic acid has broad-spectrum microbicidal activity against MCPs and effectively inhibits S. aureus biofilm formation in milk (>50% inhibition at 3.13 mM). Octanoic acid effectively clears biofilms (95% eradication at 1X minimum bactericidal concentration, MBC) and infrequently induces S. aureus small colony variants (SCVs) that may cause recurrent mastitis. Additionally, octanoic acid rapidly kills persistent biofilm cells and cells with antibiotic tolerance (within 4 h). In contrast, antibiotics treated at >100X MBC cannot eradicate biofilms but do induce SCVs and antibiotic-tolerant cells. These effects may accelerate the transition from biofilm to chronic infection. Thus, octanoic acid exhibits bactericidal action against S. aureus biofilms, and it is less likely than antibiotic therapy to induce persistent cells and pathogen tolerance. Moreover, octanoic acid acts additively with antibiotics against S. aureus, and it attenuates tetracycline-induced virulence factor gene expression in S. aureus cells. According to these data, octanoic acid may prevent the pathological progression of bovine mastitis and offer a new strategy for treating the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chun Lin
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Road, Jiaushi, Ilan, 262, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chen Hsu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Feng You
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Road, Jiaushi, Ilan, 262, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hua Lee
- Hsin-Chu Branch Station, COA- TRI, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Hwa Chi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Yih Chen
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, 23-10 Dahuen Road, Jiaushi, Ilan, 262, Taiwan
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center and the Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
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Barajas B, Kurtz IS, Waldman AJ, Schiffman JD. Stiffness and Oligomer Content Affect the Initial Adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus to Polydimethylsiloxane Gels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37922414 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
The growing prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infections necessitates a greater understanding of their initial adhesion to medically relevant surfaces. In this study, the influence of the mechanical properties and oligomer content of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) gels on the initial attachment of Gram-positive S. aureus was explored. Small-amplitude oscillatory shear rheological measurements were conducted to verify that by altering the base to curing (B:C) ratio of the commonly used Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer kit (B:C ratios of 60:1, 40:1, 10:1, and 5:1), PDMS gels could be synthesized with Young's moduli across four distinct regimes: ultrasoft (15 kPa), soft (30 kPa), standard (400 kPa), and stiff (1500 kPa). These as-prepared gels (unextracted) were compared to gels prepared from the same B/C ratios that underwent Soxhlet extraction to remove any unreacted oligomers. While the Young's moduli of unextracted and extracted PDMS gels prepared from the same B:C ratio were statistically equivalent, the associated adhesion failure energy statistically decreased for the ultrasoft gels after extraction (from 25 to 8 J/mm2). The interactions of these eight well-characterized gels with bacteria were tested by using S. aureus SH1000, a commonly studied laboratory strain, as well as S. aureus ATCC 12600, which was isolated from a human lung infection. Increased S. aureus inactivation occurred only when the bacteria were incubated directly on top of the unextracted gels prepared at high B:C ratios (40:1 and 60:1), whereas none of the extracted gels (no unreacted oligomers) had significant levels of inactivated bacteria. S. aureus adhered the least to the stiffest extracted PDMS gels (no unreacted oligomers) and the most to soft, unextracted PDMS gels (with ∼17% unreacted oligomers). These findings suggest that both unreacted oligomers and Young's moduli are important material factors to consider when exploring the attachment behavior of Gram-positive S. aureus to hydrophobic elastomer gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Barajas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9303, United States
| | - Irene S Kurtz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9303, United States
| | - Abraham J Waldman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9303, United States
| | - Jessica D Schiffman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9303, United States
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10
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Doyle LA, Takushi B, Kibler RD, Milles LF, Orozco CT, Jones JD, Jackson SE, Stoddard BL, Bradley P. De novo design of knotted tandem repeat proteins. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6746. [PMID: 37875492 PMCID: PMC10598012 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42388-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
De novo protein design methods can create proteins with folds not yet seen in nature. These methods largely focus on optimizing the compatibility between the designed sequence and the intended conformation, without explicit consideration of protein folding pathways. Deeply knotted proteins, whose topologies may introduce substantial barriers to folding, thus represent an interesting test case for protein design. Here we report our attempts to design proteins with trefoil (31) and pentafoil (51) knotted topologies. We extended previously described algorithms for tandem repeat protein design in order to construct deeply knotted backbones and matching designed repeat sequences (N = 3 repeats for the trefoil and N = 5 for the pentafoil). We confirmed the intended conformation for the trefoil design by X ray crystallography, and we report here on this protein's structure, stability, and folding behaviour. The pentafoil design misfolded into an asymmetric structure (despite a 5-fold symmetric sequence); two of the four repeat-repeat units matched the designed backbone while the other two diverged to form local contacts, leading to a trefoil rather than pentafoil knotted topology. Our results also provide insights into the folding of knotted proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Doyle
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Brittany Takushi
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Ryan D Kibler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Lukas F Milles
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Carolina T Orozco
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Jonathan D Jones
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Sophie E Jackson
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Barry L Stoddard
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
| | - Philip Bradley
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
- Division of Public Health Sciences and Program in Computational Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N, Seattle, WA, 98009, USA.
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11
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Palalay JJS, Simsek AN, Reed JL, Koch MD, Sabass B, Sanfilippo JE. Shear force enhances adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by counteracting pilus-driven surface departure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2307718120. [PMID: 37788310 PMCID: PMC10576114 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307718120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluid flow is thought to prevent bacterial adhesion, but some bacteria use adhesins with catch bond properties to enhance adhesion under high shear forces. However, many studies on bacterial adhesion either neglect the influence of shear force or use shear forces that are not typically found in natural systems. In this study, we use microfluidics and single-cell imaging to examine how the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa interacts with surfaces when exposed to shear forces typically found in the human body (0.1 pN to 10 pN). Through cell tracking, we demonstrate that the angle between the cell and the surface predicts if a cell will depart the surface. We discover that at lower shear forces, type IV pilus retraction tilts cells away from the surface, promoting surface departure. Conversely, we show that higher shear forces counterintuitively enhance adhesion by counteracting type IV pilus retraction-dependent cell tilting. Thus, our results reveal that P. aeruginosa exhibits behavior reminiscent of a catch bond, without having a specific adhesin that is enhanced by force. Instead, P. aeruginosa couples type IV pilus dynamics and cell geometry to tune adhesion to its mechanical environment, which likely provides a benefit in dynamic host environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmet N. Simsek
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich80752, Germany
| | - Jessie L. Reed
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX77843
| | - Matthias D. Koch
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX77843
| | - Benedikt Sabass
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich80752, Germany
| | - Joseph E. Sanfilippo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
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12
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Pumipuntu N, Tanee T, Thamsenanupap P, Kyes P, Karaket A, Kyes RC. Molecular Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Complex Isolated from Free-Ranging Long-Tailed Macaques at Kosumpee Forest Park, Maha Sarakham, Thailand. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:374. [PMID: 37505670 PMCID: PMC10386386 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8070374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Staphylococcus (S.) aureus complex, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), and S. argenteus are bacterial pathogens that are responsible for both human and animal infection. However, insights into the molecular characteristics of MRSA, MSSA, and S. argenteus carriages in wildlife, especially in long-tailed macaques, rarely have been reported in Thailand. The objective of this study was to assess molecular characterization of MRSA, MSSA, and S. argenteus strains isolated from free-ranging long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) at Kosumpee Forest Park, Maha Sarakham, Thailand. A total of 21 secondary bacterial isolates (including 14 MRSA, 5 MSSA, and 2 S. argenteus) obtained from the buccal mucosa of 17 macaques were analysed by a Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify several virulence genes, including pvl, tst, hla, hlb clfA, spa (x-region), spa (IgG biding region), and coa. The most prevalent virulence genes were clfA, coa, and the spa IgG biding region which presented in all isolates. These data indicated that MRSA, MSSA, and S. argenteus isolates from the wild macaques at Kosumpee Forest Park possess a unique molecular profile, harbouring high numbers of virulence genes. These findings suggest that wild macaques may potentially serve as carriers for distribution of virulent staphylococcal bacteria in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natapol Pumipuntu
- One Health Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
- Veterinary Infectious Disease Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Tawatchai Tanee
- One Health Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
- Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Penkhae Thamsenanupap
- One Health Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
- Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Pensri Kyes
- Department of Psychology, Center for Global Field Study and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Apichat Karaket
- Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Randall C Kyes
- Departments of Psychology, Global Health, Anthropology and Center for Global Field Study, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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13
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Languin-Cattoën O, Sterpone F, Stirnemann G. Binding site plasticity regulation of the FimH catch-bond mechanism. Biophys J 2023; 122:2744-2756. [PMID: 37264571 PMCID: PMC10397818 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial fimbrial adhesin FimH is a remarkable and well-studied catch-bond protein found at the tip of E. coli type 1 pili, which allows pathogenic strains involved in urinary tract infections to bind high-mannose glycans exposed on human epithelia. The catch-bond behavior of FimH, where the strength of the interaction increases when a force is applied to separate the two partners, enables the bacteria to resist clearance when they are subjected to shear forces induced by urine flow. Two decades of experimental studies performed at the single-molecule level, as well as x-ray crystallography and modeling studies, have led to a consensus picture whereby force separates the binding domain from an inhibitor domain, effectively triggering an allosteric conformational change in the former. This force-induced allostery is thought to be responsible for an increased binding affinity at the core of the catch-bond mechanism. However, some important questions remain, the most challenging one being that the crystal structures corresponding to these two allosteric states show almost superimposable binding site geometries, which questions the molecular origin for the large difference in affinity. Using molecular dynamics with a combination of enhanced-sampling techniques, we demonstrate that the static picture provided by the crystal structures conceals a variety of binding site conformations that have a key impact on the apparent affinity. Crucially, the respective populations in each of these conformations are very different between the two allosteric states of the binding domain, which can then be related to experimental affinity measurements. We also evidence a previously unappreciated but important effect: in addition to the well-established role of the force as an allosteric regulator via domain separation, application of force tends to directly favor the high-affinity binding site conformations. We hypothesize that this additional "local" catch-bond effect could delay unbinding between the bacteria and the host cell before the "global" allosteric transition occurs, as well as stabilizing the complex even more once in the high-affinity allosteric state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Languin-Cattoën
- CNRS Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Université Paris Cité, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Fabio Sterpone
- CNRS Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Université Paris Cité, PSL University, Paris, France.
| | - Guillaume Stirnemann
- CNRS Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Université Paris Cité, PSL University, Paris, France.
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14
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Hsieh RC, Liu R, Burgin DJ, Otto M. Understanding mechanisms of virulence in MRSA: implications for antivirulence treatment strategies. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:911-928. [PMID: 37501364 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2242585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a widespread pathogen, often causing recurrent and deadly infections in the hospital and community. Many S. aureus virulence factors have been suggested as potential targets for antivirulence therapy to decrease the threat of diminishing antibiotic availability. Antivirulence methods hold promise due to their adjunctive and prophylactic potential and decreased risk for selective pressure. AREAS COVERED This review describes the dominant virulence mechanisms exerted by MRSA and antivirulence therapeutics that are currently undergoing testing in clinical or preclinical stages. We also discuss the advantages and downsides of several investigational antivirulence approaches, including the targeting of bacterial transporters, host-directed therapy, and quorum-sensing inhibitors. For this review, a systematic search of literature on PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science for relevant search terms was performed in April and May 2023. EXPERT OPINION Vaccine and antibody strategies have failed in clinical trials and could benefit from more basic science-informed approaches. Antivirulence-targeting approaches need to be set up better to meet the requirements of drug development, rather than only providing limited results to provide 'proof-of-principle' translational value of pathogenesis research. Nevertheless, there is great potential of such strategies and potential particular promise for novel probiotic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger C Hsieh
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ryan Liu
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dylan J Burgin
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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15
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Wang C, Paiva TO, Motta C, Speziale P, Pietrocola G, Dufrêne YF. Catch Bond-Mediated Adhesion Drives Staphylococcus aureus Host Cell Invasion. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 37267288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Various viruses and pathogenic bacteria interact with annexin A2 to invade mammalian cells. Here, we show that Staphylococcus aureus engages in extremely strong catch bonds for host cell invasion. By means of single-molecule atomic force microscopy, we find that bacterial surface-located clumping factors bind annexin A2 with extraordinary strength, indicating that these bonds are extremely resilient to mechanical tension. By determining the lifetimes of the complexes under increasing mechanical stress, we demonstrate that the adhesins form catch bonds with their ligand that are capable to sustain forces of 1500-1700 pN. The force-dependent adhesion mechanism identified here provides a molecular framework to explain how S. aureus pathogens tightly attach to host cells during invasion and shows promise for the design of new therapeutics against intracellular S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Wang
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Telmo O Paiva
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Chiara Motta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/b, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Pietro Speziale
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/b, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giampiero Pietrocola
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/b, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Yves F Dufrêne
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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16
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Viljoen A, Vercellone A, Chimen M, Gaibelet G, Mazères S, Nigou J, Dufrêne YF. Nanoscale clustering of mycobacterial ligands and DC-SIGN host receptors are key determinants for pathogen recognition. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf9498. [PMID: 37205764 PMCID: PMC10198640 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf9498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis binds to the C-type lectin DC-SIGN (dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing nonintegrin) on dendritic cells to evade the immune system. While DC-SIGN glycoconjugate ligands are ubiquitous among mycobacterial species, the receptor selectively binds pathogenic species from the M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC). Here, we unravel the molecular mechanism behind this intriguing selective recognition by means of a multidisciplinary approach combining single-molecule atomic force microscopy with Förster resonance energy transfer and bioassays. Molecular recognition imaging of mycobacteria demonstrates that the distribution of DC-SIGN ligands markedly differs between Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) (model MTBC species) and Mycobacterium smegmatis (non-MTBC species), the ligands being concentrated into dense nanodomains on M. bovis BCG. Upon bacteria-host cell adhesion, ligand nanodomains induce the recruitment and clustering of DC-SIGN. Our study highlights the key role of clustering of both ligands on MTBC species and DC-SIGN host receptors in pathogen recognition, a mechanism that might be widespread in host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albertus Viljoen
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07., B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alain Vercellone
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Myriam Chimen
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Gérald Gaibelet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Serge Mazères
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Jérôme Nigou
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Yves F. Dufrêne
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07., B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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17
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Palalay JJS, Simsek AN, Sabass B, Sanfilippo JE. Shear force enhances adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by counteracting pilus-driven surface departure. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.08.539440. [PMID: 37215027 PMCID: PMC10197566 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.08.539440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fluid flow is thought to prevent bacterial adhesion, but some bacteria use adhesins with catch bond properties to enhance adhesion under high shear forces. However, many studies on bacterial adhesion either neglect the influence of shear force or use shear forces that are not typically found in natural systems. In this study, we use microfluidics and single-cell imaging to examine how the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa interacts with surfaces when exposed to shear forces typically found in the human body (0.1 pN to 10 pN). Through cell tracking, we demonstrate that the angle between the cell and the surface predicts if a cell will depart the surface. We discover that at lower shear forces, type IV pilus retraction tilts cells away from the surface, promoting surface departure. Conversely, we show that higher shear forces counterintuitively enhance adhesion by counteracting type IV pilus retraction-dependent cell tilting. Thus, our results reveal that P. aeruginosa exhibits behavior reminiscent of a catch bond, without having a specific adhesin that is enhanced by force. Instead, P. aeruginosa couples type IV pilus dynamics and cell geometry to tune adhesion to its mechanical environment, which likely provides a benefit in dynamic host environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica-Jae S. Palalay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA, 61801
| | - Ahmet N. Simsek
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Faculty of Physics, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany, 80752
| | - Benedikt Sabass
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Faculty of Physics, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany, 80752
| | - Joseph E. Sanfilippo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA, 61801
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18
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Staats A, Burback PW, Casillas-Ituarte NN, Li D, Hostetler MR, Sullivan A, Horswill AR, Lower SK, Stoodley P. In Vitro Staphylococcal Aggregate Morphology and Protection from Antibiotics Are Dependent on Distinct Mechanisms Arising from Postsurgical Joint Components and Fluid Motion. J Bacteriol 2023; 205:e0045122. [PMID: 36951588 PMCID: PMC10127631 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00451-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made toward elucidating the mechanism of Staphylococcus aureus aggregation in synovial fluid. In this study, aggregate morphology was assessed following incubation under several simulated postsurgical joint conditions. Using fluorescently labeled synovial fluid polymers, we show that aggregation occurs through two distinct mechanisms: (i) direct bridging between S. aureus cells and host fibrinogen and (ii) an entropy-driven depletion mechanism facilitated by hyaluronic acid and albumin. By screening surface adhesin-deficient mutants (clfA, clfB, fnbB, and fnbA), we identified the primary genetic determinant of aggregation in synovial fluid to be clumping factor A. To characterize this bridging interaction, we employed an atomic force microscopy-based approach to quantify the binding affinity of either wild-type S. aureus or the adhesin mutant to immobilized fibrinogen. Surprisingly, we found there to be cell-to-cell variability in the binding strength of the bacteria for immobilized fibrinogen. Superhigh-resolution microscopy imaging revealed that fibrinogen binding to the cell wall is heterogeneously distributed at both the single cell and population levels. Finally, we assessed the antibiotic tolerance of various aggregate morphologies arising from newly deciphered mechanisms of polymer-mediated synovial fluid-induced aggregation. The formation of macroscopic aggregates under shear was highly tolerant of gentamicin, while smaller aggregates, formed under static conditions, were susceptible. We hypothesize that aggregate formation in the joint cavity, in combination with shear, is mediated by both polymer-mediated aggregation mechanisms, with depletion forces enhancing the stability of essential bridging interactions. IMPORTANCE The formation of a bacterial biofilm in the postsurgical joint environment significantly complicates the resolution of an infection. To form a resilient biofilm, incoming bacteria must first survive the initial invasion of the joint space. We previously found that synovial fluid induces the formation of Staphylococcus aureus aggregates, which may provide rapid protection during the early stages of infection. The state of the host joint environment, including the presence of fluid flow and fluctuating abundance of synovial fluid polymers, determines the rate and size of aggregate formation. By expanding on our knowledge of the mechanism and pathogenic implications of synovial fluid-induced aggregation, we hope to contribute insights for the development of novel methods of prevention and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Staats
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Peter W. Burback
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Nadia N. Casillas-Ituarte
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Anne Sullivan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Alexander R. Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Steven K. Lower
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Paul Stoodley
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- National Centre for Advanced Tribology at Southampton (nCATS), National Biofilm Innovation Centre (NBIC), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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19
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Abstract
Bacteria thrive in environments rich in fluid flow, such as the gastrointestinal tract, bloodstream, aquatic systems, and the urinary tract. Despite the importance of flow, how flow affects bacterial life is underappreciated. In recent years, the combination of approaches from biology, physics, and engineering has led to a deeper understanding of how bacteria interact with flow. Here, we highlight the wide range of bacterial responses to flow, including changes in surface adhesion, motility, surface colonization, quorum sensing, virulence factor production, and gene expression. To emphasize the diversity of flow responses, we focus our review on how flow affects four ecologically distinct bacterial species: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Caulobacter crescentus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Additionally, we present experimental approaches to precisely study bacteria in flow, discuss how only some flow responses are triggered by shear force, and provide perspective on flow-sensitive bacterial signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto C. Padron
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Alexander M. Shuppara
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jessica-Jae S. Palalay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Anuradha Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Joseph E. Sanfilippo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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20
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Paiva TO, Geoghegan JA, Dufrêne YF. High-force catch bonds between the Staphylococcus aureus surface protein SdrE and complement regulator factor H drive immune evasion. Commun Biol 2023; 6:302. [PMID: 36944849 PMCID: PMC10030832 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04660-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The invasive bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus recruits the complement regulatory protein factor H (fH) to its surface to evade the human immune system. Here, we report the identification of an extremely high-force catch bond used by the S. aureus surface protein SdrE to efficiently capture fH under mechanical stress. We find that increasing the external force applied to the SdrE-fH complex prolongs the lifetime of the bond at an extraordinary high force, 1,400 pN, above which the bond lifetime decreases as an ordinary slip bond. This catch-bond behavior originates from a variation of the dock, lock and latch interaction, where the SdrE ligand binding domains undergo conformational changes under stress, enabling the formation of long-lived hydrogen bonds with fH. The binding mechanism dissected here represents a potential target for new therapeutics against multidrug-resistant S. aureus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Telmo O Paiva
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, L7.07.07, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Joan A Geoghegan
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Yves F Dufrêne
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, L7.07.07, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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21
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Collagen-like Motifs of SasG: A Novel Fold for Protein Mechanical Strength. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167980. [PMID: 36708761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.167980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The Staphylococcus aureus surface protein G (SasG) is associated with host colonisation and biofilm formation. As colonisation occurs at the liquid-substrate interface bacteria are subject to a myriad of external forces and, presumably as a consequence, SasG displays extreme mechanical strength. This mechanical phenotype arises from the B-domain; a repetitive region composed of alternating E and G5 subdomains. These subdomains have an unusual structure comprising collagen-like regions capped by triple-stranded β-sheets. To identify the determinants of SasG mechanical strength, we characterised the mechanical phenotype and thermodynamic stability of 18 single substitution variants of a pseudo-wildtype protein. Visualising the mechanically-induced transition state at a residue-level by ϕ-value analysis reveals that the main force-bearing regions are the N- and C-terminal 'Mechanical Clamps' and their side-chain interactions. This is tailored by contacts at the pseudo-hydrophobic core interface. We also describe a novel mechanical motif - the collagen-like region and show that glycine to alanine substitutions, analogous to those found in Osteogenesis Imperfecta (brittle bone disease), result in a significantly reduced mechanical strength.
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22
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Wang MC, Guo JX, Chen LJ, Zhao X. Acrylate-functionalized porphyrin-covalent organic framework for bacterial-targeted and reaction-enhanced synergistic phototherapy/chemotherapy toward sterilization and wound healing. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:1776-1784. [PMID: 36648453 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01723g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrinic covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as prospective materials in photodynamic and photothermal sterilization. However, it is still a great challenge to construct an efficient COF-based sterilizing agent with good photothermal and photodynamic properties and bacterial targeting ability. Herein, we report a multifunctional porphyrin-COF for bacterial-targeted and reaction-enhanced synergistic phototherapy/chemotherapy for sterilization and wound healing. The ordered crystal structure of the porphyrin-COF not only effectively avoids the self-aggregation-induced quenching of the porphyrin monomer, but also facilitates the storage and transport of singlet oxygen. The acrylate substituent in the other monomer serves as a bacterial targeting moiety and the in situ reaction site with the sulfhydryl group of the bacterial surface protein via a Michael addition reaction, thus fixing the bacteria on the surface of COF and making them lose the colonization ability. Furthermore, the bonding of COF and bacteria further amplifies the therapeutic efficiency of phototherapy. Therefore, the developed multifunctional sterilization platform not only provides a new strategy for the design of novel bactericidal materials but also broadens the biological applications of COF-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China. .,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.,Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jing-Xuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Li-Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China. .,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.,Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China. .,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.,Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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23
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Gomes PSFC, Forrester M, Pace M, Gomes DEB, Bernardi RC. May the force be with you: The role of hyper-mechanostability of the bone sialoprotein binding protein during early stages of Staphylococci infections. Front Chem 2023; 11:1107427. [PMID: 36846849 PMCID: PMC9944720 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1107427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The bone sialoprotein-binding protein (Bbp) is a mechanoactive MSCRAMM protein expressed on the surface of Staphylococcus aureus that mediates adherence of the bacterium to fibrinogen-α (Fgα), a component of the bone and dentine extracellular matrix of the host cell. Mechanoactive proteins like Bbp have key roles in several physiological and pathological processes. Particularly, the Bbp: Fgα interaction is important in the formation of biofilms, an important virulence factor of pathogenic bacteria. Here, we investigated the mechanostability of the Bbp: Fgα complex using in silico single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS), in an approach that combines results from all-atom and coarse-grained steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations. Our results show that Bbp is the most mechanostable MSCRAMM investigated thus far, reaching rupture forces beyond the 2 nN range in typical experimental SMFS pulling rates. Our results show that high force-loads, which are common during initial stages of bacterial infection, stabilize the interconnection between the protein's amino acids, making the protein more "rigid". Our data offer new insights that are crucial on the development of novel anti-adhesion strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila S. F. C. Gomes
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences and Mathematics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Meredith Forrester
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences and Mathematics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Margaret Pace
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences and Mathematics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Diego E. B. Gomes
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences and Mathematics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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24
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Tuon FF, Suss PH, Telles JP, Dantas LR, Borges NH, Ribeiro VST. Antimicrobial Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010087. [PMID: 36671287 PMCID: PMC9854895 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a microorganism frequently associated with implant-related infections, owing to its ability to produce biofilms. These infections are difficult to treat because antimicrobials must cross the biofilm to effectively inhibit bacterial growth. Although some antibiotics can penetrate the biofilm and reduce the bacterial load, it is important to understand that the results of routine sensitivity tests are not always valid for interpreting the activity of different drugs. In this review, a broad discussion on the genes involved in biofilm formation, quorum sensing, and antimicrobial activity in monotherapy and combination therapy is presented that should benefit researchers engaged in optimizing the treatment of infections associated with S. aureus biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Francisco Tuon
- Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Paraná, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-41-98852-1893
| | - Paula Hansen Suss
- Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Joao Paulo Telles
- AC Camargo Cancer Center, Infectious Diseases Department, São Paulo 01525-001, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leticia Ramos Dantas
- Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Nícolas Henrique Borges
- Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Victoria Stadler Tasca Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba 80215-901, Paraná, Brazil
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25
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Peng Q, Tang X, Dong W, Sun N, Yuan W. A Review of Biofilm Formation of Staphylococcus aureus and Its Regulation Mechanism. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 12:antibiotics12010012. [PMID: 36671212 PMCID: PMC9854888 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria can form biofilms in natural and clinical environments on both biotic and abiotic surfaces. The bacterial aggregates embedded in biofilms are formed by their own produced extracellular matrix. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the most common pathogens of biofilm infections. The formation of biofilm can protect bacteria from being attacked by the host immune system and antibiotics and thus bacteria can be persistent against external challenges. Therefore, clinical treatments for biofilm infections are currently encountering difficulty. To address this critical challenge, a new and effective treatment method needs to be developed. A comprehensive understanding of bacterial biofilm formation and regulation mechanisms may provide meaningful insights against antibiotic resistance due to bacterial biofilms. In this review, we discuss an overview of S. aureus biofilms including the formation process, structural and functional properties of biofilm matrix, and the mechanism regulating biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Peng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China
| | - Xiaohua Tang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China
| | - Wanyang Dong
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China
| | - Ning Sun
- Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, China
- Correspondence: (N.S.); (W.Y.)
| | - Wenchang Yuan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clinical Rapid Diagnosis and Early Warning of Infectious Diseases, KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China
- Correspondence: (N.S.); (W.Y.)
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26
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Paiva T, Viljoen A, da Costa TM, Geoghegan JA, Dufrêne YF. Interaction of the Staphylococcus aureus Surface Protein FnBPB with Corneodesmosin Involves Two Distinct, Extremely Strong Bonds. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2022; 3:58-66. [PMID: 36820093 PMCID: PMC9936583 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.2c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Attachment of Staphylococcus aureus to human skin corneocyte cells plays a critical role in exacerbating the severity of atopic dermatitis (AD). Pathogen-skin adhesion is mediated by bacterial cell-surface proteins called adhesins, including fibronectin-binding protein B (FnBPB). FnBPB binds to corneodesmosin (CDSN), a glycoprotein exposed on AD patient corneocytes. Using single-molecule experiments, we demonstrate that CDSN binding by FnBPB relies on a sophisticated two-site mechanism. Both sites form extremely strong bonds with binding forces of ∼1 and ∼2.5 nN albeit with faster dissociation rates than those reported for homologues of the adhesin. This previously unidentified two-binding site interaction in FnBPB illustrates its remarkable variety of adhesive functions and is of biological significance as the high strength and short bond lifetime will favor efficient skin colonization by the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Telmo
O. Paiva
- Louvain
Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Albertus Viljoen
- Louvain
Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Thaina M. da Costa
- Department
of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of
Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College
Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Joan A. Geoghegan
- Department
of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of
Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College
Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland,Institute
of Microbiology and Infection, University
of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.,
| | - Yves F. Dufrêne
- Louvain
Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium,
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27
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Sahoo A, Swain SS, Panda SK, Hussain T, Panda M, Rodrigues CF. In Silico Identification of Potential Insect Peptides against Biofilm-Producing Staphylococcus aureus. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200494. [PMID: 36198620 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm-producing Staphylococcus aureus (SA) strains are frequently found in medical environments, from surgical/ wound sites, medical devices. These biofilms reduce the efficacy of applied antibiotics during the treatment of several infections, such as cystic fibrosis, endocarditis, or urinary tract infections. Thus, the development of potential therapeutic agents to destroy the extra protective biofilm layers or to inhibit the biofilm-producing enzymes is urgently needed. Advanced and cost-effective bioinformatics tools are advantageous in locating and speeding up the selection of antibiofilm candidates. Based on the potential drug characteristics, we have selected one-hundred thirty-three antibacterial peptides derived from insects to assess for their antibiofilm potency via molecular docking against five putative biofilm formation and regulated target enzymes: the staphylococcal accessory regulator A or SarA (PDB ID: 2FRH), 4,4'-diapophytoene synthase or CrtM (PDB ID: 2ZCQ), clumping factor A or ClfA (PDB ID: 1N67) and serine-aspartate repeat protein C or SdrC (PDB ID: 6LXH) and sortase A or SrtA (PDB ID: 1T2W) of SA bacterium. In this study, molecular docking was performed using HPEPDOCK and HDOCK servers, and molecular interactions were examined using BIOVIA Discovery Studio Visualizer-2019. The docking score (kcal/mol) range of five promising antibiofilm peptides against five targets was recorded as follows: diptericin A (-215.52 to -303.31), defensin (-201.11 to -301.92), imcroporin (-212.08 to -287.64), mucroporin (-228.72 to -286.76), apidaecin II (-203.90 to -280.20). Among these five, imcroporin and mucroporin were 13 % each, while defensin contained only 1 % of positive net charged residues (Arg+Lys) projected through ProtParam and NetWheels tools. Similarly, imcroporin, mucroporin and apidaecin II were 50 %, while defensin carried 21.05 % of hydrophobic residues predicted by the tool PEPTIDE. 2.0. Most of the peptides exhibited potential characteristics to inhibit S. aureus-biofilm formation via disrupting the cell membrane and cytoplasmic integrity. In summary, the proposed hypothesis can be considered a cost-effective platform for selecting the most promising bioactive drug candidates within a limited timeframe with a greater chance of success in experimental and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaka Sahoo
- Department of Skin & VD, Institute of Medical Sciences & SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751023 1, India
| | - Shasank S Swain
- Division of Microbiology and NCDs, ICMR-, Regional Medical Research Center, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Sujogya K Panda
- Center of Environment Climate Change and Public Health, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, 751004, Odisha, India
| | - Tahziba Hussain
- Division of Microbiology and NCDs, ICMR-, Regional Medical Research Center, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Maitreyee Panda
- Department of Skin & VD, Institute of Medical Sciences & SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751023 1, India
| | - Célia F Rodrigues
- TOXRUN-Toxicology Research Unit, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário - CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal.,LEPABE-Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.,AliCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
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28
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The long and the short of Periscope Proteins. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1293-1302. [PMID: 36196877 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria sense, interact with, and modify their environmental niche by deploying a molecular ensemble at the cell surface. The changeability of this exposed interface, combined with extreme changes in the functional repertoire associated with lifestyle switches from planktonic to adherent and biofilm states necessitate dynamic variability. Dynamic surface changes include chemical modifications to the cell wall; export of diverse extracellular biofilm components; and modulation of expression of cell surface proteins for adhesion, co-aggregation and virulence. Local enrichment for highly repetitive proteins with high tandem repeat identity has been an enigmatic phenomenon observed in diverse bacterial species. Preliminary observations over decades of research suggested these repeat regions were hypervariable, as highly related strains appeared to express homologues with diverse molecular mass. Long-read sequencing data have been interrogated to reveal variation in repeat number; in combination with structural, biophysical and molecular dynamics approaches, the Periscope Protein class has been defined for cell surface attached proteins that dynamically expand and contract tandem repeat tracts at the population level. Here, I review the diverse high-stability protein folds and coherent interdomain linkages culminating in the formation of highly anisotropic linear repeat arrays, so-called rod-like protein 'stalks', supporting roles in bacterial adhesion, biofilm formation, cell surface spatial competition, and immune system modulation. An understanding of the functional impacts of dynamic changes in repeat arrays and broader characterisation of the unusual protein folds underpinning this variability will help with the design of immunisation strategies, and contribute to synthetic biology approaches including protein engineering and microbial consortia construction.
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29
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Huang W, Le S, Sun Y, Lin DJ, Yao M, Shi Y, Yan J. Mechanical Stabilization of a Bacterial Adhesion Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16808-16818. [PMID: 36070862 PMCID: PMC9501914 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The adhesions between Gram-positive bacteria and their
hosts are
exposed to varying magnitudes of tensile forces. Here, using an ultrastable
magnetic tweezer-based single-molecule approach, we show the catch-bond
kinetics of the prototypical adhesion complex of SD-repeat protein
G (SdrG) to a peptide from fibrinogen β (Fgβ) over a physiologically
important force range from piconewton (pN) to tens of pN, which was
not technologically accessible to previous studies. At 37 °C,
the lifetime of the complex exponentially increases from seconds at
several pN to ∼1000 s as the force reaches 30 pN, leading to
mechanical stabilization of the adhesion. The dissociation transition
pathway is determined as the unbinding of a critical β-strand
peptide (“latch” strand of SdrG that secures the entire
adhesion complex) away from its binding cleft, leading to the dissociation
of the Fgβ ligand. Similar mechanical stabilization behavior
is also observed in several homologous adhesions, suggesting the generality
of catch-bond kinetics in such bacterial adhesions. We reason that
such mechanical stabilization confers multiple advantages in the pathogenesis
and adaptation of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmao Huang
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542.,Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Shimin Le
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542.,Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Lab for Soft Functional Materials Research, Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yuze Sun
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Dennis Jingxiong Lin
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542.,Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Mingxi Yao
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR, 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542.,Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411.,Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546
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30
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Dehority W, Morley VJ, Domman DB, Daly SM, Triplett KD, Disch K, Varjabedian R, Yousey A, Mortaji P, Hill D, Oyebamiji O, Guo Y, Schwalm K, Hall PR, Dinwiddie D, Femling J. Genomic characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates causing osteoarticular infections in otherwise healthy children. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272425. [PMID: 36037235 PMCID: PMC9423648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pediatric osteoarticular infections are commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The contribution of S. aureus genomic variability to pathogenesis of these infections is poorly described. Methods We prospectively enrolled 47 children over 3 1/2 years from whom S. aureus was isolated on culture—12 uninfected with skin colonization, 16 with skin abscesses, 19 with osteoarticular infections (four with septic arthritis, three with acute osteomyelitis, six with acute osteomyelitis and septic arthritis and six with chronic osteomyelitis). Isolates underwent whole genome sequencing, with assessment for 254 virulence genes and any mutations as well as creation of a phylogenetic tree. Finally, isolates were compared for their ability to form static biofilms and compared to the genetic analysis. Results No sequence types predominated amongst osteoarticular infections. Only genes involved in evasion of host immune defenses were more frequently carried by isolates from osteoarticular infections than from skin colonization (p = .02). Virulence gene mutations were only noted in 14 genes (three regulating biofilm formation) when comparing isolates from subjects with osteoarticular infections and those with skin colonization. Biofilm results demonstrated large heterogeneity in the isolates’ capacity to form static biofilms, with healthy control isolates producing more robust biofilm formation. Conclusions S. aureus causing osteoarticular infections are genetically heterogeneous, and more frequently harbor genes involved in immune evasion than less invasive isolates. However, virulence gene carriage overall is similar with infrequent mutations, suggesting that pathogenesis of S. aureus osteoarticular infections may be primarily regulated at transcriptional and/or translational levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Dehority
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Valerie J. Morley
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Daryl B. Domman
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Seth M. Daly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Kathleen D. Triplett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Kylie Disch
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | | | - Aimee Yousey
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Parisa Mortaji
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Deirdre Hill
- The University of New Mexico Clinical and Translational Science Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Olufunmilola Oyebamiji
- Division of Molecular Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Yan Guo
- Division of Molecular Medicine, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Kurt Schwalm
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Pamela R. Hall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Darrell Dinwiddie
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Jon Femling
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
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31
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Han J, Poma A. Molecular Targets for Antibody-Based Anti-Biofilm Therapy in Infective Endocarditis. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153198. [PMID: 35956712 PMCID: PMC9370930 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a heart disease caused by the infection of heart valves, majorly caused by Staphilococcus aureus. IE is initiated by bacteria entering the blood circulation in favouring conditions (e.g., during invasive procedures). So far, the conventional antimicrobial strategies based on the usage of antibiotics remain the major intervention for treating IE. Nevertheless, the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics in IE is limited not only by the bacterial drug resistance, but also by the formation of biofilms, which resist the penetration of antibiotics into bacterial cells. To overcome these drawbacks, the development of anti-biofilm treatments that can expose bacteria and make them more susceptible to the action of antibiotics, therefore resulting in reduced antimicrobial resistance, is urgently required. A series of anti-biofilm strategies have been developed, and this review will focus in particular on the development of anti-biofilm antibodies. Based on the results previously reported in the literature, several potential anti-biofilm targets are discussed, such as bacterial adhesins, biofilm matrix and bacterial toxins, covering their antigenic properties (with the identification of potential promising epitopes), functional mechanisms, as well as the antibodies already developed against these targets and, where feasible, their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Han
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, The Rayne Building, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Alessandro Poma
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, Royal Free Hospital, UCL Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
- Correspondence:
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32
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Vlaeminck J, Lin Q, Xavier BB, De Backer S, Berkell M, De Greve H, Hernalsteens JP, Kumar-Singh S, Goossens H, Malhotra-Kumar S. The dynamic transcriptome during maturation of biofilms formed by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:882346. [PMID: 35966712 PMCID: PMC9366926 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.882346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a leading cause of chronic infections, forms prolific biofilms which afford an escape route from antibiotic treatment and host immunity. However, MRSA clones are genetically diverse, and mechanisms underlying biofilm formation remain under-studied. Such studies form the basis for developing targeted therapeutics. Here, we studied the temporal changes in the biofilm transcriptome of three pandemic MRSA clones: USA300, HEMRSA-15, and ST239.MethodsBiofilm formation was assessed using a static model with one representative strain per clone. Total RNA was extracted from biofilm and planktonic cultures after 24, 48, and 72 h of growth, followed by rRNA depletion and sequencing (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, United States, NextSeq500, v2, 1 × 75 bp). Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis between phenotypes and among early (24 h), intermediate (48 h), and late (72 h) stages of biofilms was performed together with in silico co-expression network construction and compared between clones. To understand the influence of SCCmec and ACME on biofilm formation, isogenic mutants containing deletions of the entire elements or of single genes therein were constructed in USA300.ResultsGenes involved in primarily core genome-encoded KEGG pathways (transporters and others) were upregulated in 24-h biofilm culture compared to 24-h planktonic culture. However, the number of affected pathways in the ST239 24 h biofilm (n = 11) was remarkably lower than that in USA300/EMRSA-15 biofilms (USA300: n = 27, HEMRSA-15: n = 58). The clfA gene, which encodes clumping factor A, was the single common DEG identified across the three clones in 24-h biofilm culture (2.2- to 2.66-fold). In intermediate (48 h) and late (72 h) stages of biofilms, decreased expression of central metabolic and fermentative pathways (glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, fatty acid biosynthesis), indicating a shift to anaerobic conditions, was already evident in USA300 and HEMRSA-15 in 48-h biofilm cultures; ST239 showed a similar profile at 72 h. Last, SCCmec+ACME deletion and opp3D disruption negatively affected USA300 biofilm formation.ConclusionOur data show striking differences in gene expression during biofilm formation by three of the most important pandemic MRSA clones, USA300, HEMRSA-15, and ST239. The clfA gene was the only significantly upregulated gene across all three strains in 24-h biofilm cultures and exemplifies an important target to disrupt early biofilms. Furthermore, our data indicate a critical role for arginine catabolism pathways in early biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Vlaeminck
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Qiang Lin
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Basil Britto Xavier
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Backer
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Matilda Berkell
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Molecular Pathology Group, Laboratory of Cell Biology & Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Henri De Greve
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Samir Kumar-Singh
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Molecular Pathology Group, Laboratory of Cell Biology & Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Herman Goossens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar,
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Berry KA, Verhoef MTA, Leonard AC, Cox G. Staphylococcus aureus adhesion to the host. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1515:75-96. [PMID: 35705378 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a pathobiont capable of colonizing and infecting most tissues within the human body, resulting in a multitude of different clinical outcomes. Adhesion of S. aureus to the host is crucial for both host colonization and the establishment of infections. Underlying the pathogen's success is a complex and diverse arsenal of adhesins. In this review, we discuss the different classes of adhesins, including a consideration of the various adhesion sites throughout the body and the clinical outcomes of each infection type. The development of therapeutics targeting the S. aureus host-pathogen interaction is a relatively understudied area. Due to the increasing global threat of antimicrobial resistance, it is crucial that innovative and alternative approaches are considered. Neutralizing virulence factors, through the development of antivirulence agents, could reduce bacterial pathogenicity and the ever-increasing burden of S. aureus infections. This review provides insight into potentially efficacious adhesion-associated targets for the development of novel decolonizing and antivirulence strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten A Berry
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mackenzie T A Verhoef
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allison C Leonard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Georgina Cox
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Guo Q, Ren CW, Cai JH, Zhang CY, Li YT, Xu B, Farooq MA. The synergistic inhibition and mechanism of epicatechin gallate and Chitosan against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and the application in pork preservation. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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The Power of Touch: Type 4 Pili, the von Willebrand A Domain, and Surface Sensing by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0008422. [PMID: 35612303 PMCID: PMC9210963 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00084-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most microbes in the biosphere are attached to surfaces, where they experience mechanical forces due to hydrodynamic flow and cell-to-substratum interactions. These forces likely serve as mechanical cues that influence bacterial physiology and eventually drive environmental adaptation and fitness. Mechanosensors are cellular components capable of sensing a mechanical input and serve as part of a larger system for sensing and transducing mechanical signals. Two cellular components in bacteria that have emerged as candidate mechanosensors are the type IV pili (TFP) and the flagellum. Current models posit that bacteria transmit and convert TFP- and/or flagellum-dependent mechanical force inputs into biochemical signals, including cAMP and c-di-GMP, to drive surface adaptation. Here, we discuss the impact of force-induced changes on the structure and function of two eukaryotic proteins, titin and the human von Willebrand factor (vWF), and these proteins’ relevance to bacteria. Given the wealth of understanding about these eukaryotic mechanosensors, we can use them as a framework to understand the effect of force on Pseudomonas aeruginosa during the early stages of biofilm formation, with a particular emphasis on TFP and the documented surface-sensing mechanosensors PilY1 and FimH. We also discuss the importance of disulfide bonds in mediating force-induced conformational changes, which may modulate mechanosensing and downstream biochemical signaling. We conclude by sharing our perspective on the state of the field and what we deem exciting frontiers in studying bacterial mechanosensing to better understand the mechanisms whereby bacteria transition from a planktonic to a biofilm lifestyle.
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Fibronectin binding protein B binds to loricrin and promotes corneocyte adhesion by Staphylococcus aureus. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2517. [PMID: 35523796 PMCID: PMC9076634 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30271-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonisation of humans by Staphylococcus aureus is a major risk factor for infection, yet the bacterial and host factors involved are not fully understood. The first step during skin colonisation is adhesion of the bacteria to corneocytes in the stratum corneum where the cornified envelope protein loricrin is the main ligand for S. aureus. Here we report a novel loricrin-binding protein of S. aureus, the cell wall-anchored fibronectin binding protein B (FnBPB). Single-molecule force spectroscopy revealed both weak and ultra-strong (2 nN) binding of FnBPB to loricrin and that mechanical stress enhanced the strength of these bonds. Treatment with a peptide derived from fibrinogen decreased the frequency of strong interactions, suggesting that both ligands bind to overlapping sites within FnBPB. Finally, we show that FnBPB promotes adhesion to human corneocytes by binding strongly to loricrin, highlighting the relevance of this interaction to skin colonisation. The first step during skin colonization by is its adhesion to corneocytes. Da Costa et al. show that the cell wall-anchored fibronectin binding protein B (FnBPB) of S. aureus binds to loricrin. Applying single cell force spectroscopy, they demonstrate that this interaction promotes adhesion of S. aureus to human corneocytes.
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Expression of Staphylococcal Virulence Genes In Situ in Human Skin and Soft Tissue Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040527. [PMID: 35453277 PMCID: PMC9032627 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Staphylococcus aureus, the most common pathogen in skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI), harbors many well-characterized virulence genes. However, the expression of many of them in SSTIs is unknown. In this study, S. aureus virulence genes expressed in SSTI were investigated. Methods: Fifty-three subjects presenting to the outpatient’s care and emergency departments with a purulent SSTI at two medical centers in Wisconsin, USA, were enrolled in the study. Total mRNA was extracted from the purulent or swab materials, made into cDNA and sequenced on MiSeq platform. The relative cDNA counts to gmk and identifications of the transcripts were carried out with respect to USA300 reference genome and using SAMTOOLS v.1.3 and BWA, respectively. Result: A significantly higher cDNA count was observed for many of the virulence and regulatory gene transcripts in the pus samples compared to the swab samples relative to the cDNA counts for gmk, a housekeeping gene. They were for lukS-PV (18.6 vs. 14.2), isaA (13.4 vs. 8.5), ssaA (4.8 vs. 3.1), hlgC (1.4 vs. 1.33), atl (17.7 vs. 8.33), clfA (3.9 vs. 0.83), eno (6.04 vs. 3.16), fnbA (5.93 vs. 0.33), saeS (6.3 vs. 1.33), saeR (5.4 vs. 3.33) and agrC (5.6 vs. 1.5). Conclusions: A relative increase in the transcripts of several toxins, adhesion and regulatory genes with respect to a gmk in purulent materials suggests their role in situ during SSTIs, perhaps in an orchestrated manner.
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Wang Y, Borthwell RM, Hori K, Clarkson S, Blumstein G, Park H, Hart CM, Hamad CD, Francis KP, Bernthal NM, Phillips KS. In vitro and in vivo methods to study bacterial colonization of hydrogel dermal fillers. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2022; 110:1932-1941. [PMID: 35352867 PMCID: PMC10371418 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical in vitro and in vivo methods to study bacterial interactions with dermal fillers and infection pathogenesis are lacking. In this work, first in vitro methods to assess protein biofouling and effective pore size of commercial dermal fillers, including degradable hyaluronic acid (HA)-based fillers and other semi-degradable or permanent fillers (non-HA), were developed. The results were then related to Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) adhesion rates in vitro. HA fillers had less protein sorption than non-HA fillers and overall had smaller effective pore sizes. The properties correlated with levels of bacterial adhesion, where the control glass surface had the most rapid increase in bacterial cell adhesion, with a slope of 0.29 cm-2 min-1 , three unique non-HA fillers had intermediate adhesion with slopes of 0.11 and 0.06 cm-2 min-1 , and three unique HA fillers had the least adhesion with slopes of 0.02, 0.02, and 0.01 cm-2 min-1 . S. aureus had greater motility on the HA fillers than on non-HA fillers. Next, a mouse model for dermal filler biofilm and infection was developed. Mice were inoculated with a controlled amount of bioluminescent bacteria (Xen36 S. aureus) and polyacrylamide hydrogels of different stiffness were injected. In vivo bioluminescence was monitored longitudinally for 35 days to ensure that lasting colonization was established. The inoculum was optimized to achieve adequate bioluminescent signal, and bacterial bioburden over time and inter-animal variability in bioburden were determined. These in vitro and in vivo approaches can be used for future studies of antimicrobial interventions for dermal fillers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Division of Biology, Chemistry and Materials Science, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Office of Medical Products and Tobacco, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachel M Borthwell
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kellyn Hori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Samuel Clarkson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Gideon Blumstein
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Howard Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Christopher M Hart
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Christopher D Hamad
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kevin P Francis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nicholas M Bernthal
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - K Scott Phillips
- Division of Biology, Chemistry and Materials Science, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Office of Medical Products and Tobacco, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Pohl CH. Recent Advances and Opportunities in the Study of Candida albicans Polymicrobial Biofilms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:836379. [PMID: 35252039 PMCID: PMC8894716 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.836379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the opportunistic pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans, can form polymicrobial biofilms with a variety of bacteria, both in vitro and in vivo, and that these polymicrobial biofilms can impact the course and management of disease. Although specific interactions are often described as either synergistic or antagonistic, this may be an oversimplification. Polymicrobial biofilms are complex two-way interacting communities, regulated by inter-domain (inter-kingdom) signaling and various molecular mechanisms. This review article will highlight advances over the last six years (2016-2021) regarding the unique biology of polymicrobial biofilms formed by C. albicans and bacteria, including regulation of their formation. In addition, some of the consequences of these interactions, such as the influence of co-existence on antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence, will be discussed. Since the aim of this knowledge is to inform possible alternative treatment options, recent studies on the discovery of novel anti-biofilm compounds will also be included. Throughout, an attempt will be made to identify ongoing challenges in this area.
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Kember M, Grandy S, Raudonis R, Cheng Z. Non-Canonical Host Intracellular Niche Links to New Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanism. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020220. [PMID: 35215166 PMCID: PMC8876822 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, infectious diseases are one of the leading causes of death among people of all ages. The development of antimicrobials to treat infectious diseases has been one of the most significant advances in medical history. Alarmingly, antimicrobial resistance is a widespread phenomenon that will, without intervention, make currently treatable infections once again deadly. In an era of widespread antimicrobial resistance, there is a constant and pressing need to develop new antibacterial drugs. Unraveling the underlying resistance mechanisms is critical to fight this crisis. In this review, we summarize some emerging evidence of the non-canonical intracellular life cycle of two priority antimicrobial-resistant bacterial pathogens: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The bacterial factors that modulate this unique intracellular niche and its implications in contributing to resistance are discussed. We then briefly discuss some recent research that focused on the promises of boosting host immunity as a combination therapy with antimicrobials to eradicate these two particular pathogens. Finally, we summarize the importance of various strategies, including surveillance and vaccines, in mitigating the impacts of antimicrobial resistance in general.
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41
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Duanis-Assaf T, Hu T, Lavie M, Zhang Z, Reches M. Understanding the Adhesion Mechanism of Hydroxyapatite-Binding Peptide. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:968-978. [PMID: 34995466 PMCID: PMC8793143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the interactions between the protein collagen and hydroxyapatite is of high importance for understanding biomineralization and bone formation. Here, we undertook a reductionist approach and studied the interactions between a short peptide and hydroxyapatite. The peptide was selected from a phage-display library for its high affinity to hydroxyapatite. To study its interactions with hydroxyapatite, we performed an alanine scan to determine the contribution of each residue. The interactions of the different peptide derivatives were studied using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring and with single-molecule force spectroscopy by atomic force microscopy. Our results suggest that the peptide binds via electrostatic interactions between cationic moieties of the peptide and the negatively charged groups on the crystal surface. Furthermore, our findings show that cationic residues have a crucial role in binding. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we show that the peptide structure is a contributing factor to the adhesion mechanism. These results suggest that even small conformational changes can have a significant effect on peptide adhesion. We suggest that a bent structure of the peptide allows it to strongly bind hydroxyapatite. The results presented in this study improve our understanding of peptide adhesion to hydroxyapatite. On top of physical interactions between the peptide and the surface, peptide structure contributes to adhesion. Unveiling these processes contributes to our understanding of more complex biological systems. Furthermore, it may help in the design of de novo peptides to be used as functional groups for modifying the surface of hydroxyapatite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Duanis-Assaf
- Institute
of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Tan Hu
- Institute
of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- College
of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong
Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People’s Republic of China
- Key
Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural
University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Maayan Lavie
- Institute
of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- College
of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong
Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People’s Republic of China
- Key
Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural
University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meital Reches
- Institute
of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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Lipke PN, Rauceo JM, Viljoen A. Cell-Cell Mating Interactions: Overview and Potential of Single-Cell Force Spectroscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031110. [PMID: 35163034 PMCID: PMC8835621 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It is an understatement that mating and DNA transfer are key events for living organisms. Among the traits needed to facilitate mating, cell adhesion between gametes is a universal requirement. Thus, there should be specific properties for the adhesion proteins involved in mating. Biochemical and biophysical studies have revealed structural information about mating adhesins, as well as their specificities and affinities, leading to some ideas about these specialized adhesion proteins. Recently, single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFS) has added important findings. In SCFS, mating cells are brought into contact in an atomic force microscope (AFM), and the adhesive forces are monitored through the course of mating. The results have shown some remarkable characteristics of mating adhesins and add knowledge about the design and evolution of mating adhesins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N. Lipke
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
- Correspondence: (P.N.L.); (A.V.)
| | - Jason M. Rauceo
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10019, USA;
| | - Albertus Viljoen
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4–5, bte L7.07.07, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Correspondence: (P.N.L.); (A.V.)
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Staphylococcus aureus-A Known Opponent against Host Defense Mechanisms and Vaccine Development-Do We Still Have a Chance to Win? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020948. [PMID: 35055134 PMCID: PMC8781139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this review is to present justification for the urgent need to implement specific prophylaxis of invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections. We emphasize the difficulties in achieving this goal due to numerous S. aureus virulence factors important for the process of infection and the remarkable ability of these bacteria to avoid host defense mechanisms. We precede these considerations with a brief overview of the global necessitiy to intensify the use of vaccines against other pathogens as well, particularly in light of an impasse in antibiotic therapy. Finally, we point out global trends in research into modern technologies used in the field of molecular microbiology to develop new vaccines. We focus on the vaccines designed to fight the infections caused by S. aureus, which are often resistant to the majority of available therapeutic options.
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Thomas S, Doytchinova I. In Silico Identification of the B-Cell and T-Cell Epitopes of the Antigenic Proteins of Staphylococcus aureus for Potential Vaccines. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2412:439-447. [PMID: 34918260 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1892-9_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of community-acquired, healthcare-associated, and hospital-acquired infections. S. aureus bacteremia is a common and serious infection with significant morbidity and mortality in older patients. The rise of antibiotic-resistant strains of S. aureus has resulted in substantial loss and effective treatment in hospitalized patients. Thus, there is a need in the development of a vaccine that would provide protection against S. aureus. The antigens of our interest include proteins that are essential for bacterial attachment and colonization (ClfA and ClfB), dermonecrosis-driven toxin (Hla), antigens that are essential for abscess formation (EsxA and EsxB), and antigens that are essential for nutrient acquisition and resistance to phagocytes killing induced by reactive oxygen species (FhuD2 and MntC). Development of a structure-based vaccine based on the antigenic protein epitopes is a novel strategy to provide protection against S. aureus. Using bioinformatic tools, we have determined the B-cell and T-cell epitopes of the antigenic proteins of S. aureus. This chapter reports identification of B-cell and T-cell epitopes of the antigenic protein that could be used in the development of effective structure-based vaccines to protect against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Thomas
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA.
| | - Irini Doytchinova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Shen J, Wang H, Zhu C, Zhang M, Shang F, Xue T. Effect of biofilm on the survival of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk in high temperature and drying environment. Food Res Int 2021; 149:110672. [PMID: 34600674 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Microbial contamination in dairy products is a momentous factor affecting food safety. Studies have shown that Staphylococcus aureus, which is an important causative agent of a range of infectious and foodborne diseases, may remain in raw milk after a series of complex processing processes. Although most S. aureus possess biofilm formation capacity, there are few studies concerning the role of biofilm formation of this bacterium in stress tolerance and longtime survival in the dairy products. In this study, we selected 5 S. aureus (RMSA1, RMSA2, RMSA3, RMSA4 and RMSA5) isolates from raw milk and investigated their virulence and biofilm characteristics. Results from biofilm assays showed that all 6 S. aureus strains (5 dairy isolates and 1 human-derived model strain NCTC8325) could form complete biofilms in vitro. The reverse transcription-PCR experiments confirmed that multiple genes related to virulence factors and biofilm formation were expressed in the 6 strains. Furthermore, we simulated the high temperature (at 60 °C for 30 min) and drying pressure (at 37 °C for 24 h) during dairy processing to detect the survival rate of strains culturedunderbiofilm or planktonic condition. The data showed that under high temperature and dry conditions, the survival rates of strains cultured under biofilm conditions were much higher than that of strains cultured under planktonic conditions. In addition, the adversity resistance associated with biofilm formation was more obvious in the milk-isolated strains compared with strain NCTC8325. This study provides evidence regarding the mechanisms of stress resistance of S. aureus strains isolated from raw milk and contribute to prevention of dairy product contamination caused by this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Chengfeng Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Maofeng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Fei Shang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Ting Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
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Ying YT, Ren WJ, Tan X, Yang J, Liu R, Du AF. Annexin A2-Mediated Internalization of Staphylococcus aureus into Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells Requires Its Interaction with Clumping Factor B. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2090. [PMID: 34683411 PMCID: PMC8538401 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of contagious mastitis in dairy cattle. Internalization of S. aureus by bovine mammary gland epithelial cells is thought to be responsible for persistent and chronic intramammary infection, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. METHODS In the present study, we evaluated the role of Annexin A2 (AnxA2), a membrane-binding protein, in S. aureus invasion into bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T). In vitro binding assays were performed to co-immunoprecipitate the binding proteins of AnxA2 in the lysates of S. aureus. RESULTS AnxA2 mediated the internalization but not adherence of S. aureus. Engagement of AnxA2 stimulated an integrin-linked protein kinase (ILK)/p38 MAPK cascade to induce S. aureus invasion. One of the AnxA2-precipitated proteins was identified as S. aureus clumping factor B (ClfB) through use of mass spectrometry. Direct binding of ClfB to AnxA2 was further confirmed by using a pull-down assay. Pre-incubation with recombinant ClfB protein enhanced S. aureus internalization, an effect that was specially blocked by anti-AnxA2 antibody. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that binding of ClfB to AnxA2 has a function in promoting S. aureus internalization. Targeting the interaction of ClfB and AnxA2 may confer protection against S. aureus mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tian Ying
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-T.Y.); (W.-J.R.); (J.Y.); (R.L.); (A.-F.D.)
- Veterinary Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei-Jia Ren
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-T.Y.); (W.-J.R.); (J.Y.); (R.L.); (A.-F.D.)
- Veterinary Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xun Tan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-T.Y.); (W.-J.R.); (J.Y.); (R.L.); (A.-F.D.)
- Veterinary Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-T.Y.); (W.-J.R.); (J.Y.); (R.L.); (A.-F.D.)
- Veterinary Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-T.Y.); (W.-J.R.); (J.Y.); (R.L.); (A.-F.D.)
| | - Ai-Fang Du
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-T.Y.); (W.-J.R.); (J.Y.); (R.L.); (A.-F.D.)
- Veterinary Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
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47
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Potentiating effects of leaderless enterocin DD14 in combination with methicillin on clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus S1 strain. Microbiol Res 2021; 252:126864. [PMID: 34521050 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm formation by pathogenic bacteria as well as their resilience to antibiotic treatments are a major health problem. Here, we sequenced and analyzed the genome of the clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus S1 (MRSA-S1) strain and established its sensitivity to the combination of methicillin and the leaderless two peptides enterocin DD14 (EntDD14). Such sensitivity was assessed in vitro based on the MIC/FIC values as well as on killing curves experiments. Moreover, combination of EntDD14 and methicillin was able to reduce the biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus S1 of about ∼30 %. Interestingly, genes thought to be involved in the virulence of MRSA-S1, like nuc and pvl which code, respectively, for nuclease and Panton-Valentine leucocidin, were shown to be downregulated following treatment with EntDD14 and methicillin. Similar effects were registered for other genes such as cflA, cflB and icaB, coding for bacterial ligands clumping factors A, B and intercellular adhesion factor respectively. All these data, suggest that combinations of bacteriocins and antibiotics are useful as a backup for treatment of bacterial infections.
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48
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Kearney KJ, Ariëns RAS, Macrae FL. The Role of Fibrin(ogen) in Wound Healing and Infection Control. Semin Thromb Hemost 2021; 48:174-187. [PMID: 34428799 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1732467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibrinogen, one of the most abundant plasma proteins playing a key role in hemostasis, is an important modulator of wound healing and host defense against microbes. In the current review, we address the role of fibrin(ogen) throughout the process of wound healing and subsequent tissue repair. Initially fibrin(ogen) acts as a provisional matrix supporting incoming leukocytes and acting as reservoir for growth factors. It later goes on to support re-epithelialization, angiogenesis, and fibroplasia. Importantly, removal of fibrin(ogen) from the wound is essential for wound healing to progress. We also discuss how fibrin(ogen) functions through several mechanisms to protect the host against bacterial infection by providing a physical barrier, entrapment of bacteria in fibrin(ogen) networks, and by directing immune cell function. The central role of fibrin(ogen) in defense against bacterial infection has made it a target of bacterial proteins, evolved to interact with fibrin(ogen) to manipulate clot formation and degradation for the purpose of promoting microbial virulence and survival. Further understanding of the dual roles of fibrin(ogen) in wound healing and infection could provide novel means of therapy to improve recovery from surgical or chronic wounds and help to prevent infection from highly virulent bacterial strains, including those resistant to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Kearney
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A S Ariëns
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Fraser L Macrae
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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49
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Luo D, Wang W, Chen Q, Peng L, Hu X, Chen K. cydA, spdC, and mroQ are novel genes involved in the plasma coagulation of Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Immunol 2021; 65:383-391. [PMID: 34050992 PMCID: PMC9292280 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coagulation is a critical pathogenic process in Staphylococcus aureus. Although the agglutination of S. aureus has been studied for a long time, the genes involved in this process are not completely clear. We performed tube agglutination and dynamic turbidimetry tests to identify novel genes involved in reduced plasma coagulation. A total of 15 genes were identified, including coa, clfA, vwbp, saeS, agrA, trpC, spdC, mroQ, cydA, qoxC, sucC, pyrP, menH, threonine aldolase, and truncated transposase for IS1272. The functions of these genes include bicomponent regulation, membrane transport, energy metabolism and biosynthesis, respectively. cydA, spdC, and mroQ genes were further studied by gene knockout and complementation. Results of gene knockout and complementation and real-time-qPCR proved that cydA, spdC, and mroQ genes are necessary for plasma coagulation. Furthermore, the survival ability of 7 day mice decreased significantly when cydA, spdC, and mroQ genes had been knocked out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of medicine, Nanchang University, Graduate school, Nanchang, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Linfeng Peng
- Department of Respiration, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaomei Hu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kaisen Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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50
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Idrees M, Sawant S, Karodia N, Rahman A. Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm: Morphology, Genetics, Pathogenesis and Treatment Strategies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:7602. [PMID: 34300053 PMCID: PMC8304105 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a nosocomial bacterium causing different infectious diseases, ranging from skin and soft tissue infections to more serious and life-threatening infections such as septicaemia. S. aureus forms a complex structure of extracellular polymeric biofilm that provides a fully secured and functional environment for the formation of microcolonies, their sustenance and recolonization of sessile cells after its dispersal. Staphylococcus aureus biofilm protects the cells against hostile conditions, i.e., changes in temperature, limitations or deprivation of nutrients and dehydration, and, more importantly, protects the cells against antibacterial drugs. Drugs are increasingly becoming partially or fully inactive against S. aureus as they are either less penetrable or totally impenetrable due to the presence of biofilms surrounding the bacterial cells. Other factors, such as evasion of innate host immune system, genome plasticity and adaptability through gene evolution and exchange of genetic material, also contribute to the ineffectiveness of antibacterial drugs. This increasing tolerance to antibiotics has contributed to the emergence and rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a serious problem that has resulted in increased morbidity and mortality of human and animal populations globally, in addition to causing huge financial losses to the global economy. The purpose of this review is to highlight different aspects of S. aureus biofilm formation and its overall architecture, individual biofilm constituents, clinical implications and role in pathogenesis and drug resistance. The review also discusses different techniques used in the qualitative and quantitative investigation of S. aureus biofilm and various strategies that can be employed to inhibit and eradicate S. aureus biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ayesha Rahman
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK; (M.I.); (S.S.); (N.K.)
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