1
|
McAlinden N, Reiche CF, Clark AM, Scharf R, Cheng Y, Sharma R, Rieth L, Dawson MD, Angelucci A, Mathieson K, Blair S. In vivooptogenetics using a Utah Optrode Array with enhanced light output and spatial selectivity. J Neural Eng 2024; 21:046051. [PMID: 39084245 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ad69c3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Objective.Optogenetics allows the manipulation of neural circuitsin vivowith high spatial and temporal precision. However, combining this precision with control over a significant portion of the brain is technologically challenging (especially in larger animal models).Approach.Here, we have developed, optimised, and testedin vivo, the Utah Optrode Array (UOA), an electrically addressable array of optical needles and interstitial sites illuminated by 181μLEDs and used to optogenetically stimulate the brain. The device is specifically designed for non-human primate studies.Main results.Thinning the combinedμLED and needle backplane of the device from 300μm to 230μm improved the efficiency of light delivery to tissue by 80%, allowing lowerμLED drive currents, which improved power management and thermal performance. The spatial selectivity of each site was also improved by integrating an optical interposer to reduce stray light emission. These improvements were achieved using an innovative fabrication method to create an anodically bonded glass/silicon substrate with through-silicon vias etched, forming an optical interposer. Optical modelling was used to demonstrate that the tip structure of the device had a major influence on the illumination pattern. The thermal performance was evaluated through a combination of modelling and experiment, in order to ensure that cortical tissue temperatures did not rise by more than 1 °C. The device was testedin vivoin the visual cortex of macaque expressing ChR2-tdTomato in cortical neurons.Significance.It was shown that the UOA produced the strongest optogenetic response in the region surrounding the needle tips, and that the extent of the optogenetic response matched the predicted illumination profile based on optical modelling-demonstrating the improved spatial selectivity resulting from the optical interposer approach. Furthermore, different needle illumination sites generated different patterns of low-frequency potential activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niall McAlinden
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher F Reiche
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Andrew M Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Robert Scharf
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Yunzhou Cheng
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Loren Rieth
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Martin D Dawson
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Angelucci
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Keith Mathieson
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Blair
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lu Q, Sun Y, Liang Z, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Mei Q. Nano-optogenetics for Disease Therapies. ACS NANO 2024; 18:14123-14144. [PMID: 38768091 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Optogenetic, known as the method of 21 centuries, combines optic and genetic engineering to precisely control photosensitive proteins for manipulation of a broad range of cellular functions, such as flux of ions, protein oligomerization and dissociation, cellular intercommunication, and so on. In this technique, light is conventionally delivered to targeted cells through optical fibers or micro light-emitting diodes, always suffering from high invasiveness, wide-field illumination facula, strong absorption, and scattering by nontargeted endogenous substance. Light-transducing nanomaterials with advantages of high spatiotemporal resolution, abundant wireless-excitation manners, and easy functionalization for recognition of specific cells, recently have been widely explored in the field of optogenetics; however, there remain a few challenges to restrain its clinical applications. This review summarized recent progress on light-responsive genetically encoded proteins and the myriad of activation strategies by use of light-transducing nanomaterials and their disease-treatment applications, which is expected for sparking helpful thought to push forward its preclinical and translational uses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Yaru Sun
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Zhengbing Liang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Qingsong Mei
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
McAlinden N, Reiche CF, Clark AM, Scharf R, Cheng Y, Sharma R, Rieth L, Dawson MD, Angelucci A, Mathieson K, Blair S. In vivo optogenetics using a Utah Optrode Array with enhanced light output and spatial selectivity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.18.585479. [PMID: 38562871 PMCID: PMC10983961 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.18.585479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Optogenetics allows manipulation of neural circuits in vivo with high spatial and temporal precision. However, combining this precision with control over a significant portion of the brain is technologically challenging (especially in larger animal models). Here, we have developed, optimised, and tested in vivo, the Utah Optrode Array (UOA), an electrically addressable array of optical needles and interstitial sites illuminated by 181 µLEDs and used to optogenetically stimulate the brain. The device is specifically designed for non-human primate studies. Thinning the combined µLED and needle backplane of the device from 300 µm to 230 µm improved the efficiency of light delivery to tissue by 80%, allowing lower µLED drive currents, which improved power management and thermal performance. The spatial selectivity of each site was also improved by integrating an optical interposer to reduce stray light emission. These improvements were achieved using an innovative fabrication method to create an anodically bonded glass/silicon substrate with through-silicon vias etched, forming an optical interposer. Optical modelling was used to demonstrate that the tip structure of the device had a major influence on the illumination pattern. The thermal performance was evaluated through a combination of modelling and experiment, in order to ensure that cortical tissue temperatures did not rise by more than 1°C. The device was tested in vivo in the visual cortex of macaque expressing ChR2-tdTomato in cortical neurons. It was shown that the strongest optogenetic response occurred in the region surrounding the needle tips, and that the extent of the optogenetic response matched the predicted illumination profile based on optical modelling - demonstrating the improved spatial selectivity resulting from the optical interposer approach. Furthermore, different needle illumination sites generated different patterns of low-frequency potential (LFP) activity.
Collapse
|
4
|
Clark AM, Ingold A, Reiche CF, Cundy D, Balsor JL, Federer F, McAlinden N, Cheng Y, Rolston JD, Rieth L, Dawson MD, Mathieson K, Blair S, Angelucci A. An optrode array for spatiotemporally-precise large-scale optogenetic stimulation of deep cortical layers in non-human primates. Commun Biol 2024; 7:329. [PMID: 38485764 PMCID: PMC10940688 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05984-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics has transformed studies of neural circuit function, but remains challenging to apply to non-human primates (NHPs). A major challenge is delivering intense, spatiotemporally-precise, patterned photostimulation across large volumes in deep tissue. Such stimulation is critical, for example, to modulate selectively deep-layer corticocortical feedback circuits. To address this need, we have developed the Utah Optrode Array (UOA), a 10×10 glass needle waveguide array fabricated atop a novel opaque optical interposer, and bonded to an electrically addressable µLED array. In vivo experiments with the UOA demonstrated large-scale, spatiotemporally precise, activation of deep circuits in NHP cortex. Specifically, the UOA permitted both focal (confined to single layers/columns), and widespread (multiple layers/columns) optogenetic activation of deep layer neurons, as assessed with multi-channel laminar electrode arrays, simply by varying the number of activated µLEDs and/or the irradiance. Thus, the UOA represents a powerful optoelectronic device for targeted manipulation of deep-layer circuits in NHP models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alexander Ingold
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Christopher F Reiche
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Donald Cundy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Justin L Balsor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Frederick Federer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Niall McAlinden
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Yunzhou Cheng
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - John D Rolston
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Loren Rieth
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Martin D Dawson
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Keith Mathieson
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Steve Blair
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Alessandra Angelucci
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hüer J, Saxena P, Treue S. Pathway-selective optogenetics reveals the functional anatomy of top-down attentional modulation in the macaque visual cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2304511121. [PMID: 38194453 PMCID: PMC10801865 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304511121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Spatial attention represents a powerful top-down influence on sensory responses in primate visual cortical areas. The frontal eye field (FEF) has emerged as a key candidate area for the source of this modulation. However, it is unclear whether the FEF exerts its effects via its direct axonal projections to visual areas or indirectly through other brain areas and whether the FEF affects both the enhancement of attended and the suppression of unattended sensory responses. We used pathway-selective optogenetics in rhesus macaques performing a spatial attention task to inhibit the direct input from the FEF to area MT, an area along the dorsal visual pathway specialized for the processing of visual motion information. Our results show that the optogenetic inhibition of the FEF input specifically reduces attentional modulation in MT by about a third without affecting the neurons' sensory response component. We find that the direct FEF-to-MT pathway contributes to both the enhanced processing of target stimuli and the suppression of distractors. The FEF, thus, selectively modulates firing rates in visual area MT, and it does so via its direct axonal projections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janina Hüer
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen37077, Germany
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt60528, Germany
| | - Pankhuri Saxena
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen37077, Germany
| | - Stefan Treue
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen37077, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen37073, Germany
- Leibniz-ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Göttingen37077, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Göttingen37073, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
González-Márquez C. Neuromodulation and memory: exploring ethical ramifications in memory modification treatment via implantable neurotechnologies. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1282634. [PMID: 38179489 PMCID: PMC10764565 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1282634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Invasive implantable neurotechnologies capable of simultaneously altering and recording neural activity are no longer the exclusive province of science fiction but a looming reality that will revolutionize medical practice. These advancements, particularly in their memory-altering capabilities, herald a vast array of opportunities for addressing the complex landscape of neurodegenerative and psychiatric conditions linked to memory impairments. However, the panoply of ethical implications arising from such a novel neurotechnology remains relatively unexplored by the neuroethics literature. This study examines and contrasts the potential ethical implications of memory modification treatment via implantable neurotechnologies. The study contends that undesired side effects resulting from memory modulation can lead to significant identity harms, disrupting the coherence of self-narratives and impinging on our authenticity. To evince the practical impact of this moral argument, the study conducts a practical ethical assessment of how employing implantable neurotechnologies to modulate memory may jeopardize (i) our moral responsiveness to events and core system of values and (ii) the emotional component associated with the altered memory. From a first-person standpoint, changes to the way we reasonably feel and react to past events and future intentions may be deemed ethically problematic as these profound changes can yield significant moral disruptions and negatively impact our personal lives and interpersonal relationships. In addition, the study discusses further ethical conundrums from a third-person perspective as these disruptions can inhibit social activism against structural injustices, thereby hindering societal progress. Thus, taking into account this societal dimension is paramount when evaluating the ethical permissibility of memory modification procedures.
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen Y, Hong Z, Wang J, Liu K, Liu J, Lin J, Feng S, Zhang T, Shan L, Liu T, Guo P, Lin Y, Li T, Chen Q, Jiang X, Li A, Li X, Li Y, Wilde JJ, Bao J, Dai J, Lu Z. Circuit-specific gene therapy reverses core symptoms in a primate Parkinson's disease model. Cell 2023; 186:5394-5410.e18. [PMID: 37922901 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder. Its symptoms are typically treated with levodopa or dopamine receptor agonists, but its action lacks specificity due to the wide distribution of dopamine receptors in the central nervous system and periphery. Here, we report the development of a gene therapy strategy to selectively manipulate PD-affected circuitry. Targeting striatal D1 medium spiny neurons (MSNs), whose activity is chronically suppressed in PD, we engineered a therapeutic strategy comprised of a highly efficient retrograde adeno-associated virus (AAV), promoter elements with strong D1-MSN activity, and a chemogenetic effector to enable precise D1-MSN activation after systemic ligand administration. Application of this therapeutic approach rescues locomotion, tremor, and motor skill defects in both mouse and primate models of PD, supporting the feasibility of targeted circuit modulation tools for the treatment of PD in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yefei Chen
- Shenzhen Technological Research Center for Primate Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zexuan Hong
- Shenzhen Technological Research Center for Primate Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518027, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Shenzhen Technological Research Center for Primate Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kunlin Liu
- Shenzhen Technological Research Center for Primate Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Shenzhen Technological Research Center for Primate Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518027, China
| | - Jianbang Lin
- Shenzhen Technological Research Center for Primate Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shijing Feng
- Shenzhen Technological Research Center for Primate Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tianhui Zhang
- Shenzhen Technological Research Center for Primate Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Liang Shan
- Shenzhen Technological Research Center for Primate Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Taian Liu
- Shenzhen Technological Research Center for Primate Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Pinyue Guo
- Shenzhen Technological Research Center for Primate Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yunping Lin
- Shenzhen Technological Research Center for Primate Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tian Li
- Shenzhen Technological Research Center for Primate Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qian Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, China
| | - Xiaodan Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Anan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Shenzhen Technological Research Center for Primate Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuantao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518027, China; Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | | | - Jin Bao
- Shenzhen Technological Research Center for Primate Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; Biomedical Imaging Science and System Key Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Ji Dai
- Shenzhen Technological Research Center for Primate Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Zhonghua Lu
- Shenzhen Technological Research Center for Primate Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Development, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; Biomedical Imaging Science and System Key Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li L, Liu Z. Genetic Approaches for Neural Circuits Dissection in Non-human Primates. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:1561-1576. [PMID: 37258795 PMCID: PMC10533465 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic tools, which can be used for the morphology study of specific neurons, pathway-selective connectome mapping, neuronal activity monitoring, and manipulation with a spatiotemporal resolution, have been widely applied to the understanding of complex neural circuit formation, interactions, and functions in rodents. Recently, similar genetic approaches have been tried in non-human primates (NHPs) in neuroscience studies for dissecting the neural circuits involved in sophisticated behaviors and clinical brain disorders, although they are still very preliminary. In this review, we introduce the progress made in the development and application of genetic tools for brain studies on NHPs. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of each approach and provide a perspective for using genetic tools to study the neural circuits of NHPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Qiao N, Ma L, Zhang Y, Wang L. Update on Nonhuman Primate Models of Brain Disease and Related Research Tools. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2516. [PMID: 37760957 PMCID: PMC10525665 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aging of the population is an increasingly serious issue, and many age-related illnesses are on the rise. These illnesses pose a serious threat to the health and safety of elderly individuals and create a serious economic and social burden. Despite substantial research into the pathogenesis of these diseases, their etiology and pathogenesis remain unclear. In recent decades, rodent models have been used in attempts to elucidate these disorders, but such models fail to simulate the full range of symptoms. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are the most ideal neuroscientific models for studying the human brain and are more functionally similar to humans because of their high genetic similarities and phenotypic characteristics in comparison with humans. Here, we review the literature examining typical NHP brain disease models, focusing on NHP models of common diseases such as dementia, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy. We also explore the application of electroencephalography (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and optogenetic study methods on NHPs and neural circuits associated with cognitive impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Qiao
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, 180 Wusi Dong Lu, Baoding 071002, China;
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China;
| | - Lizhen Ma
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China;
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, 180 Wusi Dong Lu, Baoding 071002, China;
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China;
| | - Lifeng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, 180 Wusi Dong Lu, Baoding 071002, China;
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Afraz A. Behavioral optogenetics in nonhuman primates; a psychological perspective. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 5:100101. [PMID: 38020813 PMCID: PMC10663131 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2023.100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics has been a promising and developing technology in systems neuroscience throughout the past decade. It has been difficult though to reliably establish the potential behavioral effects of optogenetic perturbation of the neural activity in nonhuman primates. This poses a challenge on the future of optogenetics in humans as the concepts and technology need to be developed in nonhuman primates first. Here, I briefly summarize the viable approaches taken to improve nonhuman primate behavioral optogenetics, then focus on one approach: improvements in the measurement of behavior. I bring examples from visual behavior and show how the choice of method of measurement might conceal large behavioral effects. I will then discuss the "cortical perturbation detection" task in detail as an example of a sensitive task that can record the behavioral effects of optogenetic cortical stimulation with high fidelity. Finally, encouraged by the rich scientific landscape ahead of behavioral optogenetics, I invite technology developers to improve the chronically implantable devices designed for simultaneous neural recording and optogenetic intervention in nonhuman primates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arash Afraz
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Merlin S, Vidyasagar T. Optogenetics in primate cortical networks. Front Neuroanat 2023; 17:1193949. [PMID: 37284061 PMCID: PMC10239886 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1193949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The implementation of optogenetics in studies on non-human primates has generally proven quite difficult, but recent successes have paved the way for its rapid increase. Limitations in the genetic tractability in primates, have been somewhat overcome by implementing tailored vectors and promoters to maximize expression and specificity in primates. More recently, implantable devices, including microLED arrays, have made it possible to deliver light deeper into brain tissue, allowing targeting of deeper structures. However, the greatest limitation in applying optogenetics to the primate brain is the complex connections that exist within many neural circuits. In the past, relatively cruder methods such as cooling or pharmacological blockade have been used to examine neural circuit functions, though their limitations were well recognized. In some ways, similar shortcomings remain for optogenetics, with the ability to target a single component of complex neural circuits being the greatest challenge in applying optogenetics to systems neuroscience in primate brains. Despite this, some recent approaches combining Cre-expressing and Cre-dependent vectors have overcome some of these limitations. Here we suggest that optogenetics provides its greatest advantage to systems neuroscientists when applied as a specific tool to complement the techniques of the past, rather than necessarily replacing them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Merlin
- Medical Science, School of Science, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Trichur Vidyasagar
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, School of Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ortiz-Rios M, Agayby B, Balezeau F, Haag M, Rima S, Cadena-Valencia J, Schmid MC. Optogenetic stimulation of the primary visual cortex drives activity in the visual association cortex. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 4:100087. [PMID: 37397814 PMCID: PMC10313868 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2023.100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing optogenetic methods for research in non-human primates (NHP) is important for translational neuroscience and for delineating brain function with unprecedented specificity. Here we assess, in macaque monkeys, the selectivity by which optogenetic stimulation of the primary visual cortex (V1) drives the local laminar and widespread cortical connectivity related to visual perception. Towards this end, we transfected neurons with light-sensitive channelrhodopsin in dorsal V1. fMRI revealed that optogenetic stimulation of V1 using blue light at 40 Hz increased functional activity in the visual association cortex, including areas V2/V3, V4, motion-sensitive area MT and frontal eye fields, although nonspecific heating and eye movement contributions to this effect could not be ruled out. Neurophysiology and immunohistochemistry analyses confirmed optogenetic modulation of spiking activity and opsin expression with the strongest expression in layer 4-B in V1. Stimulating this pathway during a perceptual decision task effectively elicited a phosphene percept in the receptive field of the stimulated neurons in one monkey. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the great potential of optogenetic methods to drive the large-scale cortical circuits of the primate brain with high functional and spatial specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ortiz-Rios
- Biosciences Institute, Henry Wellcome Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Functional Imaging Laboratory, Deutsches Primatenzentrum (DPZ), Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Beshoy Agayby
- Biosciences Institute, Henry Wellcome Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Fabien Balezeau
- Biosciences Institute, Henry Wellcome Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Marcus Haag
- Biosciences Institute, Henry Wellcome Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Samy Rima
- Biosciences Institute, Henry Wellcome Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jaime Cadena-Valencia
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael C. Schmid
- Biosciences Institute, Henry Wellcome Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ping A, Pan L, Zhang J, Xu K, Schriver KE, Zhu J, Roe AW. Targeted Optical Neural Stimulation: A New Era for Personalized Medicine. Neuroscientist 2023; 29:202-220. [PMID: 34865559 DOI: 10.1177/10738584211057047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Targeted optical neural stimulation comprises infrared neural stimulation and optogenetics, which affect the nervous system through induced thermal transients and activation of light-sensitive proteins, respectively. The main advantage of this pair of optical tools is high functional selectivity, which conventional electrical stimulation lacks. Over the past 15 years, the mechanism, safety, and feasibility of optical stimulation techniques have undergone continuous investigation and development. When combined with other methods like optical imaging and high-field functional magnetic resonance imaging, the translation of optical stimulation to clinical practice adds high value. We review the theoretical foundations and current state of optical stimulation, with a particular focus on infrared neural stimulation as a potential bridge linking optical stimulation to personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An Ping
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Pan
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies (QAAS), Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kedi Xu
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies (QAAS), Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kenneth E Schriver
- Zhejiang University Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology (ZIINT), School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junming Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anna Wang Roe
- Zhejiang University Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology (ZIINT), School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Azadi R, Bohn S, Eldridge MAG, Afraz A. Surgical Procedure for Implantation of Opto-Array in Nonhuman Primates. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e704. [PMID: 36912623 PMCID: PMC10020889 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics allows precise temporal control of neuronal activity in the brain. Engineered viral vectors are routinely used to transduce neurons with light-sensitive opsins. However, reliable virus injection and light delivery in animals with large brains, such as nonhuman primates, has proven challenging. The Opto-Array is a novel yet simple device that is used to deliver light to extended regions of the cortex surface for high-throughput behavioral optogenetics in large brains. Here we present protocols for surgical delivery of virus (Basic Protocol 1) and implantation of the Opto-Array (Basic Protocol 2) in two separate surgeries in a rhesus monkey's inferior temporal cortex. As a proof of concept, we measured the behavioral performance of an animal detecting cortical optogenetic stimulations (Basic Protocol 3) with different illumination power and duration using the Opto-Array. The animal was able to detect the optogenetic stimulation for all tested illumination powers and durations. Regression analysis also showed both power and duration of illumination significantly modulate the detectability of the optogenetic stimulation. The outcome of this approach is superior to the standard practice of injecting and recording through a chamber for large areas of the cortex surface. Moreover, the chronic nature of the Opto-Array allows perturbation of neuronal activity of the same site across multiple sessions because it is highly stable; thus, data can be pooled over months. The detailed surgical method presented here makes it possible to use optogenetics to modulate neuronal activity across large regions of the cortex surface in the nonhuman primate brain. This method also lays the groundwork for future attempts to use optogenetics to restore vision in humans. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Virus injection surgery Basic Protocol 2: Opto-Array implantation surgery Basic Protocol 3: Cortical Perturbation Detection (CPD) task behavioral training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Azadi
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Simon Bohn
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark A G Eldridge
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Arash Afraz
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Daw TB, El-Nahal HG, Basso MA, Jun EJ, Bautista AR, Samulski RJ, Sommer MA, Bohlen MO. Direct Comparison of Epifluorescence and Immunostaining for Assessing Viral Mediated Gene Expression in the Primate Brain. Hum Gene Ther 2023; 34:228-246. [PMID: 36719771 PMCID: PMC10031143 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2022.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral vector technologies are commonly used in neuroscience research to understand and manipulate neural circuits, but successful applications of these technologies in non-human primate models have been inconsistent. An essential component to improve these technologies is an impartial and accurate assessment of the effectiveness of different viral constructs in the primate brain. We tested a diverse array of viral vectors delivered to the brain and extraocular muscles of macaques and compared three methods for histological assessment of viral-mediated fluorescent transgene expression: epifluorescence (Epi), immunofluorescence (IF), and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Importantly, IF and IHC identified a greater number of transduced neurons compared to Epi. Furthermore, IF and IHC reliably provided enhanced visualization of transgene in most cellular compartments (i.e., dendritic, axonal, and terminal fields), whereas the degree of labeling provided by Epi was inconsistent and predominantly restricted to somas and apical dendrites. Because Epi signals are unamplified (in contrast to IF and IHC), Epi may provide a more veridical assessment for the amount of accumulated transgene and, thus, the potential to chemogenetically or optogenetically manipulate neuronal activity. The comparatively weak Epi signals suggest that the current generations of viral constructs, regardless of delivered transgene, are not optimized for primates. This reinforces an emerging viewpoint that viral vectors tailored for the primate brain are necessary for basic research and human gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tierney B. Daw
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hala G. El-Nahal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michele A. Basso
- Fuster Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biological Structure, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elizabeth J. Jun
- Fuster Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alex R. Bautista
- Fuster Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - R. Jude Samulski
- Gene Therapy Center and Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- R&D Department, Asklepios BioPharmaceutical, Inc. (AskBio), Research Triangle, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marc A. Sommer
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Martin O. Bohlen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ecological validity of social defeat stressors in mouse models of vulnerability and resilience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 145:105032. [PMID: 36608919 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory mouse models offer opportunities to bridge the gap between basic neuroscience and applied stress research. Here we consider the ecological validity of social defeat stressors in mouse models of emotional vulnerability and resilience. Reports identified in PubMed from 1980 to 2020 are reviewed for the ecological validity of social defeat stressors, sex of subjects, and whether results are discussed in terms of vulnerability alone, resilience alone, or both vulnerability and resilience. Most of the 318 reviewed reports (95%) focus on males, and many reports (71%) discuss vulnerability and resilience. Limited ecological validity is associated with increased vulnerability and decreased resilience. Elements of limited ecological validity include frequent and repeated exposure to defeat stressors without opportunities to avoid or escape from unfamiliar conspecifics that are pre-screened and selected for aggressive behavior. These elements ensure defeat and may be required to induce vulnerability, but they are not representative of naturalistic conditions. Research aimed at establishing causality is needed to determine whether ecologically valid stressors build resilience in both sexes of mice.
Collapse
|
17
|
Using Nonhuman Primate Models to Reverse-Engineer Prefrontal Circuit Failure Underlying Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023; 63:315-362. [PMID: 36607528 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, I review studies in nonhuman primates that emulate the circuit failure in prefrontal cortex responsible for working memory and cognitive control deficits in schizophrenia. These studies have characterized how synaptic malfunction, typically induced by blockade of NMDAR, disrupts neural function and computation in prefrontal networks to explain errors in cognitive tasks that are seen in schizophrenia. This work is finding causal relationships between pathogenic events of relevance to schizophrenia at vastly different levels of scale, from synapses, to neurons, local, circuits, distributed networks, computation, and behavior. Pharmacological manipulation, the dominant approach in primate models, has limited construct validity for schizophrenia pathogenesis, as the disease results from a complex interplay between environmental, developmental, and genetic factors. Genetic manipulation replicating schizophrenia risk is more advanced in rodent models. Nonetheless, gene manipulation in nonhuman primates is rapidly advancing, and primate developmental models have been established. Integration of large scale neural recording, genetic manipulation, and computational modeling in nonhuman primates holds considerable potential to provide a crucial schizophrenia model moving forward. Data generated by this approach is likely to fill several crucial gaps in our understanding of the causal sequence leading to schizophrenia in humans. This causal chain presents a vexing problem largely because it requires understanding how events at very different levels of scale relate to one another, from genes to circuits to cognition to social interactions. Nonhuman primate models excel here. They optimally enable discovery of causal relationships across levels of scale in the brain that are relevant to cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. The mechanistic understanding of prefrontal circuit failure they promise to provide may point the way to more effective therapeutic interventions to restore function to prefrontal networks in the disease.
Collapse
|
18
|
Oz R, Edelman-Klapper H, Nivinsky-Margalit S, Slovin H. Microstimulation in the primary visual cortex: activity patterns and their relation to visual responses and evoked saccades. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:5192-5209. [PMID: 36300613 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) in the primary visual cortex (V1) can generate the visual perception of a small point of light, termed phosphene, and evoke saccades directed to the receptive field of the stimulated neurons. Although ICMS is widely used, a direct measurement of the spatio-temporal patterns of neural activity evoked by ICMS and their relation to the neural responses evoked by visual stimuli or how they relate to ICMS-evoked saccades are still missing. To investigate this, we combined ICMS with voltage-sensitive dye imaging in V1 of behaving monkeys and measured neural activity at a high spatial (meso-scale) and temporal resolution. We then compared the population response evoked by small visual stimuli to those evoked by microstimulation. Both stimulation types evoked population activity that spread over few millimeters in V1 and propagated to extrastriate areas. However, the population responses evoked by ICMS have shown faster dynamics for the activation transients and the horizontal propagation of activity revealed a wave-like propagation. Finally, neural activity in the ICMS condition was higher for trials with evoked saccades as compared with trials without saccades. Our results uncover the spatio-temporal patterns evoked by ICMS and their relation to visual processing and saccade generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roy Oz
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Hadar Edelman-Klapper
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Shany Nivinsky-Margalit
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Hamutal Slovin
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chen B, Cui M, Wang Y, Shi P, Wang H, Wang F. Recent advances in cellular optogenetics for photomedicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114457. [PMID: 35843507 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Since the successful introduction of exogenous photosensitive proteins, channelrhodopsin, to neurons, optogenetics has enabled substantial understanding of profound brain function by selectively manipulating neural circuits. In an optogenetic system, optical stimulation can be precisely delivered to brain tissue to achieve regulation of cellular electrical activity with unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution in living organisms. In recent years, the development of various optical actuators and novel light-delivery techniques has greatly expanded the scope of optogenetics, enabling the control of other signal pathways in non-neuronal cells for different biomedical applications, such as phototherapy and immunotherapy. This review focuses on the recent advances in optogenetic regulation of cellular activities for photomedicine. We discuss emerging optogenetic tools and light-delivery platforms, along with a survey of optogenetic execution in mammalian and microbial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China; City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Meihui Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Peng Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Hanjie Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China; City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Griggs DJ, Bloch J, Fisher S, Ojemann WKS, Coubrough KM, Khateeb K, Chu M, Yazdan-Shahmorad A. Demonstration of an Optimized Large-scale Optogenetic Cortical Interface for Non-human Primates. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2022; 2022:3081-3084. [PMID: 36086548 DOI: 10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics is a powerful neuroscientific tool which allows neurons to be modulated by optical stimulation. Despite widespread optogenetic experimentation in small animal models, optogenetics in non-human primates (NHPs) remains a niche field, particularly at the large scales necessary for multi-regional neural research. We previously published a large-scale, chronic optogenetic cortical interface for NHPs which was successful but came with a number of limitations. In this work, we present an optimized interface which improves upon the stability and scale of our previous interface while using more easily replicable methods to increase our system's availability to the scientific community. Specifically, we (1) demonstrate the long-term (~3 months) optical access to the brain achievable using a commercially-available transparent artificial dura with embedded electrodes, (2) showcase large-scale optogenetic expression achievable with simplified (magnetic resonance-free) surgical techniques, and (3) effectively modulated the expressing areas at large scales (~1 cm2) by light emitting diode (LED) arrays assembled in-house.
Collapse
|
21
|
Beloate LN, Zhang N. Connecting the dots between cell populations, whole-brain activity, and behavior. NEUROPHOTONICS 2022; 9:032208. [PMID: 35350137 PMCID: PMC8957372 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.9.3.032208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneously manipulating and monitoring both microscopic and macroscopic brain activity in vivo and identifying the linkage to behavior are powerful tools in neuroscience research. These capabilities have been realized with the recent technical advances of optogenetics and its combination with fMRI, here termed "opto-fMRI." Opto-fMRI allows for targeted brain region-, cell-type-, or projection-specific manipulation and targeted Ca 2 + activity measurement to be linked with global brain signaling and behavior. We cover the history, technical advances, applications, and important considerations of opto-fMRI in anesthetized and awake rodents and the future directions of the combined techniques in neuroscience and neuroimaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N. Beloate
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Nanyin Zhang
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania, United States
- Pennsylvania State University, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Heshmati M, Bruchas MR. Historical and Modern Evidence for the Role of Reward Circuitry in Emergence. Anesthesiology 2022; 136:997-1014. [PMID: 35362070 PMCID: PMC9467375 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000004148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports a role for brain reward circuitry in modulating arousal along with emergence from anesthesia. Emergence remains an important frontier for investigation, since no drug exists in clinical practice to initiate rapid and smooth emergence. This review discusses clinical and preclinical evidence indicating a role for two brain regions classically considered integral components of the mesolimbic brain reward circuitry, the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens, in emergence from propofol and volatile anesthesia. Then there is a description of modern systems neuroscience approaches to neural circuit investigations that will help span the large gap between preclinical and clinical investigation with the shared aim of developing therapies to promote rapid emergence without agitation or delirium. This article proposes that neuroscientists include models of whole-brain network activity in future studies to inform the translational value of preclinical investigations and foster productive dialogues with clinician anesthesiologists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Heshmati
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, and Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bliss-Moreau E, Costa VD, Baxter MG. A pragmatic reevaluation of the efficacy of nonhuman primate optogenetics for psychiatry. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 1:kvac006. [PMID: 38596709 PMCID: PMC10939311 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Translational neuroscience is committed to generating discoveries in the laboratory that ultimately can improve human lives. Optogenetics has received considerable attention because of its demonstrated promise in rodent brains to manipulate cells and circuits. In a recent report, Tremblay et al. [28] introduce an open resource detailing optogenetic studies of the nonhuman primate (NHP) brain and make robust claims about the translatability of the technology. We propose that their quantitative (e.g. a 91% success rate) and theoretical claims are questionable because the data were analyzed at a level relevant to the rodent but not NHP brain. Injections were clustered within a few monkeys in a few studies in a few brain regions, and their definitions of success were not clearly relevant to human neuropsychiatric disease. A reanalysis of the data with a modified definition of success that included a behavioral and biological effect revealed a 62.5% success rate that was lower when considering only strong outcomes (53.1%). This calls into question the current efficacy of optogenetic techniques in the NHP brain and suggests that we are a long way from being able to leverage them in 'the service of patients with neurological or psychiatric conditions' as the Tremblay report claims.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Bliss-Moreau
- Department of Psychology, University of California Davis,
CA 95616, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Vincent D Costa
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health Sciences University, OR 97239, USA
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health Sciences University, OR 97239, USA
| | - Mark G Baxter
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY 10029-5674, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Applications of chemogenetics in non-human primates. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 64:102204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
25
|
Jiang W, Wang Z, Xiao S, Zeng D, Wu Z, Peng C, Chen F. Pulsed infrared stimulation evoked electrical potential in mouse vestibular system. Neurosci Lett 2022; 775:136510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
26
|
Chen SCY, Benvenuti G, Chen Y, Kumar S, Ramakrishnan C, Deisseroth K, Geisler WS, Seidemann E. Similar neural and perceptual masking effects of low-power optogenetic stimulation in primate V1. eLife 2022; 11:e68393. [PMID: 34982033 PMCID: PMC8765749 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Can direct stimulation of primate V1 substitute for a visual stimulus and mimic its perceptual effect? To address this question, we developed an optical-genetic toolkit to 'read' neural population responses using widefield calcium imaging, while simultaneously using optogenetics to 'write' neural responses into V1 of behaving macaques. We focused on the phenomenon of visual masking, where detection of a dim target is significantly reduced by a co-localized medium-brightness mask (Cornsweet and Pinsker, 1965; Whittle and Swanston, 1974). Using our toolkit, we tested whether V1 optogenetic stimulation can recapitulate the perceptual masking effect of a visual mask. We find that, similar to a visual mask, low-power optostimulation can significantly reduce visual detection sensitivity, that a sublinear interaction between visual- and optogenetic-evoked V1 responses could account for this perceptual effect, and that these neural and behavioral effects are spatially selective. Our toolkit and results open the door for further exploration of perceptual substitutions by direct stimulation of sensory cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spencer Chin-Yu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rutgers UniversityNew BrunswickUnited States
- Center for Perceptual Systems, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
- Department of Psychology, University of TexasAustinUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of TexasAustinUnited States
| | - Giacomo Benvenuti
- Center for Perceptual Systems, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
- Department of Psychology, University of TexasAustinUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of TexasAustinUnited States
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- Center for Perceptual Systems, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
- Department of Psychology, University of TexasAustinUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of TexasAustinUnited States
| | - Satwant Kumar
- Center for Perceptual Systems, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
- Department of Psychology, University of TexasAustinUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of TexasAustinUnited States
| | | | - Karl Deisseroth
- CNC Program, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Wilson S Geisler
- Center for Perceptual Systems, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
- Department of Psychology, University of TexasAustinUnited States
- Neurosciences Program, University of TexasAustinUnited States
| | - Eyal Seidemann
- Center for Perceptual Systems, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
- Department of Psychology, University of TexasAustinUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of TexasAustinUnited States
- Neurosciences Program, University of TexasAustinUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Provansal M, Marazova K, Sahel JA, Picaud S. Vision Restoration by Optogenetic Therapy and Developments Toward Sonogenetic Therapy. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:18. [PMID: 35024784 PMCID: PMC8762673 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
After revolutionizing neuroscience, optogenetic therapy has entered successfully in clinical trials for restoring vision to blind people with degenerative eye diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa. These clinical trials still have to evaluate the visual acuity achieved by patients and to determine if it reaches its theoretical limit extrapolated from ex vivo experiments. Different strategies are developed in parallel to reduce required light levels and improve information processing by targeting various cell types. For patients with vision loss due to optic atrophy, as in the case of glaucoma, optogenetic cortical stimulation is hampered by light absorption and scattering by the brain tissue. By contrast, ultrasound waves can diffuse widely through the dura mater and the brain tissue as indicated by ultrasound imaging. Based on our recent results in rodents, we propose the sonogenetic therapy relying on activation of the mechanosensitive channel as a very promising vision restoration strategy with a suitable spatiotemporal resolution. Genomic approaches may thus provide efficient brain machine interfaces for sight restoration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Katia Marazova
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - José Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des XV-XX, Paris, France
| | - Serge Picaud
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gordeliy V, Kovalev K, Bamberg E, Rodriguez-Valera F, Zinovev E, Zabelskii D, Alekseev A, Rosselli R, Gushchin I, Okhrimenko I. Microbial Rhodopsins. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2501:1-52. [PMID: 35857221 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2329-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The first microbial rhodopsin, a light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin from Halobacterium salinarum (HsBR), was discovered in 1971. Since then, this seven-α-helical protein, comprising a retinal molecule as a cofactor, became a major driver of groundbreaking developments in membrane protein research. However, until 1999 only a few archaeal rhodopsins, acting as light-driven proton and chloride pumps and also photosensors, were known. A new microbial rhodopsin era started in 2000 when the first bacterial rhodopsin, a proton pump, was discovered. Later it became clear that there are unexpectedly many rhodopsins, and they are present in all the domains of life and even in viruses. It turned out that they execute such a diversity of functions while being "nearly the same." The incredible evolution of the research area of rhodopsins and the scientific and technological potential of the proteins is described in the review with a focus on their function-structure relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Gordeliy
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France.
| | - Kirill Kovalev
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- JuStruct: Jülich Center for Structural Biology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Institute of Crystallography, University of Aachen (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
| | - Ernst Bamberg
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Francisco Rodriguez-Valera
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Departamento de Producción Vegetal y Microbiología, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Egor Zinovev
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Dmitrii Zabelskii
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Alexey Alekseev
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Riccardo Rosselli
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genetica y Microbiología. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Ivan Gushchin
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Ivan Okhrimenko
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Optogenetics has revolutionized not only neuroscience but also had an impact on muscle physiology and cell biology. Rhodopsin-based optogenetics started with the discovery of the light-gated cation channels, called channelrhodopsins. Together with the light-driven ion pumps, these channels allow light-mediated control of electrically excitable cells in culture tissue and living animals. They can be activated (depolarized) or silenced (hyperpolarized) by light with incomparably high spatiotemporal resolution. Optogenetics allows the light manipulation of cells under electrode-free conditions in a minimally invasive manner. Through modern genetic techniques, virus-induced transduction can be performed with extremely high cell specificity in tissue and living animals, allowing completely new approaches for analyzing neural networks, behavior studies, and investigations of neurodegenerative diseases. First clinical trials for the optogenetic recovery of vision are underway.This chapter provides a comprehensive description of the structure and function of the different light-gated channels and some new light-activated ion pumps. Some of them already play an essential role in optogenetics while others are supposed to become important tools for more specialized applications in the future.At the moment, a large number of publications are available concerning intrinsic mechanisms of microbial rhodopsins. Mostly they describe CrChR2 and its variants, as CrChR2 is still the most prominent optogenetic tool. Therefore, many biophysically and biochemically oriented groups contributed to the overwhelming mass of information on this unique ion channel's molecular mechanism. In this context, the function of new optogenetic tools is discussed, which is essential for rational optimization of the optogenetic approach for an eventual biomedical application. The comparison of the effectivity of ion pumps versus ion channels is discussed as well.Applications of rhodopsins-based optogenetic tools are also discussed in the chapter. Because of the enormous number of these applications in neuroscience, only exemplary studies on cell culture neural tissue, muscle physiology, and remote control of animal behavior are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Alekseev
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Valentin Gordeliy
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Ernst Bamberg
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hirabayashi T, Nagai Y, Hori Y, Inoue KI, Aoki I, Takada M, Suhara T, Higuchi M, Minamimoto T. Chemogenetic sensory fMRI reveals behaviorally relevant bidirectional changes in primate somatosensory network. Neuron 2021; 109:3312-3322.e5. [PMID: 34672984 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Concurrent genetic neuromodulation and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in primates has provided a valuable opportunity to assess the modified brain-wide operation in the resting state. However, its application to link the network operation with behavior still remains challenging. Here, we combined chemogenetic silencing of the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) with tactile fMRI and related behaviors in macaques. Focal chemogenetic silencing of functionally identified SI hand region impaired grasping behavior. The same silencing also attenuated hand stimulation-evoked fMRI signal at both the local silencing site and the anatomically and/or functionally connected downstream grasping network, suggesting altered network operation underlying the induced behavioral impairment. Furthermore, the hand region silencing unexpectedly disinhibited foot representation with accompanying behavioral hypersensitization. These results demonstrate that focal chemogenetic silencing with sensory fMRI in macaques unveils bidirectional network changes to generate multifaceted behavioral impairments, thereby opening a pivotal window toward elucidating the causal network operation underpinning higher brain functions in primates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Hirabayashi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Yuji Nagai
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hori
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Inoue
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ichio Aoki
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takada
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Suhara
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takafumi Minamimoto
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
D'Souza JF, Price NSC, Hagan MA. Marmosets: a promising model for probing the neural mechanisms underlying complex visual networks such as the frontal-parietal network. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:3007-3022. [PMID: 34518902 PMCID: PMC8541938 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The technology, methodology and models used by visual neuroscientists have provided great insights into the structure and function of individual brain areas. However, complex cognitive functions arise in the brain due to networks comprising multiple interacting cortical areas that are wired together with precise anatomical connections. A prime example of this phenomenon is the frontal–parietal network and two key regions within it: the frontal eye fields (FEF) and lateral intraparietal area (area LIP). Activity in these cortical areas has independently been tied to oculomotor control, motor preparation, visual attention and decision-making. Strong, bidirectional anatomical connections have also been traced between FEF and area LIP, suggesting that the aforementioned visual functions depend on these inter-area interactions. However, advancements in our knowledge about the interactions between area LIP and FEF are limited with the main animal model, the rhesus macaque, because these key regions are buried in the sulci of the brain. In this review, we propose that the common marmoset is the ideal model for investigating how anatomical connections give rise to functionally-complex cognitive visual behaviours, such as those modulated by the frontal–parietal network, because of the homology of their cortical networks with humans and macaques, amenability to transgenic technology, and rich behavioural repertoire. Furthermore, the lissencephalic structure of the marmoset brain enables application of powerful techniques, such as array-based electrophysiology and optogenetics, which are critical to bridge the gaps in our knowledge about structure and function in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanita F D'Souza
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Nicholas S C Price
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Maureen A Hagan
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia. .,Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rajalingham R, Sorenson M, Azadi R, Bohn S, DiCarlo JJ, Afraz A. Chronically implantable LED arrays for behavioral optogenetics in primates. Nat Methods 2021; 18:1112-1116. [PMID: 34462591 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01238-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetic methods have been widely used in rodent brains, but remain relatively under-developed for nonhuman primates such as rhesus macaques, an animal model with a large brain expressing sophisticated sensory, motor and cognitive behaviors. To address challenges in behavioral optogenetics in large brains, we developed Opto-Array, a chronically implantable array of light-emitting diodes for high-throughput optogenetic perturbation. We demonstrated that optogenetic silencing in the macaque primary visual cortex with the help of the Opto-Array results in reliable retinotopic visual deficits in a luminance discrimination task. We separately confirmed that Opto-Array illumination results in local neural silencing, and that behavioral effects are not due to tissue heating. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the Opto-Array for behavioral optogenetic applications in large brains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Rajalingham
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Reza Azadi
- National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Simon Bohn
- National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James J DiCarlo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,BlackRock Microsystems, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Center for Brains, Minds and Machines, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Arash Afraz
- National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Visualization of iron-rich subcortical structures in non-human primates in vivo by quantitative susceptibility mapping at 3T MRI. Neuroimage 2021; 241:118429. [PMID: 34311068 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is now an essential tool in the field of neuroscience involving non-human primates (NHP). Structural MRI scanning using T1-weighted (T1w) or T2-weighted (T2w) images provides anatomical information, particularly for experiments involving deep structures such as the basal ganglia and cerebellum. However, for certain subcortical structures, T1w and T2w image contrasts are insufficient for their detection of important anatomical details. To better visualize such structures in the macaque brain, we applied a relatively new method called quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM), which enhances tissue contrast based on the local tissue magnetic susceptibility. The QSM significantly improved the visualization of important structures, including the ventral pallidum (VP), globus pallidus external and internal segments (GPe and GPi), substantia nigra (SN), subthalamic nucleus (STN) in the basal ganglia and the dentate nucleus (DN) in the cerebellum. We quantified this the contrast enhancement by systematically comparing of contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) of QSM images relative to the corresponding T1w and T2w images. In addition, QSM values of some structures were correlated to the age of the macaque subjects. These results identify the QSM method as a straightforward and useful tool for clearly visualizing details of subcortical structures that are invisible with more traditional scanning sequences.
Collapse
|
34
|
Wireless, battery-free, subdermally implantable platforms for transcranial and long-range optogenetics in freely moving animals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2025775118. [PMID: 34301889 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2025775118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Wireless, battery-free, and fully subdermally implantable optogenetic tools are poised to transform neurobiological research in freely moving animals. Current-generation wireless devices are sufficiently small, thin, and light for subdermal implantation, offering some advantages over tethered methods for naturalistic behavior. Yet current devices using wireless power delivery require invasive stimulus delivery, penetrating the skull and disrupting the blood-brain barrier. This can cause tissue displacement, neuronal damage, and scarring. Power delivery constraints also sharply curtail operational arena size. Here, we implement highly miniaturized, capacitive power storage on the platform of wireless subdermal implants. With approaches to digitally manage power delivery to optoelectronic components, we enable two classes of applications: transcranial optogenetic activation millimeters into the brain (validated using motor cortex stimulation to induce turning behaviors) and wireless optogenetics in arenas of more than 1 m2 in size. This methodology allows for previously impossible behavioral experiments leveraging the modern optogenetic toolkit.
Collapse
|
35
|
Yamamori T. Functional visualization and manipulation in the marmoset brain using viral vectors. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2021; 60:11-16. [PMID: 34280704 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The common marmoset, a New World monkey, has a primate-specific cortex with approximately 40 Brodmann areas. Genetically encoded calcium indicator (GECI) techniques have been applied to study the functional organization of the marmoset cortex. The success of GCaMP (a green fluorescent of GECI) imaging and other advances, including optogenetic approaches, provide an interesting and exciting opportunity to study the primate brain at the molecular and cellular levels, leading to an understanding of primate neural circuits. These approaches will help advance our knowledge on cognition in primates, including humans, and therapy for human neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Yamamori
- Center for Brain Science, Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351-0198, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Klink PC, Aubry JF, Ferrera VP, Fox AS, Froudist-Walsh S, Jarraya B, Konofagou EE, Krauzlis RJ, Messinger A, Mitchell AS, Ortiz-Rios M, Oya H, Roberts AC, Roe AW, Rushworth MFS, Sallet J, Schmid MC, Schroeder CE, Tasserie J, Tsao DY, Uhrig L, Vanduffel W, Wilke M, Kagan I, Petkov CI. Combining brain perturbation and neuroimaging in non-human primates. Neuroimage 2021; 235:118017. [PMID: 33794355 PMCID: PMC11178240 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain perturbation studies allow detailed causal inferences of behavioral and neural processes. Because the combination of brain perturbation methods and neural measurement techniques is inherently challenging, research in humans has predominantly focused on non-invasive, indirect brain perturbations, or neurological lesion studies. Non-human primates have been indispensable as a neurobiological system that is highly similar to humans while simultaneously being more experimentally tractable, allowing visualization of the functional and structural impact of systematic brain perturbation. This review considers the state of the art in non-human primate brain perturbation with a focus on approaches that can be combined with neuroimaging. We consider both non-reversible (lesions) and reversible or temporary perturbations such as electrical, pharmacological, optical, optogenetic, chemogenetic, pathway-selective, and ultrasound based interference methods. Method-specific considerations from the research and development community are offered to facilitate research in this field and support further innovations. We conclude by identifying novel avenues for further research and innovation and by highlighting the clinical translational potential of the methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Christiaan Klink
- Department of Vision & Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jean-François Aubry
- Physics for Medicine Paris, Inserm U1273, CNRS UMR 8063, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Vincent P Ferrera
- Department of Neuroscience & Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew S Fox
- Department of Psychology & California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Béchir Jarraya
- NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Université Paris-Saclay, France; Foch Hospital, UVSQ, Suresnes, France
| | - Elisa E Konofagou
- Ultrasound and Elasticity Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard J Krauzlis
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adam Messinger
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anna S Mitchell
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Ortiz-Rios
- Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom; German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hiroyuki Oya
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa city, IA, USA
| | - Angela C Roberts
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Wang Roe
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | | | - Jérôme Sallet
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom; Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, U1208 Bron, France; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Christoph Schmid
- Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom; Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Charles E Schroeder
- Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jordy Tasserie
- NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Université Paris-Saclay, France
| | - Doris Y Tsao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Computation and Neural Systems, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Lynn Uhrig
- NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Université Paris-Saclay, France
| | - Wim Vanduffel
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Neurosciences Department, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven Belgium; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Melanie Wilke
- German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Cognitive Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Igor Kagan
- German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Christopher I Petkov
- Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lerchner W, Adil AA, Mumuney S, Wang W, Falcone R, Turchi J, Richmond BJ. RNAi and chemogenetic reporter co-regulation in primate striatal interneurons. Gene Ther 2021; 29:69-80. [PMID: 34012109 PMCID: PMC8856958 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-021-00260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Using genetic tools to study the functional roles of molecularly specified neuronal populations in the primate brain is challenging, primarily because of specificity and verification of virus-mediated targeting. Here, we report a lentivirus-based system that helps improve specificity and verification by (a) targeting a selected molecular mechanism, (b) in vivo reporting of expression, and (c) allowing the option to independently silence all regional neural activity. Specifically, we modulate cholinergic signaling of striatal interneurons by shRNAmir and pair it with hM4Di_CFP, a chemogenetic receptor that can function as an in vivo and in situ reporter. Quantitative analyses by visual and deep-learning assisted methods show an inverse linear relation between hM4Di_CFP and ChAT protein expression for several shRNAmir constructs. This approach successfully applies shRNAmir to modulating gene expression in the primate brain and shows that hM4Di_CFP can act as a readout for this modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Lerchner
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | | | | - Wenliang Wang
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Janita Turchi
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wei Y, Zhang C, Fan G, Meng L. Organoids as Novel Models for Embryo Implantation Study. Reprod Sci 2021; 28:1637-1643. [PMID: 33650092 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00501-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, organoids have become emerging novel models for biomedical research. Organoids are small, self-organized three-dimensional (3D) tissue cultures derived from stem cells that mimic certain tissues or organs. In reproductive medicine, researchers have generated numerous organoids including blastoid (blastocyst organoid), endometrial organoid, and trophoblast organoid. These organdies provide useful models for studying the embryo implantation mechanism through observation of cell differentiation, gene expression, and epigenetic profiles at the implantation stage. As in vitro tissue models, organoids could be coupled with many other frontier technologies such as gene editing and genomic sequencing. However, the main drawback of organoids is that they do not fully mimic their counterparts in vivo tissues. Furthermore, there is a consensus of research ethics on organoids that may limit the types of studies that scientists perform with. Nevertheless, all discoveries and efforts surrounding organoids still greatly benefit therapy development for reproductive clinics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yubao Wei
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.
| | - Cuilian Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.
| | - Guoping Fan
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Li Meng
- Incinta Fertility Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90503, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Nonhuman Primate Optogenetics: Current Status and Future Prospects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1293:345-358. [PMID: 33398825 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-8763-4_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates (NHPs) have widely and crucially been utilized as model animals for understanding various higher brain functions and neurological disorders since their behavioral actions mimic both normal and disease states in humans. To know about how such behaviors emerge from the functions and dysfunctions of complex neural networks, it is essential to define the role of a particular pathway or neuron-type constituting these networks. Optogenetics is a potential technique that enables analyses of network functions. However, because of the large size of the NHP brain and the difficulty in creating genetically modified animal models, this technique is currently still hard to apply effectively and efficiently to NHP neuroscience. In this article, we focus on the issues that should be overcome for the development of NHP optogenetics, with special reference to the gene introduction strategy. We review the recent breakthroughs that have been made in NHP optogenetics to address these issues and discuss future prospects regarding more effective and efficient approaches to successful optogenetic manipulation in NHPs.
Collapse
|
40
|
Mroginski MA, Adam S, Amoyal GS, Barnoy A, Bondar AN, Borin VA, Church JR, Domratcheva T, Ensing B, Fanelli F, Ferré N, Filiba O, Pedraza-González L, González R, González-Espinoza CE, Kar RK, Kemmler L, Kim SS, Kongsted J, Krylov AI, Lahav Y, Lazaratos M, NasserEddin Q, Navizet I, Nemukhin A, Olivucci M, Olsen JMH, Pérez de Alba Ortíz A, Pieri E, Rao AG, Rhee YM, Ricardi N, Sen S, Solov'yov IA, De Vico L, Wesolowski TA, Wiebeler C, Yang X, Schapiro I. Frontiers in Multiscale Modeling of Photoreceptor Proteins. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:243-269. [PMID: 33369749 DOI: 10.1111/php.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This perspective article highlights the challenges in the theoretical description of photoreceptor proteins using multiscale modeling, as discussed at the CECAM workshop in Tel Aviv, Israel. The participants have identified grand challenges and discussed the development of new tools to address them. Recent progress in understanding representative proteins such as green fluorescent protein, photoactive yellow protein, phytochrome, and rhodopsin is presented, along with methodological developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Suliman Adam
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gil S Amoyal
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avishai Barnoy
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ana-Nicoleta Bondar
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Physics, Theoretical Molecular Biophysics Group, Berlin, Germany
| | - Veniamin A Borin
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jonathan R Church
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tatiana Domratcheva
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Department Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Ensing
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- Department of Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Ofer Filiba
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Laura Pedraza-González
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ronald González
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Rajiv K Kar
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lukas Kemmler
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Physics, Theoretical Molecular Biophysics Group, Berlin, Germany
| | - Seung Soo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anna I Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yigal Lahav
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,MIGAL - Galilee Research Institute, S. Industrial Zone, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Michalis Lazaratos
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Physics, Theoretical Molecular Biophysics Group, Berlin, Germany
| | - Qays NasserEddin
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Isabelle Navizet
- MSME, Univ Gustave Eiffel, CNRS UMR 8208, Univ Paris Est Creteil, Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Alexander Nemukhin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Massimo Olivucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy.,Chemistry Department, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Jógvan Magnus Haugaard Olsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Chemistry, Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Alberto Pérez de Alba Ortíz
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa Pieri
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, Marseille, France
| | - Aditya G Rao
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Young Min Rhee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Niccolò Ricardi
- Département de Chimie Physique, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Saumik Sen
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ilia A Solov'yov
- Department of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Luca De Vico
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Christian Wiebeler
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Xuchun Yang
- Chemistry Department, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
| | - Igor Schapiro
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Reh M, Lee MJ, Schmierer J, Zeck G. Spatial and temporal resolution of optogenetically recovered vision in ChR2-transduced mouse retina. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 33545694 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abe39a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) represent an attractive target in vision restoration strategies, because they undergo little degeneration compared to other retinal neurons. Here we investigated the temporal and spatial resolution in adult photoreceptor-degenerated (rd10) mouse retinas, where RGCs have been transduced with the optogenetic actuator channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2). APPROACH The RGC spiking activity was recorded continuously with a CMOS-based microelectrode array during a variety of photostimulation protocols. The temporal resolution was assessed through Gaussian white noise stimuli and evaluated using a linear-nonlinear-Poisson model. Spatial sensitivity was assessed upon photostimulation with single rectangular pulses stepped across the retina and upon stimulation with alternating gratings of different spatial frequencies. Spatial sensitivity was estimated using logistic regression or by evaluating the spiking activity of independent RGCs. MAIN RESULTS The temporal resolution after photostimulation displayed an about ten times faster kinetics as compared to physiological filters in wild-type RGCs. The optimal spatial resolution estimated using the logistic regression model was 10 µm and 87 µm based on the population response. These values correspond to an equivalent acuity of 1.7 or 0.2 cycles per degree, which is better than expected from the size of RGCs' optogenetic receptive fields. SIGNIFICANCE The high temporal and spatial resolution obtained by photostimulation of optogenetically transduced RGCs indicate that high acuity vision restoration may be obtained by photostimulation of appropriately modified RGCs in photoreceptor-degenerated retinas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Reh
- Neurophysics, NMI, Markwiesenstraße 55, Reutlingen, 72770, GERMANY
| | - Meng-Jung Lee
- Neurophysics, NMI, Markwiesenstraße 55, Reutlingen, 72770, GERMANY
| | - Julia Schmierer
- Neurophysics, NMI, Markwiesenstraße 55, Reutlingen, 72770, GERMANY
| | - Guenther Zeck
- Neurophysics, NMI, Markwiesenstraße 55, Reutlingen, 72770, GERMANY
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tremblay S, Acker L, Afraz A, Albaugh DL, Amita H, Andrei AR, Angelucci A, Aschner A, Balan PF, Basso MA, Benvenuti G, Bohlen MO, Caiola MJ, Calcedo R, Cavanaugh J, Chen Y, Chen S, Chernov MM, Clark AM, Dai J, Debes SR, Deisseroth K, Desimone R, Dragoi V, Egger SW, Eldridge MAG, El-Nahal HG, Fabbrini F, Federer F, Fetsch CR, Fortuna MG, Friedman RM, Fujii N, Gail A, Galvan A, Ghosh S, Gieselmann MA, Gulli RA, Hikosaka O, Hosseini EA, Hu X, Hüer J, Inoue KI, Janz R, Jazayeri M, Jiang R, Ju N, Kar K, Klein C, Kohn A, Komatsu M, Maeda K, Martinez-Trujillo JC, Matsumoto M, Maunsell JHR, Mendoza-Halliday D, Monosov IE, Muers RS, Nurminen L, Ortiz-Rios M, O'Shea DJ, Palfi S, Petkov CI, Pojoga S, Rajalingham R, Ramakrishnan C, Remington ED, Revsine C, Roe AW, Sabes PN, Saunders RC, Scherberger H, Schmid MC, Schultz W, Seidemann E, Senova YS, Shadlen MN, Sheinberg DL, Siu C, Smith Y, Solomon SS, Sommer MA, Spudich JL, Stauffer WR, Takada M, Tang S, Thiele A, Treue S, Vanduffel W, Vogels R, Whitmire MP, Wichmann T, Wurtz RH, Xu H, Yazdan-Shahmorad A, Shenoy KV, DiCarlo JJ, Platt ML. An Open Resource for Non-human Primate Optogenetics. Neuron 2020; 108:1075-1090.e6. [PMID: 33080229 PMCID: PMC7962465 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics has revolutionized neuroscience in small laboratory animals, but its effect on animal models more closely related to humans, such as non-human primates (NHPs), has been mixed. To make evidence-based decisions in primate optogenetics, the scientific community would benefit from a centralized database listing all attempts, successful and unsuccessful, of using optogenetics in the primate brain. We contacted members of the community to ask for their contributions to an open science initiative. As of this writing, 45 laboratories around the world contributed more than 1,000 injection experiments, including precise details regarding their methods and outcomes. Of those entries, more than half had not been published. The resource is free for everyone to consult and contribute to on the Open Science Framework website. Here we review some of the insights from this initial release of the database and discuss methodological considerations to improve the success of optogenetic experiments in NHPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Tremblay
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Leah Acker
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Arash Afraz
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel L Albaugh
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Department of Neurology, Emory University, GA 30329, USA
| | - Hidetoshi Amita
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ariana R Andrei
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alessandra Angelucci
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Amir Aschner
- Dominik P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Puiu F Balan
- Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michele A Basso
- Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Neurobiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Giacomo Benvenuti
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Martin O Bohlen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Michael J Caiola
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Department of Neurology, Emory University, GA 30329, USA
| | - Roberto Calcedo
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19014, USA
| | - James Cavanaugh
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA
| | - Yuzhi Chen
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Spencer Chen
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Mykyta M Chernov
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Resource Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Andrew M Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Ji Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Samantha R Debes
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Neuroscience Program, Departments of Bioengineering, Psychiatry, and Behavioral Science, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert Desimone
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Valentin Dragoi
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Seth W Egger
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mark A G Eldridge
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hala G El-Nahal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Francesco Fabbrini
- Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederick Federer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Christopher R Fetsch
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience & Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Michal G Fortuna
- German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert M Friedman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Resource Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Naotaka Fujii
- Laboratory for Adaptive Intelligence, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Alexander Gail
- German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Göttingen, Germany; Faculty for Biology and Psychology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Adriana Galvan
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Department of Neurology, Emory University, GA 30329, USA
| | - Supriya Ghosh
- Department of Neurobiology and Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Marc Alwin Gieselmann
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Roberto A Gulli
- Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Okihide Hikosaka
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eghbal A Hosseini
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xing Hu
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Department of Neurology, Emory University, GA 30329, USA
| | - Janina Hüer
- German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ken-Ichi Inoue
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Roger Janz
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mehrdad Jazayeri
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rundong Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Niansheng Ju
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kohitij Kar
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Carsten Klein
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Adam Kohn
- Dominik P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Misako Komatsu
- Laboratory for Adaptive Intelligence, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Maeda
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julio C Martinez-Trujillo
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Masayuki Matsumoto
- Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - John H R Maunsell
- Department of Neurobiology and Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Diego Mendoza-Halliday
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ilya E Monosov
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Neurosurgery and Pain Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ross S Muers
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Lauri Nurminen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Michael Ortiz-Rios
- German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany; Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Daniel J O'Shea
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, and Bio-X Institute, and Neuroscience Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stéphane Palfi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (APHP), U955 INSERM IMRB eq.15, University of Paris 12 UPEC, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil 94010, France
| | - Christopher I Petkov
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Sorin Pojoga
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rishi Rajalingham
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Charu Ramakrishnan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Evan D Remington
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Cambria Revsine
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Anna W Roe
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Resource Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Philip N Sabes
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Richard C Saunders
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hansjörg Scherberger
- German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Göttingen, Germany; Faculty for Biology and Psychology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael C Schmid
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK; Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Wolfram Schultz
- Department of Physiology, Development of Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0LT, UK
| | - Eyal Seidemann
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yann-Suhan Senova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (APHP), U955 INSERM IMRB eq.15, University of Paris 12 UPEC, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil 94010, France
| | - Michael N Shadlen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, The Kavli Institute for Brain Science & Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, NY 10027, USA
| | - David L Sheinberg
- Department of Neuroscience and Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Caitlin Siu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Yoland Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Department of Neurology, Emory University, GA 30329, USA
| | - Selina S Solomon
- Dominik P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Marc A Sommer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - John L Spudich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - William R Stauffer
- Systems Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Masahiko Takada
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Shiming Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Alexander Thiele
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Stefan Treue
- German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Göttingen, Germany; Faculty for Biology and Psychology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wim Vanduffel
- Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; MGH Martinos Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02144, USA
| | - Rufin Vogels
- Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthew P Whitmire
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Perceptual Systems, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Thomas Wichmann
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Department of Neurology, Emory University, GA 30329, USA
| | - Robert H Wurtz
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA
| | - Haoran Xu
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Azadeh Yazdan-Shahmorad
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Bioengineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Krishna V Shenoy
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Bioengineering, and Neurobiology, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute and Bio-X Institute, Neuroscience Graduate Program, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - James J DiCarlo
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael L Platt
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Marketing, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tsanov M. Neurons under genetic control: What are the next steps towards the treatment of movement disorders? Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:3577-3589. [PMID: 33304456 PMCID: PMC7708864 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the implementation of deep-brain stimulation as a therapy for movement disorders, there has been little progress in the clinical application of novel alternative treatments. Movement disorders are a group of neurological conditions, which are characterised with impairment of voluntary movement and share similar anatomical loci across the basal ganglia. The focus of the current review is on Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease as they are the most investigated hypokinetic and hyperkinetic movement disorders, respectively. The last decade has seen enormous advances in the development of laboratory techniques that control neuronal activity. The two major ways to genetically control the neuronal function are: 1) expression of light-sensitive proteins that allow for the optogenetic control of the neuronal spiking and 2) expression or suppression of genes that control the transcription and translation of proteins. However, the translation of these methodologies from the laboratories into the clinics still faces significant challenges. The article summarizes the latest developments in optogenetics and gene therapy. Here, I compare the physiological mechanisms of established electrical deep brain stimulation to the experimental optogenetical deep brain stimulation. I compare also the advantages of DNA- and RNA-based techniques for gene therapy of familial movement disorders. I highlight the benefits and the major issues of each technique and I discuss the translational potential and clinical feasibility of optogenetic stimulation and gene expression control. The review emphasises recent technical breakthroughs that could initiate a notable leap in the treatment of movement disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marian Tsanov
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Bohlen MO, McCown TJ, Powell SK, El-Nahal HG, Daw T, Basso MA, Sommer MA, Samulski RJ. Adeno-Associated Virus Capsid-Promoter Interactions in the Brain Translate from Rat to the Nonhuman Primate. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 31:1155-1168. [PMID: 32940068 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we established an adeno-associated virus (AAV9) capsid-promoter interaction that directly determined cell-specific gene expression across two synthetic promoters, Cbh and CBA, in the rat striatum. These studies not only expand this capsid-promoter interaction to include another promoter in the rat striatum but also establish AAV capsid-promoter interactions in the nonhuman primate brain. When AAV serotype 9 (AAV9) vectors were injected into the rat striatum, the minimal synthetic promoter JetI drove green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene expression predominantly in oligodendrocytes. However, similar to our previous findings, the insertion of six alanines into VP1/VP2 of the AAV9 capsid (AAV9AU) significantly shifted JetI-driven GFP gene expression to neurons. In addition, previous retrograde tracing studies in the nonhuman primate brain also revealed the existence of a capsid-promoter interaction. When rAAV2-Retro vectors were infused into the frontal eye field (FEF) of rhesus macaques, local gene expression was prominent using either the hybrid chicken beta actin (CAG) or human synapsin (hSyn) promoters. However, only the CAG promoter, not the hSyn promoter, led to gene expression in the ipsilateral claustrum and contralateral FEF. Conversely, infusion of rAAV2-retro-hSyn vectors, but not rAAV2-retro-CAG, into the macaque superior colliculus led to differential and selective retrograde gene expression in cerebellotectal afferent cells. Clearly, this differential promoter/capsid expression profile could not be attributed to promoter inactivation from retrograde transport of the rAAV2-Retro vector. In summary, we document the potential for AAV capsid/promoter interactions to impact cell-specific gene expression across species, experimental manipulations, and engineered capsids, independent of capsid permissivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin O Bohlen
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas J McCown
- Departments of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,UNC Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sara K Powell
- UNC Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Asklepios Biopharmaceutical, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Hala G El-Nahal
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tierney Daw
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michele A Basso
- Fuster Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Neurobiology, and Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Brain Research Institute-David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Marc A Sommer
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - R Jude Samulski
- UNC Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Departments of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Nurmikko A. Challenges for Large-Scale Cortical Interfaces. Neuron 2020; 108:259-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
46
|
Lawrence A, Chang HHV. Minimally invasive neural stimulation with a novel ultra-sensitive step function opsin: implications and future directions. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:1312-1314. [PMID: 32997585 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00472.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics has become a popular tool to probe the link between neural circuits and behavior, since the technique was first introduced in 2005. Recently, Gong et al. (Gong X, Mendoza-Halliday D, Ting JT, Kaiser T, Sun X, Bastos AM, Wimmer RD, Guo B, Chen Q, Zhou Y, Pruner M, Wu CWH, Park D, Deisseroth K, Barak B, Boyden ES, Miller EK, Halassa MM, Fu Z, Bi G, Desimone R, Feng G. Neuron 107: 38-51, 2020) developed an ultra-sensitive step-function opsin capable of activating any region of the mouse brain and cortical areas in macaques with external illumination, thus aiming toward minimally invasive light delivery. In this article, we highlight and discuss the new opsin's potential in nonhuman primate research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aamna Lawrence
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Roe AW, Chen G, Xu AG, Hu J. A roadmap to a columnar visual cortical prosthetic. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
48
|
Cushnie AK, El-Nahal HG, Bohlen MO, May PJ, Basso MA, Grimaldi P, Wang MZ, de Velasco Ezequiel MF, Sommer MA, Heilbronner SR. Using rAAV2-retro in rhesus macaques: Promise and caveats for circuit manipulation. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 345:108859. [PMID: 32668316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent genetic technologies such as opto- and chemogenetics allow for the manipulation of brain circuits with unprecedented precision. Most studies employing these techniques have been undertaken in rodents, but a more human-homologous model for studying the brain is the nonhuman primate (NHP). Optimizing viral delivery of transgenes encoding actuator proteins could revolutionize the way we study neuronal circuits in NHPs. NEW METHOD: rAAV2-retro, a popular new capsid variant, produces robust retrograde labeling in rodents. Whether rAAV2-retro's highly efficient retrograde transport would translate to NHPs was unknown. Here, we characterized the anatomical distribution of labeling following injections of rAAV2-retro encoding opsins or DREADDs in the cortico-basal ganglia and oculomotor circuits of rhesus macaques. RESULTS rAAV2-retro injections in striatum, frontal eye field, and superior colliculus produced local labeling at injection sites and robust retrograde labeling in many afferent regions. In every case, however, a few brain regions with well-established projections to the injected structure lacked retrogradely labeled cells. We also observed robust terminal field labeling in downstream structures. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) Patterns of labeling were similar to those obtained with traditional tract-tracers, except for some afferent labeling that was noticeably absent. CONCLUSIONS rAAV2-retro promises to be useful for circuit manipulation via retrograde transduction in NHPs, but caveats were revealed by our findings. Some afferently connected regions lacked retrogradely labeled cells, showed robust axon terminal labeling, or both. This highlights the importance of anatomically characterizing rAAV2-retro's expression in target circuits in NHPs before moving to manipulation studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana K Cushnie
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Hala G El-Nahal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Martin O Bohlen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Paul J May
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, 39216, United States
| | - Michele A Basso
- Fuster Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Neurobiology, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, Univ. of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Piercesare Grimaldi
- Fuster Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Neurobiology, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, Univ. of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Maya Zhe Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | | | - Marc A Sommer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, United States; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Sarah R Heilbronner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Mabil P, Huidobro N, Torres-Ramirez O, Flores-Hernandez J, Flores A, Gutierrez R, Manjarrez E. Noisy Light Augments the Na + Current in Somatosensory Pyramidal Neurons of Optogenetic Transgenic Mice. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:490. [PMID: 32528244 PMCID: PMC7263390 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous reports, we developed a method to apply Brownian optogenetic noise-photostimulation (BONP, 470 nm) up to 0.67 mW on the barrel cortex of in vivo ChR2 transgenic mice. In such studies, we found that the BONP produces an increase in the evoked field potentials and the neuronal responses of pyramidal neurons induced by somatosensory mechanical stimulation. Here we extended such findings by examining whether the same type of BONP augments the Na+ current amplitude elicited by voltage-clamp ramps of dissociated pyramidal neurons from the somatosensory cortex of ChR2 transgenic and wild type mice. We found that in all neurons from the ChR2 transgenic mice, but none of the wild type mice, the peak amplitude of a TTX-sensitive Na+ current and its inverse of latency exhibited inverted U-like graphs as a function of the BONP level. It means that an intermediate level of BONP increases both the peak amplitude of the Na+ current and its inverse of latency. Our research suggests that the impact of BONP on the Na+ channels of pyramidal neurons could be associated with the observed augmentation-effects in our previous in vivo preparation. Moreover, it provides caution information for the use of an appropriate range of light intensity, <0.67 mW, which could avoid opto non-genetics (also termed “optonongenetic”) related responses due to light-induced temperature changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mabil
- Laboratory of Integrative Neurophysiology, Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Nayeli Huidobro
- Laboratory of Integrative Neurophysiology, Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico.,Decanato de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla (UPAEP), Puebla, Mexico
| | - Oswaldo Torres-Ramirez
- Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Jorge Flores-Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Amira Flores
- Laboratory of Integrative Neurophysiology, Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Ranier Gutierrez
- Departamento de Farmacología, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elias Manjarrez
- Laboratory of Integrative Neurophysiology, Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Buffalo EA, Movshon JA, Wurtz RH. From basic brain research to treating human brain disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:26167-26172. [PMID: 31871205 PMCID: PMC6936684 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919895116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Buffalo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | | | - Robert H. Wurtz
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| |
Collapse
|